United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form ‘hk brs ue decaneng propery groups ang Wo ono Sr sor cnet Sosa Nail Rese Bulle How Coto he siplePropay Dostana Farm (nary eB} Compe es ary ering eee tomo X_New Submission Amended Submission ‘A.Name of Multiple Property Listing Alaska Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs), 1959-1974 B. Associated Historic Contexts None C. Form Prepared by: nametitle Natalie K, Perin, MS. Heather Lee Millet, PhD. and Amanda Bennett. MLA. organization NHG Alaska, LLC (NHG) street & number 4101 Arctic Boulevard, Suite 206, state AK zipcode 99503 te February 25.2013 ‘sth caged iri nde Naoa irc Preevaton Ato 96, a amend ey cei hi dosent frm mete ‘Re Natora! pte Scumenton sande ne sr ceermens rth gf ee proper ose ih Nl Rete ‘Sie Tisabesan ct posal an passion eset fh 9 CFR Dale Seay he ets Sanda ad Date ‘Signature oF conifjing af ‘Slate oF Federal Agency or Tal government here et hie mls one sane fom a en tne bye Natl Reser arboreal et ein forts the Reto Reger, Sigmiueofde Kemper Date of ActaUnited States Department of the Interior National Park Service LUSDUNPS NRHP Multiple Propery Documentation Form ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs) ‘Table of Contents for Written Narrative {Gees Tabi of Conn sd te age re Fr ech of he sensi be oce bb. Fre rartne piston fr enh of hse ssn etna ent. athe beer occ seco, ce he tr ane unt, a ane ikea ban. Relat Hino Cpl te tie Proper Damen Fam or eto aan E, Statement of Historie Contexts, INTRODUCTION. ‘TEMPORAL CONTEXT (Periods of Significance) 1 1 L Statehood (1959-1962), 1 Reorganization (1962-1964) 2 Later Construction (1970-1974) 2 ‘Ouiside of the Temporal Context (1973 present). 2 (GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT. 3 HISTORIC CONTEXT 4 Brief History of the National Guard 4 From Militia to National Guard. 4 The Cold War Era. 6 ‘Scout Bataions and FSRCS 6 Statehood. 8 Reorganization 9 Later Construction 10 ‘Thawing the Tee Curtin... ' 2 (Criteria for Evaluation ia F, Associated Property Types 16 Property Type Description 16 Physical Attributes 16 Associative Attrbutes. 16 Geographical Information : 6 Condition. 1 Specific Locations 0 Property Type Significance nea 18 Registration Requirements 19 (Category of Property 7 19 Integrity. 19 ‘Contributing and Noncontributing Resources 20 Minimum Eligibility Requirements 21 G. Geographical Dat. 21 H, Summary of Kdenttiation and Evaluation Methods 21 ‘Table I. List of known FSRC locations and eligibility recommendations (if known) for this MPD, including ifthe property is outside the temporal contextperod of significance (POS). 2 Figure I. Blueprint of Kwigillingok FSRC, showing typical layout of PSRC interior 28 Figure 2 Newiok FSRC fomlan, showing slight vaition nil layout of FSRC intr 28 Major Bibliographical References. 29NPS Fore 105808 vt eos United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) Page E, Statement of Historic Contexts The Alaska Amy National Guard (AKARNG) has a service record tht predates statehood, beginning inthe 1940s as the Alaska Territorial Guard (ATG). The Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRO), constructed from 1959 and throughout the Cold War ea, ar the built record of Alaska's Scout Battalions. The Scout Batalions were a unique, small-unit organization of the Netional Guard formed in 1949, which served asa vigilant force in the relative solation ofthe arctic tundra." During the Cold War, the AKARNG Scout Battalions were one of the United Staes’ fist ine of defense against Soviet aggression, andthe FSRCs served as mobilization centers for state and federal activation of troops. INTRODUCTION, ‘The built resources ofthe AKARNG FSRCs are located throughout Alaska in remote village locations with limited access. As of 2012, seventy-cight FSRC buildings remain in communities throughout the state (see Table 1). This number does not include larger Army Aviation Operations Facilites (AAOF) lke those found in Juneau (constucted in 1989) and Kotzebue (1984), or other Offie(s) of Miltary Support (OMS). Instead, FFSRCs are diminutive buildings located in relatively remote locations that were built and used during the Cold ‘War er a readiness centers for the AKARNG Federal Scout Battalions. ‘The AKARNG was created in 1949, doubled in size in 1980, and by 1960 was undergoing a construction campaign to Icate FSRCS in forty-eight villages and towns across the state. Additional armoriesunits were added during « second building campaign inthe early 1960s anda third campaign in the early 1970s. The SRC not only provided local AKARNG members witha location to train and congregate but also hosted elite military units set from the Lower 4 to tain inthe harsh arctic climate, During the Cold War er, when cspionage activities hehind the so-called Tee Curtain rivaled those hehind the Iron Curtain in escalating tensions between the US and the USSR, the AKARNG and the FSRCs served as watchful eyes on Ameria’s Soviet neighbors. ‘TEMPORAL CONTEXT (Periods of Significance) ‘The temporal boundaries ofthis submittal encompass thee related but somewhat sequential periods of development tat collectively span the period from 1959, the iniil constriction of fory-cight FSRCS throughout Aliska under a single contrat, through 1974, the last of the primarily new construction activities to directly serve FSRCs during the Cold Wat era. These period of significance reflec the following: Statehood (1959-1962) Contract No. DA-95-514-NG-75 (1959-1961) Beginning in May 1959, forty-eight buildings under Contract No. DA-95-514NG-75 were constructed, financed 100 percent vi $1,200,000 in federal funds. The FSRC buildings themselves were standardized: 20° x-60"-fong “Garco” metal buildings, manufactured by the Garceau Steel Structures Corporation, of Spokane, ‘Washington Constructed on wood skid foundations, the gable-oofed buildings were clad in corugated metal "aod be nd that o-hid fAls is sabre, Use ofthe erm ac troghoat his osument isnot meant inate 2 specie natural since dfnion Ise the term sed 0 ply the cole snd etre condtion sad laeaton of emote eons flask pd used Uvoushout for sini "Founded by Wayne Garces, World War Il pilot wh etre to Spokane to ld houses or eens, Geo Steel States ‘replyed only te people when, holy aher opened in 988 shipped sy barack dings” wo Alaska, Lis Leinberger, GaecoBulings Resp oo Treking” Spateumar-Reiew, Apt 2,208, pw spkesnaicon/sorew08ap724/aeo-United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) Page ‘Building interiors featured rolled felt oors and wood or gypsum board walls and ceilings, with a central open oom for training and smal side rooms for storage and offices Individual Contracts (1959-1962) In addition othe forey-cight buildings constructed under Contract No. DA-95-514-NG-15, eight additional facilities (presently managed by the AKARNG) were constructed between 1559 and 1962. The majority of ‘these were builtin relatively large urban centers, specifically Bethel (1962), Faitbanks (1962), Juneau (1960/2005) and Nome (1961); these resources are not eligible under this Multiple Property Documentation (MPD), as they are/were not located in remote arctic locations. However, three FSRCs were built in remote locations at this time: Ambler (1960), Kodiak (1959), and Nunapitchuk (1959/1986). Why these thre locations 'were not part of the larger contract is unknown at this time, but shouldbe explored during individual investigations of these FSRC locations. Reorganication (1962-1964) Beginning in 1962 and euthorized in July 1964, addtional armories were constructed. These were financed 100 percent via $194,055.50 in federal funding. Three new facilities were constructed in Barrow (1964), Emmonak (19661984), and Tooksook Bay (1964). The facilities st Barrow represented the majority of funding for the expansion, wth $103,631.55 set aside for that location alone. Facilities at Emmonak and Tooksook Bay were ‘mare modest, at $43,810.16 and $46,613.79, respectively. Similar to those built under the frst campaign, the frmories were 20°-x-60" buildings in the Challenger style ofthe Butler Manufacturing Company. Later Construction (1970-1974) Only a handful of buildings were constructed during the 1970s, specifically tose at Alcantra (1974), Goodnews, Bay (1973), Kotlik (1973, although it was a 1960s facility elocated from ancher village), and Sitka (1970), ‘Also federal excess buildings provided in 1958 to Gambell and Savoonga were replaced in 1973,” Similar to ‘those built under the frst two campaigns, the armories were 20°x-60" buildings, popularly refered to as the "Butler type," though not necessarily manufactured by the Butler company. The early 1970s represent the last stage of new construction activities to serve