to add

Update Nov. 26, 2022 r.6.0.4

Update Feb. 9, 2022 r.6.0.1^

Previous version: Title <Walk through the Scripture #6 Place, Things, and Numbers>

r.5.3.5 Update Oct. 22, 2021

Update Aug 14; r.2.33
July 1, 2021 r.2.3.2

Vol. III Supplement, No.6

Place, Things, and Numbers

This is one of the supplements to IRENT, a new translation of the New

Testament which is based on the linguistic and literary critical approach. The
translation with associated supporting files is open to the public and available
free to all to challenge and be challenged. You should find this helpful in many
ways. It is, however, to make the reading rather more careful than to make it
comfortable and easy for reading and studying the Bible. And foremost it is here
to help ourselves help and continually unlearn, re-learn, and learn!

As with everything in life, many fails to unlearn those things cherished dearly. It
is a life changing effort. Sadly, no one wants to unlearn. But we all need to
unlearn, sometimes from the ground up. It pays to unlearn!

1
 IRENT Vol. III. Supplement:

No. 1 (Words, Words, and Words)

No. 2 (Text, Translation, and Translations)
No. 3-A (Name, God, Spirit)
No. 3-B ('Jesus Christ' vs. 'Yeshua Mashiah')
No. 3-C (Tetragrammaton)
No. 3-D (Trinity)
No. 4 (Man, Anthropology, and Religion)
No. 5 (People and Persons)
No. 6 (Place, Things, and Numbers)
No. 7 (Time & Calendar)
No. 8 (Festival, Feast, & Passover)
No. 9 (Passion Week Chronology)
No. 10 (Selected Biblical Chronologies)
No. 11 (Sabbath)
No. 12 (Infancy Narrative, Virgin & Virgin Birth)

WALK THROUGH THE BIBLE

No. 6 (Places, Things, and Numbers)

2
 No. 6. Place and Numbers

Measurements; Numerology;
Places, Plants, and Maps

[Note: ‘Ref.’ in this writing means those reading material I have personally found
useful, not only to solve problems but also to find challenges and to argue. Not all
things written there are relevant to the topics under the discussion here. Not all
written can be correct, right, or accurate. The readers should exercise their own
judgment to make use of them.]

Ref. and reading material:

Adrian Bard (2011), The Future of Philosophy of Time

 www.scribd.com/doc/156154398/Adrian-Bardon-Ed-the-Future-of-the-
Philosophy-of-Time-2011
 www.academia.edu/7238639/
Review_A._Bardon_ed._The_Future_of_the_Philosophy_of_Time

Lee Smolin (2013), Time Reborn: From the Crisis in Physics to the Future of the Universe
[www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/jun/06/time-regained/ (Book Review) ]
— (1999), The Life of the Cosmos

3
 Units of Measurement

Ref: www.metrum.org/measures/

Length, Distance –

S4083 pēchus (4x) Mt 6:23 //Lk 12:25. Jn 21:8; Rev21:17

[hēlikia span (of life or length) (BDAG p. 435)]; [pēchun hena (pēchus - BDAG p.
812 pēchus a unit of measurement of length ‘cubit’); cubit 18

SourceNT fn: "Which of you can add any time to your lifespan2 just by
worrying?"
Equally, “Which of you can add 1 cubit (18 inches/1 metre) to your
height?” The semantic range of helikia, includes “lifespan” and “height”.
The semantic range of pēkhus, includes “length”, “time” (as in Psalm
39:5), or “cubit”

stadia (Mt 14:24; Lk 24:13; Jn 6:19; 11:18; Rev 14:20; 21:16) ‘furlongs’ - KJV
S4712 stadion; pl. stadia – one eighth of Roman mile.
[a stadium = 606 Greek feet; 625 Roman feet] (about 190 m) English
translation may require conversion to miles at least in a footnote.

‘distance of ‘Shabbat day’s walk’ (Act 1:12) /> ‘sabbath day’s journey’
(KJV);

“sabbath day’s journey distance” (Acts 1:12); “five or six furlongs /stadia”
from Jerusalem = 925 vs. 1,100 meters – Josephus] [cf. furlong /stadia = (less
than 200 meters) = one eighth of Roman mile]

handbreadth tefach – Exo 25:25 (a little less than 9 cm 8.85 to 8.97 cm.)
During the Iron Age, in the kingdom of Judah, storage jars differed in shape and size
but had uniform neck widths that may have become standardized at one tefach.

https://news.knowledia.com/IL/en/articles/archaeologists-may-have-deduced-exactly-
how-big-a-biblical-handbreadth-is-2955b971fea1bb1523f1e92b4b920a02ebea7224

mile and feet, and others

The Romans used a unit of distance called the mille passum, which literally
translated into "a thousand paces." Since each pace was considered to be five

4
 Roman feet — which were a bit shorter than our modern feet — the mile ended up
being 5,000 Roman feet, or roughly 4,850 of our modern feet.
In 1592, Parliament set about determining the length of the mile and decided that
each one should be made up of eight furlongs (length a team of oxen could plow
in a day). Since a furlong was 660 feet, we ended up with a 5,280-foot mile.
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/why-are-there-5-280-feet-in-a-mile

Weight –

S3046 litra (2x) a Roman pound (loan word from Latin libra) Jn 12:3 (a litra); 19:30 (100
litra)

Monetary –

denarius (Roman) ≈ drachma (Greek) – usual day wage of a laborer; di-drachma (the
amount for half-shekel Miqdash tax (> temple tax) [Heb. ‫ מקדש בית מס‬Mas Beit Ha-
Miqdash], annual tax per capita for Jewish male); shekel (Heb.), mina (> Heb. maneh;
manim – pl.), talent; *mina ░ [ten minas, one mina to each - Lk 19:13ff. Cf. talent
in //Mt 25:15ff] /manim – pl. maneh – singl. – JNT;

 1 talent = 3000 shekels (about 92 troy pound sliver ≈ $24,000)

= 60 mina = 12,000 denarii,
 1 mina = 50 shekels = 1/60 talent; (Ex 38:25)
(≈ 1.5 troy pound = 18 troy oz. silver ≈ $360)
[Cf. 1 mina = 60 shekels (= 1/50 talent) Ezk 45:12]

 1 mina = 200 denarius (≈ drachmas); about three to four months' wages.

1 denarius – usual day’s wage for a laborer.
di-drachmas – the amount ‘half shekel’ for annual temple-tax per male.

 1 mina = 200 drachmas = 50 shekels → 1 shekel = 4 drachmas.

Cf. Problem - often cited as

 1 mina = 100 drachmas = 50 shekels → then 1 shekel = 2 drachmas:
[then di-drachmas for the temple tax (Mt 17:24) would be one shekel, not half-
shekel.]

For the purpose of IRENT translation work of N.T, a ballpark figure is found to be
sufficient and adequate to render in the unit and amount which can be grasped by the general
readers. One talent of silver money converted to 100 pounds of silver money (Mt 18:24;
25:14-30); one mina converted to one pound of silver money (Lk 19:11-27) [footnotes
added there.]

Cf. At Sep. 2013 market price: 1 troy oz. ≈ $22 (for 1 troy pound ≈ $260) 10 minas ≈ $360.
Note that there is no 1 to 1 correlation btw the value of silver and the usual laborer’s wage –
it has varied throughout history. For example, Lk 16:6-7 – one hundred bath-measures of
olive oil (≈ 800 gallons; $64,000) and one hundred cor-measures of wheat ( ≈ 1000 bushels;
$8,000) of wheat. To convert to denarii is complicated – conversion on the basis of silver
price vs. on the basis of average daily wage for laborer. $64,000 / 22 ≈ 3000 oz. silver ≈
30,000 denarii per silver price basis vs. /$64,000 / $64 (minimum wage per day) = 1000 denarii per
daily wage basis. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100420140941AA5KuaU
www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=41173.0

5
Cf. Troy weight is a system of units of mass customarily used for precious metals and
gemstones. There are 12 troy ounces per troy pound, not 16 ounces per pound found in the
more common avoirdupois system. The troy ounce is 480 grains (≈ 31.1 gm), compared
with the avoirdupois ounce, which is 437½ grains. Both systems use the same grain defined
by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 as exactly 0.06479891 gram.

Mt 8:24 myriad talents [+] ░ [+an enormous sum] (‘talent’ - only in G-Mt – here and
25:15ff) (Gk. ‘myriad talents’ = ten thousand talents = 120 million (Roman) denarii = Greek
drachmas). [‘one talent’ = 3000 shekels = 60 minas (Cf. Lk 19:11-27) = 12 million (Roman)
denarii = Greek drachmas.] Rendered in IRENT as ‘one million pounds of silver money’.

Lk 12:6 five sparrows for two assarions ░ [1 assarion = 1/16 of denarius (cf. a denarius =
a day’s wage for a laborer)] [//Mt 10:29 has ‘two sparrows for one assarion’. An English
equivalent idiom would be ‘2 sparrows for $1’ in Mt vs. ‘$2 gets you 5 sparrows’ (4 plus
one more) in Lk - an example of discounting practice. 덤을 주는 방식]

6
 Numerology

[Musing on numbers and mathematics]

*million www.beresfordresearch.com/how-to-write-a-million-in-different-countries/

/Gematria
www.gematrix.org/gematria/

Monetary units

Widow’s mite; assarion; temple tax; shekel; mina

*assarion: [1 assarion = 1/16 of denarius (a day’s wage for a laborer)]

[Lk 12:6 two assarion for five sparrows vs. Mk 10:29 one assarion for two
sparrows]
=English equivalent expression would be $5 for 5 sparrows in Lk vs. $3 for 2
sparrows in Mt]
An example of discounting practice..

*temple tax
Mt 17:24
░ διδραχμα half shekel [Exo 30:16 annual temple tax for male over 20] [/double
drachma – NET; /didrachma – ALT; /two drachma tax – ESV; /half shekel – JNT,
AMP; /temple tax – CEV, GNB (T-); /x: tax – ISR; /x:tribute – KJV+]; /Ko.
성전세; /x: 貢稅 – KKJV; /반 세겔 – KRV; /[QQ: When do they collect this
tax? Before the Passover?] [For monetary units, see AA]

25:15 five silver *talents ░ [about 100 years’ wages for a laborer. About
100,000$] (JNT mg) [1 silver talent is 6000 denarii. A gold talent is about 60
silver ones.] (also 18:24 – ‘10,000 talents’)
1 drachma = c. 1 denarius
1 didrachma =1 half shekel
1 tetradrachma = stater = shekel of Israel
1 mina = 100 drachmas

1 silver talent = 60 minas

*shekel#4
Mt 17:24, 27 (*STATHRA; /*tetradrachma four-denarius)

*mina =worth 100 denarius; about three to four months' wages. = 60 shekels (Ezk
45:12)] /manim [a maneh – singl.]– JNT;

7
penny ░ [S2835 kodrantés (2x) a smallest Roman coin – Mt 5:26; Mk 12:48]

Shekel

BAR News

Rare Coin Found on Temple Mount

December 24, 2008

A rare half-shekel coin has been recovered from the soil of the Temple Mount in
Jerusalem. Minted in 66 or 67 A.D. during the period of the Great Revolt against the
Romans, the coin exhibited evidence of some fire damage, believed by experts to be the
same fire that destroyed the Second Temple in 70 A.D. The face of the coin is
decorated with a branch of three pomegranates and ancient Hebrew letters reading
“holy Jerusalem.”
The coin was discovered by a 14-year-old boy who was volunteering in a sifting project
sponsored by BAR [sic] Ilan University. For the last four years, archaeologists and
volunteers have been sifting through the mounds of dirt that were dug up by the
Muslim authority in charge of the Temple Mount during an unauthorized project in
1999. The sifting project was begun in an effort to salvage at least some of the
archaeological data from the destroyed ancient layers of the mountain.

www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=1048260
Rare first century half shekel coin found in Temple Mount dirt
(Dec 21,2008)
By Nadav Shragai, Haaretz Correspondent

A rare half shekel coin, first minted in 66 or 67 C.E., was discovered by 14 year-old
Omri Ya'ari as volunteers sifted through mounds of dirt from the Temple Mount in
Jerusalem. The coin is the first one found to originate from the Temple Mount.

For the fourth year, archaeologists and volunteers have been sifting through dirt dug by
the Waqf, the Muslim authority in charge of the Temple Mount compound, in an
unauthorized project in 1999. The dig caused extensive and irreversible archaeological
damage to the ancient layers of the mountain. The Waqf transported the dug up dirt in
trucks to another location, where it was taken to Emek Tzurim. 40,000 volunteers have
so far participated in the sifting project, in search of archaeological artifacts, under the
guidance of Dr. Gabriel Barkay and Yitzhak Zweig.

The project is sponsored by Bar Ilan University and funded by the Ir David Foundation
with the assistance of the National Parks Authority.

The half shekel coin was first minted during the Great Revolt against the Romans. The
face of the coin is decorated with a branch of three pomegranates and ancient Hebrew
letters reading "holy Jerusalem." On the flip side, the letters say "half shekel".

The coin that was found in the sifting project, though it was well preserved, showed
some damage from a fire. Experts believe it was the same fire that destroyed the
Second Temple in 70 C.E.

8
Dr. Gabriel Barkay explained that "the half shekel coin was used to pay the temple
taxes... The coins were apparently minted at Temple Mount itself by the Temple
authorities."

The half shekel tax is mentioned in the book of Exodus (Portion Ki Tisa), commanding
every Jew to contribute half a shekel to the Temple every year for the purpose of
purchasing public sacrifices.

Dr. Barkay added that "this is the first time a coin minted at the Temple Mount itself
has been found, and therein lies its immense importance, because similar coins have
been found in the past in the Jerusalem area and in the Old City's Jewish quarter, as
well as Masada, but they are extremely rare in Jerusalem."

So far, some 3,500 ancient coins have been discovered in the Temple Mount dirt
sifting, ranging from earliest minting of coins during the Persian era all the way up to
the Ottoman era.

An additional important archaeological discovery in the sifting project was another

well preserved coin, minted between 175 and 163 B.C.E. by Antiochus IV Epiphanes,
against whom the Hasmoneans revolted. This revolt brought about the re-dedication of
the Temple after Antiochus seized the Temple's treasures and conducted idol worship
in it. The coin depicts a portrait of Antiochus the Seleucid King.

*Widow’s mite

9
Measurments

Distance.

A Dictionary of the Bible, by William Smith, 1984, pg. 799

www.ccel.org/ccel/smith_w/bibledict.html

@ Of measures of distance the smallest is the pace, and the largest the day’s journey:

(A) The pace, (2Sam 6:13) whether it be a single, like our pace, or double, like the Latin
passus, is defined by nature within certain limits, its usual length being about 30 inches for the
former and 5 feet for the latter. There is some reason to suppose that even before the Roman
measurement of the roads of Palestine, the Jews had a mile of 1000 paces, alluded to in (Mt
5:41) It is said to have been single or double, according to the length of the pace; and hence the
peculiar force of our Lord’s saying: “Whosoever shall compel thee [as a courier] to go a mile,
go with him twain”—put the most liberal construction on the demand.

(B) The day’s journey was the most usual method of calculating distances in travelling, (Gen
30:36; 31:23; Exo 3:18; 5:3; Num 10:33; 11:31; 33:8; 1:2; 1 Kings 19:4; 2 Kings 3:9; Jon 3:43)
1 Macc. 5:24; 7:45; Tobit 6:1, though but one instance of it occurs in the New Testament (Lk
2:44)

The ordinary day’s journey among the Jews was 30 miles; but when they travelled in
companies, only ten miles. Neapolis formed the first stage out of Jerusalem according to the
former and Beeroth according to the latter computation,

(a) Sabbath day’s journey of 2000 cubits, (Acts 1:12) is peculiar to the New Testament, and
arose from a rabbinical restriction. It was founded on a universal, application of the prohibition
given by Moses for a special occasion: “Let no man go out of his place on the seventh day.”
(Exo 16:29) An exception was allowed for the purpose of worshipping at the tabernacle; and,
as 2000 cubits was the prescribed space to be kept between the ark and the people as well as
the extent of the suburbs of the Levitical cities on every side, (Num 35:5) this was taken for the
length of a Sabbath-day’s journey measured front the wall of the city in which the traveller
lived. Computed from the value given above for the cubit, the Sabbath-day’s journey would be
just six tenths of a mile.

(b) After the captivity the relations of the Jews to the Persians, Greeks and Romans caused the
use, probably, of the parasang, and certainly of the stadium and the mile. Though the first is
not mentioned in the Bible, if is well to exhibit the ratios of the three. The universal Greek
standard, the stadium of 600 Greek feet, which was the length of the race-course at Olympia,
occurs first in the Maccabees, and is common in the New Testament. Our version renders it
furlong; it being, in fact, the eighth part of the Roman mile, as the furlong is of ours. 2 Mac.
11:5; 12:9, 17, 29; (Lk 24:13; Jn 6:19; 11:18; Rev 14:20; 21:18) One measure remains to be
mentioned. The fathom, used in sounding by the Alexandrian mariners in a voyage, is the
Greek orguia, i.e. the full stretch of the two arms from tip to tip of the middle finger, which is
about equal to the height, and in a man of full stature is six feet. For estimating area, and
especially land there is no evidence that the Jews used any special system of square measures
but they were content to express by the cubit the length and breadth of the surface to be
measured (Num 35:4,5; Ezk 40:27) or by the reed. (Ezk 41:8; 42:16-19; Rev 21:16)

10
Calculation of the value of *Pi in O.T.

1Kg 7:23
1Kg7:23
Then he [=Hiram] also made the huge bronze basin called ‘the Sea’:
It was circular in shape,
ten cubits# from outer (b)rim to (b)rim, (15 feet – NET)
and five cubits high, (7 ½ feet – NET)
and a-its inner circumference measured thirty cubits-a. (45 feet –
NET)
1Ki 7:26
It was a handbreadth thick,
its rim was made like the rim of a cup, like a lily flower;
and two thousands bath measures it holds. (11,000 gallons)
1Ki 7:38
He made ten bronze basins/bases/lavers;
each basin's capacity was forty bath measures (220 gallons)
and had a diameter of four cubits — (6? 7? Feet)
one basin on each of the ten stands/carriages/bases/water carts/.

brim░ [#08193 saphah]

cubits# ░ [#0520 ammah] [1 cubit ≈ 1.5 feet]
a-
its inner circumference measured thirty cubits-a ░ \a line of thirty cubits measured
around it inside/ Ko.둘레가; /x:두를 만하며
CF. hand breadth #02947 tephach
lambert@ldolphin.orglambert@ldolphin.org
Dec 10, 2006
subject Re: pi and 1ki 7:51

11
Dear Lambert,

I came across your article about the value of pi in 1Ki 7:51??. It was referenced
in
www.inerrancyexposed.com
[revised draft =] the value of pi cannot be calculate from Ki 7:23 alone, though
we can calculate the value of THICKNESS of the basin. However, along with
1Ki 7:26 where the thickness was specified, we can then calculate the value of
PI if the conversion btw cubit (ca 18” ) and handbreadth is known.

There is nothing like 'Hebrew codes' advocated by Chuck Missler of Koinonia

House Ministries to explain this non-existing discrepancy/errancy in the text.

Ex 37:12; 25:25 – ‘handbreadth’ ‘four fingers – Bishop, Geneva’

1Ki 7:23 & 2Ch 4:2-5 dimensions of the bronze basin
1Ki 7:26 thickness – a handbreadth

Robert W. Faid "A Scientific Approach to More Biblical Mysteries" (1994

New Leaf Press)
(Ch. 16 Biblical weights and measurements, p. 139)

Finger's breadth
Palm = 4 fingers
Span = 3 palms
Cubit = 2 spans
Reed, etc.
(along with equivalent meters and inches with such precisions!).

QQ How is this substantiated? Is there any biblical or other text to support that?
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145781/cubit

Cubit.

Eastman's bible dictionary says there are at least 2 measures for the term
"cubit":

* Standard cubit : elbow to end of middle finger (20").

* Lower forearm cubit : elbow to base of the hand (12").

Cf. The cubit of a man or common cubit (Dt 3.11), the legal cubit or cubit of the
sanctuary (Eze 40.5) plus others.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit

Egyptian 1cubit = 6 palms = 24 digits = 18”

12
foot cubt, 120 cm)
Egyptian royal cubit (mahe) = 7 palms of 28 digits. as decreed to be equal to the
length of the forearm from the bent elbow to the tip of the extended middle
finger plus the width of the palm of the hand of the Pharaoh or King ruling at
that time. www.ncsli.org/misc/cubit.cfm
Roman cubitus (6 palm) Greek pechus = 24 digit cubit.
Calculation of the brim thickness taking pi = 3.14159.

With these from the text:

D = diameter from outer rim to rim;= 10 cubits

f = inner circumference = 30 cubits
t = thickness of the basin = unknown (to be calculated)

Fill the formula f = π * (D - 2 *t )

30 = 3.14159 * (10-2t)
30 = 31.4159 – 7.1818t
7.1818t = 31.4159 – 30 = 1.416

t = 1.416 / 7.182 = 0.197

thus, the thickness of the basin comes to about 0.2 cubit.

Calculation of PI value used in O.T.

Now with the text 1Ki 7:26 acutally supplying the thickness t = ‘handbreath’,
then we should be able to calculate the value of π they used.

First, change the formula

30 = π (10-2t)

to 30 = π (10-2/q)
30 = π (10q – 2)q
30 q = π (10q – 2)
π = 30q / (10q – 2)

where q is how many handbreadths (palms) in a cubit.

Taking the conversion factor from Faid and assuming his 'palm' is another way
of saying 'handbreadth',

t = handbreadth = palm = 1/6 cubit, (1 cubit = 6 palms in Faid)

t= 1/6, then q = 6

13
 30 = π (10 – 2/6)
30 = π (60 – 2)/6
π = 30 x 6 / (10x6 -2) =180 /58
=3.10345

Error = [3.10345-3.14159]/ 3.14159= –1.2%

About 1.2% error – would it be enough to satisfy those who claim how
inaccurate the Bible!?

In my original calculation, taking pi = 3.14159, t came out 0.2 cubit. Pretty

close.

Note: a cursory view of PI = 3 in O.T. is result of simplistically reading the text

as diameter 10 and circumference = 30 both as inner ones or outer ones.

Note: if the values were taken for outer circumference and inner diameter
(instead of inner circumference and outer diameter), PI would come out
2.90323 far below acceptable value.
If 1 cubit would have been 5 palms (= 5 handbreadths) (instead of Faid’s
conversion factor), then rewrite the numbers given in the text:

With the formula π = 30q / (10q – 2)

where q is how many handbreadths (palms) in a cubit.
q =5,
π = 150 /[50-2] = 150 /48
= 3.125

Error = -0.5%

Thus, if we take 1 cubit to be

= 6 palms, PI = 3.10345 (– 1.2% under estimate)

= 5 palms = 3.125 (–0.5% under estimate)
= 4 palms = 3.15789 (+ 0.5% overestimate)

Compare others’ results:

(Calculation) =3.1415926.. Modern (mathematics & computer)

4 (8/9)2 =3.16049 Egyptian (+0.6% over estimate)
3 + 1/8 =3.125 Babylonian (–0.5% under estimate)
(See above) =3.1034 1Kg 7:23 & 7:26 (– 1.2% under estimate)
[1 cubit = 6 handbreadth]
(See above) =3.125 1Kg 7:23 & 7:26 (–0.5% under estimate) [1 cubit
= 5 handbreadth]
30/10 =3 value implied by 1Kg 7:23* (– 4.5% under estimate)

14
 (result of author’s misunderstanding the text)
22/7 =3.14285.. upper bound by Archimedes (3rd century BC) (+0.04%)

=3.1622 (AD 130) Chinese

=3.14159 (AD 264) Chinese
=3.1416 (AD 380; AD 499) Hindu

333/106 =3.141509.. lower bound by Anthoniszoon (ca 1583)

355/113 =3,141592 .. (1573)

Peter Beckmann History of PI (Golem Press 1971 Barnes & Nobles 1993)
p.170.

www.ldolphin.org/pi/

Table of computation of Pi from 2000 BC to now

www.1john57.com/1kings723.htm

Babylonians 2000? BC 3.125 = 3 + 1/8

Egyptians 2000? BC 3.16045
China 1200? BC 3
Holy Bible (1 Kings 7:23 and 26) 550 BC 3.1415926
Archimedes 250? BC 3.1418 (averaging technique)
Hon Han Shu 130 AD 3.1622 = square root of 10
Ptolemy 150 AD 3.14166
Chung Hing 250 AD 3.16227 = squareroot of 10
Wang Fau 250 AD 3.15555 = 142/45
Liu Hui 263 AD 3.14159
Siddhanta 380 AD 3.1416
Tsu Ch'ung Chi 480 AD 3.1415926
Aryabhata 499 AD 3.14156
Brahmagupta 640 AD 3.162277 = square root of 10
Al-Khowarizmi 800 AD 3.1416
Fibonacci 1220 AD 3.141818
Al-Kashi 1429 AD 3.1415929
Otho 1573 AD 3.1415929
Viete 1593 AD 3.1415926536 (ave.)
Romanus 1593 AD 3.1415926536 (ave.)

15
 Van Ceulen 1596 AD 3.1415926536 (ave.)
Newton 1665 AD 3.1415926536 (ave.)
Sharp 1699 AD 3.1415926536 (ave.)

Base converter
*base converter

www.easysurf.cc/base-converter (has error to convert 137, 138, 139 to base 10)

ancient gold coin, Israel.

http://www.artknowledgenews.com/
http://tinyurl.com/29tw68n

Thousand vs. thousands

E.g., many thousands are saved;

E.g., five thousand were fed.

Number 10

Mt 25:1 <Parable of Ten maidens> ░ (S3933 parthenos maidens of the village, not
bridesmaids, not 'virgins'

Cf. 'ten' - Minyan in the rabbinic Judaism: a minimum of 10 men over bar mitzvah age (13) was
required to conduct a service.

16
Number 7

www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzPuyCwZsQY

ScienticAmerican.com
The World’s Most Popular Numbers [Excerpt]

 7 days of the creation week (Gen 1);

 7days of a week;
 7th day of a lunar week for Shabbat (sabbath);
 7 x 2 generations (Mt 1:17)]

Over 300 occurrences of this number: Listed below (over 90) is from N.T.

Seven times to forgive – Mt 18:21; 17:4

Seven times seven (or 70) to forgive – Mt 17:47
Seven more unclean spirits – Mt 12:45 //Lk 11:26
Seven loaves of bread – Mt 15:34, 36; 16:10; Mk 8:5, 6, 8;
Seven baskets – Mt 15:37; Mk 8:20;
Seven brothers – Mt 22:25, 26, 28; //Mk 12:20, 22, 23; //Lk 20:29, 31, 33
Seven demons – Mk 16:9; Lk 8:2;
Seven years being a widow – Lk 2:3
Seven well-attested men to choose – Act 6:3
Seven nations destroyed in Canaan – Act 13:19
Seven sons of a certain kohen HaGadol – Act 19:14
Seven days– Act 20:6; 21:4; 21:27; 28:14; [encircled Jericho] Heb 11:30
Seven evangelist – Act 21:8
Seven others Noah brought in – 2Pe 2:5

Below are those found in Revelation:

Seven Mashian Congregations – Rev 1:4, 11
Seven golden menorahs – Rev 1:12, 20; 2:1
Seven stars – Rev 1:16, 17, 20; 2:1; 3:1
Seven spirits of God – Rev 3:1; 4:5; 5:6
Seven seals – Rev 5:1, 5; 6:1
Seven horns and seven eyes – Rev 5:6;
Seven angels – Rev 8:2, 6; 15:1, 6, 7, 8;16:1; 17:1; 21:9
Seven shofars – Rev 8:2, 6
Seven thunders – Rev10:3, 4,
Seven thousand men – Rev 11:13
Seven heads – Rev 12:3; 13:1; 17:3, 7, 9
Seven diadems – Rev 12:3
Seven plagues – Rev 15:1, 6, 8; 21:9
Seven golden bowls – Rev 15:7
Seven bowls – Rev 17:1; 21:9
Seven kings – Rev 17:10, 11

17
Numerals in Revelation and Apocalyptic writings:

 7 + 62 + 1 week period - Dan 9:24-27 (the time prophecy for the Messiah)
(70 x 7 = 490 days=years) [the last week (7 years) – in the middle of that
week – He shall make a firm covenant (Mt 26:27 AD 30) – at the end of
the last week – Stephen’s martyrdom and Saul’s conversion AD 34] /x:
confirm the covenant – KJV+; /confirm a covenant – NKJV; /x: keep [the]
covenant in force – NWT; /make a strong covenant – JNT; /; sacrifices to
be ceased] (/x: period of far-future tribulation of 7 years – plucked from
Dan 9:27 by his specious interpretation of Dan 9:27 ‘the Anti-Christ makes
a peace treaty … the rebuilt Temple, etc. in Hal Lindsey’s book Late Great
Planet Earth p. 45 -
https://archive.org/details/TheLateGreatPlanetEarthByHalLindsey ) (Henry
and others – Covenant of Grace of Christ’s blood)
 The number 1260 days: Rev 11:3; 12:6;
= The number time, times, and half a time (3/12 years): Rev 12:14; Dan
7:25; 12:7
= 42 moths (=3 ½ years): Rev 11:2; 13:5 (time of anti-Christ?)
 Cf. a (prophetic) day = a year: Ezekiel 4:6; Num 14:34.
 From the decree of ~ to the coming of the Messiah – 483 days. (cf. Mk
1:15 after Yeshua’s baptism – “time is fulfilled” of Coming of the Messiah
in Dan 9: – Act 8:10 anointed with the spirit
 666: Rev 13:8
 Seven Churches 1:4; Seven golden lampstands 1:12; Seven stars – 1:16;
Seven spirits – 4:5; Seven seals – 5:1ff; Seven horns and Seven eyes – 5:6;
Seven messengers – 8:2ff; Seven shofars – 8:2, 6 [Cf. the shofar by the 7th
messenger – 11:15 – often conflated with 1Co 15:52 for End-time
prophecy games]; Seven thunders – 10:3ff;
 Seven thousand people – 11:13;
 Seven heads – 12:3; 13:1; 17:3, 7 (on a great red dragon / beast); seven
diadems; ten horns; seven heads are seven hills – 17:9; seven kings –
17:10; Eighth head – 17:11 which belongs to the seven
 Seven messengers and seven plagues – 15:1, 6, 8; seven golden bowls –
15:7; 16:1
 Seven messengers and seven bowls – 16:1, 17:1
 Seven messengers, seven bowls, seven plagues – 21:9
 Four living creatures – 4:6, 8; 5:6, 8; 6:1, 6; 7:11; 14:3; 15:7, 14
 Twenty four thrones – 4:4; 24 elders – 4:4, 10; 5:8; 11:16; 19:4;
 Four messengers, four corners of the earth; four winds of the earth – 7:1;
four corners of the earth – 20:8
 Four messengers- 7:2; 9:14; 9:15
 Four horns of the golden altar – 9:13
 Third of mankind – 9:15
 1442000 – 12,000 x 12 = Rev 7:4ff; 14:1, 3

18
  A talent weight (translated as ‘one hundred pounds’ (hailstone weighs)
16:21
 1600 stadia – 14:20.
 1200 stadia – 21:16
 144 cubits – 21:17
 Twelve tribes – 21:12 (the list - 7:4)
 Twelve stars – 12:1
 Twelve gates – 21:12
 Twelve messengers – 21:12
 12 foundations; twelve names of the 12 apostles – 21:14
 12 gates, 12 pearls – 21:21
 12 kinds of fruit – 22:2
 Three messengers – 8:13; 14:6-13
 Two witnesses (11:3); two prophets (11:10)

Durations

Durations
42 months 11:2; 13:5
1280 days (/360 = 3 ½ years) 11:3; 12:6
3 ½ days [=years] 11:9, 11
3 ½ times 12:14

19
Johannine themes with number 7

Seven signs

Seven Signs of God’s Self-giving Love

 First 2:1-11
Turning Water into Wine at Cana (Lord over Nature)
 Second: 4:46-54
Healing of the Nobleman's Son (Lord of Life)
 Third: 5:1-15
Healing of the Palsied Man (Life Giving on Faith)
 Fourth: 6:1-15
Feeding of the Five Thousand (Sustaining the Spiritual
Life He Creates)
 Fifth: 6:16-21 Storm on the Sea and Walking Jesus by the Lake,
(Coming to Him on Faith)
 Sixth: 9:1-41 Healing of the Blind Man, (Lord, Greater Light)
 Seventh: 11:1-44 Raising of Lazarus from Death, (Lord of Life eternal)

Adapted from www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/hnorris/ssjg/SSJG.HTM

Modified from N.T. Wright, John for Everyone – “The whole point of signs is that they are
moments when heaven and earth intersect with each other. (That’s what the Jews believed
happened in the Temple.) The point is not that they are stories which couldn’t have
happened in real life, but which point away from earth to a heavenly reality.” (Bold is
mine.)

20
Seven ‘I am’ statements in G-Jn
Adapted from www.tillhecomes.org/Other%20Writings/Seven%20in%20John.htm

Seven "I am" (Ἐγώ εἰμι)* Statements

[The phrase ‘I am’ has no reference to God’s name.]
Jn 6:35 ff 1. I am the Bread of Life
Jn 8:12 2. I am the Light to the World
Jn 10:7 3. I am the Gate for the Sheep
Jn 10:11 4. I am the Good Shepherd
Jn 11:25 5. I am the Resurrection and the Life
Jn 14:6 6. I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life
Jn 15:1 7. I am the Genuine Vineyard**
** See the text and footnote in G-Jn for ‘vineyard’ vs. ‘vine’
* The same phrase Ἐγώ εἰμι in Jn 8:58 is different. See in Appendix Jn 8 :58 ‘*I am’.

Seven Witnesses:

Seven Witnesses:
1:34 1. Yohanan the baptizer
1:49 2. Nathaniel
6:69 3. Kefa (Peter)
10:36 4. Yeshua - the Central and Greatest witness
11:27 5. Martha
20:28 6. Thomas
20:31 7. The Beloved Disciple

Seven Pictures of Faith:

Seven Pictures of Faith:

3:14-15 1. Look
4:14 2. Drink
10:16, 27 3. Hear
10:9 4. Enter
6:35-57 5. Feed on
7:37-38 6. Come
1:12 7. Receive

21
 Place-related terms
See maps collected below

Theater,

S2302 theatron (2x) *theater -Acts 19:29, 31

In Corinth – 14000 seats
In Rome – 3000 actresses
www.theaterseatstore.com/blog/ancient-roman-theater
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre
https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Theatre/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece

22
*Sodom and Gomorrah:

'Sodom and Gomorrah' Deu 32:32

GeHinnom (Geh-Hinnom); *gehenna; *sheol; vs. *hell; inferno

The valley running west to east on the south is the Hinnom Valley (Heb. Ge-
[ben] Hinnom). In NT it is used a symbolic figurative sense, often erroneously
translated as ‘* hell’ [See BW #1] – the common translation word which has been
recruited for hell-fire preaching Christianisms which had swayed several centuries
in the Western world with umbilical idea of ‘some going to hell after death’ and
‘some going to heaven’ and ‘most going to the purgatory’ for Catholics.

*wilderness; *desert; *desolate area

Jn 1:23 desert-wilderness [of Yohanan’s activity] ░ (= Mk 1:4; Lk 3:4) [= ‘Bethany

on the east across River Jordan (that is, in Perea) – Jn 1:28] [Arid region; not
‘outdoor wilderness’ or ‘sand desert’.] [Linked to the place the prophet Eliyahu was
taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire - 2Kg 2:4-11] [cf. ‘wilderness of Judea’ - Mt
3:1]
Jn 1:28 Bethany ~ across the Jordan River ░ (on its eastern bank’, that is,
‘Bethany in Perea’. Cf. ‘Bethany in Judea’) [in ‘the wilderness’ Mk 1:4; Lk 1:80;
3:2; ‘the wilderness of Judea’ - Mt 3:1]

*sanctuary; *tabernacle; vs. *tent; *booth; *synagogue; *Mishkan; *Miqdash;

*Temple;

(*veils – inner, second, one and outer first one)

Related words: (pagan) temples; shrines; Temple; Temple sanctuary; Temple courts;
Temple treasury; tabernacle. Related words: ‘altar’ Mishkan and 'Ohel Mo'ed -pdf

Related words: the Holy Place; the Most Holy Place (Heb. Kodesh Kodashim);
‘House of YHWH’ [Exo 23:19; 34:26; Deu 23:18; (bayith – Heb; /oikos – LXX)];
‘Temple Mount’ (Heb. Har HaBayit)

Beit haMiqdash – the Holy Temple

Temple – Heb. heykal (> hekal) ‫[ היכל‬e.g., Yonah 2:4, 7 (> Jonah)] (vs. Gk. naos)
(1) ‘tabernacle’ mishkan (Gk. skēnē) of the wilderness. Exo 25:9; 26:6, etc. [Act
7:46 //Psa 132:5 – for Elohim of Yaakob] [Act 15:16; ‘royal tent’ (LXX skēnē, but
Heb. sukkah) of David) [Cf. 2Pe 1:13, 14; skēnōma, ‘tent’, metaphor for physical
body.]
(2) First Temple - Solomon’s temple – destroyed BC 586 by Babylonians
(3) Second Temple (Beit haMiqdash haSheni) – Nehemiah; rededicated BC 349.

23
 stood 420 years; destroyed CE 70 by Romans. Restoration b. BC 20 -
‘Herod’s temple’.

naos - Danker

[naiō 'inhabit'] temple Mt 23:16; Mk 14:58; Jn 2:20; Ac 17:24; 2 Th 2:4. The book
of Rev ranges from ref. to a temple in general Rev 21:22; the temple in Jerusalem
11:1f; and a heavenly sanctuary, as metaphor of God's end-time salvation 3:12;
7:15; 11:19; 15:5; 16:1, 17. In imagery Jn 2:19 (the narrator's perspective on what
the participants in the narrative understand as Jerusalem's temple); 1 Cor 3:16f;
6:19; Eph 2:21.

Gk. naos – Mishkan > temple sanctuary; (Danker p. 239. Mt 23:16, 17; 26:61;
27:5, 40; Mk 14:58; Jn 2:19, 20; Act 17:24; 2Th 2:4; 1Co 3:16f; 6:19; 2Co 6:16;
Eph 2:21; Rev 3:12; 7:15; 11:1, 19; 14:15; 15:5, 6, 8; 16:1, 17; 21:22); [ /xx: holy
place – NET for Lk 1:19, 21, 22.]

Classical Greek

Classical writers specifically used the noun naos (perhaps from naiō, "to inhabit, dwell")
to denote the "dwelling place of a god" (Liddell Scott). Consequently, the naos was the
inner "sanctuary" of a temple in which the image of the god was placed (ibid.). It is often
translated simply "temple," but the association with "sanctuary" should not be overlooked.
The noun was regularly taken in the cultic sense, although the same does not hold true for
the verb (Michel, "naos", Kittel, 4:880).

Septuagint Usage Naas is relatively common in the Septuagint; however, it does not occur
in the Pentateuch. Usually bekhiil stands behind it, although 'elam is also used on several
occasions, especially in Chronicles (e.g., 1Chr 28:11; 2Chr 8:12). Hekhiil is a "palace" or
"temple" or the "sanctuary" of a temple. Where naos is equated with it, we often find
"temple of the Lord" (e.g., 1Sam 1:9 (LXX 1Kg 1:9]; 2Chr 15:8; Ezk 8:16). It is God's
"holy dwelling place" (Psa 5:7; 11:4 (LXX 10:4]; Jonah 2:4). Nevertheless, naos is not
reserved exclusively for God's temple. The author of the apocryphal 1 Esdras writes of
Nebuchadnezzar's "temple" (1 Esdras 6:18ff.). Hieron (2388B), "temple", however, was
generally used for pagan temples or the larger temple complex (as opposed to the inner
Holy of Holies - naos - see 3Mac 1:10).

New Testament Usage In the light of the unique role of naos as a cultic technical term for
the inner sanctuary of a deity, we can see why the religious leaders were so upset when
they thought Jesus had made reference to destroying the Jerusalem Holy of Holies (Mk
14:58; cf. Mt 26:61; Jn 2:19). Actually Jesus, as God incarnate, was referring to His own
person as the dwelling place of God (Jn 2:21). The same idea of naos as God's abode is
repeated in Act 17:24: God does not dwell in man-made sanctuaries. The pagan
understanding of naos is reflected in Acts 19:24, a reference to "shrines" which were made
and sold by followers of the pagan goddess Artemis (Diana) (cf. 2Co 6:16).

Paul called the church in Corinth the naos of God (1Co 3:16; Eph 2:21) and also said that
individual persons are the "temple" of the Holy Spirit (1Co 6:19; cf. 2Co 6: 16).

24
 The use of naos in 2 Thessalonians 2:4 is puzzling. The Antichrist sets himself up in God's
"temple." Here the precise meaning is uncertain, although a literal understanding may be
preferred. A "foretaste" of what the Antichrist may do is perhaps reflected by the incident
of Caligula's (AD. 40) attempts to have his statue erected in the Jerusalem temple (Bruce,
Word Biblical Commentary, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 45: 168).

Naas occurs 16 times in Revelation. The residence of God is clearly intended. Here,
however, the sanctuary is in heaven (Rev 11:19; 14:17; 15:5). The same building imagery
used in Ephesians is repeated here (Rev 3:12; cf. Ephe 2:21). From the heavenly sanctuary
God's messengers dispense judgment (Rev 14: 15,17; 15:5ff.; 16: 1,17). The Holy of
Holies in the new city of God, the heavenly Jerusalem, will be the Lord God Almighty and
the Lamb instead of a material building.

In the Book of Revelation, the Old Testament imagery of Ezekiel comes through clearly
(cf. Ezekiel 40; Rev 11:1ff.). God's people will worship Him in this new community of
God. Inherent in the concept of God's dwelling with His people and making them "his
people" is the covenant idea of "I will be your God and you will be my people" (cf. Rev
21:3). Believers can worship God night and day because we will become one with Him. He
himself will be the temple and we will also be a part of it: "In him the whole building is
joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord. And in him you too are
being built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit" (Eph 2:21,22,
NIV). Believers can thus experience the future union with God in the present through the
power of the Holy Spirit.

STRONG 3485, BAUER 533-34, MOULTON-MILLIGAN 422, KITTEL 4:880-90, LIDDELL-

SCOTT 1160, COLIN BROWN 1:781-85.

Gk. hieron – Heb. Miqdash (H4720 Ezk 45:4); Heykal (Psa 48:9 etc.) > Temple
building, sanctuary, (Mt 4:5; 12:5, 6; 21:12, 14, 15, 23; 24:1; 26:55; Mk 11:11; 1Co
9:13; 2Co 6:16; (pagan) Act 19:27;

fr. CBL

Classical Greek:

In classical Greek hieron denotes a "sacrifice'', a "temple structure", a "consecrated grove",

or any other location designated for sacrifice. Its plural form ta hiera can refer to temple
furniture, temple property, or any cultic objects used to adorn temples.

Septuagint Usage:

In the Septuagint hieron usually denotes a place or thing associated with pagan sacrifice
and only twice refers to the Jerusalem temple in Ezk 45:19 (H1004 bayith) and 1Ch 29:4
(Heb. qodesh) Phrases like "house of God" or "house of the LORD" distinguish the
Jerusalem temple from temples used for idolatrous religions.

25
 New Testament Usage:

In the New Testament hieron is found only in the Gospels, Acts, and 1Co 9:13. In contrast
to the Septuagint usage it primarily refers to the Jerusalem temple. The fact that Jewish
Christian writers continued to use hieron for pagan temples, as in Act 19:27, indicates the
early Christians bad changed their attitude toward the temple. Hieron refers to the entire
temple including its precincts and the temple hill or, in a limited sense, any portion of the
temple such as the Court of Women (Lk 2:37) where Jesus stood before the altar after His
triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Mk 11:11), the Court of the Gentiles out of which Jesus
drove the money changers (Jn 2:15), or the temple proper where the (inner) veil which
separated the Holy Place from the Holy of Holies was rent (Mt 27:51). Hieron is only used
in a literal sense in the New Testament. This is in contrast to its closely related to naos
(3348) which is used both literally and figuratively as in 1Co 3: 16: "Ye are the temple
(naos) of God."

STRONG 2411, BAUER 372, MOULTON-MILLIGAN 300. KITTEL 3:230-47, LIDDELL-

SCOTT 822, COLIN BROWN 3:232-35; 3:785,793.

Gk. skēnē –‘tent, a dwelling’; Danker p. 322 Mt 17:4 //Mk 9:5 //Lk 9:33 = (tents for
Moses and Eliyah); Heb 11:9; Act 15:16; /(tabernacle of Yahweh Act 7:44; Hb 8:2,
5; 9:2, 3, 6, 8 (first ~), 9: 11, 21; 13:10; (pagan shrine) Act 7:43; (eternal) Lk 16:9;
(Heavenly; /x: tabernacle) Hb 8:2; (tent or dwelling place of God) Rev 13:6; 15:5;
21:3; (personified – Yeshua) Heb 9:11; (tent – metaphor for body) 2Co 5:1, 4 ;

Cf. Heb. Shekinah the word does not appear in the Scripture (TaNaKh). ‫ שכינה‬is
derived from the word shochen ‫שכן‬, “to dwell within.” The Shechinah is G-d as
G-d is dwelling within. Sometimes we translate Shechinah as “The Divine
Presence.” In Kabala style the manifestation of the divine presence in the world is
taken as God’s feminine manifestation, and call as ‘she’, same God is different
modality (of genderness?). Note – this is well aligned with modern New Ageism,
not Torah based Judaism.

“… As soon as we just begin to refer to G-d, we have already compromised His oneness.
Because we have already created a duality—there is us and there is G-d. In that duality, we
take the female role, so that He calls us She and we call Him He. Then we do whatever we
can to mend the schism between us and return to one. In that duality, we take the female
role, so that He calls us She and we call Him He.”
from www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2438527/jewish/The-Shechina.htm

Cf. H3519 kabod ‘glory’: ~of YHWH Exo 24:16

– ‘presence of YHWH with people of Israel – Exo 33:9 – in association of the
pillar of cloud which guided them out of Egypt (Exo 13:21-22).

CBL:

26
Classical Greek:
skēnē denotes a "tent, dwelling, abode" (cf. the related word skenos [4491] that
was frequently a figurative expression for the body). Pictured here is a lodging
(usually in the open and portable) constructed with branches, poles, or planks
covered with cloth, straw, or animal skin. In its most basic use a skēnē is a "cover"
(Michaelis, "skēnē", Kittel, 7:368).

Septuagint Usage:
Skēnē translates four Hebrew terms in the Septuagint ('ohel, chatser [rarely],
mishkan, and various forms of sukkah/sikkuth). A majority of its appearances occur
in the Pentateuch, especially in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. A skēnē is the
place of dwelling for the Bedouin-like Israelites and their ancestors (Genesis 12:8;
13:3; 33:17ff.) prior to entering the Promised Land. But skēnē continued in use
even after Israel settled; it simply meant "dwelling, home" (e.g., 1Kg 8:66 [LXX
3Kg 8:66]; Isaiah 38:12).

Just as God's people inhabit tents, God accommodated himself to dwell in the
tabernacle (skēnē) He instructed them to build (Exodus 25:8; 26:1-36; both 'ohel
and mishkan! [from shakhan], "to dwell"). The Israelites were told to build a
tabernacle, and they received the plans from God (Exodus 26). The essential
materials, precious metals, colorful materials, fine linens, animal hides, and acacia
wood – were donated by the people (Exo 25:1ff.; 25:8; 29:45) for God's
"sanctuary." (For a more thorough discussion on the tabernacle see: Davis,
"Tabernacle," Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4:498-506; Gooding,
"Tabernacle," New Bible Dictionary, pp.1231-34.)

Primarily the tabernacle served as the Tent of Meeting (or "Witness"; skēnē
marturiou, Exodus 29:4,10, 11ff.) where God met with His people. Additionally,
the tabernacle housed the covenant tablets in the ark (chest) within the Holy of
Holies.

Other articles furnishing the tabernacle included: the table of the bread of
Presence, the altar of incense, the golden lampstand, the laver, and the altar of
burnt offering. Thus the tabernacle was the site of Israel's formal worship of God.
Israel transported the tabernacle throughout the wilderness experience, and even
kept it after it entered the Promised Land (Joshua 18:1; 1Sam 21 [LXX1 Kings
21]; 2Chr 1:3- 6).

A second interesting role played by skēnē is the usage in association with the Feast
of Booths/Tabernacles (skenai; Hebrew sikkuth), one of Israel's three great
pilgrimage feasts (Passover and Feast of Weeks [Pentecost] are the other two).
Also known as the "Feast of the Ingathering," the Feast of Booths occurred at the
end of harvest. During the celebrations every Israelite was required to live in a tent
for 7 days (Lev 23:42f.) as a reminder of the days of wandering and living in tents
after the Exodus. The feast remained integral to Israelite religion during Solomon's
time (2Chr 8: 13), following the Exile (Ezr 3:4 [LXX 2Esd 3:4]; Zec 14: 16,18),
and continuing into the New Testament period (e.g., John 7:2f.; cf. Freeman,

27
"Tabernacles, Feast of," New Bible Dictionary, pp.1234f.).

New Testament Usage

Skēnē occurs over 20 times in the Greek New Testament, half of which belong to
Hebrews. Four references occur in the Synoptics, three in Acts, and three in
Revelation. There are no instances in Paul and, surprisingly-given John's interest in
the festival system of Judaism-none in Johannine literature outside of Revelation.

The Synoptic texts (excluding Lk 16:9, see below) are parallel accounts of Peter's
request to build three skenas ("shelters", NIV), one each for Moses, Elijah, and
Jesus on the Mount of Transfiguration (Mk 9:5; Mt 17:4; Lk 9:33). It is possible
that the practice of temporarily dwelling in tents during the Feast of Tabernacles is
implicit in the background of Peter's request (as reflected in such Old Testament
expectations as Joel 3:21; Zec 2: l0f.; 8:3; 14: 16,19; cf. Jn 7:2ff.).

The use of skēnē for an "eternal dwelling" in Lk 16:9 reflects a more Hellenistic
understanding (see above). Elsewhere in Luke's writings skēnē does not refer to the
"eternal home" of believers, thus it is unwise to invest this occurrence (16:9) with
any theological import (cf. Acts 7:43 // Amos 5:26 of the "shrine" of Moloch).

In a different usage the skēnē of David, i.e., his "household", is for all peoples
(Act 15:16). Stephen argues in his speech that possession of the tabernacle did not
insure the patriarch's "possession" of God. Even when the temple was erected God
chose not to live in houses made with human hands (Act 7:48). Rather, His
dwelling place is with (meta [3196]) men (Rev 21:3).

The Book of Hebrews uses skēnē 11 times. The earthly "tabernacle", like so many
other Old Testament images, merely anticipated (as a "copy") the "true tabernacle"
established by Christ in heaven (Heb 8:2,5). Skēnē depicts the inner tabernacle (the
Holy of Holies) as the heavenly site of Christ's entering by His own blood in order
to secure atonement for sin once and for all. By entering the "heavenly, more
perfect tabernacle", Christ's sacrifice occurred on a plane beyond simple earthly
sacrifice.

STRONG 4633, BAUER 754, MOULTON- MILLIGAN 577, KITTEL 7:368-81, LIDDELL-
SCOTT 1608, COLIN BROWN 3:811-14.

4489. skenopegia noun Setting up of tents, Feast of Tabernacles. CROSS-REFERENCES:

pegnumi (3939) skenoo (4492)
sukkah (5712), Tabernacle (Dt 16:16, 31:10, Zee 14:18f.). 1. skenopegia nom sing fem. 1 Now the
Jews' feast of tabernacles was at hand . . . John 7:2

New Testament Usage

The only occurrence of this word in the New Testament is found in Jn 7:2 with
heorte and again refers to the Sukkot (the Feast of Tabernacles). Here Jesus went
up to the feast in Jerusalem. He pointed to himself as the ultimate purpose of all

28
 their feasts.

During their festival feast, water from the pool of Siloam was apparently used in
their holy rituals (see Brown, "Feast," Colin Brown, 3:814). Jesus directed all who
thirsted (for everlasting life) to believe in Him in order to receive the life-giving
Holy Spirit. Likewise, they used great lamps in their celebration. Jesus was
probably referring to these lamps when He called himself the true light which
guides every man's life (Jn 8:12).

As God dwelt among His people in the wilderness, so again He came to them as
God incarnate Logos (Word embodied in the person of Yeshua) and tabernacled
among them for a short while (Jn 1:14). Now He ministers before God in the true
tabernacle in heaven, of which the earthly sanctuary was only a shadow (Heb 8:
1,2,5), and dwells among all believers through God's Holy Spirit (Jn 14:16, 18).
Jesus Christ is himself the feast that all Christians celebrate (1Co 5:7).

STRONG 4634, BAUER 754-55, MOULTON- MILLIGAN 577, KITTEL 7:390-92; LIDDELL-
SCOTT 1608, COLIN BROWN 3:813.

skēnos
‘tent’ > ‘tabernacle’ – KJV;

Though used from Hippocrates (Fifth Century B.C.) on, skēnos occurs only once in the
Septuagint (Wisdom of Solomon 9:15). And though the word properly means "tent,
lodging", it is only used metaphorically of the human body; i.e., the soul dwells in the tent
of the body. If one is in his "tent", he is alive physically. In the two occurrences of skēnos
in the New Testament, Paul used the term to describe dwelling in the earthly "tent", that is,
in the physical, biological body, the house of the soul (2Co 5:1,4).

STRONG 4636, BAUER 755, MOULTON-MILLIGAN 577, KITTEL 7:381-83,

LIDDELL-SCOTT 1608, COLIN BROWN 3:811,814.

Cf. skēnōma – Act 7:46 (‘tent for dwelling’ for Elohim of Yaakob); 2Pe 1:13 (‘tent
of mortal body’)

Cf. eidōleion ‘idol’s temple’ 1Co 8:10

Cf. Heb. sukkah – (in Festival of Tents/Booths; /x: of Tabernacles)
Cf. thronos – throne;
Cf. oikos – house; dwelling place; Act 7:47 etc.;
Cf. epaulis – house; residence; /x: habitation; Act 1:20;
Cf. katoikētērion – dwelling, abode, /> habitation; Eph 2:22, Rev 18:2;

For Gk. skēnē, often rendered as a common biblical term ‘tabernacle’ (e.g., in KJV),
its church usage has acquired different nuance, connotation and association (also as a
Catholic jargon). It is rendered as ‘tent’ or ‘dwelling place’, etc. in IRENT.

29
IRENT renders Gk. hieron as Miqdash. Most translates it capitalized ‘Temple’, a
common familiar English word itself is of non-biblical origin, ‘Beit HaMikdash’ (in
modern Hebrew) in Yerusalem, which was at the core of Judaism with rituals and
sacrifices to God. Cf. ‘the House of Elohim’ (Gen 28:17; 2Ch 34:9; Mt 12:4, etc.). It
may refer metonymically to its courts (e.g., Mt 21:23), or its building edifice. As for
the uncapitalized ‘temple’ is used only for a pagan temple (Cf. the word ‘shrines’) in
IRENT.

As for Gk. naos (rendered as Mishkan in IRENT), it is often inconsistently rendered

as either ‘Temple’ or ‘Sanctuary’ within its translation work. The lack of consistency
of having same translation for the same Greek in the same context is one of a major
cause of translation inaccuracy.

30
 Hebrew words - Beit K'nesset (‘House of Assembly’); shul (‘school’ in Yiddish);
heykal (temple, palace); Beit HaMikdash

The First Temple, built by Solomon, was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC
(as described in the book of Jeremiah and other Biblical books); the Second Temple
was rebuilt during the time of Ezra and Nehemiah (and described in the Bible) in
about 520 - 515 BC. It was magnificently embellished by Herod the Great, and then
destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE.

The term "synagogue" (like English word ‘church’) signifies first the congregation,
then also the building where the congregation meet for public worship. Every town,
however small, had a synagogue, or at least a place of prayer in a private house or in
the open air (usually near a river or the sea-shore, on account of the ceremonial
washings). Ten men were sufficient to constitute a religious assembly. "Moses from
generations of old hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the
synagogues every Sabbath."a
For prayer, teaching, and other purposes, but not for sacrifice. Though its origin is
not entirely clear, it seems to have arisen in the postexilic community during the
intertestamental period of the history of Israel. A town could establish a synagogue if
there were at least ten men. In normative Judaism of the NT period, the OT scripture
was read and expounded in the synagogue by the men who were present. After the
Fall of Yerusalem with destruction of the Temple, the Temple-based Judaism is
replaced by the synagogue-based rabbinic Judaism.
It is Jewish equivalent to a church of Christian religions, the center of the Jewish
religious community – a house of prayer (‘beit tefilah’), house of study (‘beit
midrash’) and education as well as a social center. It’s known by different names –
beit k’nesset (‘house of assembly’), its Greek equivalent synagogue (used by
Conservative Judaism), shul (> school; Yiddish), and temple (by Reformed Judaism).

Temple, sanctuary, holy place, holy of the holies, tabernacle (tent)

[H1964 Heykal.] [Cf. H1964 hekal; H4908 Mishkan '; H1004 bayith 'house';
 Mishkan (H4908) 'tabernacle' - Num 9:15. Cg. S4633 skēnē Mt 17:4; Hebrews 9:6 ; Cf.
shekinah (dwelling www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13537-shekinah) (cf. Shekinah as Light
(not ‘glory’ kabot) does not appear in the O.T.
 Miqdash (H4720) 'sanctuary' (Exo 25:8) Lev 21:12 [Yerusalem Temple Bet HaMikdash]
 Heykal (H1964) 1Kings 6:17, Joh 2:4; Temple, palace, Gk. naos; cf. H1965 hekal Eza
4:14; Dan 4:4
 = ‘beth’ (house); main building of Temple
 ohel (H168) (tent); Exo 28:43
 H6944 -- Holy Place (ha-qodhesh, Exodus 26:33, 38:24; cf. S40 hagion -holy (place) – Heb 9:3
 Holy of the Holies (< Most Holy Place) Qṓḏeš HaQŏḏāšîm
 Debir [the inner-most part of the Holy of Holies in Solomon's Temple]
www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/holy-place.html

a
Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100 (p. 383).

31
Concordance on three Gk. words, naos, hieron, skēnē:

Greek naos hieron skēnē

translated as sanctuary; temple temple; Temple tabernacle, tent
in IRENT Mishkan Miqdash tent
G-Mt Mt 23:16, 17, 21, 35; Mt 4:5; 12:5, 6; 21:12, Mt 17:4
26:61; 27:5, 40, 51; 21:14, 15, 23; 24:1;
26:55;
G-Mk Mk 14:58; 15:29, 38 Mk 11:11, 15, 16, 27; Mk 9:5
12:35; 13:1, 13:3; 14:49
G-Lk Lk 1:9; 21, 22; 23:45 Lk 2:27, 37, 46; 4:9; Lk 9:33; 16:9
18:10; 19:45, 47; 20:1;
21:5, 37, 38; 22:52, 53;
24:53;
G-Jn Jn 2:19, 20, 21 Jn 2:14, 15; 5:14; 7:14,
28; Jn 8:2, 20, 59;
10:23; 11:56; 18:20;
Acts (pl.) Act 2:46; 3:1, 2, 3, 8, Act 7:43 (tent for
Act 7:48 (hand-made) 10; 4:1; 5:20, 21, 24, 25, shrine of Molek);
sanctuaries 42; 19:27; 21:26, 27, 28, 7: 44 (‘Tent of
17:24; (hand-made) 29, 30; 22:17; 24:6, 12, Witness’); 15:16
sanctuaries 18; 25:8; 26:21; (‘Tent of David’)
19:24 (silver-replicas of) Cf. Act 19:27 ‘temple’
shrines (of Artemis)
others 1Co 3:16, 17; 6:19; 2Co 1Co 9:13 Heb 8:2, 5; 9:1 v.l.,
6:16; Eph 2:21; 2Th 2:4; 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 21;
11:9; 13:10
Rev Rev 3:12; 7:15; 11:1, 2, Rev 13:6; 21:3
19; 14:15, 17; 15:5, 6, 8; (dwelling place);
16:1, 17; 21: 22 15:5 (tent)
Cf. neōkoros (shrine-guardian) Cf. hierosulos (temple-robber) Cf. skēnōma Act 7:46;
Act 19:35; Act 19:37 2Pt 1:13f.
Cf. idōlion (idol’s place) 1Co Cf. hierosuleō (‘to plunder Cf. skēnos 1Co 5:1, 4;
8:10 temples’) Rm 2:22 (tent – metaphorical for
human body; />
tabernacle - KJV)
www.hebrew4christians.com/Scripture/Parashah/Summaries/Tetzaveh/Mishkan/mishkan.html

Temple – a large structure attended by people; may have several shrines; shrine – a small
structure, may not have attending people.

The word ‘Temple’ in the Gospels (with initial in capital letter), as in most English
Bibles, is the Temple in Yerusalem (or the Temple of God), which was at the core of
Judaism with rituals and sacrifices. IRENT renders it as Miqdash. The context will
tell whether the focus is its edifice or metonymically to its courts (e.g., Mt 21:23).

A different Gk. word heiros is rendered in IRENT as Mishkan (temple sanctuary).

32
Related Words:
skēnē – tabernacle (‘tent’), (God’s) dwelling place; Cf. Heb. sukkah, (booth) (pl.
sukkot)
thronos – throne;

In O.T. - Heykal; Hĕykal – H1964 Psa 29:9; 1Sam 1:9; 3:3; ‘Temple’ LXX naos;
Miqdash – H4720 Exo 15:17; LXX hieron;
Mishkan – H4908 Exo 25:9 tabernacle, tent; dwelling place LXX skēnē

Rambam’s adumbration clearly presents the Mishkan as being the forerunner of the
Mikdash. This can be stated in one of two ways:
1) The Mishkan was the “temporary” Mikdash OR
2) The Mikdash is the permanent Mishkan.
www.torah.org/advanced/mikra/5762/sh/Mikdash1.pdf

Danker p. 322:

skēnē – 1. a moveable habitable structure

– a. in general sense of a dwelling, ‘tent’ ‘hut’ (Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33; Hb
11:9; in imagery Act 15:16
– b. as cultic center, tabernacle: of Yahweh) Act 7:44; Heb 8:5; 9:21, 13:10;
(of Molekh / Moloch) Act 7:43. In transferred and transcendent sense, tent,
tabernacle: of an eternal variety Lk 16:9; of the heavenly tent or tabernacle
Heb 8:2; Rev 13:6; 15:5; 21:3; of Christ as personified tabernacle Hb 9:11.
(Other places) Heb 9:2, 3, 6, 8;

Korean: 장막(帳幕), cf. 천막 天幕 (‘tent’);

Related words:

skēnōma
Act 7:46 (a tabernacle for Elohim of Yaakob);
2Pe 1:13, 14 eimi en toutō tō skēnōmati (‘remain in this earthly tent [of mortal
body]’; /x: tabernacle)
skēnos 2Co 5:1, 4;
skēnoō Jn 1:14; Rev 7:15; 12:12; 13:6; 21:3; (literally ‘to pitch a tent’. ‘take up
residence’), dwell and live (in place or among people)

33
S4637 skēnoō Jn 1:14
Jn 1:14 took up its presence in our midst ░ = [Gk. verb skēnoō – only once here in NT
outside the Rev (7:15; 12:12; 13:6; 21:3)]

A technical term with an echo of God’s ‘tabernacle’ in OT. Though it is ‘for a time’
(temporary for during His earthly sojourn), ‘pitched-his-tent’ itself may give a picture of a
transient mobile tent ready to be pulled down.

Thematically taking up 1:1b pros ton theon. The word refers to His life on earth in full
humanity; nothing to do with ‘birth’ itself. Cf. A baloney as in ISR fn: An indication that His
birth was during the Festival of Booths.

(cf. skēnē //Heb. shekinah)

{☼Exo 33:7; Lev 26:11s12; cf. Ezk 53:7; 37:27}
{cf. Exo 25:8 “And they must make a sanctuary for me, as I must tabernacle in the midst of
them.” – NWT}
{cf. Sirach 24:8-10 as to Wisdom}

1 (/xx: to tabernacle’ – archaic Biblish as a verb): /x: tabernacled among us – ALT, KJV++, LITV,
MKJV, Diagl, Murdock, MRC; /tabernacled (fixed His tent of flesh lived a while) among us –
AMP; /tabernacles among us – CLV; /x: tabernacled with us – Etheridge;
2 (‘tabernacle’ as a noun of biblical jargon): /pitched his tabernacle among us – Whiston!; /
2-a (‘tent’): /pitched His tent in our midst for a time - ARJ; /> pitched his tent among us – Rhm,
ISR ( ~ His); /xx: lived in a tent among us – Wuest; /
3-a (into a modern English idiom): /took up his presence [for earthly life] in our midst – ARJ;
/took up residence among us – NET, Silva p. 37; /made his home with us – NIrV; /made His home
among us – NLT; /made his dwelling among us – NIV duo; /made his stay in our midst – Cass;
3-b /lived for a time in our midst – WNT; /x: lived for a while among us – GSNT; /x: lived among
us – ISV, NRSV, GW, PNT; /lived among us [Note: The word “lived” here refers to pitching a
temporary tent]. – AUV; /lived here with us – CEV; /lived with us – JNT; /dwelt among us – ESV
duo, NASB, ASV; /took a place among us for a time – BBE; /x: tarried among us – Mft;
4 (baloney): /xxx: moved into the neighborhood – MSG (baloney);

English ‘tabernacle’ is from Latin tabernaculum "tent". In OT it is used to translate the

Hebrew word mishkan (‫)משכן‬. (‘dwelling place’ or ‘residence’). The ‘Tabernacle’1 for the
Elohim was the precursor of the Solomonic Yerusalem Temple.

It was a sacred place where God chose to meet His people, the Israelites, during the 40
years they wandered in the desert under Moses' leadership. It was the place where the
leaders and people came together to worship and offer sacrifices.

The tabernacle was first erected in the wilderness exactly one year after the Pesach when
the Israelites were freed from their Egyptian slavery (circa 1450 B.C.). It was a mobile
tent with portable furniture that the people traveled with and set up wherever they pitched
camp. The tabernacle would be in the center of the camp, and the 12 tribes of Israel
would set up their tents around it according to tribe. The instruction on how to build the
tabernacle was first given to Moses in the wilderness, who then gave the orders to the
Israelites.

34
 “…make a sanctuary for me, and I will dwell among them.” (Exo 25:8)
“Then I will dwell among the Israelites and be their God. They will know that I am the
Lord their God, who brought them out of Egypt so that I might dwell among them.” (Exo
29:45-46)

[Not to be confused with a church jargon - a case associated with Eucharist practice of
Constantine Catholic Church tradition.]

Note: ‘tabernacle’ as a church jargon, esp. in Catholic:

Tabernacle (www.newadvent.org/cathen/14424a.htm) - the name for the receptacle
or case placed upon the table of the high altar or of another altar in which the
vessels containing the Blessed Sacrament, as the ciborium, monstrance, custodia,
are kept.

35
Diagram of the Temple (Mishkan)

Fred R. Coulter (2001), A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS IN MODERN ENGLISH – The

Life of Jesus Christ (p. 346)

36
www.jesuswalk.com/names-god/6_king.htm

37
Mishkan = ‘Holy Place’ + ‘Holy of Holy Places’ (“Most Holy Place’, ‘Holy of Holies’)

38
Mishkan vs. Miqdash; sanctuary vs. temple vs. shrine

www.hebrew4christians.com/Scripture/Parashah/Summaries/Tetzaveh/Mishkan/
mishkan.html

Mishkan = Holy Place + Holy of Holy Places (“Most Holy Place’, ‘Holy of Holies’)

Daniel Wallace (1996), Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics, p. 298

Heb 9:3 hagia hagiōn the Holy of Holies:

The idea is "the holiest of all holy places." Since Hebrew lacked the comparative and
superlative forms, some sort of circumlocution was necessary to suggest this notion. Often a
genitive having the same lexeme as the head noun (or adj.) was so used, as here. Such
expressions were rare in Greek; most in the NT are due to Semitic influence and many are
stock phrases from the OT. Cf. also Basileous Basileōn and kurios kuriōn in Rev 17:14 and
19:16; Ebraios ex Ebraiōn in Phi 3:5.
Cf. also Lk 1:42 (adjectival participle); Rev 22:13.

39
Holy Place; Holy of Holy Places; Most Holy Place – Heb Ch. 8 & 9

The adjective hagia in the Epistle to Hebrew in reference to Mishkan:

The first (outer) compartment of the Tent of Meeting (= Mishkan) was called Ἅγια
(9:2), rendered as ‘Holy Place’ in IRENT, and the second (inner) one as Ἅγια ἁγίων
(9:3), rendered as ‘Holy of Holy Places’. The latter is variously translated as ‘Holy of
Holies’ (ASV); ‘holy of holies’ (NET); ‘Holiest of all’ (KJV), ‘Most Holy
Place’(ESV). Note that ‘holies’ is a biblical jargon and not a proper English word (1x
ASV; 8x DRB; not in KJV).

When the plural adjective in the rest of Hebrew it is rendered as ‘Holy of Holy
Places’. For some (9:12; 9:25; 10:19; 13:11) the text clearly refers to the inner
room. The rest can be safely taken in this sense, though it is possible to read as
inclusive of both inner and outer room, that is, synonymous with Mishkan.

Related words in the rest of NT:

 Mt 24:15 (en topō hagiō) ‘in a holy place’

 Act 6:13; (kata tou topou tou hagiou) ‘against this holy place’
 Act 21:28 (eis to hieron ~ ton hagion topon touton) ‘into the Temple court ~
this holy place’
Daniel Wallace (1996), Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics, p. 298

Heb 9:3 hagia hagiōn the Holy of Holies:

The idea is "the holiest of all holy places." Since Hebrew lacked the comparative and
superlative forms, some sort of circumlocution was necessary to suggest this notion.
Often a genitive having the same lexeme as the head noun (or adj.) was so used, as
here. Such expressions were rare in Greek; most in the NT are due to Semitic
influence and many are stock phrases from the OT. Cf. also Basileous Basileōn and
kurios kuriōn in Rev 17:14 and 19:16; Ebraios ex Ebraiōn in Phi 3:5.
Cf. also Lk 1:42 (adjectival participle); Rev 22:13.

See Appendix: Holy Place and Most Holy Place (Heb. Ch. 8 & 9)
 the Holy Place – Heb 8:2; 9:2, 25; 10:19; 13:11) [– the outer part of
Mishkan]
 Holy of Holy Places (/Most Holy Place) (Heb. Kodesh Kodashim);
Heb 9:3 – the only occurrence in N.T. [entered only once by the High
Priest on the Day of Atonement to sprinkle for their sins of ignorance,
taking with blood of goats and of bulls (Lev 16:2, 15)
 'the Holy Place behind the inner veil' = 'the Most Holy Place' – Heb
9:12, 24, 25 – Mashiah entering with His own blood. [= Heb 6:19 – 'the
inner part behind the veil' of Mishkan]
 the holy place – Heb 9:8; a holy place on earth – Heb 9:1

40
*veils
(the inner, second, veil vs. the outer, first, one)

Mt 27:51 veil ░ [The veil was in a direct line of sight from Golgotha in the Mount of Olive-
grove on the east.] [the inner or the outer one: – theological significance – inner (second)
one for entering the Most Holy Place of Mishkan signifying separation of God and humanity
(Heb 9:12); the outer at the entrance the Holy Place - ?? signifying separation of the Gentiles
from Abrahamic covenant.]
www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/49/49-1/JETS_49-1_97-114_Gurtner.pdf ‘double veil’ tradition.
http://the-tabernacle-place.com/articles/what_is_the_tabernacle/tabernacle_holy_of_holies
http://jmsmith.org/downloads/Matt-27-Open-Tombs-and-Walking-Dead.pdf

Roman destruction of the Temple

“The Temple was destroyed in 70 CE, after a four-month siege and an intensive
battle led by the Roman general Titus in order to conquer the city and suppress the
revolt initiated by the Jews four years earlier. The Romans had a well-trained
massive army, equipped with the best military innovations of their day. It was a
ruthless war machine.” https://www.timesofisrael.com/proving-josephus-research-
on-roman-ballistics-confirms-second-temple-battle-account/

Nabatea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom

Geography: the Nabataean Kingdom was situated between the Arabian and
Sinai Peninsulas. Its northern neighbor was the kingdom of Judea, and its south
western neighbor was Ptolemaic Egypt.

Its capital was the city of Raqmu [now called Petra] in Jordan, … a wealthy
trading town, located at a convergence of several important trade routes. One of
them was the Incense Route which was based around the production of both
myrrh and frankincense in southern Arabia, and ran through Mada'in Saleh to
Petra. From there, aromatics were distributed throughout the Mediterranean
region.

www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Nabatea/

The Arabian Kingdom of Nabatea between the 4th century BCE and c. 106 CE
and is best known today for the ruins of its capital city Petra.

 c. 168 BCE
Aretas I, first historical king of the Nabateans, expands the kingdom, supports the
Maccabean Revolt.

