Subject: Introduction to Statical Theory

Submitted by: Muhammad Usman

Submitted to: Summera Fazal

Roll No. 3849

Class: BSCS

Session: 2020 to 2024

Faculty Of Physical Sciences

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD

Table of Contents
Skewness: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Explanation: ................................................................................................................................ 3
Types of Skewness:......................................................................................................................... 3
Positive Skewness: .................................................................................................................. 4
Negative Skewness: ................................................................................................................. 4
Kurtosis: .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Explanation: ................................................................................................................................ 5
Types of Kurtosis: ........................................................................................................................... 5
Leptokurtic: ............................................................................................................................. 5
Mesokurtic: .............................................................................................................................. 5
Platykurtic:............................................................................................................................... 6
Skewness:
Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry.

A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point.
It is the degree of distortion from the symmetrical bell curve or the normal distribution. When a
series is not symmetrical it is called Asymmetrical or Skewed. It is the degree of distortion from
the symmetrical bell curve or the normal distribution.

Formula:

Skew = 3 * (Mean – Median) / Standard Deviation

Purpose:

The coefficient of Skewness is used to measure the departure of skewness.

Explanation:
When the mean, median, and mode of data are not the same or coincide with each
other the data will asymmetrical. And skewness will occur.

Types of Skewness:
Skewness has two types:

1. Positive Skewness
 2. Negative Skewness

Positive Skewness:
When the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer or fatter. The mean
and median will be greater than the mode.

Negative Skewness:
When the tail of the left side of the distribution is longer or fatter than the tail
on the right side. The mean and median will be less than the mode.

Example:

Employed People
Income (PKR) (%) 30

0 - 10,000 9 25

10,000 - 20,000 18
20
20,000 - 30,000 26
15
30,000 - 40,000 22
40,000 - 50,000 13 10

50,000 - 60,000 6.6 5

60,000 - 70,000 5
0
70,000 - 80,000 2
80,000 - 90,000 1
90,000 –100,000 0.4

Mean of above data:

Mean= (9+18+26+22+13+6.6+5+2+1+0.4)/10

Mean= 10.3

Standard Daviation:

sd=9.1093

Skewness:
 Skewness =∑( yi - ymean)/(n-1)*(sd)^3

By putting values:

Skewness= 0.4997

Kurtosis:
Kurtosis refers to the degree of flatness or peakedness in the region of the curve.
Kurtosis exhibits the extent to which the curve is more peaked or flatter than the normal curve.

Explanation:
It is used to measure whether the data is heavy-tailed or light-tailed.

Types of Kurtosis:
The types of kurtosis are:

1. Leptokurtic
2. Mesokurtic
3. Platykurtic

Leptokurtic:
If the curve has a heavier tail and sharper peak. If the kurtosis of the curve is
positive then the normal is known as Leptokurtic.

Mesokurtic:
Mesokurtic has the same distribution as the normal distribution or normal curve.
Platykurtic: