Transformational grammar has three components:

1. Phrase structure grammar

2. Transformational grammar
3. Morphophonemic rules- these rules match each sentence representation to a string of
phonemes.

Transformational grammar

 Transformation rules, transform one phrase-maker into another phrase-maker.

 Transformational rules are heterogeneous and may have more than one symbol on their
left hand side.
 These rules are used to transform one surface representation into another, e.g., an active
sentence into passive one.
 The rule relating active and passive sentences is
NP1-Aux-V-NP2 -> NP2-Aux+be+en-V-by+NP1

 This rule says that an underlying input having the structure NP-Aux-V-NP can be
transformed to NP-Aux+be+en-V-by+NP.

 This transformation involves addition of strings ‘be’ and ‘en’ and certain rearrangements
of sentence.

 Example: The police will catch the snatcher

 The application
 of phrase structure rules will assign the structure shown in figure below to this sentence

LFG provides well-defined objects called

 constituent structure : It is derived from the usual phrase and sentence structure syntax.
 functional structure : when Functional specifications are applied to c-structure it results
in f-structure.

up arrow: refers to f-structure of mother node that is on left hand side of the rule.
