Digital Communication Lecture 3

11/5/2022
QPSK(Contd…)
 Figure 21: QPSK signal space diagram

 Figure 20: QPSK waveform
Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU
QPSK Transmitter
 Figure 22: QPSK Modulator

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QPSK Receiver
 Figure 23: QPSK Detector

QAM
 In this modulation
scheme, the carrier
experiences amplitude
as well as phase
modulation.
 Combine ASK and PSK

such that each signal
corresponds to multiple
bits.
 Figure 24: QAM waveform (M=8)
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QAM (contd…)
Q I
 The signal constellation for M-ary
QAM consists of a square lattice of
message points.
 It consists of In-Phase component and

Quadrature Phase components.
 Let us assume M=16.
 Figure 25: Signal constellation of M-16

QAM
QAM (contd…)
 The general form of M-ary QAM is defined by,
where,
E0 is the energy of the signal with the lowest amplitude.
ai and bi are a pair of independent integers chosen in accordance
with the location of the relevant message point.
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QAM (contd…)
 Basis function of QAM signal is,
 The co-ordinate of the ith message point ai√E0 and bi√E0 , where (ai , bi)is an
element of the L x L matrix. (L = √M.)
QAM (contd…)
 For M=16 L x L matrix is as follows,
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QAM - Transmitter
 Figure 26: QAM Modulator

QAM Receiver
 Figure 27: QAM Detector

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Matched Filter
 Matched filter is an ideal filter which processes a received signal to

minimize the effect of noise.
 It maximizes the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the filtered signal.
 This filter is also known as optimum filter.
 It is a function, only of the transmitted pulse shape. Because of its

direct relationship to the transmitted pulse shape , it is called a
matched filter.
Matched Filter (contd…)
 Why to use matched filter?
 Received signal is corrupted by additive noise, so our objective is to minimize

the noise at receiver up to optimal level by using filter that can be achieved
only by using matched filter.
 Let us assume that the received signal x(t) consists of signal s(t) corrupted by
noise n(t) as given by,
x(t)=s(t)+n(t) 0≤t≤T
where, T is the arbitrary observation interval.
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 The signal s(t) may represent a binary signal ‘1’ or ‘0’ in a digital
communication system.
 The noise n(t) is assumed to be Additive White and Gaussian (AWGN)

with zero mean and spectral density N0/2.
 The function of the receiver is to detect the signal s(t) in an optimum

manner from the received signal x(t).
 Matched Filter as an Optimal Receiver

 Since the matched filter is linear and time invariant, the resulting
output y(t) can be expressed as additive i. e.,
y(t) =s(t)*h(t) + n(t)*h(t) …………………1
 Figure 28: Matched

filter system.
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 Objective of using matched filter is to maximize the SNR.
SNR is defined as,
where, is the instantaneous power in output signal,
is a measure of average output noise power.
 To achieve the maximum SNR, selection of h(t) is very important.
 Let S(f) denote the Fourier Transform of input signal s(t) and H(f)
denotes the transfer function of filter.
 The Fourier Transform of signal s0(t) is given by, H(f)S(f).
 The output signal s0(t) can be written as inverse FT of S0(f) , i. e.,
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 When the filter output is sampled at time t = T, we get,
 The power spectral density (PSD) of the output noise n(t) is given by,
 The average power of output noise is given by,
 The resulting signal to noise ration is given by,
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 To simplify the equation 7 we apply Schwarz’s inequality which states that “ for any two complex function ϕ1 (x)
and ϕ2(x),
 Taking the equality sign and applying

equation ‘8’ in equation ‘7’ by setting
ϕ1 (x) = H(f) and ϕ2(x) = S(f)ej2πfT.
 The equality condition holds when, ϕ1 (x) = k ϕ2* (x)
 Hence,
 The above relation does not depend on transfer function H(f) of filter
but only on signal energy and the noise PSD.
 The quantity η will be a maximum when H(f) is chosen so that the

equality holds.
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 Maximum value of SNR can be expressed as,
 This will only occurs when we assume optimal value of H(f) in such a
way that, Hopt(f) = K S*(f)e-j2πfT……............…11
where, K is scaling factor,

S*(f) is the complex conjugate of S(f).
 Hence, impulse response of optimal filter is,
 Assume K=1, Hence, hopt,
 Equation ‘14’ shows that the impulse response of

the optimum filter is a time reversed and delayed  Figure 29: Impulse
version of the input signal s(t). response of Matched
filter.
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BER (contd…)
Bit error probability for BPSK
 System model:
 In BPSK, binary 1 and 0 are represented as √Eb and -√Eb respectively.
 Channel model:
 Assume additive white Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.
 Additive: noise get’s added to the received signal.
 White: spectrum of noise is flat for all frequencies.
 Gaussian: value of noise follows Gaussian Probability Distribution.
BER (contd…)
 Gaussian Probability Distribution function for AWGN channel.
where, µ = 0 and σ2 = N0/2
 Assume: y = s1+n ;when bit 1 is transmitted.
 Assume: y = s0+n ;when bit 0 is transmitted.
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BER for BPSK
 Conditional probability
distribution function of y for
two cases are.
 Figure 30: Conditional Probability

Density Function for BPSK Modulation.
BER for BPSK (contd…)
 Assuming s1 and s0 are equiprobable, Hence, p(s1) = p(s0)=1/2
 Assume threshold ‘0’ is the optimal decision boundary then,

y>0 => s1 and y≤ 0 => s0
 Probability of error given s1 was transmitted,
Where,
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 Probability of error given s0 was transmitted,
 Where,
 Total Probability of error,
 Total probability,
 We know that, p(s1) = p(s0)=1/2
 Hence,
 Similarly, for coherent BFSK and BASK ,
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11/5/2022

 Figure 21: QPSK signal space diagram

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

 Figure 22: QPSK Modulator

 Figure 23: QPSK Detector

 Combine ASK and PSK

 It consists of In-Phase component and

 Let us assume M=16.

 Figure 25: Signal constellation of M-16

 The general form of M-ary QAM is defined by,

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

 Basis function of QAM signal is,

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

 For M=16 L x L matrix is as follows,

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

 Figure 26: QAM Modulator

 Figure 27: QAM Detector

 Matched filter is an ideal filter which processes a received signal to

 It maximizes the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the filtered signal.

 This filter is also known as optimum filter.

 It is a function, only of the transmitted pulse shape. Because of its

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 Why to use matched filter?

 Received signal is corrupted by additive noise, so our objective is to minimize

where, T is the arbitrary observation interval.

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 The noise n(t) is assumed to be Additive White and Gaussian (AWGN)

 The function of the receiver is to detect the signal s(t) in an optimum

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 Matched Filter as an Optimal Receiver

 Figure 28: Matched

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 Objective of using matched filter is to maximize the SNR.

SNR is defined as,

where, is the instantaneous power in output signal,

is a measure of average output noise power.

 To achieve the maximum SNR, selection of h(t) is very important.

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 The Fourier Transform of signal s0(t) is given by, H(f)S(f).

 The output signal s0(t) can be written as inverse FT of S0(f) , i. e.,

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 When the filter output is sampled at time t = T, we get,

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 The average power of output noise is given by,

 The resulting signal to noise ration is given by,

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 Taking the equality sign and applying

 The equality condition holds when, ϕ1 (x) = k ϕ2* (x)

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 The quantity η will be a maximum when H(f) is chosen so that the

Brajesh Mishra, Assistant Professor, DoEEE, KU

Matched Filter (contd…)

 Maximum value of SNR can be expressed as,