41
  c. 168 BCE – 106 CE
The Kingdom of Nabatea flourishes in region of modern-day Jordan.
 c. 120 BCE - c. 96 BCE
Aretas II is king of the Nabateans. Conflict with Hasmonean Dynasty of Judea.
 c. 96 BCE - c. 85 BCE
Obodas I rules in Nabatea, defeats Hasmonean king Alexander Janneus, and is
deified by his people.
 c. 59 BCE - c. 30 BCE
Malichus I is king of the Nabateans; becomes vassal of Herod the Great.
 106 CE
The Kingdom of Nabatea is annexed by Rome as the province of Arabia Petrea
under the Emperor Trajan.

*Jerusalem; *Yerusalem, Yerushalayim

Greek spelling: Ἱεροσόλυμα (– Hellenistic) vs. Ἰερουσαλήμ (- Jewish)
[Jerusalem: Some Notes on the Greek Spelling]

Yerusalem 'Jerusalem' ░ /Yerushalayim H3386; 3390 ; [not mentioned in the Five

Books of Moses; first appears in Joshua 10:1. It corresponds to 'the mount of YHUH'
Gen 22:14 where Abraham was offering a burnt offering instead of is son – Isaac.] [yireh
– 'see'; shalom ('peace').www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1206280/jewish/Who-
Named-Jerusalem.htm ]

EL Martin: The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aQ6ksJivnvo_vZ1LJoR_I9c8a5HbPHjn-c6n4H6SMFM/edit

'the heart of the earth' – Heb. idiom for Yerusalem;

Ref. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/loc/Center.html
Mt 12:40 in the very heart of the earth ░ [refers to Yerusalem, the “center (navel) of the world”
(center of the earth). For history, topography, and significance - https://youtu.be/4qZM6R6treA
Jerusalem, The Center of the Earth http://askelm.com/video/v140601.asp ]

Valleys, Gates and Walls of Jerusalem – cf. ancient and modern.

City of David (Fortress of Zion), (1Ch 11:5; 2Sam 5:7, 9) – archeologic discovery.
https://youtu.be/hO3nAAq4LsE via dolorosa ?

In the Footsteps of Jesus - The Western Wall Tunnels in Jerusalem

http://allaboutjerusalem.com
https://youtu.be/Z5OaFxK14yc; https://youtu.be/8IOly3-M96M
https://youtu.be/qmrhndo3TaM ; https://youtu.be/a-8NUXmbTYA
https://youtu.be/BowhHz4lL7s ; https://youtu.be/mmhZZGpKUmY
https://youtu.be/kX-f4v4sbYw ; Pilgrimage Road in City of David from the
*Siloam pool

42
Distance between the Cities Connected with the Ministry of Yeshua
www.pinterest.com/pin/500392208577134283/

43
Gihon spring 2Ch 32:30; 1Kg 1:45; the pool of Siloam (Siloah) – Neh 3:15; Jn 9:7,
Siloah – pool Jn 9:11 (cf. Mikveh for purification ritual) [Tower in Siloam - Lk 13:4]

www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6750670 <Archaeologists identify traces of

‘miracle’ pool> The pool was used by Jews for ritual immersions from about 50
BC to CE 70, when the Romans destroyed the Jewish Temple.

Aenon

Jn 3:23 Aenon near Salim ░ (cf. 4:3) [Prob. somewhere in Perea, rather than a possible
location about 8 miles S. of Beth-shean (= Scythopolis) (by Eusbius), which is NOT in
Judea, but in Decapolis. The Medeba map shows two sites named Aenon.]
/xxx: The name and location of Salim [Shalem, a city of Shechem - in Samaria – ARJ] are
attested as early as the Septuagint translation of Genesis 33:18, which is confirmed by Jubilees
30:1 and Judith 4:4. The continuity of name and location is clear in a medieval Samaritan
chronicle. See Elkan N. Adler, “Une nouvelle chronique samaritaine,” Revue des Etudes Juives
44 (1902), pp. 207, 212. The references are discussed by M.E. Boismard, “Aenon près de
Salem (Jean, iii, 23),” Revue Biblique 80 (1973), pp. 219–221.

44
Hezekiah’s Tunnel,

The waters of Siloam are mentioned by the prophet Isaiah, a contemporary of

Hezekiah’s, who refers to “the gently flowing waters of Siloam” (Shiloah in
Hebrew) (Isa 8:6). When the exiles returned from Babylon and rebuilt the walls of
Jerusalem, Nehemiah tell us that a certain Shallun rebuilt “the wall of the Pool of
Shiloah by the King’s Garden” (Neh 3:15).

In Jesus’ time the Pool of Siloam figures in the cure of a man who had been blind
from birth. Jesus spits on the ground and mixes his saliva with the mud, which he
smears on the blind man’s eyes. He then tells the man “to wash in the Pool of
Siloam.” When the blind man does so, he is able to see (John 9:1–7).

45
46
Topography of Jerusalem and its Temple (Miqdash)
https://youtu.be/hkKytHCHCYI <Jerusalem | Filmed in Imax 3D>
https://youtu.be/BBYDcvZx7bM <Bible Tour Overview of Israel the Holy Land >

Topographic Facts about Jerusalem:

www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/8-old-ancient-core-of-jerusalem.html

 Ancient Jerusalem sat on several hills.

 The eastern border is the Kidron Valley.
 Kidron Valley separates Jerusalem from Mount Scopus (aka, the Mount of Olives).
 The western border is the Hinnom Valley, which turns to run along the south side also, and
meets the Kidron Valley.
 The spring of En Rogel is located at the meeting place of the Hinnom and Kidron valleys.
 The northern border is not defined by valleys, but is easily approachable and was the most
difficult area to defend against approaching armies; thus, fortresses and towers were built on
the north side of the city.
 The Central Valley (or, Tyropoeon Valley, which means “Valley of Cheesemakers”) runs
through the middle of the city; this valley was filled in to level the city between the Hinnom
and Kidron valleys.
 The Central Valley today runs from just north of the Damascus Gate along ha-Gai Street; it
separates today’s Temple Mount from the Jewish Quarter.
 The Central Valley distinguished the Eastern Hill (City of David) from the Western Hill
(which is where the city expanded to during the time of the Kings).
 Mount Zion sits on the south end of the Western Hill, and the Hinnom Valley bends around
Mount Zion’s west and south sides.
 The City of David sits on the Eastern Hill.
 The Gihon Springs are on the eastern slopes of this Eastern Hill and provide water for the city
while also watering the Kidron Valley.
 Mount Moriah sits immediately to the north of the City of David and is, in a sense, part of the
Eastern Hill.
 The area between the City of David and Mount Moriah on the Eastern Hill is called the
Ophel.
 The city of David covers 15 acres; three of these acres are located on the slopes leading down
into the Kidron Valley.
 Jerusalem is 33 miles east of the Mediterranean Sea and 14 miles west of the Dead Sea.
 Jerusalem is 3,800 feet above the level of the Dead Sea and 2,550 feet above sea level.

47
*Temple – Jerusalem Temple; Herod's Temple; 'Temple Mount'

Note! – Most maps and diagrams of Jerusalem and Temple Mount are based on the
modern geography and takes Temple Mount wrongly as the site of Jerusalem
Temple.
Note: some maps title 'Solomon's Temple' with Fort Antonia shown and labelled in it
are anachronistic.

www.ancient.eu/image/5666/model-of-herods-renovation-of-the-temple-of-jerusa/ by
Berthold Werner

48
Schertz and Fine. “A Temple’s Golden Anniversary,” Biblical Archaeology Review 42,
no. 1 (2016): 50–56, 61. www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/42/1/8

On the right in the pictures, the so-called ‘Fort Antonia” is a modern invention –
nothing more than Tower of Antonia, not the Fortress of Antonia. The below is similar.

49
This is similar with no identification of the Fortress.

50
Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Messiah Yeshua, Divine Redeemer: Christology from a
Messianic Jewish Perspective

51
www.hope-of-israel.org/TempleWall.html

www.galaxie.com/article/bspade14-4-06 A Response to Dr. Ernest Martin -- By:

Leen Ritmeyer

52
https://youtu.be/fgWXcW69S34 (Was the Jewish Temple located in the City of David?
You decide. Jonathan Cahn and Jim Bakker)

From https://youtu.be/Xt6lQAe8ues (Solomon's Temple Explained)

53
https://youtu.be/oKTO8YYs29c <The Coming Temple - Full Documentary>

https://youtu.be/vgCyD9AcDp4 <The True -?? - Site of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem>

https://youtu.be/zKqDx3RDCos <The Temple | Bob Cornuke>

From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism

(www.myjewishlearning.com/article/second-temple/#)

http://www.templemount.org/theories.html

https://youtu.be/gelVqHqb_ps <The Temple Lost in Time>

https://youtu.be/kk8LVrTzEWw <The Temple Lost in Time Part 2 with Ken Klein>

https://youtu.be/qmrhndo3TaM <Uncovering Jerusalem's Lost Temple (The temple

of the Jews in the City of David)> Yahweh's Restoration Ministry→
https://youtu.be/yTSCQgZirts <The LOST TEMPLE Mount- the REAL Location of
Solomon's Temple in the City of David, Jerusalem> Yahweh's Restoration Ministry
'Temple Mount' in the Bible ≈ 'City of David' = 'Mount Zion' (2Ch 5:2)
[The Muslim Temple of Mount (the Haram esh-Sharif) with the Dome of the Rock
to the north and the Al-Aqsa Mosque to the south was found to be the actual site of
Fort Antonio (size of a small city 1200 x 600 ft), which is not same as the tower
Antonia as mentioned by Josephus.]

Cf. 10th Roman legion (6000 men); 'cohort' 600 men.

www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-is-beneath-the-temple-mount-920764/

54
from www.ancient.eu/Roman_Fort/

From Ernest L. Martin (1994), The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot

55
 The First Temple, built by Solomon, was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC (as
described in the book of Jeremiah and other Biblical books); the Second Temple was
rebuilt during the time of Ezra and Nehemiah (and described in the Bible) in about 520 -
515 BC. It was magnificently embellished by Herod the Great, and then utterly
destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE.

The Destruction of the Second Holy Temple – A Historical Overview

www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/913023/jewish/The-Second-Temple.htm

The Second Holy Temple stood in Jerusalem for 420 years (349 BCE–70 CE). Unlike the period of the
First Temple, when the Jews were for the most part autonomous, for the vast majority of the Second
Temple era the Jews were subject to foreign rule: by the Persians, the Greeks, and eventually the
Romans.

Aside for the troubles caused by these external powers, the Jews were also plagued internally by
tumultuous politics, and they divided into many factions—a phenomenon that ultimately led to the
Temple’s destruction and our nation’s torturous exile.

Nevertheless, for 420 years, the Temple constituted a divine presence in our midst, the point where
heaven and earth met. Its presence is sorely missed, its absence mourned. Our sole consolation is the
knowledge that very soon we will merit to see the Third Temple, an edifice that will last for all eternity,
and which will eclipse both of the first Temples in every way imaginable.

In the Miqdash, (Ref. Martin, p. 115)

 Chamber of Hewn Stones – official seat of Sanhedrin. (about 40 yards southeast
of the entrance of the Mishkan).
 Adjacent directly to it was the Chamber of the Counselor - House for the
President of Sanhedrin (= the Kohen HaGadol – Kayafa during the Crucifixion)
to stay in Miqdash for special times to perform certain ceremonies demanded in
the Mosaic law (cf. for seven days - Lev 8:33). [His usual residence (palace)
was located on the southwest hill of the City.]
https://youtu.be/oiF-wObznds Solomon's Temple

Miqdash (Temple) in the City of David (≈ Mount Zion). Mishkan (Sanctuary;

the Holy Place)
Mishkan (Sanctuary; the Holy Place)
https://youtu.be/oiF-wObznds

www.bible-history.com/jewishtemple/
JEWISH_TEMPLEInternational_Standard_Bible_Enc.htm
Cf. ‘cubit’ = 17.6”; 20.67” (royal cubit); about 18”
www.recoveredscience.com/const308TempleLayout.htm Jerusalem Temple
dimension = 500 by 500-cubit square. 10000” ≈ 850’ ≈ 260 m.

56
Artist rendition showing the relative position of the Temple and the
Antonia Fortress. The Miphkad bridge from Golgatha in the Mount of
Olive-grove (www.askelm.com/golgotha/gol001.htm) to the City of David
across the Kidron Valley.

57
From Norma Robertson, Locating Solomon’s Temple (updated 2015)
http://templemountlocation.com/
The Roman Fort Antonia (where Pilate’s Praetorium was setup) is where the
so-called Temple Mount is sitting now. [Looking to the West from the
Mount of Olive-grove.]

The so-called Temple Mount (Haram esh-Sharif in Arabic) – about 36 acres.

(The Dome of the Rock, Islamic shrine, CE 691). In 1535, when Jerusalem
was part of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Suleiman I ordered the ruined city
walls to be rebuilt. The work took some four years, between 1537 and 1541. It
was at the site of Fort Antonia, where the Roman Praetorium of Pilate
(governor of Judea CE 26–36) took up.
www.ldolphin.org/chron.html
www.biblewalks.com/Sites/TempleMount.html The trapezoid area of the
temple mount was 144,000 square meters - the size of about 20 football fields.
Its wall lengths were 280m (south wall), 460 (east wall), 315 (north wall) and
485 (west wall). The mount was 10 stories high - its height above the street
level was 30m with additional 20m underground, using heavy hewn boulders
measuring between 2-5 tons (small size) to 10 tons and more.

58
59
Location of the true Temple Mount

www.hope-of-israel.org/realsite.html The Real Site of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem

by T. V. Oommen (a copy in Collection)

https://beginningandend.com/secret-of-the-lost-temple-the-real-location-of-
solomons-temple-revealed/
A modern map showing the City of David is southeast of the supposed Temple
Mount.

60
The City of David, Gihon Spring and Ophel were the site of the Temple. Looking at
a modern map of the supposed temple location shows the fish gate nowhere near
Ophel or the Gihon Spring:

61
A Typical incorrect map of Jerusalem

From Delitzsch Hebrew Gospels

62
*Praetorium; Fort Antonia (4 Antonia towers); *Temple Mount;

(Gk. praitōrion – Lat. loan word).

Praetorium originally signified a general’s tent within a Roman castra, castellum, or

encampment. It derived from the name of one of the chief Roman magistrates, the praetor.
a
109F109F

 It was to refer to a place of residence of the chief official in the subjugated

Roman territory (Mt 27:27; Mk 15:16; Jn 18:28, 33; 19:9 - of Pilate)
 The term was also used for the emperor's headquarters and other large
residential buildings or palaces.

[The Praetorium in Jerusalem was for the official residence place for the Roman praetor
who was usually at Caesarea When the Governor moves back to Yerusalem to stay during
the festivals to maintain the city’s security, he takes up his praetorium. It is at Fort
Antonia,– See EL Martin.

Phi 1:3 ‘throughout the whole praetorium – in Rome during Paulos’

imprisonment)
Act 23:35 en tō praitōriō Herōdou (Lit. ‘Herod’s Praetorium) – the Praetorium [at
Caesarea Maritima] built by Herod the Great, not ‘Herod’s palace’.

The Roman Praetorium (a Roman camp) which occupied the Fort Antonia [about 36
acres ≈ 1,500,000 sq. ft. (about 1200 x 1200 ft.) – modern 'Temple Mount'] was
connected to the south by a pair of colonnades to the Temple platform (of 600 x 600 ft.)
which was at the summit of 450 ft. high from the floor of the Kidron Valley. (Two
bridges 600 ft. long x 45 ft. across with a narrow space between.) – Ref: EL Martin
(2000), The Temples that Jerusalem Forgot.

The Roman praetor (‘Governor’) of Judea had his usual place of residence at
Caesarea Maritima built by Herod the Great (s. Act 23:35); but during the
Passover season it was his duty to be at Jerusalem, on account of the vast influx
of strangers, to see that all things were conducted legally and peacefully. He
took up his residence in the Praetorium of the Fort Antonia. The 'Praetorium' is
not a military camp and does not mean the governor's residence. Cf. Not to
confuse the Fort in the northwest of the Temple area with the Tower of
Antonia.

Ref.
www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-places/
herods-jerusalem-palace-trial-of-jesus/ … Herod’s Jerusalem Palace—Possible Site of

a
praetor (Latin, "leader") was originally the title of the highest-ranking civil servant in the
Roman Republic, but later became a position directly below the rank of consul.

63
 the Trial of Jesus …

[Reading material: CAMERA: The Battle Over Jerusalem and the Temple Mount
Alfred Edersheim (1995), The Temple: Its Ministry and Services.
www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/The%20Temple%20by%20Alfred%20Edersheim.pdf]
Joseph Good (2015), Measure the Pattern Vol. I - A study of the structures surrounding
the Inner Courtyard of the Temple. [Also A list of 4 youtube video lectures in
www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLP5FzorupHg3siTzD6aIuj_55xqNt9j66, each one
over 1 hour to about 2 hour long.]

EL Martin (1994), The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot.

EL Martin (2000 online ed.), http://askelm.com/temple/t001211.htm New Evidence for
the Site of the Temple in Jerusalem.
www.askelm.com/temple/t170101.PDF Gihon Temple Evidence: Jeff Rense Interview
of Ernest Martin [with links to 8-part audio file]

Ref. EL Martin (1996, 2nd Ed.), Secret of Golgotha – The Lost History of Jesus
Crucifixion, (2nd Ed.) Ch. 20 Burial Grounds in Jerusalem, pp. 274 – 287.
www.askelm.com/golgotha/index.asp
www.askelm.com/books/book001.asp

[Reviews: www.leaderu.com/theology/stunning.html
http://reconciliationoutreach.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Introduction.pdf ]

www.centuryone.com/Jerusalem/temple.html

So-called Temple Mount with Islamic ‘ Dome of the Rock’ is not the site of ‘Jerusalem
Temple’, which was located in the ‘City of David’ (‘Zion’), further south at a lower
elevation from the modern so-called Temple Mount for the ‘Dome of the Rock’ (689 to 691
CE) after Muslim seize of the City (637 CE).] [Ref:
 Earnest Martin (1994), The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot;
 Robert Cornuke (2014), TEMPLE: Amazing New Discoveries That Change
Everything About the Location of Solomon's Temple.
 Marilyn Sims (2015), The Jerusalem Temple Mount Myth.
 https://youtu.be/el1aYzZqIV0 Chuck Missler and Bob Cornuke on The Temple
Mount]

[The greatest archeological blunder in the history has occurred in that the Jerusalem Temple
is not on the ‘Temple Mount’ that it is actually the City of David. The ‘Temple Mount’ was
the site for the Roman Fort Antonia, where the Praetorium (Mk 15:16) of Pilate was
located, (A small structure in the majority of maps one can find something label with
‘Antonia (Fort)’which should not look like one of the watch-towers (‘Tower of Antonia) at
the north-west corner of the Fort.
 http://templemountlocation.com/fortAntonia.html

64
www.wrmea.org/2011-august/misunderstandings-about-jerusalem-s-temple-mount.html

[The so-called Temple Mount (Haram esh-Sharif in Arabic name) -- where the Dome of the Rock
(Qubbat al-Sakhra) is located.
The true Temple Mount in the Second Temple (destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E.) was in the
Mount Ophel.] [Cf. 'Zion', 'City of David', 'Mount Moriah'] [Fort Antonia – for a troop of a Roman
cohort (6 centuriae) of 500 men (one tenths of a Roman legion).]

65
www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-places/herods-
jerusalem-palace-trial-of-jesus/
In the reader’s comment:

ANTONIA, TOWER OF
According to Josephus, the fortress was built on a rocky eminence 50 cubits (c. 22 m; 73 ft) high.
Above the rock, it had stone walls 40 cubits (c. 18 m; 58 ft) high and four corner towers, three of
them 50 cubits (c. 22 m; 73 ft) high and the other, at the southeast corner overlooking the whole
temple area, 70 cubits (c. 31 m; 102 ft) high. (The Jewish War, V, 238-247 [v, 8]) [To check the
size of the Antonia Fort in the popular maps. Are they confused the Fort Antonia with the Tower of
Antonia??]

Prior to Herod’s time the fortress served primarily against incursions from the N, but thereafter it
mainly served as a point of control over the Jews and a means of policing the activities in the
temple area, to which there was direct access from the fortress.
The square layout of the fortress would indicate that it had a central court. Some believe that it was
in such a central court within this tower that Jesus appeared before Pilate for judgment. (Joh 19:13)
They suggest that a stone pavement found in this area was the one referred to as “Gabbatha.”
Others, however, believe that Jesus’ judgment by Pilate took place before Herod’s palace.

GOVERNOR’S PALACE
The Greek term praitorion (from Lat., praetorium) designates the official residence of the Roman
governors. In the governor’s palace at Jerusalem, Pontius Pilate questioned Christ Jesus, and in its
courtyard, Roman soldiers mocked him. (Mk 15:16; Joh 18:28, 33; 19:9) Some have identified the
governor’s palace with the Tower of Antonia, but others suggest that it was probably the palace
built by Herod the Great. [Response: Some scholars usually neglect the information on the New Testament
itself. One strong biblical reason for Pilates not staying on Herod’s palace was that he and Antipas – Herod’s
son – were enemies until that date (see Lk 23,12). Although Pilates had a powerful position, Antipas influence
and right over the palace could not be so easily underestimate.]!!

The following reasons have been presented in support of the latter view: (1) According to the first-
century Jewish philosopher Philo (The Embassy to Gaius, XXXIX, 306), Herod’s palace was
called “the house of the governors,” and it was there that Governor Pilate hung shields in honor of
Tiberius Caesar. (2) The Jewish historian Josephus reports that the procurator Gessius Florus took
up his quarters there. (The Jewish War, II, 301 [xiv, 8]) (3) Herod’s palace in Caesarea served as
the governor’s palace in that city. —Ac 23:33-35.

The palace of Herod at Jerusalem was situated in the NW corner of the upper city, that is, of the
southern part of the city. According to Josephus’ description, it was surrounded by a 30-cubit-high
(13 m; 44 ft) wall equipped with evenly spaced towers. Within the walls there were porticoes,
courts, and groves of trees. The rooms were luxuriously furnished with gold, silver, and marble
objects. There were bedchambers for a hundred guests. —Jewish Antiquities, XV, 318 (ix, 3); The
Jewish War, V, 173-182 (iv, 4).

In the Gospels and Acts, the Latinism praitorion is used with regard to a palace or residence. The
tent of an army commander had been known as praetorium, and so, in time, the term was applied to
the residence of a provincial governor. Thus Pilate interrogated Jesus in the praetorium, or
“governor’s palace.” (Joh 18:28, 33; 19:9) Evidently there, judgments were rendered and troops
were barracked. (Mt 27:27; Mk 15:16)

STONE PAVEMENT
A paved place at Jerusalem where Roman Governor Pontius Pilate sat on the judgment seat when
Jesus Christ was before him for trial. (Joh 19:13) The site was called, in Hebrew, “Gabbatha,” a
word of uncertain derivation and possibly meaning “hill,” “height,” or “open space.” The Greek
name for it, Lithostroton (Stone Pavement), may indicate a tessellated pavement, one of

66
 ornamental mosaic work.

“The Stone Pavement” where Jesus appeared before Pilate was in some way associated with “the
governor’s palace.” (Joh 19:1-13) It may have been an open area in front of the palace of Herod the
Great; some scholars favor identification with a site near or a central court within the Tower of
Antonia, NW of the temple grounds. But the exact site of The Stone Pavement remains unknown.
http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200274476

*Upper room

www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/
jesus-last-supper-tomb-of-david/ <Understanding the Cenacle on Mount Zion>

www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/43/1/12 <Archaeological Views:

Mount Zion’s Upper Room and Tomb of David>

*Golgotha

[See the zip file "Location of Golgotha - collections.zip" in IRENT Vol. III -
Supplement (Collections #4)];
The cite for the *Crucifixion.

67
Mt 27:33; Mk 15:22; Jn 19:17; the place called <Golgotha>, that is a place called
<Head> (legomenos kraniou topos, not a ‘place of skull’ or a skull-shaped place)
[Not named in G-Lk.]
[meaning ‘head’ ‘top’ ‘knoll’ (not ‘skull), ‘gulgoltâ’ in Aramaic: Golgolet in Hebrew]
[‘Golgotha’ – Greek transliteration; Cf. Aramaic ‘Golgotha’ with the terminal aleph denoting the
article ‘the’. No Geek words have shown with the article.]

