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    6 views7 pages

    18 and 19

    Uploaded by

    Luisa Fernada Reyna Gutierrez

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    sce cause rain cause In (a) and when the phone rangis an adverb clause of Sie ts parereecitw aly wale time, Examples (a) and ft) have the same meaning, (©) The baby woke up wen the phone rang. ee Seana ‘.commais used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follows, asin (6), usually no ‘commas used (4. Because he was slegpy, he went to bed, In (©) and (@), becouse introduces an averb clause that (@) He went to bed because he was sleepy. ‘shows a cause-and-effect relationship. fo poantecs Acie clauses ore dependent clauses. They cannot ‘When we were in New York. We saw soverl plays. stand alone as a sentence in wnt English. They must (1) nooner be connected to amain (or independent clause.” He went to bed, Because he was sloopy. ‘Summary Uist of words used to introduce adverb clauses Tm (CAUSE AND EFFECT CONTRAST conomON ater by the time that) because ‘even though a Deore once ow that although niess wen ‘as/s0 ong as since though coniy whe whenever whether or no: a ‘everytime (hat) omectoontasst even, {38 soon 9s the fest ie that) while incase since {the lat time (that) ‘nti the next time (hat) eae by thetime aslongas so long as, every tine te frst ime the lat tme the next time eee ees Ciiteroncrcceer attire, sabres. ssnelsegeh (b) After she (had) graduated, she got a job. (Seo Chr 93, 0 fr ene agen (c) wil eave before he comes, future time clauses) (2) | Fad) eh before ne came. (2) When | arived, he was talking on the phone. when = at that tne (1) men 1 got there, he had aready let. ‘Notice the cierent time relationships (9) When it began fo rain, Vstood under a ree, expressed bythe tenses. (h) Yen was in Crieago, | vistedthe museums. (1) We 1 see hi tomorrow, | wil ask ben. (1) mite as walking reme, i began torn. | while, 28 = during that time (k) As! was walking home, t began o ran (1) By the time he aived, we had al eady lef. by the time = one event is completed before thetime ne comes, we wilhaveaieady other evant on Notice the use of the past perfect and future Perfect inthe main clause. (n) haven't seen him since hele this moining. since = from that tine tothe present (0) Iveknown ber ever since | was a chil. | (0): ever acs emphasis, ‘Nore: The present perfect fs use inthe main clause. (©) We stayed there uni we ished ourwork. unl i= to thet time and then no longer (G) Westayed there tile finished cur work, lis used moe in speaking than a wing: it ee 's generally not used informal English) (7) As s00n 36 tstops raining, we willeave. | a8 oan 28, ance = when one event happens, {3} Once stops raining, we willeave. ‘another event happens soon afterward (1) Iwllnever speak to rim again as ng sive. (u) lal never speak to himagainso ong as ne. (0) Whenever see her say hei, whenever everytime (Everytime 20; eyo. (8) Rest ine (hero New Yo Iwent | Adve les canbe noe arcade tow i (0) Lame wos st tine ad net finan 2 ame na 2 that)! go to New York, tm es 10 see a ballet ‘going Es Jj Bei Roce RO Re Ee aut tad ‘because (a) Because ne was sleep, he went to bed {b) He wont bed because ho was steep Be sure to identity the core cause and eet. ‘ncomect Becausehe went to bed, he was ep row that) Now tat ve fished to erect 1m gong Now that means “because now.” in): Now that Ive {orestafow daye and then take ap. fhishedtraemester means “Decals the semesters (d) Jack lost his job. Now that he's an TRemoyed he can pay is ls ore. Now thats used wth the present, present avec outs tenses, ‘ance (@) Since Mondays hota, we dont Rave to foto work. (1) Sine you're 2 goad cok and Vim no, you shoul cook he cnn (@) Since | came