| thanked the woman. She helped me. + (a) | thanked the woman wine heibedme. {) Ithanked the woman. that halped me. ‘The book is mine ison the tbe, 4 (6) The book that is onthe table. ismine. {@) The book which ‘son the table. Is mine. (e) comecr The book thats on the table is mine. (f) mcanaecr The book is mine that icon to tba. In(@: the adjective clause modifies woman In (@): who is the subject ofthe adjective clause. In (0: thats the subject of the acjective clause. [Examples (a) end ft) have the same mearing In speaking, who and that are both cormmonly used as subject pronouns to describe people. Whois more common inwnting, ‘Examples () and (¢) nave the same meaning In contemporary American English, that is prefered {to which” In Bish English, that and which are used interchangeably. sumase who = used for people which = used for things SEPA she kee er ae eee ke) erase te) “The man was Mr. Jones. | saw hin 4 (a) Teman whem (®) Toman thot (@) Teman 0 9 was Mt.Jones ‘sau was Me Jones. Sev was Me Jones. ‘The movie wasn't very good, We saw ilast right. 4 (4) Temovie thot |e) Tomovie 0 (t) Themovie which we saw lat right se sa ast night earerert _ however, may not be omitted) | Asan objec ronoun or peopl tats more Wasnt veq/good, | Smmonthanwhe, tu @ isthe most common wast very good, | was vey good, | Notice in the examples: The adjective cause ‘pronouns are placed atthe beginning of the | clause: | In(@l: who is usualy used instead of whom, ‘especialy in speaking. Whom is generally wsed ‘onlyin very formal Engish. | (c) and fe! An object pronoun soften omitted ‘speskng and vin. | To desc ings, that and @ ar the most ‘commen in speaking. In wring, fat ste most ‘common, and Os fe | who(m) = used for people that» used for both people and things which = used for things (common in British Engish but nt in contemporary American English) (0) monnecr: The man whoim)|saw him wasM Jones. “The man that | saw fi was Mr. Jones. ‘The man | saw him was Mr. Jones,cece huh catee ae ‘Shes the woman. "old you about her. + (@) She's the woman about whem told you. (©) Sheis the woman whom) {fold you about (©) Sheis the woman that ‘told you about (8) Sheis the woman © "told you about. ‘The music was good. We listened fast right. i (9) Themusic towhich welsiened lastnight was good (1) Temusic that we Istencd to lest night was good Brmee merece ca emt ) The music which —welslened tas! night VE Rear ‘iknow the man. Whose is used to show possession. it carries the His bike was stolen. Same meaning as other possassive pronouns used as. + _adiectives: hi, her, its, and their eno aie men enon a ae Like is, her ts, and thei, whose is connected to @ noun. ‘hs bike -» whose bike ‘The student writes wel Heche 4 ‘her composition -» whose composition 4 ‘Both whose andthe nounit is connected to are placed {b) The student whose composition | read writes well ‘atthe begining of the acfective clause, Whose cannot bbe omited, (©)! worked at acompany whose employees wanted to form ‘union _ - ‘tomaify things, as in). z (@) That’ the boy whose parents you met. ‘Whose and who's have the same pronunciation {e) Thats the boy wio'sin my math cass. ‘Who's can mean who I, 2s in), or whe has, as in). (1), That’ the boy who's been living with our neighbors since his mother became il REN sR uta oan Were fused in an adjective clase to modtya pace Tlie | He lives thor Uthat bung). ‘city, country, rom, house, et). (@) Thebuiding where he Wes isvery old where fs used aS in (a prepostion fs wor ncled in the adjective clause, (8) Trebulling in which helves is very od Thebuling Which he ives in is very od. Mwhere sot used, the Prepostion must be incited, asin (b). nwhich s more common in academic writing. The bulding that he vesin_ is very old. The bulding 0 he livesin isvery old. ee eccrine "never forget the cay. Whenis used an adectve cause tomodtya noun of Irmet youth on that day. ne yer cy tne, centr, et) (2) "1neverforgetthe cay when Imetyou. Thee