‘top’ ‘knoll’– i.e. mount – as of Olive-grove www.yhrim.com/Mount_Olives_most_complete_-

_Edited.pdf; ‘head’ – ‘poll’ of polling place for census - EL Martin, pp. 99-103, 405.] [it’s outside
beyond the City gate, and furthermore, outside from the encampment of the tents – Heb 13:12] [It is
in the Mount of Olive-grove, in a direct line of sight west to the Mishkan. It is not at the Gordon’s
Garden one third mile northwest of Yerusalem. The site is not at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
which is west only about 1500 ft from the Temple Mount – within the ‘camp’; it is the memorial tomb
area of John Hyrcanus – EL Martin, p. 287] [Secret of Golgotha – EL Martin
www.askelm.com/golgotha/index.asp]
[It is outside the City (v. 17b); ‘near the Holy Place of the City’ (v. 20); outside the Camp of (the
tabernacle of) Yisrael (Heb 13:12-13; Cf. Lev 4:12, 21; 6:11) – Martin, p. 89-95; 97, 391]

Mk 15:22 to ‘Golgotha Place’ ~~ ‘Place of Head ░

epi Golgotha topon, ho esti methermēneuomenon kraniou topos –

Lk 23:33 epi ton topon ton kaloumenon Kranion
to the place which is called ‘Head’
Mt 27:33 eis topon (m.) legomenon Golgotha (f.), hos (m.) esti legomenos kraniou topos
to a ‘place called Golgotha’, that is called ‘Place of Head’.

Exo 16:16 per capita ░ (H5315 nephesh) /per head; /per person; [Aramaic – glgth; /Heb –
glglth (/x: skull – Cf. ‘Golgotha in G-Mt, G-M, G-Jn)]

Gk. ‘kranion’ ‘head’, not ‘skull’.

/x: skull – most;

/x: ‘Calvary’ – fr. Vulgate – the Latin word is imported into Bible translation!
 DRB – Mt 27:33; Mk 15:22; Lk 23:33; Jn 19:17
 KJV, NKJV, EMTV, MKJV, Webster, Bishops, Geneva – Lk 23:33;

Where was He crucified and buried?

 Ref. EL Martin (1996, 2nd Ed.), Secret of Golgotha – The Lost History of Jesus
Crucifixion, (2nd Ed.) Ch. 20 Burial Grounds in Jerusalem, pp. 274 – 287.
www.askelm.com/books/book001.asp
[Reviews: www.leaderu.com/theology/stunning.html
http://reconciliationoutreach.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Introduction.pdf ]
 http://triumphpro.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/where-did-jesus_-die1.pdf

Traditional – wrong sites

 www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/where-is-golgotha-
where-jesus-was-crucified/
 www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/42/3/11 Archaeological Views:
Golgotha: Is the Holy Sepulchre Church Authentic?

68
This site for His Crucifixion in the Bethphage (vide infra), an ecclesiastical district
on the Mount of Olives. It is the same site where Stephen and James the Just were
later stoned. This important ecclesiastical district has been designated by many
names in Scripture and in Jewish writings. The area included portions of the two
central mountains in the Olivet chain. [See Kuehl (2013), A Book of Evidence: The
Trials and Execution of Jesus.]

www.askelm.com/golgotha/gol001.htm / [E.L. Martin (1996), Secrets of Golgotha]

www.vision.org/visionmedia/Bible.history/Golgotha.where.is.it/31293.aspx
https://truthinscripture.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Crucifixion-of-Christ.pdf

al-Eizariya (al-Azariya) in West Bank – Biblical Bethany

to Bethphage 1.5 km
Bethany → 3 km to Gethsemane → (6 km) to Jerusalem

Jerusalem Temple Mount area → 1 km Gethsemane → 0.8 km Mount Olive

→ 0.5 km Bethphage → 1.5 km Bethany → 12 miles Jericho

69
Traditional conjectured sites: - tourists' spots of Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
Garden Tomb and Gordon's Calvary.
The Place of a Skull - www.golgotha.eu/
Church of the Holy Sepulchre www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-
sites-places/jerusalem/where-is-golgotha-where-jesus-was-crucified/
Garden Tomb; Gordon's Calvary - www.gci.org/Jesus/golgotha
www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/11/Golgotha-A-Reconsideration-of-the-
Evidence-for-the-Sites-of-Jesuse28099-Crucifixion-and-Burial.aspx#Article
http://catholicbridge.com/catholic/where_is_golgotha.php
www.ccg.org/weblibs/study-papers/p217.html

http://lavistachurchofchrist.org/LVanswers/2009/04-02a.html

70
 While Catholic, Orthodox and some other religious communities place the
location of Jesus Christ’s death within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, most
Protestant churches opt instead for an outcrop of rock near the Garden Tomb.
But other ideas have been put forward over the years, one of which is worthy of
further consideration in light of first-century Jewish practices and New
Testament accounts of the event.

R.F. Hutchinson, “Further Notes on Our Lord’s Tomb,” in Palestine Exploration

Fund Quarterly statement (1873)

Mount of Olive-grove

Commonly known as ‘Mount of Olives’. East from Yerusalem across the Kidron
valley. Place from where Yeshua makes His approach to Yerusalem from Bethany. It
is the place for His Ascension as well as His crucifixion.

It was the higher mountain in the Moriah region (//mountains of Tsiyon > Zion)
where Abraham built an alter for his son Isaac) (Gen 22:2). Cf. the (Lower) Mount
Moriah, where Solomon built the House of YHWH (2Ch 3:1). (s. Martin p. 154)

Gethsemane

'oil press'

https://youtu.be/w-1GMqD_06M
Jewish Ritual Bath Discovery Links Garden of Gethsemane to Jesus’ Day

https://youtu.be/zyx2AmHvngU
Watchman Newscast BREAKING: Huge Archaeological Discovery in Garden of
Gethsemane from Time of Jesus

71
Bethphage; ‘from Yerusalem to Yericho’

Bethphage (‘house of unripe fig’) is on the south-eastern slope of the Mount of

Olive-grove. The mount is “sabbath day’s journey distance” (Acts 1:12); “five or six
furlongs /stadia” from Jerusalem = 925 vs. 1,100 meters – Josephus] [cf. furlong
/stadia = (less than 200 meters) = one eighth of Roman mile]

A mile further east is Bethany [‘house of dates’? (by Joseph Barber Lightfoot); ‘house of the
afflicted’ (suggested by Emmanuel Deutch)] , a mile from Jerusalem. Yericho (Jericho) – 8
to 9 hours’ hike to Jerusalem.

Lk 10:30; Cf. Mk 11:1 //Mt 21:1; //Lk 19:28

[Yerusalem resting among the surrounding hills (of about 30 ft higher elevation) in the central
Judean mountain range. 2580 feet above the sea level. Yericho (Jericho), 14 miles NE distance
on the map, (8 to 9 hours’ walk) having subtropical climate, with oasis, down in the Jordan
Valley, 825 feet below the sea level. Many of these kohanim (priests) and Mishkan (temple)
workers lived in Yericho, which had become a "bedroom community" of Jerusalem. See Map]

https://youtu.be/
zVmagXx-n34 Road from Jericho to Jerusalem from the air

Sharp contrast between barrenness of the desert-wilderness

and fertile oasis of Jericho www.followtherabbi.com/Brix?pageID=4800
[Photo: Oasis of Jericho http://urantiabook.org/archive/j_arc/2-44.htm ]

72
River Jordan; ‘beyond the Jordan’; ‘across the river Jordan’

Northern inflow and southern outflow;

‘Beyond the Jordan’ (Gk. peran tou Iordanou) - (1) the region of Trans-Jordan to the
east – Mt 4:25; Jn 1:28; 3:26; 10:40; (2) the region to the west across the river -– Mt
4:15 (Galilee); Mt 19:1 (Judea);

‘*Lake’ vs. ‘*Sea’

Gk. word thalassa is used for both sea and lake. To reflect Greek word, it is
rendered as ‘Sea of Galilee’; and as ‘lake’ only for Gk. limnē – e.g., Lk 5:1 calls it
specifically Limnē Gennēsaret (Lake Gennesaret). Cf. the Dead Sea; the Great Sea
(the Mediterranean).

Sea of Galilee
[not as ‘Galilee Lake’
See of Galilee
= 'Lake Gennesaret' Mt 14:34; Lk 5:1 Limnē Gennēsaret (S3041 limnē 'lake'
11x) Lk 5:1, 2; 8:22, 23, 33; Rev 19:20; 20:10, 14, 15; 21:8)
= Sea (Yam) Kinnereth Num 34:11.
[Cf. plain of Gennesaret (Mt 14:34), Gennesaret (Mk 6:53)]
= Sea of Tiberias Jn 6:1; 21:1 (Cf. ‘city of Tiberias’ – Jn 6:23) [Named after the city (Jn
6:23) on its E. shore, which was founded CE 18 by Herod Antipas.]

Cf. Mt 4:15 Referring to the Great Sea (the Mediterranean).

Cf. ‘across the lake’ (Gk. peran tēs thalassēs) – Jn 6:1 (to east), 17 (to west)

https://youtu.be/H9a-5ROdRx4
[ESB documentary] World Theme Travel, 역사의 땅 이스라엘 (제 4 부
갈릴리에서 사해까지) [Golan Heights – See of Galilee – to the Dead Sea]
(in Korean)

73
*Walking on the sea’ or walk on water? Sea of Galilee

Jn 21:1 by the Sea ░ \epi tēs thalassēs (gen.) /on the shore of the Lake – ARJ; /by the sea -
NIV; /x: at the sea – KJV; [Note: Most translates the same Gk. phrase in 6:19 as (walk) ‘on the
sea’, or even as ‘on the water' (NIV)!!] [cf. para alongside]

Jn 21:1 Sea of Tiberias ░ (6:1) [= Sea of Galilee (6:1) = Lake Gennesaret (Mt 14:34; Lk 5:1)
= Yam Kinnereth (Num 34:11)] [Named after the city (Jn 6:23) on its E. shore, which was
founded CE 18 by Herod Antipas.]

Mt 14:25 (walking) down to the sea ░  \epi tēn thalassēn (accu.) (//Jn 6:16) (cf. ↓ v. 26 with
genitive) [cf. //Mk 6:48 with genitive epi tēs thalassēs in v. 39.] /xx: on the lake - NIV; /xx: on
the sea - most (- giving a wrong picture ‘walk on water' (see GG) of the Lake); /x: over the sea
– NWT; /xxxx: on the water – GNB, CEV, ERV, NLT; [Cf. an English idiom, ‘live on the
Lake’] [Gk. thalassa 'sea', here 'Lake Galilee' – 7-mile wide.] [Not confused with ‘come over
the waters’ v. 28.]

Mt 14:26 (walking about) by the sea ░ \epi tēs thalassēs (gen.) (= //Mk 6:48 cf. ↑ v. 25 with
acc.) [/= by the Lake /on [the shore of] the Lake - ARJ; /x: on the lake – NIV; /x: on the sea -
most; /xxx: upon the sea – YLT; /xxx: over the sea – NWT; /xxxx: on the water – NET, GNB,
CEV, ERV, NLT;

Mk 6:48, 49 by the sea ░ [epi + genitive peripatōn epi tēs thalassēs]; [//Mt 14:26 Cf. with
accusative on v. 25 ‘to the sea. See also Jn 6:16]; [= //Mt 14:26. Also Jn 21:1] [not ‘on the water'
of the Lake. Cf. an English idiom ‘live on the lake’]; /= by the Lake; /x: upon the sea – KJV; /x:
on the sea – most; (- giving a wrong picture ‘walk on water') of the Lake); /x: on the lake –
NIV; /xx: on the water – NET, GNB, CEV, ERV, NLT.

74
www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/15/2/1 Biblical Archaeology Review
15:2, March/April 1989
<A Pilgrimage to the Site of the Swine Miracle> By Vassilios Tzaferis

…
Capernaum, the center of Jesus’ mission before he left for Jerusalem; Bethsaida, the
birthplace of the apostles Andrew, Peter and Philip; Magdala, the home of Mary
Magdalene; Tabga, where the miracle of the multiplication of loaves and fishes
occurred; and the Sea of Galilee itself—all are places that to the Christian recall events
connected with Jesus’ life, the miracles he performed and the sacred words he uttered.

Most of the sites in the area of the Sea of Galilee, like all the sites mentioned above, lie
on the western shore.

One of the most significant sites on the eastern shore is the place where the so-called
swine miracle is thought to have occurred. All three Synoptic Gospels (Mark 5:1–20;
Luke 8:26–39; Mt 8:28–34) with some variations.

After stilling the storm while crossing the Sea of Galilee, Jesus lands with his disciples
on the eastern shore of the lake. There he meets a man seized with an unclean spirit
(Mark) or with demons (Luke). (In Matthew, the story tells of two demoniacs.)
According to Luke, the demoniac wears no clothes and lives among the tombs. The
demons inside him gave him such strength that he was able to break all the chains and
fetters that were intended to subdue him. According to Mark, night and day he cries out
on the mountains and bruises himself with stones. …
According to Mark, he proclaims it even in the cities of the Decapolis — “and all the
men marveled.”

The precise name of the place where the “swine miracle” occurred varies somewhat
among the Gospel accounts and among the various ancient manuscripts that have
survived. Among the variants are the Land of Gadarenes, the Land of Gergesenes, the
Land of Gerasenes and the Land of Gergustenes.

These variations caused little concern to the early Christian fathers who, in the late third
century (as we know from literary sources), fixed the site of the miracle on the
northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, at the mouth of Wadi Samak, also known as the
Valley of Kursi (KOOR-see). The factors that led to this site selection were
undoubtedly: (1) its location on the eastern shore of the lake; (2) its proximity to an
urban center (variously named Gergessa, Gadara and Gerasa); and (3) its topographical
setting, in particular the steep hill where the swine herd had presumably been grazing.

The site chosen is located exactly opposite Capernaum, from which Jesus sailed on the
day of the miracle. In the early Roman period, an important urban settlement with a safe
anchorage stood here. Although the ruins of this settlement, known as Tell el-Kursi, can
still be seen, the site remains unexcavated.

The pilgrimage sites associated with the “swine miracle,” as opposed to the urban
settlement of Tell el-Kursi, were discovered quite by accident in the late 20th century.
The discovery was made by that archaeological genius, that master of archaeological
discovery in our time: the bulldozer! In 1970, while clearing land for a new road to the

75
 Golan Heights, a bulldozer operated by the Ministry of Public Works turned up large
quantities of Byzantine pottery and then began to unearth the ruins of ancient structures.
The bulldozer was stopped and the Department of Antiquities and Museums was called
in to excavate scientifically. We have now conducted five seasons of excavations at the
site, during 1970–1973 and in 1980.

From the beginning of our work, it was clear that we were excavating the remains of a
large, walled settlement of a religious character, undoubtedly a monastery that included
a well-built basilica of exceptional quality. Nearby, halfway up the steep slope was a
separate tower-like structure. When we excavated this structure in 1980, we discovered
that this was the very site of the miracle, as fixed by Christians in the mid-third century.

The Valley of Kursi, or Wadi Samak, is still rich in fertile farming land. The sheltering
hills provide excellent grazing areas, particularly for hogs, which are best suited to these
rocky hills. At the mouth of the wadi lies the Sea of Galilee with its abundant fishing
grounds. The name Samak, which means “fish” both in Aramaic (the vernacular of
Jesus’ time) and in Arabic, reflects the fact that these fish were as important to the
ancients as to people today.

*Bethsaida

Jn 1:45 *Bethsaida ░ [Ref: Arav,

Rami, Freund, Richard A., Shroder, John F., Jr.
“Bethsaida Rediscovered.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Jan/Feb 2000, 44-51, 53-
56. (Accessed 2/21/2013 www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/26/1/5)]

In the New Testament, Bethsaida plays an even more prominent role, with some of the
key events in Jesus’ Galilean ministry taking place in or near Bethsaida. The Gospel of
Luke places the feeding of the five thousand at Bethsaida (Luke 9:12–17). And
according to the Gospel of Mark, Jesus cured a blind man at Bethsaida (Mark 8:22–
25). Mark also locates one of Jesus’ most famous miracles—his walk on the water—
near Bethsaida (Mark 6:45–51).

In the tenth century B.C.E., Bethsaida was at the heart of the small kingdom of Geshur.

Although present-day Bethsaida is far from the shore, 2,000 years ago it was in easy
reach of the sea. The so-called “Bethsaida dilemma”: Archeologists suspected et-Tell
was the site of the ancient city, but it seemed too far from the water. It only took one
look at the geological maps of the region for Jack to formulate the hypothesis that
would eventually solve the riddle: Today’s shoreline is not necessarily the ancient
shoreline. First, et-Tell sits on one of the world’s most active fault lines,2 and the
shorelines of bodies of water near fault lines are always changing. Second, lake levels
change over time, and their shorelines shift, usually downward from where they
receive their water (the Galilee is fed from the north by the Jordan River and
discharges into the Jordan on the south). Third, rivers, including the northern branch of
the Jordan, build up deltas: They carry silt downstream and deposit it at the mouth of
the river (the Mississippi Delta is the great example in America). As a result, ancient
port cities typically lie farther inland today than they did in antiquity.

76
 The Gospel of John records that Bethsaida was the home of the disciples Philip,
Andrew and Peter (John 1:44). But Bethsaida was also the target of a withering curse
by Jesus: “Then he began to reproach the cities in which most of his deeds of power
had been done, because they did not repent. ‘Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you,
Bethsaida! For if the deeds of power done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon,
they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes’”(Matthew 11:20–23).

In John 5:2 the Pool of Bethesda is described as having five porticoes or

colonnades. For centuries, scholars thought that the notion of a five-sided
pool was purely symbolic, intended to represent the five books of the Torah
that were somehow superseded by the miracle of Jesus. Beginning in the
1880s, however, archaeologists discovered the remains of a pool north of
the Pool of Israel, and continuing excavation ultimately exposed a
rectangular pool with a wall in the middle that divided it in two. With
porticoes on the four sides of the pool and on the central wall, this was
indeed a “five-sided” pool.

Dead Sea

Cf. the ‘Dead Sea’ – the name itself is not in N.T. Dead_Sea (Lake
Asphaltites) Bahr Lut ('Sea of Lot');'the Salt Sea' (Gen 14:3; Num 34:12; etc.),
lake-asphaltitus
Khirbat Qumran; Qumran community/sect; Essenes; Dead Sea Scrolls;
Sodom_and_Gomorrah; Masada

77
https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1973/01/are-there-new-testament-
documents-among-the-dead-sea-scrolls

JUDEA, *SAMARIA, GALILLEE, PEREA; DECAPOLIS, SYROPHONICIA

S2449 Ioudaia (44x) JUDEA ░ [G2449 Ioudaia from H3063 Yehudah 'Yudah', 4th son of
Yaakob (with Leah) Gen 29:35] [‘JUDEA proper’. Cf. Judea the Roman Province incorporated JUDEA
proper, SAMARIA, and IDUMEA, but not GALILEE, GAULANITIS, PEREA, DECAPOLIS.]

Mt (8x) Mk (4x) Lk (10x) Jn (6x) Mt 2:1, 5, 22; 3:1, 5; 4:25; 19:1, 24:16; Mk 1:5 3:7; 10:1;
13:14 ] (Lk 1:5, 39, 65, 2:4; 3:1; 5:17; 6:17; 7:17; 21:21; 23:5; Jn 4:3, 47, 54; 7:1, 3; 11:7
Act (12x) Act 1:8; Rm 15:31; 2Co 1:16; Gal 1:22; 1Th 2:14

Jn 3:22 into the Judean countryside ░ (eis tēn Ioudaian gēn); [QQ region? territory?
country? countryside? Where? In Judea or Perea?; from Yerusalem?]; /x: into the land of
Judea – most; /x: into the area of Judea - ERV; /into the Judean territory – NET, LEB; /into the
Judean country – NWT 1984; /x: into the Judean countryside – ISV, GW, NWT, ESV; /x: into
the province of Judea – GNB; /into Judaea – WNT; /to the land of Yehudah – Delitz;

Galilean accent – from Northern Aramaic. Cf. Judean Yehudim – spoke Southern
Aramaic.

Samaria [H8111 Shomron (109x)]. from Shemer, its owner who sold the site to King
Omri (the hill named Samaria) 1Kg 16:24
Capital of Northern Kingdom of Israel 1Kg 16:29

In Jewish War (Josephus Flavius c. 75): “… the country of Samaria, it lies between
Judea and Galilee; …”

[S4540 Samareia (11x)] Lk 17:11; Jn 4:4, 5, 7; Act 1:8; 8:1, 5, 9, 14; 9:31; 15:3.
[Cf. S4541 Samaritēs (9x)]; Samaritans (Mt 10:5; Lk 9:52; Jn 4:9, 39, 40; Act 8:25);
a Samaritan (Lk 10:33; 17:16; Jn 8:48);

Mountains, Rivers, Valleys; Judean Highland; Judean desert-wildness

/Herodium (Herodion) - named after King Herod the Great. a truncated-cone-shaped

hill in the West Bank, (7.5 mi) S. of Jerusalem and (3.1 mi) S.E. of Bethlehem

*mount

Temple Mount
Mount of Olive-grove
'Sermon on the Mount'
3735 oros (64x) (mountain > mount > high hill) > hill > small hill) Mt 5:12, 14; Lk 6:12;
Lk 6:12; /x: a mountainside – NIV, CEV, ISV, AramaicBPE; /the mountain – ESV,
NASB, KJV, HCSB, NKJV, NET;

78
 Lk 6:17 at a plateau [on the slope of the mount] ░ [epi topou pedinou ≈ eis to horos "to
a mount" //Mt 5:1] – [the setting of the so-called 'Sermon on the Mount'] />> on a level
place – most; /on a level spot – YLT; /on a piece of level ground - Cass /on xxx: on a
plain – MSG; /xxx: in the plain – KJV; /xxxx: in the valley – Aramaic BPE

Mt 5:1 up to the mount; /the hill – Cass, ISV; /the mountain; /x: a mountainside –
NIV; /on the side of a mountain – CEV;

the desolate wilderness – Mk 1:4; the wilderness of Judea - Mt 3:1

[‘Bethany on the east side across the Jordan River (that is, in PEREA) – Jn 1:28]
[It’s not ‘outdoor wilderness’, nor ‘(sand) desert’.] [Linked to the place the prophet
Eliyahu was taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire - 2Kg 2:4-11]

Cf. a desolate place; a remote area; a wilderness area – Gk. erēmos (Mt 14:13;
15:33, etc.)

Mount Gerizim

79
“Mount Sinai” ; *Arabia

Gal 4:25 ‘mountain in Arabia’ - It’s Jabal Al-Lawz (or Jebel Al-Lawz) in the
northwestern corner of Saudi Arabia. [Still found are outdated articles which argue
against it, giving utterly unconvincing arguments with no supporting evidence. Of course,
this plain statement in the Pauline letter is simply disregarded.
E.g., http://ldolphin.org/sinai.html (1997, 2001); Mount Sinai is NOT Jebel al-Lawz in
Saudi Arabia (2007) from www.biblearchaeology.org .
https://youtu.be/HkWteJE-S5s <모세와 엘리야와 사도 바울이 하나님을 만났던 진짜 시내산 영상>
That the biblical Mt. Sinai = ‘Ḥoreb, Mountain of Elohim’ (Exo 3:1, 1Kg 19:8); ‘Mountain
of YHWH’ (Gen 22:14; Num 10:33; Psa 24:3; Isa 2:3; 30:29; Mic 4:2; Zec 8:3). Mt. Sinai
in Egypt is associated with Monastery of St. Catherine is historically, chronologically and
archeologically unrelated to the Exodus in the Scripture. That ‘Jabal Musa (Mount of
Moses)’ in the southern Sinai Peninsula of Egypt is traditionally mistaken for the very
location for the Mountain of Elohim is a myth created in the Constantine Catholic tradition.]

Google search – ‘Paul of Arabia’

www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/the-apostle-paul-in-arabia/
Ben Witherington III, Epistles: Biblical Profile: Paul of Arabia? The Apostle’s
Early Adventures

Ben Witherington III et al. (2020), Paul of Arabia - The Hidden Years of the
Apostle to the Gentiles

www.gotquestions.org/Paul-in-Arabia.html
www.jesuswalk.com/paul/02_arabia.htm
www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/474761 - download

Nabataea www.steppesoffaith.com/apologetics/nabateans-bible
vs. Idumea www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/11/10/487/htm

*Red Sea / ‘Sea of Reeds’

H5488 suph (28x) (A) reeds – Exo 2:3, 5; (B) reeds of ‘Sea of Reeds’ Yam Suf (Exo
10:19; 14:18; 15:4, 22; 23:31; Num 14:25; 21:4; 33:10-11; Deu 1:40; 2:1; 14:4; Jos
2:10; 4:23; 24:6; Judg 11:16; 1Ki 9:26; Neh 9:9; Psa 106:7, 9, 22; 136:13, 15.)

https://biblearchaeology.org/research/exodus-from-egypt/3191-new-evidence-
from-egypt-on-the-location-of-the-exodus-sea-crossing-part-i

Sea of Reeds – most renders as ‘Red Sea’ after LXX (erythra thalassa) and Vulgate
(mare rubrum) – the two appear more than 800x in classical literature as a homonym
referencing any one of the seven distinct bodies of water: the Bay of Bengal, Indian
Ocean, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Arabia (modern Red Sea), Gulf of

80
Heroonpolis (Gulf of Suez), and Gulf of Aelanites (Gulf of Aqaba). Sometimes it
simply references nearby water. The pattern of homonymy with Hebrew yam suf —
and the way that expression was conceptually understood — was naturally carried
forward into the classical era.
[www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/48/1/26 Epistles: A Sea Change?
Finding the Biblical Red Sea - Barry Beitzel
Biblical Archaeology Review 48:1, Spring 2022]

[But this should not detract that the Sea of Reeds in Exodos is only one place – it
cannot be the Gulf of Suez. The head of the Gulf of Aqaba.]