here, Ihave met many people. _noTe: Since has two meanings. One is “because.” itis. sso used'n tme clauses, 8) See Chr 17-2. ee hee hc en nse ire (a) Because the weather was cokd, | dicin't go swimming. Because is used to express expected results. (©) Even thogh the weather was cold, Iwent swimming. Eventhough is used to express unexpected resus” (6) Because wasn red, | got bet (6) Eventhough Iwas ee, | ert 1 bed. eo ne {@) May i ch, while on is oer (set poe wh Mary ren (©) Wile ona i 0; Mays en. Examples (a, 6, (), and all have the same meaning [Note the use ofthe cornma in (| ne (bn using whe fr dict {€) White Mery isch, John is poo. contast a comma s often used even the while clause comes second {nike the punctuation of mest other adverb causes) cova: _netanoen: While is also used in time clauses and means “during that {@) The phone rang while | was studying. time," a ne), See Chart 17-2. DAs Rec uae koe Ree (2) Hitcains tomorrow, twill take my umbrella I-lauses (also called “avery clauses of condition”) present ‘possible conditions, The main clause expresses RESUS. In (a): PossiLecoNomo = may rain tomorrow resus = / wil take my umbvella ‘A presont tense, nota future tone, i used in an clause even| ‘hough the verb inthe i-clause may refer to @ future event oF Shuaton. asm @” Words that introduce adverb clauses of condition cused) # event unless Whether of nt SAAS aul aed (@) Are youa student? 1¥s0/ Ifyou oe, te tickets hal-price. lt not / Ifyou aren't, the ticket i ful price. RySTae aeae Was sb SHS (©) Isa popular concert. Do youhave a ticket? mot | you aren't = you aren'ta student If 50 If you do, you're bcky. mE ya In) Ifs0/ you do = you havea teket cicilehckacimmekc hema not | you don't = Ifyou don't have a ticket Fe en ee ene Whether or not rLanguage.com ° schema ifseoa, ee adorei naer in weer ool ort REE NAGGe I ESpensiet nna ea es ftig lontcuaboure arte. ces mie? Even if (b) {nave decided to go swimming tomorrow. Sentences with even # are close in meaning to those with Even ifthe weatheriecold Tm going ogo whether or not ‘swimming Usi A CU oR lilly {@) be at my uncle's house in ease you (should) need to reach me. (ce eee In Gas nore: ee lec teeey comer clause emphasizes the speakers Uncertainty that something wil happen, BUSAN chr ROU RCN: Ce MO {@) 111.90 swimming tomorow unless is cold. ‘unless = it. not (©) go swimming tomorrow itis? col. In: unless it coxt means “ft isn't cold * Examples (a) and) have the same meaning, SAR Re Gu Rt Rk Su tu at en) a (2) The picnic wil bo canceled any itt ans. Only it expresses the dea that there is only one condition | ‘tits windy, well go.on the picnic. ‘hat wil cause a particular rest. Fits cold, we'll goon te picnic. Wits damp and foggy, well go onthe picnic. If t's unbearably het, well 90 onthe plenic. (©) Ony iit rains wile picnic be canceled. ‘When only if begins a sentence, the subject and vert er n (@) Advert clause; Who was walking 1 class, Iran InChapter 13, we decussed changing acjactve Into anal ron ‘clauses to modifying phrases. (See Chart 19-11, {) Modttying phrase: While walking 0 clss. Lraninto ‘an old trend (©) Adverb cause: Before It for work, | ate breaktast. 1) Modiying phrase: Before leaving for work, | ate (@) Change possible, While was siting in class, fall asleep. Winie seing cass, all asleep. (8) Change possible: While Ann was siting in class, she A moditing adverbial phrase that isthe reduction of fal asleep. (clause) ‘an adverb clause modifies the ubject ol the man While siting in class, Ann fel clause. asleep, () No change possible: Wino tho teacher was fcturing fo, No eduction (e., change) is possible i the subjects the class, tol asloop ‘of the acvero clause and the main clause are

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