Terminologies:

Mode Conversion: Mode conversion occurs when a wave encounters an interface between materials of different acoustic impedances and the incident angle is not normal to the interface. Undersampling:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plot of sample rates (y axis) versus the upper edge frequency (x axis) for a band of width 1; grays areas are combinations that are "allowed" in the sense that no two frequencies in the band alias to same frequency. The darker gray areas correspond to undersampling with the maximum value of n in the equations of this section.

In signal processing, undersampling or bandpass sampling is a technique where one samples a bandpass filtered signal at a sample rate below the usual Nyquist rate (twice the baseband bandwidth, i.e. twice the upper cut-off frequency), but is still able to reconstruct the signal.

The Nyquist rate is the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing, equal to twice the highest frequency contained within the signal.

where

is the highest frequency at which the signal can have nonzero energy.

To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must exceed the Nyquist rate:

Aliasing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about aliasing in signal processing, including computer graphics. For aliasing in computer programming, see aliasing (computing).

Properly sampled image of brick wall.

Spatial aliasing in the form of a Moir pattern.

In signal processing and related disciplines, aliasing refers to an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable (or aliases of one another) when sampled. It also refers to the distortion or artifact that results when the signal reconstructed from samples is different from the original continuous signa

Basin: Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of domes. Some elongated structural basins are also known as synclines. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basins, which are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area; however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited.

Lithification: complex process whereby freshly deposited loose grains of sediment are converted into rock. Lithification may occur at the time a sediment is deposited or later. Cementation is one of the main processes involved, particularly for sandstones and conglomerates. In addition, reactions take place within a sediment between various minerals and between minerals and the fluids trapped in the pores; these reactions, collectively termed authigenesis, may form new minerals or add to others already present in the sediment. Minerals may be dissolved and redistributed into nodules and other concretions, and minerals in solution entering the sediment from another area may be deposited or may react with minerals already present. The sediment may be compacted by rearrangement of grains under pressure, reducing pore space and driving out interstitial liquid. Empirical relationship: In science, an empirical relationship is one based solely on observation rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis. Sometimes theoretical explanations for what were initially empirical relationships are found, in which case the relationships are no longer considered empirical. Other times the empirical relationships are merely approximations, often equivalent to the first few terms of the Taylor series of the "real" answer (though in practice these approximations may be so accurate it is difficult to tell they're approximations). Still other times the relationships may later be found to only hold under certain specific conditions, reducing them to special cases of more general relationships. Historically the discovery of empirical relationships has been important as a stepping stone to the discovery of theoretical relationships. And on occasion, what was thought to be an empirical factor is later deemed to be a fundamental physical constant.[citation needed] An empirical equation is simply a mathematical statement of one or more empirical relationships in the form of an equation.

Perturbations: Interruption or secondary influence on a system that cause it to deviate slightly . Proxiaml: Situated nearest to point of origin or attachment Distal: Situated farthest to point of origin or attachment

Differential compaction:
ID: 156

A phenomenon that occurs after the deposition of some sediments such that different parts of thesedimentary accumulation develop different degrees of porosity or settle unevenly during burial beneath

successive layers of sediment. This can result from location on an uneven surface, such as near and over a reef structure, or near a growth fault, or from different susceptibility to compaction. The porosity in a formation that has experienced differential compaction can vary considerably from one area to another.

Differential stress
Differential stress is the difference between the greatest and the least compressive stress experienced by an object. For both the geological and civil engineering convention the weakest, . In other engineering fields and in physics, . These conventions originated because geologists and civil engineers (especially soil mechanicians) are often concerned with failure in compression, while many other engineers are concerned with failure in tension. A further reason for the second convention is that it allows a positive stress to cause a compressible object to increase in size, making the sign convention self-consistent. In structural geology, differential stress is used to assess whether tensile or shear failure will occur when a Mohr circle (plotted using
1 1 1

is the greatest compressive stress and

is

is the greatest compressive stress and

is the weakest, so

and

3)

touches the failure envelope of the rocks. If the differential stress is less

than four times the tensile strength of the rock, then extensional failure will occur. If the differential stress is more than four times the tensile strength of the rock, then shear failure will occur.[1]

Diagenesis:
In geology and oceanography, diagenesis is any chemical, physical, or biological change undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition and during and after its lithification, exclusive of surface alteration (weathering) and metamorphism. These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock's original mineralogy and texture. There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism, but the latter occurs at higher temperature and pressure than the former. After deposition, sediments are compacted as they are buried beneath successive layers of sediment and cemented by minerals that precipitate from solution. Grains of sediment, rock fragments andfossils can be replaced by other minerals during diagenesis. Porosity usually decreases during diagenesis, except in rare cases such as dissolution of minerals and dolomitization. The study of diagenesis in rocks is used to understand the tectonic history they have undergone; the nature and type of fluids that have circulated through them. From a commercial standpoint, such studies aid in assessing the likelihood of finding various economically viable mineral and hydrocarbon deposits.

hydraulic diffusivity: This is a property of an aquifer or confining bed defined as the ratio of the transmissivity to the storativity.