Colin Humphreys, “Science and the Miracles of Exodus”, May 2005 Europhysics
News 36(3):93-96]
Colin Humphreys (2009), The Miracles of Exodus: A Scientist's Discovery of the
Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories]

Cf. Crossing from Nuweiba beach (www.holylandsite.com/exodus-redsea-sinai )

https://youtu.be/yuTX1la3Fg8 [Ron Wyatt 1987]

Ref: www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-mt-sinai.htm
(for the location of the mountain - See the attached PDF file to this file #4.)
[Note: the proposed route and crossing of the Red Sea at the Straits of
Tiran is a conjecture, geographically impossibility, as is another
conjecture of the crossing across from Nuweibba, a small coastal strip
located at the western side of the Gulf of Aqaba, one third from the its tip
(where three cities are located - Taba in Egypt, Eilat in Israel, and Aqaba
in Jordan) down to the Straits of Tiran.]

81
*Greece
https://youtu.be/Q8YJqYpNQT8
(Genetics of the Greeks: European or Middle Eastern?)

*Asia

S773 Asia – a Roman proconsular Province (in the western Asia Minor) Act 2:9; 6:9; 16:6;
19:10, 22, 26, 27; 20:16, 18; 21:27; 24:18; 27:2 ; Rm 16:5; 1CO 16:19; 2CO 1:8; 2M 1:17; 1Pe 1:1; Rev 1:4
Cf. ‘an Asian’ Act 20:4

Fr. The history of Anatolia (Asia Minor) - https://youtu.be/A8_mZ7CKpw8

*Babylon

Needs a brief timeline

Babylon is referenced 280 times in the Bible, from Genesis to Revelation.

three major periods:

The Old Babylonian Period (2000-1595 BC)

The Middle Babylonian Period (1595-1000 BC)
The Neo-Babylonian Period (1000-539 BC)

Mesopotamia

82
King Nebuchadnezzar [Dan 4:33]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia

Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)

539 BC Cyrus invaded Babylonia.

Alexander the Great conquered Babylon in 333 BC
Babylonia and Assyria then became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire
the Parthian Empire (150 BC to 226 AD). The Parthian king Mithridates conquered
the region into the Parthian Empire in 150 BC, and the region became something of
a battleground between Greeks and Parthians.

There was a brief interlude of Roman conquest (the provinces of Assyria and
Mesopotamia; 116–118 AD) under Trajan, after which the Parthians reasserted
control.
There was a brief interlude of Roman conquest (the provinces of Assyria and
Mesopotamia; 116–118 AD) under Trajan, after which the Parthians reasserted
control.

/Parthian Empire 247 BC to 224 CE.

*Egypt; Mitsrayim

Heb. Mitsrayim. Egypt ended its Ptolemy dynasty (last one by Ptolemy XV co-ruled
with his mother Cleopatra VII) to be under Romans.
In N.T. 22x
 * as of Pharaoh in the Exodus –Act 7:9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17; 7:34, 36, 39, 40;
13:17;
Heb 3:16; 8:9; 11:26, 27; Jud 1:5; (IRENT renders as ‘Mitsrayim’)
 as a Roman Province since BC 30 – Mt 2:13, 14, 15, 19; Act_2:10;
 symbolic – Rev 11:8 (rendered in IRENT as ‘Pharaoh’s Egypt’).

*Perea

Perea from Gk. peran (Iordanou) ["beyond Jordan (River)". Cf. ‘Transjordan’] - the
portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan
River valley, from about one third the way down from the Sea of Galilee to about
one third the way down the eastern shore of the Dead Sea; it did not extend too far
inland. Traditionally, its limits have been considered to be between the rivers Arnon
(Wadi Mujib) and Hieromax (Yarmouk River). Herod the Great's kingdom was
divided by the Romans into a tetrarchy, of which Herod Antipas received both Perea
and Galilee.

83
Perea was the area inhabited by the Israelite Tribes Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe
of Menasseh. New Testament commentators speak of Jesus' "Perean Ministry",
beginning with his departure from Galilee (Mt 19:1; Mark 10:1) and ending with the
anointing by Mary in Bethany (Mt 26) or his journey towards Jerusalem
commencing from Mark 10:32.

*Spain; Sepharad

Gk. Spania - occurs in NT in Rm 15:24, 28. España in Spanish Language. IRENT renders it
Hebrew word Sepharad (which occurs only once in Oba 1:20) which still means modern
Spain in Hebrew language.] [Modern Spain is the country situated on the Iberian Peninsula
in SW Europe, the southern part of was evidently called Tarshish in ancient times. – 1Kg
10:22; 2Ch 9:21; Psa 48:7; Isa 2:16; Jon 1:3, etc.] [After visiting the Mashiah followers in
Rome, the apostle Paulos hoped to be escorted part way there by his fellow brethren in
Rome (Rm 15:23, 24, 26). Whether the apostle ever reached Sepharad (/Spain) is not
certain. However, Clement of Rome stated (c. 95 CE) that Paulos “came to the extreme limit
of the W[est],” which could have included this region. If he reached that land, the visit
probably occurred between Paulos’ release from his first imprisonment in Rome (c. 61 CE)
and his imprisonment there once again in c. 64 CE. At that time the region was under
Roman rule.

[Cf. Sephardim – an ethnic division of Jewish people. ‘Hispanic Jews’; Cf. Ashkenazim
(Germanic Jews. Ashkenaz Gen 10:3; 1Ch 1:6)] [Cf. History of the Jews in Spain; expulsion
of the Jews from Spain in 1492; anusim (forced converts); Inquisition;]

*City; *town; village, hamlet, countryside

polis city, town;

kōmē village (Mt 10:11)
argos hamlet (Lk 9:12)

'the City of David' (1Chr 11:7) 'the City of David, which is Zion' (1Kg 8:1):
= Yerusalem in the ancient times, on a narrow ridge south of the present-day Old
City. It borders the deep Kidron Valley to the East, where the Gihon Spring, the
city’s main water source, is located. This is the name afterwards given to the castle
and royal palace on Mount Zion, as distinguished from Jerusalem generally (1Kg
3:1). https://christiananswers.net/dictionary/davidcityof.html

Cf. Lk 2:4 – "Bethlehem as the town (hometown) of King David", not a city.

Gibeah vs. Geba

Geba Gibeah
1Sa 13: 2, 16; 14:14 Jdg 20:10 Gibeah. NIV ESV HCSB [Cf. /Geba – MT text]

84
 Jdg 20:33 Gibeah – MT & LXX
/x: Geba - NIV
2Sa 5:25 = 1Ch 14:16 /x: Geba – LXX, NIV

<Excavating a Battle: The Intersection of Textual Criticism, Archaeology, and Geography - The
Problem of Hill City> http://wartburgproject.org/library/translation-principles/

*Corinth;

Corinth – it was less than 50 miles across the Corinthian Gulf from Delphi.
To the Greeks, Delphi was considered the center of the earth. There was a
stone set in place that was called the navel of the earth. Delphi had the
Delphic oracle, which belonged to the Earth goddess, and was supposedly
guarded by a serpent, Python. At the Delphi temple they practiced a pagan
glossolalia [from Gk word] or so-called ‘speaking in tongues’, but not in any
language that could be understood. Influence of such pagan glossolalia was
strongly felt not only in Corinth, but also in the entire Hellenic world. Cf.
Epistles of Clement to Corinthians (Clement, Paul’s co-worker – Phi 4:3)]

The way the oracle worked was that a male prophet at the temple would
receive a question from an inquirer. The question could be personal, or about
government affairs, or whatever. The inquirer would be brought into the
presence of a young woman priestess of Apollo who was said to have a
“pythonic spirit.” The young woman would speak in unintelligible utterances,
often fall out in a frenzy, supposedly through the spirit of Apollo in her, and
the prophet would interpret the message. It seems that Paul encountered this
pythonic spirit at work in Philippi (Act 16:16).
https://youtu.be/mnJ0komM8tU <Where Did Ancient Christians Meet?>

85
*Jerusalem;

‘Zion, the City of David’ in Jerusalem – 1Ch 11:4-7; 1King 2:10 (died there); Neh 3:15-16
('tombs of David')
https://youtu.be/_k2k0qLFR74 <King David's Tomb: Part 1 -- Finding It>
https://youtu.be/QuOPkZfnoAI <King David's Tomb: Part 2 - Which Is The Correct Tomb?>
Cf. Act 2:25-29 //Psa 16:8-11

https://youtu.be/sFD3DBv7B38 이스라엘 vs 팔레스타인, 싸움이 끊이지 않는 평화의

도시 예루살렘 –
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem

Cf. Canaan gods – Shachar and Shalim, twin mountain gods of dawn and dusk, respectively.
Shalim was linked to the netherworld via the evening star and associated with peace
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion

*Bethlehem;

Bethlehem of Judea ░ Place of birth of Yeshua as in Mt 2:1ff. Lk 2:4, 15;

[Beit Lechem in Heb. ‘house of bread’] [About 6 miles S. of Yerusalem. King David's hometown.];
[= the one in Judea (i.e. Bethlehem Ephratah) = Ephrath in Gen 35:19; 48:7; Ephrathah (/Ephratah -
KJV+) in Mic 5:2; Ruth 1:1, 19.] [cf. different from ‘Bethlehem in Zebulun in Galilee’ (about 70
miles north) - Jos 19:15] [This plain text in G-Mt is discredited by an archeologist – “If the
historical Jesus were truly born in Bethlehem, it was most likely the Bethlehem of Galilee, not that
in Judea.” Aviram Oshri (2005), Where Was Jesus Born? Theologians question biblical accounts of
the Nativity – Now archaeologists are doing the same. ARCHAEOLOGY magazine, 2005 Vol. 58, #6

[It was the birth place of David. Boaz, a Bethlehemite, marrying Ruth (Ruth 4:21-22; Mt 1:5), an
Israelite of Reuben Tribe – not a Moabite by blood – lived in the Plain of Moab (north of the land of
Moabites), fathered Obed who fathered Jesse, David's father) and childhood (1Sa 17:15) of David].
The place of birth for Yaakob's son, Benjamin Gen 35:16-20; the place of death for Yaakob's wife,
Rachel (Gen 35:19; 48:7).
It is called David’s hometown (1Sam 16:4); village of David [not 'city'] (Jn 7:42). [See Mic 5:2 as
quoted in Mt 2:5-6.]
[Note: The land of Judea (a vassal kingdom under Herod the Great includes Galilee). Yeshua was
born in Judea, not Palestine. The name Palestine from Latin Palestina, which the Romans replaced
‘Judea’ after the Fall of Yerusalem and from there on. There was no ‘Palestinians’ as such at the time
of Yeshua’s birth.]
[‘Judea’ – Judea proper. Cf. Judea the Roman Province incorporated Judea proper, Samaria, and
Idumea, but not Galilee, Gaulanitis, Perea, or Decapolis.]

Journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem – southeast through the Jezreel Valley and further east to the
Jordan Valley. Continuing south to Jericho, they proceeded up to Jerusalem and onward to
Bethlehem. About 175 km = 110 miles, taking about 4-5 days, considering the terrain; most likely
with Mariam on a donkey. An arduous journey would not be possible for Mariam if she was advanced
in her pregnancy. [Cf. walk for an average person - 6 km per 1 hour (3.5 miles); on a donkey – 4 to 5
miles per hour.]

86
'no room in the inn' – a mistranslation in KJV style
Lk 2:7 ouk ~~ topos en to katalumati 'no place in the guest-room'

/not ~ a place in the guest-chamber – YLT; / no guest room – NIV, CSB;

/xx: 'no room ~ in the inn' - KJV and most; /no place in the inn – NET;
/xx: no lodging – NLT; /xx: no room at the lodging place – HCSB; /xx: no place ~
where they might lodge – Aramaic Bible in Plain English;

S2646 kataluma (3x) 'guest chamber' Mk 14:14; Lk 2:7; 22:11

Cf. S3829 pandocheion (1x) 'inn' Lk 10:34

www.psephizo.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1st-Century-Home-In-Israel.jpg

*Galilee

GALILEE ░ Mt 2:23 [Galilee, Landlocked region. After Judea became a Roman

province in 6 C.E., Galilee briefly became a part of it, then separated from it for 2 to 3
centuries.] [a hang-out of the revolutionaries against Romans]

Geza Vermes refers to a “patriotic fever” in Jewish society in general but most
especially in Galilee. (The Authentic Gospel of Jesus, p. 401) N.T. Wright describes the
hills by the Sea of Galilee as “the hangout for holy revolutionaries, for outlaws ready to
defeat the pagan Romans and to bring in the kingdom of God—by force if necessary.”
(The Original Jesus, p. 46)

87
*Nazareth

Nazareth [S3478 Nazara or Nazaret or Nazareth (12x); Mt 2:23; 4:13; 21:11; Mk

1:9; Lk 1:26; 2:4, 39, 51; 4:16; Jn 1:45; 46; Act 10:38 – all in association with
Yeshua – a small village about 400 people. Hometown of Yeshua.

It does not appear in the OT. It was not mentioned by the Apostle Paul, in the
Talmud, and by the Jewish historian Josephus. – [John McRay 'Archaeology of the
NT' - https://b-ok.asia/book/1187529/013f51 p. 157]
Archeologic dig – a list in Aramaic describing the twenty-four 'divisions' [S2183
ephēmeria Lk 1:5, 8] of the priests who were relocated after the Fall of Jerusalem in
70 CE, one of the was registered has been moved to Nazareth. - Lee Strobel, The
Case for Christmas, p. 49 in the mouth of McRay – no source was given.]

– Yeshua’s father might have worked there working in building houses (cf.
‘carpenter’) Cf. S3479 Nazarēnos (6x); S3480 Nazōraios (13x) 'Nazarene'

https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/archaeology-nazareth-early-first-century
www.rt.com/news/507553-jesus-childhood-home-nazareth-convent/

About 3 miles N.W. was Sepphoris, one of the capital cities of Galilee.
(www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/sepphoris.html)

Dalmanutha; Magadan

Mk 8:10 Dalmanutha
Mt 15:39 Magadan ░ {>/Magdala – KJV++};
[Barnes commentary and others: Magdala was probably the same place which was formerly called
Migdol, Jos_19:38. It is now called Mejdel, and is situated a few miles north of the city of Tiberias,
in the land of Gennesaret, on the western side of the Sea of Tiberias, and directly east of Cana of
Galilee. “It is a wretched hamlet of a dozen low huts huddled into one, and the whole ready to tumble
into a dismal heap of black basaltic rubbish.” Dalmanutha was probably a small village near to
Magdala, of which no remains have been discovered.]

[An erroneous claim - Whitby says, “Magdala was a city and territory beyond Jordan, on the banks
of Gadara. It readied to the bridge above Jordan, which joined it to the other side of Galilee, and
contained within its precincts Dalmanutha.” – Clarke Commentary]

www.theepochtimes.com/sea-of-galilee-town-could-be-dalmanutha-referenced-in-bible-researchers-
say_290845.html

88
Bethsaida

www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/46/2/2 Searching for Bethsaida:

The Case for El-Araj

KepharNahum; *Capernaum

City – for the base of Yeshua’s Galilean ministry.

(‘town of Nahum’) /> Capernaum. One of few major cities/towns in Galilee. Here at its start Yeshua
based His ministry of proclaiming the Kingdom reign of God.] [On the northwest coast of Lake
Galilee near the eastern border of Galilee; about 2.5 miles west of the River Jordan. (14 miles NE
from Cana).

[Mt 4:13; 8:5; 11:23; 17:24; Mk 1:21; 2:1; 9:33; Lk 4:23; 4:31; 7:1; 10:15; Jn 2:12;
4:46; 6:17; 6:24; 6:59]

www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/where-jesus-
walked/

*Cana

Qanah /> *Cana – Jn 2:1; 4:46. [where an incident at a marriage-feast was recorded.]
[Khiret Kana (at 9 miles N of Nazareth; 4 miles N. of Sepphoris) is favored. The traditional
site is Kefer Kenna (4 miles NE of Nazareth).]

*Sepphoris (Hebrew: Tzippori) – not mentioned in the Bible, yet it may be important
to our understanding of Jesus. It is located on a hill in the Lower Galilee, midway
between the Mediterranean and Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee).

. Perched like a bird (tzippor in Hebrew) on a Galilee hilltop, Sepphoris is an hour’s

walk from Nazareth, slightly less than 4 miles (6 kilometers). During Jesus’
childhood, Sepphoris was the provincial capital of Galilee and the city where the
villagers took care of their official business. It had a theater which seated about
3,000 spectators. Bible scholar and archeologist Jerome Murphy O’Connor believes
that after returning from Egypt, Joseph and Mary settled in Nazareth precisely
because of its proximity to Sepphoris. After 3 BC, Sepphoris was the center of a
building boom, providing work opportunities for artisans such as Joseph.
www.itsgila.com/highlightssepphoris.htm

The city dates to the era of the Maccabees in the second century B.C.E., when it was
founded by Alexander Janneus of the Hasmonean dynasty.

Zippori was described by the first century C.E. Jewish historian, Josephus Flavius, as
"the ornament of all Galilee." The city may get its name from the Hebrew word
"tsipor" (bird) because the view from the town gives a sense of flying.
www.deseretnews.com/article/865653225/Sepphoris---The-ornament-of-the-Galilee.html
www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/sepphoris.html
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/vie-zippori

89
Antioch in Suria

It is in Suria (Syria), except Antioch in Pisidia (during Paul’s First Missionary

Journey Act 13:14; 14:19, 21, 26)

Tyre and Sidon

Yeshua’s journey to the city of Tyre (not necessarily much north to Sidon) of
Syrophoenician region to return via the Golan Heights on the eastern bank of the
Lake Galilee into the region of Decapolis.

Pergamon

www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/
pergamon-2/

Philippi

Thomas Jared Farmer, PHILIPPIANS 1-3 TRANSLATION WITH

COMMENTARY – www.academia.edu

Philippi (Φίλιπποι) was a prominent town situated in the plains eastward of Mt.
Pangæus in northern Greece. Rebuilt on the site of the ancient Thasian city of
Crenides (Κρηνἱδες), it was located near the head of the Aegean Sea. The city
itself had been fortified and renamed by King Phillip II of Macedon in 358-357
BCE. The area was of strategic importance as it occupied a trade route between the
cities of Amphipolis and Neapolis. The route was later reconstructed by the
Romans as the Via Egnatia, which led from Byzantium to Dyrrhachium and
Apollonia on the Adriatic. Philip later established a mint there, following the
discovery of gold at nearby Asyla. When the Romans destroyed the Antigonid
dynasty of Macedon in 167 BCE, they divided the region into four separate states.
It was not Philippi, however, which became the capital of the eastern province of
Macedonia, but Amphipolis.
…
As a Roman colony, the citizens of Philippi would have enjoyed the rights and
privileges associated with Roman citizenship: exemption from taxes and the right
to be governed according to Roman law, ius Italicum. The population during this
time was divided between Romans, Macedonian Greeks, and a small settlement of
Jews living within the town. By the 1st century, however, Macedonia had become
a heavily populated province of the Roman Empire and it was here that Paul
established his first European church (See Appian, Civ. Wars 4.105—31; Dio
Cassius, Rom. Hist. 47.42—49; Strabo, Geography 7.fr. 34, 41).

90
 At the time of Paul’s writing, there were2 approx.10,000 inhabitants within the 167
acres which comprised the walled city and the 700 sq. miles surrounding it. The
cultural heritage of Philippi was unmistakably Greek, but by the 1st century the
city had developed a pronounced sense of Romanitas. Indeed, during Paul’s first
visit to Philippi (circa 49 CE), the residents of the city pointed to their Roman
citizenship when accusing Paul and Silas of advocating unlawful practices (Acts
16:21). The fact that Roman citizenship was held in such high esteem within the
colony is also intimated by Paul’s complaint that he and Silas were themselves not
treated with the proper respect befitting cives Romani (Acts 16:37). Understanding
the Roman character of this region draws out the importance of much of the
language used within the letter to the Philippians. For example, the references
made to “heavenly citizenship” [πολίτευμα ἐν οὐρανοῖς] (3:20 and possibly 1:27),
the use of the imperial titles “Lord” [κύριος] and “Savior” [σωτῆρα] in reference to
Jesus (2:11; 3:20—21) and also the possibility of a contrast existing between
Paul’s “peace of God” [ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ θεοῦ] (4:7) and the popular notion of Pax
Romana, maintained by the power of the Emperor and the stability of his empire.
These references may indicate a conscious effort on the part of Paul to establish or
reinforce in the minds of his audience the supremacy of Christ over Emperor and
the Kingdom of God, over and above the Roman Empire.

Politicians are creatures who exist for power and for their own pleasure. By
definition, they qualify to be called demon and demoness (female).

Region of the {Gerasenes} in the Synoptic Gospels.

Mt 8:28 //Mk 5:1 //Lk 8:26

Gadara (the Gadarenes); 10 km (6.2 miles) southeast of the Sea of Galilee; Mt
8:28 except KJV.
Gerasa (the Gerasenes); 50 km (31 miles) southeast of the Sea of Galilee; Lk
8:36 except in KJV; Mk 5:1 except is in KJV 'Gadarene'
Gergesa (the Gergesenes); [Kursi; Kheras] on the shore. Mt 8:28 KJV!]
[Different Bibles translate differently from different mss. IRENT has the last one
throughout.]

www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2014/09/25/Ancient-Harbors-of-the-Sea-of-
Galilee.aspx#Article ??? Gadara harbor – modern?

www.jerusalemperspective.com/2771/

'Gadara' --- modern day Umm Qays [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Qais ]

http://cojs.org/naval_coins_from_gadara-_2nd_century_ce/ [Gadara 5 miles S.E. of the
Sea]
www.bible-history.com/geography/ancient-israel/gadara.html ]
www.netours.com/content/view/272/30/1/4/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Gerasene_demoniac#Commentary

91
*Gergesa, *Gadara, *Gerasa

“the region of the Gergesenes” {/x: Gadarenes} {xxx: Gerasenes}

Mt 8:28 Mk 5:1 Lk 8:26@

NKJV, KJV, LSV Gergesenes /x: Gadarenes
NU – NIV, ESV, NASB,
NAB, NET, HCSB
/x: Gadarenes /xxx: Gerasenes
@ also v. 27
Gergesenes (the only correct mss v.l.) from Gergesa.

A. Gergesenes – the only correct mss v.l.

Gergesa is modern Kursi (Kheras) on E. shore of the Sea of Galilee. The most plausible
location of the Gospel event at the mouth of Wadi Samak, also known as the Valley of
Kursi.

B. Gadarenes –
Gadara is 10 km (6 miles) southeast of the Sea of Galilee.

The words ‘Gerasa’ and ‘Gadara’ by themselves do not appear in the Bible. Gergesa is 12
miles N. of Gadara

Cf. Gerasa (for the wrong v.l. Gerasenes). It is a different place, further south, 50 km (30
miles) southeast of the Sea.

All are in Decapolis under the gentile rule.

https://biblicalhistoricalcontext.com/gospels/gerasa-gadara-gergesa-from-where-did-the-
pigs-stampede/

92
https://biblewalks.com/sites/Kursi.html
www.seetheholyland.net/kursi/
www.netours.com/content/view/272/30/1/4/
www.netours.com/content/view/127/36/
/Kursi,_Golan_Heights

Tzaferis, Vassilios. “A Pilgrimage to the Site of the Swine Miracle.” Biblical Archaeology Review,
Mar/Apr 1989, 44-51. [https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/15/2/1 ]

www.authorstream.com/Presentation/ebeckham-539504-the-region-of-galilee-tiberias-bethsaida-and-
kursi/

93
Needs to place Gergesa on E. coast of the Sea.
Also Magdala, Tiberias.
Capernaum E. of the river.

94
[Those only in Acts]

Asia, a Roman proconsular Province. – Act 2:9; 6:9; 16:6; 19:10, 22, 26, 27; 20:16, 18; 21:27;
24:18; 27:2 ; Rm 16:5; 1CO 16:19; 2CO 1:8; 2M 1:17; 1Pe 1:1; Rev 1:4 – on the western coast of
Asia Minor.
Solomon’s Porch – Act 3:11; 5:12 – in the eastern part of the Temple. Columns with
flat rooftop.
The Market of Appius about 70 km from Rome and The Three Taverns; about 55
km from Rome. Act 28:15 –

[twenty Johannine sites]

www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2022/02/gospel-of-john-archaeology-history.html
Urban C. von Wahlde, “Archaeology and John’s Gospel,” in Jesus and Archaeology,
edited by James H. Charlesworth (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2006), 523-586.