oa prepostion nan acctve causa that u/ Weralee oat taal ores foeateal modifies aroun of ta is sementat diferent fom that inher acjetve causes: a pepostion + which s Used, 1} Homeinpiieiy: Op me. @ in (©). Otherwise, there & no preposition, The use of (©) 11 ever trget thecay 0 met you a prepoation sven formalto Modify Pron eres {@) There's someone want you to meet. (©) Everything no sais was pure nonsense. (©) Anybody who wants to come is welcome. (©) Paula was the only one Anew at the party. Adjective clauses can modify the one(s) and those.” (@) Scholarships are avalable fr those who neos Iinancal assistance. (1) woonmeer whe area otudent atthe soe Adjective cuses ae almost never use to mocity ‘come from a eounity in Asia. Personal prenouns. Native Engish speakers would rot say or write the sentence in (). (@) Itis no am responsible. Example (gis possible, but very formal and uncommon. () He who eughs last laughs best Example (i isa wel-known saying in which he is used as {an indefinite pronoun (meaning “anyone” of “ary person"). eevee eauekene General guidelines forthe punctuation of adjective clauses: 1) 0 noT Use coms iF the adjective clause Is necessary to identity the noun kt mattis.” |@) use comuas i the acjocive clause empl gives adcitional information and is not necessary to identity the noun Rmocities” {) The professor who teachas Chemisty 101 i an In excelent lecture. {) Professor Wison, who teaches Chemsiy 101, ean excellent actu, (6) Hawai, which consists of eight principal islands, isa favorite vacation spot (rs. Smith, who isa retied teacher, does volunteer ‘work a the hoeptal. ° mon (2) mec (1) Me tee, whom | met yesterday, teaches chemistry. Se ‘1 t z i I i (@) We took some chiiren on a picnic. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran ton open field as soon as we arived atthe park. {(h) We took some chiléren on a picic. The citron who wanted to ply soccer ran to an open field as soon as we ‘arrived atthe park. The others payed a cerent game.Fe eke aE eens ‘evmy class there are 20 students, An acjective clause may contain an expression of quantity | ‘Most of them are from Asia. with of: some of, many of, most of, none of, two of, fal (a) In my lass there are 20 students, most of whom are | OF BONO ee: ‘rom Asia. I (0) He gave severalreasons, ony 2 ew of which were | wom, which, ee whose are used inthis pattern vai _ Ths pattern is more common in writing than speaking. i eee was poor study habits, 13-10 Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence (a) Tom was late. That surprised me. (Baawceen a arama (©) Tom was tte, which surprised me. In (@ The word haters tothe whole santonce Tom was at. (6) The clovater is out of oer This is too bad, Sima, an adjective clause with which may moxity the ea of a (@) The elevators out of oder, whic isto baa, whole sentence. In(O The werd which refers tothe whol sentence Tom was tePER Lake ROP aaa ‘cUMSE: A clause is @ group of related words that contains a subject and a ver. PHRASE: “A phrase Is @ group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb. (@) cuwse: The git whois sitting next to me ts Mal. (©) eunase: The git siting next tome is Mai. (6) ciause: The git (whom) I saw was Mai (@) Pwnase: (none) (@) caause: Theman whois taking to John i from Korea. apase: Theman © © talking 0 Jonn is from Korea, (1) cLavee: The idoas that are presented inthis book are good. unase: Theideas © © presented in this book are good. (@) cuuse: Annis the woman that is responsible forthe errr, Prase: Annisthewornan © @ responsible forthe eer. {h) cuwse: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters frease. English has an alphabet © consisting of 26 tes, (1) cuswse: Anyonewhowants to comewitnusis welcome. frase: Anyone © wanting to comewitvus ie welcome. 1) Paris, which i the capita of France, fs an exciting city. (k) Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city. / (@) and (o} have the same i é