Identified with certainty:

Bethsaida (1:44),
Cana (2:1, 11; 4:46-54; 21:2),
Capernaum (2:12; 4:46; 6:17, 24; the harbor, 6:24-25; the synagogue, 6:59),
Jacob’s well (4:4-6),
Mount Gerizim (4:20),
Sychar (4:5),
the Sheep Gate (5:2),
the pool(s) of Bethesda (5:2),
Tiberias (6:1, 23; 21:2),
the pool of Siloam (9:1-9),
Bethany near Jerusalem (11:1-17; 12:1-11),
Ephraim (11:54),
the Kidron Valley (18:1).
Where?
 the Praetorium (18:28, 33; 19:9) – where exactly
 Golgotha (19:17-18, 20, 41)
 the tomb of Jesus (19:41-42) – where exactly?
 the Lithostrōton (19:13) [“The Pavement” / “Gab’batha”]
 the place in the temple precincts for the keeping of animals (2:13-16)
 Aenon near Salim (3:23)
 Bethany beyond the Jordan (1:28; 10:40)

Sinai

H5514 Sinay (35x)

Wilderness of Sinai – Exo 19:1, 2; Num 1:1, 19; 3:4, 14; 9:1, 5; 10:12; 26:64;
33:15, 16
Sinai – Exo 16:1;
Mountain of Sinai – Exo 19:11, 18, 20, 23; 24:16; 31:18; 34:2, 4, 29; Lev 7:38;
25:1; 26:46; 27:34; Num 3:1; 26:8; Neh 9:13; Gal 4:24, 25

95
 Sinai (Mount) Deu 33:2; Jdg 5:5; Psa 68:8, 17

Pi-Ramesses in Exodus

www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2021/06/city-of-the-exodus-pi-ramesses-bible-
archaeology.html

land; topography; climate

*rain; http://igoogledisrael.com/2010/01/so-does-it-rain-in-israel/ “… Officially the
rainy season in Israel is said to kick off in October. But I don’t think you’ll be getting too
wet in October or November, with only a rare day of rain here and there. It’s only in
December when the rain starts to get a little more serious. And when I mean serious, you
might see 4 or 5 days of rain the whole month. …”

https://marklangfan.com/3d-topographic-map-of-israel/
https://marklangfan.com/3d-topographic-map-photo-book-01/
https://youtu.be/rsUXmEjMjKY
Biblical-World Raised Relief 3D Map of Israel

diagrams from https://marklangfan.com/3d-topographic-map-photo-book-02/

96
Rain in Israel:

Officially the rainy season in Israel is said to kick off in October. …in October or
November, with only a rare day of rain here and there. It’s only in December when
the rain starts to get a little more serious. And when I mean serious, you might see 4
or 5 days of rain the whole month. http://igoogledisrael.com/2010/01/so-does-it-rain-
in-israel/

97
maps

The Carta Bible Atlas www.academia.edu/41282028/Bible_Land_Atlas

Nelson's Complete Book of Bible Maps and Charts (3r ed.)

www.nelsonfree.com/mapandchart

www.conformingtojesus.com/charts-maps/en/map_of_israel_at_the_time_of_jesus.htm (not
much useful)

www.docdroid.net/n1UNz4W/nelsons-complete-book-of-bible-maps-and-charts.pdf

www.openbible.info/geo/ Bible Geocoding – The location of every identifiable place

mentioned in the Bible
[On preview mode, places are simply marked but with no label. To see KLM files, download
a program to open the files - www.google.com/earth/versions/#download-pro ]

https://youtu.be/gU5p6061M34
Flight Of Faith: The Jesus Story (Biblical Documentary) | Timeline
w/aerial view of topography

[ http://bit.ly/2O6zUsK ]

3D topographic map of Israel.

https://youtu.be/R1x-Xn21Y7A 3D Satellite Map of the Land of the Bible

https://youtu.be/aBG00Q1s834 Virtual Israel Touring - 3D map of Israel

www.holylandsite.com/maps-of-the-holy-land

Check for
www.israel365.com/store/i-love-israel/touch-israel-biblical-map/
Biblical Israel 3D Map
www.amazon.com/Biblical-World-Raised-Relief-Israel-LARGE/dp/
B00NSR57VY
www.bibleplaces.com/satellite-bible-atlas-schlegel/

Problems of the maps shown in books and article for the map of Israel in NT times;
(1) Needs an accompanying list of place names with cross-
reference to the Bible text. E.g., Philadelphia – which

98
 Philadelphia? – not the one in Lydia near Sardis (Rev 1:11;
3:17)
(2) Needs to show boundaries of regions with correspondence
to Modern Israel map.
Most do not show Galilee is inland.
Decapolis label is in a wrong place.
(3) Needs to show important places. E.g., Kursi; Caesarea
Maritima, (Act 8:40; 9:30; 10:1; 18:22; 21:9; 25:1);
(4) Needs places in modern Israel.
(5) Need in Hebrew names – not Anglicized.

A typical map:

99
Two Kingdom Period
https://youtu.be/SKyHim19xTQ <A Kingdom Divided - The Fall of Israel | The
Jewish Story>
https://youtu.be/vjtRRmQt-5k <The Kingdom of Israel Divides Bible Animation
(1 Kings 11:26-12:33)>
https://youtu.be/2Fcr99imlfw <Animated Bible Stories: Rehoboam and
Jeroboam- The Kingdom Divides-Old Testament>

www.bibleodyssey.org/en/tools/map-gallery/i/map-israel-and-judah
https://youtu.be/FodQ-iPyl5I Ruth the Israelite #TheTribeOfJudahTeach

https://youtu.be/FFGt7L6KIB4 Zelophehad's daughters rescue Jesus’ Davidic line

100
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom

101
Modern Israel

102
Showing boundaries; needs region names.
- Caesarea Maritima

103
Eden

http://biblemysteries.com/library/edens.htm IN SEARCH OF EDEN by D. LAING

Cf. Alan Knight (2nd ed. 2009), Sprit of Antichrist, p. 11-13, 22-24.

http://nabataea.net/eden4.html

104
Rome, *Parthia, China

https://youtu.be/yws3oCPP0Ik

China – Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 CE)

Korea – Three Kingdom Period (57 BC – 676 CE) – Unified Silla Period (676 – 935 CE)
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eak.html

105
Carta Bible Land Atlas - MAP-208: THE SELEUCID EMPIRE

Carta Bible Land Atlas - MAP-270 THE PENTECOST

106
Aegean Sea and Patmos Island

107
Roman World, 4th c. CE.

108
The Seven Churches:

[Source: ESV study Bible] (Improvement needed – to move the label for Thyatira to
the right of its place marker.)

 The seven city names in the text Ch. 2 & 3 (Ephesus; Smyrna; Pergamum; Thyatira;
Sardis; Philadelphia; Laodicea) appear counterclockwise from Ephesus on the map.
 Island Patmos in Rev 1:9 (It belongs to the modern Greece); 35 miles from Asia
Minor; 40 miles SW of Ephesus; 30 mi. SWW of Miletus (Acts 20:15–17).

1. All seven of them are admonished to repent, hold steadfast, or remain faithful.
2. Only two of them, Smyrna and Philadelphia, receive strong commendations and
no listing of their sins and other shortcomings.
3. Two of them, Pergamos and Thyatira, receive a lesser commendation and fairly
strong rebukes for sexual immorality and allowing deceivers into the congregation.
4. Two of them, Sardis and Laodicea, receive strong rebukes and no
commendations.
5. Ephesus receives a strong rebuke and a strong commendation.

109
The traditional seven hills of Rome

(Cf. Rev 17:9 ‘seven hills’; Rev 17:3 – wild-beasts with seven heads)
(See ‘666’ associated with Nero)

Cf. ‘Vatican Hill’ (Mons Vaticanus in Latin) lying northwest of the

River Tiber is not counted among them

110
Exodus Route

Exodus route – map from www.arkdiscovery.com/red_sea_crossing.htm

Note: Crossing the Red Sea from Nuweiba is a conjecture. A route across the tip
of the Red Sea is suggested by Colin Humphreys (2003), The Miracles of the
Exodus.

https://web.archive.org/web/20131117025436/http://sinaimount.com/rgboard/
view.php?bbs_id=2&doc_num=7
https://web.archive.org/web/20131117042015/http://sinaimount.com/index.html

김승학 () 떨기나무
http://www.newsnjoy.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=22790

https://youtu.be/6vmMZ2tB2us
출애굽기의 비밀과 시내산의 위치 (김승학 집사,떨기나무 저자)

https://youtu.be/7rfY-WxdHO4
떨기나무 김승학 박사 20140406 주일오후고화질

111
The Fertile Crescent

The Carta Bible Atlas

The Carta Bible Atlas MAP-4: THE FERTILE CRESCENT — ANCIENT

KINGDOMS

The Carta Bible Atlas MAP-5: THE FERTILE CRESCENT — MODERN STATES

112
113
*KING’S HIGHWAY:
The Carta Bible Atlas MAP-10

114
115
Archaeology

https://youtu.be/82j1IqwA6P0
Noah’s Ark and the Flood: Science Confirms the Bible - August 8, 2019
Dr. Georgia Purdom
AnswersInsider.com

https://youtu.be/PeNOURXWCmM
The Ark Encounter – Kentucky

https://youtu.be/PPLRhVdNp5M
Bill Nye Tours the Ark Encounter with Ken Ham
https://AnswersInGenesis.org/go/billnye

www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2022/03/noahs-ark-josephus-earlier-
historians-church-fathers.html

www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2021/07/local-flood-atheist-ignorance-of-
christian-thought.html

www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2021/07/local-mesopotamian-flood-an-
apologia.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Judi

116
A topographical map of the area (“Cudi Dagi” is Jabel Judi or Mt. Judi)

“The Noachian Flood: Universal or Local?”

[www.csun.edu/~vcgeo005/Carol%201.pdf ]

www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2021/08/tower-of-babel-baked-bricks-
bitumen-archaeology.html
www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2022/03/pearce-pablum-72-flood-25-
criticisms-non-sequiturs.html

117
Map - Galilee

http://bibback.com/index_files/Hill%20Country%20Heart%20of%20Israel%20and
%20Judah.mov
http://bibback.com/RSM3.html Northern and Central Arenas
http://bibback.com/RSM5.html Galilee and Jezreel Valley

Mount Tabor – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tabor Origen of Alexandria

3rd c. CE associated this with the Synoptic Gospel narrative on
/Transfiguration_of_Jesus (Mt 17:1–8, Mk 9:2–8, Lk 9:28–36)

118
119
www.riddlemaps.com/

[Names in the modern time? Chorazin and Bethsaida – this far from the coast of the
Sea?]

http://scwtenor.com/harmony/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/
the_galilee_jesus_knew.pdf

120
www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2014/09/25/Ancient-Harbors-of-the-Sea-of-
Galilee.aspx#Article ??? Gadara harbor – modern?

121
Qana (Cana)

 at the wedding feast: John 2:1-11

 healing of the official’s son: John 4:46-54

Khirbet Qana
Kfar Kanna – traditional site
Qanah (Cana) [Jn 2:1, 11; 4:46; 21:2];
Gerasa; [modern Kheras //Mk 5:1; Lk 8:26];
Machaerus

www.express.co.uk/news/world/1010665/Mystery-Jesus-turning-water-to-wine-
archeologists-discovery-israel-world

www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6114063/Experts-Israel-uncover-tunnels-say-spot-Jesus-
turned-water-wine.html

122
www.bibleplaces.com/Identification_of_Cana_of_Galilee,_by_J_Carl_Laney.pdf.
http://asorblog.org/2013/11/19/final-report-on-the-archaeological-excavations-at-khirbet-
qana-field-ii-the-synagogue/

Yericho (Jericho) – twin-city

Yericho ░ [‘City of Palm trees’ – oasis twin-city (old Jewish and newer Roman). Royal
palaces there. (Cf. Bethphage - the ‘bedroom community’ for priests.) Presence in the
narrative of a *priest and a *Levite on this road gives a hint of their on-going collusion with
political power. 5 m. w. of the Jordan river; 15 m. N.W. of Yerusalem.]

Mk 10:46 BarTimaeus ░ [name only here in G-Mk; one blind man in G-Lk and two blind
men (of typical Matthean doubling in G-Mt.]

[map from Robert Robinson (2016), One Gospel: Matthew, Mark, Luke, And John,
Combined As One Incredible Story]

123
www.jerusalemperspective.com/16208/

David Bivin, "A Farewell to the Emmaus Road, Jerusalem Perspective" – Jan 2017.

Walls of Jerusalem

www.waynestiles.com/timeline-of-the-walls-of-jerusalem-through-the-centuries/

www.bible-history.com/jerusalem/firstcenturyjerusalem_jerusalem_walls.html

Gates of Jerusalem

124
Map of Israel

Satellite Bible Atlas – Historical Geography of the Bible (2013)

(www.bibleplaces.com/satellite-bible-atlas-schlegel/ )
www.youtube.com/user/SatelliteBibleAtlas

www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist%20Information/Discover%20Israel/
Documents/Map%20Of%20Israel.pdf

125
https://youtu.be/eInvGMCM9lc
Road to Jericho

https://youtu.be/zVmagXx-n34
Road from Jericho to Jerusalem from the air

www.bible-history.com/jerusalem/firstcenturyjerusalem_herod_s_palace.html

126
127
From Coulter, The Harmony of the Gospels

128
Locations in Judea

129
Palestina in the NT – 1st century CE

130
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/lowest-places-earth

http://girardianlectionary.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/holy-land-
elevations_east-west-only.png

131
Five Philistine Cities mentioned in the Bible
https://theisraelbible.com/five-philistine-cities/

The Philistines were not one of the original seven nations of Canaan (Deu 7:1). They
originated from Caphtor (Amos 9:7), which has traditionally been identified as Damietta on
the eastern end of the Nile Delta, and settled in five city-states near the Mediterranean coast:
Azzah (1), Ashkelon (2), Ashdod (3), Ekron (4) and Gat) (Jos 13:3; 1Sam 6:17). The Bible
describes them as one of the most dangerous enemies of the Children of Israel. Some of the
most famous examples of battles between the Philistines and the Children of Israel include:

 Samson is captured by the Philistines who blind and imprison him before he
destroys one of their temples, killing himself and everyone inside (Judg 16:21).
 The Philistines defeat the Children of Israel in the battle of Aphek and capture the
Ark (1Sam 4:1-11).
 The giant Goliath, killed by young David, was a Philistine warrior (1Sam 17).
 The Philistines defeat the Children of Israel on Mount Gilboa. King Saul and three
of his sons are killed (1Sam 31).
 The Philistines are defeated by King Hezekiah as far as Azzah (2Kg 18:8).

132
*Sodom and Gomorrah
Sodom and Gomorrah –
Gen 10:19; 13:10; 14:11; 18:20; 19:24, 26, 28; 29:23; Isa 1:9, 10; 3:9; 13:19;
Amos 4:11; Jer 23:14; 49:18; 50:40; Deu 29:23; Zep 2:9;
2Pe 2:6; Jud 7; Mt 10:15; Mk 6:11; (Rm 9:29)
(sister Sodom) Ezk 16:48, 49, 53, 55, 56;
Sodom – (39x) [other than Sodom + Gomorrah]
Gen 13:12, 13; 14:12; 18:16, 22, 26; 19:1, 4; Deu 32:32; Lam 4:6;
(king of Sodom) 14:2, 8, 10, 17, 21, 22; Isa 1:10; 13:19;
Mt 11:24 // Lk 10:12; Lk 17:29;
Gomorrah – (19x) [other than Sodom + Gomorrah] (king of) Gen 14:2, 8, Deu
32:32;
https://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?fr=yhs-sz-001&hsimp=yhs-
001&hspart=sz&p=discovering+city+of+sodom#id=1&vid=623c864d209f2cbe92cc46b1c005e991
&action=click

www.huffpost.com/entry/did-archaeologists-discover-the-biblical-city-of-
sodom_n_561d3810e4b028dd7ea544c5
www.ucg.org/beyond-today/beyond-today-magazine/the-location-of-sodom-what-does-the-bible-say

https://youtu.be/ImK9mhisXuk 소돔과 고모라에서 유황이 발견된 이유!

https://youtu.be/Dch8EGG43lU Discovering the City of Sodom (Steve Collins)

https://youtu.be/FW2vjfbGT-w Discovering the Ancient City of Sodom
www.doncasterchristadelphians.org
https://youtu.be/iMVcsCgqXRo Archaeologist and Historian Dr. Steven Collins: In
Search of Sodom and Gomorrah
https://youtu.be/eRBLCMAvqBE Dr. Steven Collins at Tall el-Hammam - The site of
historic Sodom in the Jordan Valley
https://youtu.be/svG2-uZEZjk Discovering Sodom Brings Historical Credibility to Bible |
Wingmen.org
https://youtu.be/Lr0RC-SmeiA Sodom and Gomorrah Discovered? - The Best
Documentary Ever
https://youtu.be/OMQei3AWM4w Biblical City of Sodom Found in Jordan
www.express.co.uk/news/science/611661/Historic-discovery-Archaeologists-find-Biblical-city-
Sodom-which-was-destroyed-by-God
www.assistnews.net/more-evidence-confirms-tall-el-hammam-as-sodom/

133
https://youtu.be/jQl4KaRtef8 <Sulfur Balls of Sodom and Gomorrah> South west of
the Dead Sea.

H3603 kikkar (68x) round/oval shaped thing

plain (of Jordan valley) Gen 13:10, 11, 12; 19:17, 25, 28, 29; 1Kg 7:46; 2; 2Ch 4:17; 2Sam 18:23;
Deu 34:3 (? Negev); (district of Jerusalem) Neh 3:22; 12:28; Jos 13:27;
talent (of gold, silver, iron, lead) Exo 25:39, 37:24; 38:25, 27, 29; 2Sam 12:30; 1Kg 9:14, 28, 2Ch
3:8; 1Ch 20:2; 22:14; 29:4, 7; 1Ch 19:6; 22:14; 29:4, 7;
loaf (of bread) Exo 29:23; Jud 8:5; 1Sam 2:36; 10:3;1Ch 16:3; Pro 6:26
H6010 emeq (69x) valley – (of Jordan) Gen 14:3, 8, 10, (of Shaveh) Gen 14:17; (of Hebron) Gen
37:14; (of Achor) Jos 7:24, 26, etc.

'plain of Jordan' –
Gen 13:10 ("well-watered everywhere like the garden of YHWH, like the land of Egypt, in the
direction of Zoar");
1Kg 7:46; 2Ch 4:17 (between Sukkoth and Zarethan);

Deu 34:3 "the Negeb, and the Plain, that is, the Valley of Jericho the city of palm trees, as far
as Zoar."

H6160 arabah (60x) (of Moab) – Num 22:1, Deu 34:8, etc. (of Jericho) Jos 5:10; (across Jordan –
Deu 4:49); (east of Jordan) Jos 12:2; (? Jordan valley or Arabah) Jer 39:4; 52:7; (Jos 13:27; 18:8;
2Kg 25:4); Deu 11:30; 34:3;

https://youtu.be/UoIGbYv89bA Sodom And Gomorrah (Biblical Archaeology

Documentary) (Dead Sea exploration)

https://youtu.be/FodQ-iPyl5I <Ruth The Israelite (Full Breakdown)>. Moab – Land of,

Plains of, Territory of Moab.

134
www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/the-discovery-of-the-sin-cities-of-sodom-and-
gomorrah.aspx#Article
www.arkdiscovery.com/sodom_&_gomorrah.htm
www.arkdiscovery.com/s&g-research1.htm
www.arkdiscovery.com/s&g-research2.htm
www.arkdiscovery.com/s&g-research3.htm

Southern Theory Ron Wyatt – overtaken by Northern theory.

https://youtu.be/Y2xv3XwOVaQ
https://youtu.be/A_EiCvsK3KE
https://youtu.be/DBSIs2bHi5g
https://youtu.be/pZbMf4r6NoQ
https://youtu.be/Kcr7-cbOi08
https://youtu.be/FwTVFk1HK3Y (The physical ashen remains of Sodom &
Gomorrah)

Norther theory: Tall el-hammam

https://youtu.be/r-teJabFF90 Sodom and Gomorrah: Biblical Archaeology
https://youtu.be/OMQei3AWM4w

135
*Moab

See the separate file 'Ruth, Moab and Moabite'

https://youtu.be/FodQ-iPyl5I <Ruth The Israelite (Full Breakdown)>

TheTribeOfJudahTeach

History: During the time of the Judges: Judge 11:26 -- 300 hundred years after Moses.
wilderness of Moab (H4057 midbar) Deu 2:8;
the border of Moab Num 21:15
Edom (Gen 25:30; 32:3; Num 21:4);
Amorites (Gen 10:16; Num 13:29; taking over the norther part of Moab Num 21:26-30;
Judge 11:1-18. Israel took it over Deu 2:24-34; 3:8 – in their hand 300 years Judge
11:26);
Ammon (Gen 19:38; Deu 2:37; Judge 11:4-5, 12-15, 26);
Bashan (Num 21:33. Israel took it over Deu 3:1-8).

Moab [H4124 (181x)

(A) a son of Lot by his eldest daughter – Gen 19:37;
(B) the nation descended from the son of Lot – Gen 19:13; Exo 15:15; Num 21:29;
22:3, 21; Judg 3:12; 1Sam 12:9; 2Kg 1:1, etc.
(C) the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot – Num 15:21;
'Land of Moab'
(A) Moab as the land of Moab taken by the original Moab's descendants – Deu 2:9
['Israel not to distress']
(B) Moab as the land of Moab north of Arnon River – taken over by Amorites and
then later by Israelites; originally of the actual Moabites – Num 21:11, 13, 15; Ruth
1:6; 22; 2:6; 4:3; 1Ch 1:46; Deu 1:5; 28:69; 2Sam 8:2; Jos 13:32, 1Ch 1:46; etc.
[Moses gave it to Reuben Num 32:33]
(C) The phrase 'Land of Moab': Deu 29:1; 32:49; 34:5 (Moses died there), 6 (north of
Arnon River); Judge 11:15, 18 (south of Arnon River; original land of Moab's
descendants) [Land of Moab here referring the part of Moab, i.e., the northern part of
the old Moab taken up by Amorites Num 21:13 (between 'Jabbok River' in north and
'Arnon River' in south – Num 21:24. River Arnon as the border of Moab). The territory
was originally taken by the Amorites from Moab before the Israelites conquered it to be the
territory of the Tribe of Reuben. Deu 34:8 'the Plains of Moab' where Israelites were moaning
over the death of Moses.

'Fields of Moab' (S7704 sadeh 333x field Gen 2:5; Exo 1:14, Ruth 2:22) - NWT; />
country – most; /xxx: land – NASB. – Ruth 1:1, 2, 22;
'Field of Moab' – Ruth 2:6; 4:3; Num 21:20 (Bamoth is in here); Gen 36:35;
= 'Plains of Moab' – most; /desert plains of Moab – NWT; – Num 22:1; 26:3, 63; 31:12;
33:48, 49, 50; 35:1; 36:13; Deu 34:1, 8 (sons of Israel wept for Moses 30 days); Jos
13:32; (H6160 arabah)

136
137
138
139
140
 Things

sword; dagger; knife

S3162 machaira (29x) short sword; dagger (Mt 10:34; 26:47; Mk 14:47; Lk
21:24; 22:38; Jn 18:10; Rm 13:4, Rev 6:4; 13:10, 14, etc.);
H3979 maakeleth (4x) large knife (Gen 22:6, Jdg 19:29; Prov 30:14, etc.)
S4501 hromphaia (7x) longsword (Lk 2:35; 6x in Rev 1:16 to 19:21)

Cf. gladius (sword); pugio (dagger); Cf. 'knightly sword';

footwear

Mk 1:7 footwear ░ [hupodēma. Cf. Mk 6:9 sandalia ‘sandals’ (//Mt 10:10)]; /sandals -
most; /shoes – HNV, ERV, GSNT, KJV+, ASV+, DRB, WEB, BBE; /ko. 신발 > 신; /
はきもの – JSS; /
[problem of semantic mismatch with shoes, sandals (a particular type of shoes) vs.
hupodēma. A sandal would not be of something to loosen its strap
Oldest leather shoe steps out in Armenia after 5,500 years www.plosone.org/article/info
%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010984 ]

141
 Plants

*plants; *vegetables; *fruits

Tree, shrub, wood, cf. wooden-stake

Cf. tomato – a vegetable

*palm;

Palm trees – plants with pinnate leaves

(1) /Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)– dates

(2) coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) = coconut tree – coconut
(3) some species commonly called palms, e.g., cabbage-palm, which are not true
palms. /Arecaceae#Other_plants

142
*fig
breva crops

See inflorescence. infructescence syconium pseudocarp

*hyssop

Jn 19:29 hyssop stalk ░ \hussōpō > hussōpos; [Cf. Mt 27:48 //Mk 15:36 – kalamos ‘reed’]
hyssop: a herbaceous or semi-woody flowering perennial plant. They are aromatic, with
erect branched stems up to 60 cm long covered with fine hairs at the tips. The leaves are
narrow oblong, 2–5 cm long. The small blue flowers are borne on the upper part of the
branches during summer.] /xx: javelin (husso) [only in NEB, which introduces this
conjectural emendation (with ōpōp in hussōpōperithentes taken as dittography), a blatant,
frivolous, irreverent, snug, and unscholarly attitude, giving nothing to make the text any
clearer to the readers.]

*mustard plant; mustard seed

An aphorism of ‘<faith small like a mustard seed>’ Mt 17:20-21; //Lk 17:5-6

mustard plant ░ In the <Parable of a Plant from a Mustard Seed> (Mt 13:31-32, Mk 4:30-32,
Lk 13:18-9)
[All varieties of the mustard family, which are herbs, have thin, pulpy—not woody—stems and
spindly branches. It does not grow thick trunk and large branches.] [Brassica_nigra (black mustard).
Brassica_juncea, 'oriental vegetable mustard' of 'mustard greens'. Cf. of White_mustard Sinapis alba
(Formerly Brassica alba).]

[Cf. Salvadora persica, called mustard bush. It grows usually about 6 ft but as tall as 10 to 15 ft.]

[Parable_of_the mustard_Seed - wiki = not the kingdom of God itself. Allegorically = Messianic
community, which is the small, the few, the weak, the base – Mt 7:12-14 few finds it; Mt 20:16 few
are chosen; Lk 10:2 laborers are few. Lk 12:31-32 little flock; Act 1:15; Rm 9:27 the reman will be

143
saved; 1Co 1:26-29 ‘the weak and the plain’ of the world to put to shame the mighty and the noble. -
Richard T. Ritenbaugh Matthew 13:31]

Cf. 'mustard bush' https://homeguides.sfgate.com/size-mustard-bush-100618.html

Sometimes called 'toothbrush tree', 'mustard bush' (Salvadora persica) is an evergreen shrub
species grown in Africa, India and the Middle East.

Salvadora_persica - wiki
Salvadora persica (arak, Galenia asiatica, meswak, peelu, pīlu, Salvadora indica, or toothbrush
tree, mustard tree, mustard bush), http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5327e/x5327e1j.htm
Mustard_plant - wiki

http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/bible/mustard.php

This is an exceptionally large mustard plant (probably Sinapis alba or S. arvensis).

But is it large enough to support birds?

An aphorism of ‘<faith small like a mustard seed>’ Mt 17:20-21; //Lk 17:5-6

*Olive tree on the Mount of Olive-grove

“Mount of Olive-grove”, east of Yerusalem, across the Kidron Valley; [ > “Mount
of Olives” – most translations]
[Cf. Bethany and Bethphage and Bethany from Yericho (Jericho)]

144
 Animals

*locust

Mt 3:4 locusts ░ Gk. akris; [? poss. carob pods (keration – Lk 15:16). Cf. locusts as
‘desert shrimps’ BBC NEWS | In pictures: Desert shrimps]
A reading material - http://tiny.cc/eat-insects-nature go.nature.com/6ln9dw.
[Cf. locust plague, esp. in Africa, in the past and modern times.]

Some try to conflate it for a similar sounding Greek word for “honey cake” (enkris) that was
supposedly used for the “manna” that the Israelites ate in the desert in the days of Moses. According
to this ancient text was not locusts but these cakes cooked in olive oil. This “bread from heaven” is
described as “like coriander seed, white, and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey” (Exodus
16:31; Numbers 11:8). https://jamestabor.com/did-john-the-baptist-eat-bugs-beans-or-pancakes/

camel;

camel's hair Mt 3:4; Mk 1:6

Mt 19:24 //Mk 10:25 …it is easier for a camel to squeeze through a needle's eye,

camel ░ Gk. kamēlos [used in caravans and in Roman army.] [Note word play in Greek and Aramaic with
‘rope’. Gk kamilos vs. kamēlos. Aramaic word gml means camel, rope, beam – Lamsa Gospel Light (Harper
1964) p. 117]

colt; donkey, beast of burden;

burro (small donkey)

foal (young donkey under one year)
mule ← male donkey (jackass) + female horse
hinny ← female donkey (jenny/jennet) + male horse (stallion)

145
'beast of burden' S5268 hupozugion (2x) Mt 21:5; 2Pe 2:16 /> ass - KJV; /> donkey
- CEV;
'beast of burden' S2934 ktēnos (4x) Lk 10:34; Act 23:24; 1Co 15:39; Rev 18:13. />
cattle; /
'donkey' (= ass) S3688 onon Mt 21:2, 5, 7; Lk 13:15; Jn 12:15 /ass – KJV;
'horse' S2462 hippos – Jam 3:3; 16x in Rev.
'colt' S4454 pōlos - Mt 21:2
'foal' for S5207 huios ('son') – Mt 21:5 in most translation. (ISV, CEV, NLT omits
it); /young (pack animal) – GW; /xx: offspring – NWT, JNT

*ox; *bull; *calf; *cow;

5022 tauros (4x) – 'ox', 'bull' (Mt 22:4; Act 14:13; Heb 9:13, 10:4.)
S3448 moschos (6x) – 'calf' (Lk 15:23; Heb 19:12, Rev 4:7, etc.)
S1153 damaleōs (1x) – heifer (Heb 9:13)
H5697 eglah – heifer (a young female cow that has not borne a calf) Gen 15:9; Deu 21:3,
etc.
H1798 dekar ram Ezr 6:9;
H8450 tor bull Ezr 6:9;
H6499 par bull Gen 32:15
H7794 shor ox
H2543 chamor donkey, ass Gen 12:16

*goat;

5131. tragos (4x) – '(he-)goat' (Heb 9:12, 13, 19; 10:4)

S122 aigeios (1x) 'in goatskin' (Heb 11:37)
S2056 eriphos (2x) – 'goat' 'young goat (kid-goat)'(Mt 25:32; Lk 15:29)
S2055 eriphion (1x) – 'goat' (Mt 25:33)
H1423 gedi kid-goat Gen 27:9;
H1429 gediyyah female goat SOS 1:8;
H6842 tsaphir he-goat 2Ch 29:21; Dan 8:5;
H6841 tsephir he-goat; Ezr 6:17;
H6260 attud he-goat Gen 31:10;
H8163b sair he-goat Gen 37:31;
H1788 dishon wild goat Deu 14:5;
H3277 yael wild goat 1Sa 24:2;
H8166 seirah she-goat – Lev 4:28;
H5795 ez she-goat Gen 15:9;
H5796 ez he-goat Ezr 6:17
H689 aqqo wild goat (?) Deu 14:5;

Goat in Arabic culture

Goats vs. sheep in the Bible

146
'like a flock of goats coming down from the hills of Gilead' (S-of-Sol 4:1a)
https://blog.israelbiblicalstudies.com/jewish-studies/yom-kippur-two-goats/
(Lev 16:5)
Azazel vs. scapegoat Lev 16:5-26
H5799 azazel (4x) "one removed or separated"
(1) 'scapegoat' Lev 16:10b, 26
(2) 'Azazel' Lev 16:8, 10a;

symbolism of goats in Scripture.

Why some take it to represent as Satan with no biblical support,

www.crosswalk.com/faith/bible-study/why-satan-shows-up-as-a-goat-in-
scripture.html

Cf. H8163 sa'iyr;

(1) he-goat – Gen 37:31; Lev 4:23, etc. most
(2) demon (4x) Lev 17:7; Isaiah 13:21; 34:14, etc.
(3) 'hairy' Gen 27:11, 33

to send the goat to the scapegoat in the wilderness” .(see Leviticus 16:10), or in
Leviticus 16:26, where it is, “and he who taketh away the goat to the scapegoat
represented Satan, or evil.
the utterly banished demon, the prince of the evil spirits, who with his legions
occupies the desert regions and desolated places. (Comp. Isaiah 13:21; Isaiah
34:14;;.
(Micah 7:19; Psalm 103:12),
.”
Some wrote - "… Satan is ultimately a goat …" – hilarious joke!!
www.crosswalk.com/faith/bible-study/why-satan-shows-up-as-a-goat-in-
scripture.html

147
*sheep; *lamb; 'shepherd'; 'sheep fold'

'ewe' refers to female sheep while 'sheep' refers usually to male. In other words, ewe is
always a female, but sheep can be both . ( www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-
ewe-and-vs-sheep/) 'lamb' refers to younger sheep in its one year and also to its meat. Cf.
'mutton'

H7716 she 'lamb' - one of flock, a sheep or goat. Exo 12:5

H563 immar lamb Ezr 6:9;
H3532 kebes sheep Exo 29:38, 39
H7353 rachel – "an ewe not 'sheep') to slaughter" (Isa 53:7).
H7716 seh sheep Exo 22:1
H6629 tson 'flock' of sheep, goats, cattle. Gen 4:2

Exo 29:38 "to offer on the altar daily [lay·yō·wm (← H3117 yom)]: two year-old
lambs [H3532 kebes]; one in the morning, the other 'at between-two-setting
times' [ben ha-arbayim = late afternoon (Exo 12:6); (/x: twilight)] continually [H8548
talmid (104x)]
In the 29th chapter [Exo 29:1-46 <Consecration of the Priests – Aaron and his sons>]
[ not killing of lamb for Passover. cf. some likes to see a remote analogy to the
Crucifixion from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. as the lamb sacrificed.]
[Yeshua was born early Abib as a Passover lamb BC 3, died as the Passover lamb Abib 14, CE 30.]

 S4263 probaton (neu.) (39x); 'sheep' (Jn 21:16 etc.) Cf. in Jn 21:17 it is rendered as 'ewe'
by Lamsa.)
 S721 (arnion) (neu.) (dimin. of S704 aren 'sheep) (30x) All in Rev but one (Jn 21:15 'feed
my lamb') -- Rev 5:12 ('worthy is the Lamb'); Rev 7:14 (in the blood of the Lamb)]; Rev
13:8 (‘the Lamb that was slaughtered’), etc.
 S286 amnos (neu.) (4x); Jn 1:29, 36 ('the Lamb of Elohim'); Act 8:32 ('like a lamb before
his shearers'); 1Pe 1:19 ('with precious blood of Mashiah, as of a lamb without blemish and
spot')

Cf. a hymn – Agnus Dei (Michael Smith)

https://youtu.be/HPBmFwBSGb0 Michael W. Smith - Agnus Dei
https://youtu.be/db0t_NUq5bw "Agnus Dei" with Michael W Smith & the First Dallas Choir &
Orchestra
https://youtu.be/0oiS4fYuIJk Agnus Dei - Michael W. Smith & Amy Grant

Worthy is the Lamb (Hillsong)

http://storage.cloversites.com/theinstituteofworship/documents/Book%20One%20sample
%20Worthy%20is%20the%20Lamb.pdf

148
 Yeshua was born early Abib (BC 3) as a Passover lamb [see below for '*lambing']; died as a
Passover lamb on the Passover day Abib 14 (CE 30). The exact phrase 'Passover lamb' itself does not
occurs in the bible.

Lambs are killed (Exo 12:3) for the meal, not for a sacrifice. In OT, no sacrifice was made on the
Passover.

His suffering & death in the crucifixion is of obedience & submission to God's will, not as of
sacrificial animal; no expression of 'Passover sacrifice' is in the Bible.

 1Co 5:7 "the Passover lamb (not 'Passover sacrifice') for us has been killed — Mashiah himself"
 Jn 1:29, 36 Lamb of the Elohim ░ [the phrase only here 2x]. [This phrase alludes to a
Passover lamb]

'blood, like that of a lamb unblemished and spotless' (1Pe 1:19)

'to slaughter; and as a lamb before its shearer' (Act 8:32)

Exo 12:1-27 <The Passover Event in the Exodus> & Exo 12:43-49 <Institution of the Passover>
Exo 12:3 take a lamb; (v. 5) a year old; (v.6) kill their lambs
Exo 12:21 "kill the Passover animal";
Num 9:1-14 <The Second Passover>
Deu 16:1-8 <The Passover reviewed>
Deu 16:2 "to sacrifice ('kill for sacrifice') an animal as the Passover [memorial] to YHWH";

Cf. 'kill > offer [H2076 zabach (134x) Gen 31:5 'to kill (for sacrifice) Exo 34:15] a sacrifice of
peace-offering to YHWH' Lev 19:5 [H2077 zebach (162x) a sacrifice Exo 34:25] [H2077 zebah
(162x) 'a sacrifice'; Gen 34:54; Exo 12:27; Lev 19:5] [Cf. 'sacrifice' as a verb]

2Ch 35:1-39 <Josiah keeps the Passover>

2Ch 35:1, 11 'killed the Passover animals'; 35:7 'lambs and young goats'
2Ch 35:7, 8, 9 'Passover offerings' [/xxx: Passover sacrifice – HCSB]

Isa 53:7 ‘a lamb to the slaughter’

Exo 29:38 "to offer on the altar daily*: two a-year-old lambs*; one in the
morning, the other 'at between-two-setting times'* continually*"
[Exo 29:1-46 <Consecration of the Priests – Aaron and his sons>]

*daily [lay·yō·wm (← H3117 yom)]

*lambs [H3532 kebes];
*'at between-two-setting times' [ben ha-arbayim = late afternoon (Exo 12:6); (/x:
twilight)]
*continually [H8548 talmid (104x)]

Cf. S833 aulē – 'courtyard' (Mt 26:3, Jn 18:15, etc.); 'fold' (of sheep – Jn 10:1)
Cf. S4166 poimēn (18x) – (1) ('shepherds' in the field 4x) Lk 2:8, 15, 18, 22; (2)
(symbolic/figurative 11x) Mt 9:36; Mk 6:34; Jn 10:2, etc.; (3) as 'pastors' (3x) - Eph 4:11; Heb
13:10; 1Pe 2:25.

149
*Lambing

www.answers.com/Q/When_are_lambs_born

When are lambs born?

Lambs are usually born from 142 to 152 days after they have been bred. Most farms tend to breed
in the fall, resulting in lambs born in the warmer spring months. However, it is possible to breed at
any time, so lambs can be born virtually any time of the year. Spring, however, is the most
common time, because of ideal weather conditions.

[
www.sheep101.info] Sheep Breeds O- - Sheep 101

www.sheep101.info/lambing.html

Spring lambing
Mother Nature meant for sheep to mate in the fall so that lambs would be born in the spring when
the weather is mild and the grass is plentiful. This scenario offers the best chance for lambs to
survive and thrive. Of course, it also creates a food supply for young predators that are born in the
spring.

Ewes are mostly "short-day "breeders. When day length becomes shorter (in the fall), this triggers
the ewe's brain to release hormones that jump start her reproductive system. The further away from
the equator the sheep breed originated, the more likely it is to exhibit these seasonal breeding
patterns.

Conversely, sheep breeds developed in the tropics or nearer to the equator are less likely to display
seasonal breeding patterns. Breeds in the U.S. that have less seasonal breeding patterns include the
Dorset, Rambouillet, Polypay, Karakul, Merino, Finn, and hair sheep.

Ewes are also called "seasonally, polyestrus" because their reproductive cycle is controlled by the
photoperiod (season) and they come into heat (estrus) every ~17 days (until they become
pregnant), but only during their fertile period. Photoperiod is the relationship between light and
dark in a 24-hour period. In fact, it is possible to manipulate the photo period and "fool" ewes into
thinking it's fall and time to breed.

During their fertile period, ewes will come into estrus (heat) every approximately 17 days until
they are bred or their fertile period is over. Only during estrus will a ewe allow a ram to mate her.
The duration of estrus is 24 to 36 hours. A ewe in heat will seek out the male. She may sniff, lick,
or nuzzle him. She may fan her tail. The classic behavior response of the ram when he detects a
ewe in heat is to lift his nose in the air and curl his upper lip. This is called the Flehmen response.
Many mammals exhibit the Flehman response.

First-time moms
Though it depends upon breed, nutrition, and management, ewes can become mothers by the time
they reach their first birthday. This is okay if the ewe lamb has achieved approximately two-thirds
of her mature size (weight) before being bred. Thus, for some producers, it is commonplace to
breed well-grown ewe lambs when they are 7 to 9 months of age. Other producers wait until their
ewes are 18 months old before breeding them to lamb as 2 year olds. Different breeds of sheep
reach puberty (sexually maturity) at different ages.

150
Gestation
A ewe is pregnant for 142 to 152 days, approximately five months or slighter shorter. Pregnancy is
also called gestation. Since ewes gestate for only five months, it is possible for them to lamb more
often than once per year. While annual lambing is most common, lambing intervals of 8 months
are realistic, especially in the tropics and with breeds that are less seasonal in their breeding habits.
Cornell University developed the STAR lambing season, in which ewes have the opportunity to
produce lambs five times during a three year period.

www.sheep101.info/201/lambingsystem.html
… Spring lambing coincides with the natural breeding and lambing seasons. With spring lambing,
breeding and lambing periods tend to be more condensed, because ewes and rams are most fertile
during a fall mating season. Most ewes conceive during their first heat cycle and almost all will
settle within two heat cycles, resulting in a short 35-day lambing period.

Another advantage is that ewes usually give birth to larger lamb crops. Even the breeds noted for
out-of-season lambing will produce a 10 to 20 percent higher lamb crop in the spring than in the
fall. Any breed of sheep can be raised in a late-lambing season. …

… As ewes often have multiple births, the same sequence of the rupture of the water bag and
expulsion of the lamb will be repeated for the delivery of each lamb. …

www.upi.com/Odd_News/2015/04/09/Minnesota-sheep-has-lamb-octuplets/4101428592832/
#ixzz5Zsx47J6T
… most 'polypay sheep' give birth to one to three lambs at a time …

[
www.sheep101.info] Sheep Breeds O- - Sheep 101

www.fao.org/docrep/009/ah651e/ah651e08.htm Chapter 5. SHEEP BREEDING, PREGNANCY

AND BIRTH

Sheep shearing – Typically each adult sheep is shorn once each year

151
*serpent; *snake; viper; *beast
 H5175 nachash (31x) serpent – Gen 3:1; Num 21:9;
 H8314 saraph (8x) Num 21:8 /poisonous snake – JNT, NET; /fiery snake – NWT; /fiery
serpent – ESV duo; /poisonous serpent – NRSV; /fiery serpent – NASB; /x: snake image –
HCSB]

 ophis snake - Mt 7:10; //Lk 11:11 (water-snake); Jn 3:14; Mt 10:16; 23:33; 1Co 10:9
ophis airō Mk 16:18 v.l. (Cf. Act 28:3-5; Exo 4:3,4);
pateō ophis Lk 10:19 (//Ps 91:13); Cf. 'snake-handlers'.
Serpent (2Co 11:3; Rev 12:9, 14, 15); Rev 20:2 (the Old Serpent) – when allusion
to Gen 3, it is rendered as Serpent (capitalized), otherwise as ‘snake’ as they have very
different word picture and association.

 echidna viper (Act 28:3) (Mt 3:7; 12:34; 23:33 //Lk 3:7 ‘brood of vipers’ in Yeshua’s
denunciation of the people of religion in power.) [religious snakes; dangerous; calcu-
lating] [capable of making decisions on how much venom to inject.]
 therion wild animal (Mk 1:13; Act 11:6); beast, wild beast (Heb 12:20; Jam 3:7;
Rev 6:8; 13:1; Tit 1:12) (Act 28:4 ff – for a viper)
 cf. zōon living creature (Heb 13:11; 2Pt 2:12; Jud 10; Rev 4:6ff)
 S258 alōpēx fox [Greek word itself is feminine – 'vixen'. What would be Gk. for
male fox?]
Lk 13:32 where it is used in figurative sense (‘a foxy, treacherous one’).
plural in Mt 8:20; //Lk 9:58 (foxes ~ birds)

152
cock-crow /rooster-crow watch

Mk 13:35; 14:30, 68, 72; Mt 26:34, 74, 75; Lk 22:34, 60, 61 rooster-crow watch ░

[for the third watch of the night (Lk 12:38); from midnight to 3 a.m.] [with shofar blowing by a
temple-crier] [→ v. 68, 72] /x: rooster crows – most; /xx: cock crows – KJV; [No animals in the
Temple area. Not literal cock crow.]

dove vs. pigeon

informal terms, interchangeably used - the common names for these birds
involve a great deal of variation between the terms. Same family, different
species. Both come in a wide variety of colors and types.
 dove (Taube German) – sleeker, of smaller bodies, bigger pointed tails
 pigeon (pigeon French) – larger and stockier with rounded tails. [e.g.,
Columba livia – called rock dove, rock pigeon, or city pigeon]

[Cf. white doves are white Ringneck Doves. Cf. white homing pigeons]
[Feral vs. domesticated]

*honeycomb

healthline.com/nutrition/raw-honeycomb#nutrition

Lk 24:42b {and of honeycomb}. [kai apo melissiou kēriou]

*myrrh
Myrrh

Myrrh is also listed as an ingredient in the holy anointing oil used to anoint the tabernacle, high
priests and kings.

a gum-resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the genus Commiphora. Myrrh
resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense and medicine.

Myrrh [H4753 mor (12x)] was an ingredient of ketoret [‫ קטרת‬H7004 qetoreth (60x) Gen 37:25, Exo
30:23–25Exo 25:6, Prov 27:9] – the consecrated incense used in the First and Second Temples at
Jerusalem, as described in the Hebrew Bible and Talmud.

153
S3464 muron (14x) Mt 26:7 - fragrant oil – HCSB, NKJV; /> perfumed oil – NET; /x: perfume –
NIV, CSB, NASB; /xxx: ointment – KJV, ASV, Douay, RV, YLT, WEB, LSV; /oyntment –
Tyndale; /oynement – Wycliffe;

/Incense_offering

H4842 miqachath (4x) – Exo 30:25

H8081 semen (193x) anointing oil [+H7004] – Prov 27:9
H7545 roqach (2x) perfume – Exo 30:25, 35
/ointment-vs-cream lotion, gel, paste

154
 Appendix: Land, Nations, Languages
https://youtu.be/ziJJBsZTt4Y <Is Macedonia Really Greek?>

English phonetics and orthography:

https://youtu.be/EqLiRu34kWo <English spelling so damn weird>
https://youtu.be/FC6UJfZX0Jw <Why is English so hard to spell?>
https://youtu.be/fPzAABMozs0 <Why The English Alphabet Is Stupid>
https://youtu.be/VF5MGLRlXVw <Why is English spelling so complicated?>
https://youtu.be/A8zWWp0akUU <What If English Were Phonetically Consistent?>

Language of Yehudim in 1st centuries – Hebrew vs. Aramaic.

END OF THE FILE

155
1
The Tabernacle for Elohim:

[from James M. Boice (1985), The Gospel of John, pp. 87-89.]

About 45 x 15 ft; with two sections- the inner section being in the form of a square 15 x 15 ft, and the outré
section being twice as long as wide. It was made of boards covered with curtains. The inner chamber contained
the Ark of the Covenant. The outer chamber contained the golden Altar of Incense, the Table of Presentation
Bread, and the gold menorah. The entire structure stood in a courtyard surrounded by curtains of pure linen
rising to a height over 8 ft. The courtyard measure 175 x 87 ft. In there was a great brazen altar for sacrifices and
a laver for purifications.
Everything about the tabernacle – its dimensions, furnishings, colors, function, and arrangement – was designed
to communicate spiritual truth. Hence, many of it functions were previews of the functions Yeshua the Mashiah
would fulfill when he eventually ‘pitched his tent’ among us (Jn 1:14).

The tabernacle was:

1. the center of Israel’s camp
2. the place where the law of Moses was preserved
3. the dwelling place of Cod.
4. the place of revelation.
5. the place where sacrifices were made.
6. the place where the people of Israel worshiped.