FSRCs directly during the Cold War ea, Outside of the Temporal Context (1975-present) After 1974, ESRC building construction deviated tremendously from the preiabricated, inexpensive, and easily ‘erected buildings of the 1959-1974 PSRCs. Additionally, inthe post-1974 period, FSRC construction was used 28 means to enliven recruitment efforts for battalions tht ad not yet formed, The method of building the FSRC first, and hoping the enlistment numbers would follow, put the emphasis nt onthe vigilant force ofthe Scout Batalions but on efforts instead to enlist volunteers. Where once the individual AKARNG volunteers had been the symbol of pride and corumitment in the community, and the FSC buildings followed thereafter, ‘igs Ace-on-naeking. Seals varios locations of Fedral Scout Reaioess Center °SRC) resource ils, Real Pope “Management Divison Joi Bese mentor Richarson, Anchorape, Alaska (breser BER), 2 SDurig 1958, Guardsmen om Camel and Sevoorga moved he bling in question fom the Army Security Agencies sit on ‘St Lavreace Ianto thei respesivevilages. The bing were dismantled anspor se, packed and kn boned fr oer 3 miles overland to Gambel snd over 40 mes overland and water fo Savoong, nd rebut nthe exiting [armory ste Allo the Inbr and expense of hse monies was tha of th ative No Stor Federal honey was expended” Asch, when new bulngs ‘were consrcted in 973 the federal exer Quon it that was provided in the 1950s waz Sonat Hak to he vile). Se ‘Sonya leer pals Distt Corps of Engioer, November 2, 1972, Subject Gall abd Savoonga, Alaska Netonal Gard Scout Armories,Ganbell FSRC, BERUnited States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) Section Page following 1974 the emphasis shifted and the built environment became an often unsuccessful attempt to enlist volunteers, {GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT “The FSRCs are scatered throughout Alaska in small communities, demonstrating an interconnected network based not on roads or even cultures, but onthe unique geographic constrains of conducting military and other activities ir the arti. Of the approximately one hundred FSRCs built throughout Alaska during the Cold War ra, only seven were accessible by road; all others required air or water transport‘ The remoteness ofthese cations led tothe unique formation of the Scout Battalion, and the artic survival and military skills thatthe individual guardsmen brought to the National Guard ‘The relationship to natural resources, climate, topographical features, and sll conditions were obvious factors inestblistment and growth of the various villages; however, these factor likely played litle, if any ole inthe intention te locate FSRCs at specific locations. Alaska has a unique archaeological history based on its ‘geography, andthe history ofa village stein relation to geographical information i an essential part of «establishing an individual property's historic context(s). However, itis unlikely that geographical factors and their typical connections to industry, transportation, defense, and/or subsistence played arole inthe sting, location, farm, design, function, and materials of SRC construction. Instead, the relationship ofthe FSRC locations and these factors seems tangential. Rather, siting of FSRCs seems to have boon 2ased simply onthe fact that «remote village existed in a certain location, not onthe developmental history ofthe village itself in relation tts geographic content, ‘To date, no records have been found indicating recruitment efforts on avilage-by-village basis, or any other indication as to the prescriptive location choiees of FSRCs. In some cases, AKARNG FSRCs were located in villages that had previously been home to ATG units." In other instances, ATG locations were not home to SKC ‘The unique formation of Scout Battalions in the artic is ted tothe geography of Alaska, however, and the challengesit presents to transportation, industry, defense, and subsistence. The unique sls tht native and local people had acquired to survive inthe hash artic environment were deemed invalucble to military training, inthe Cold War era. Therefore, FSRCs eligible for inclusion under this MPD are those lozated in relatively remote village, where the geographical challenges provided an inherent baseline in arte training. ier MeDannell, ye to Eye with van an the fe Crain” diet by asl Gry (209), * Specialy, Stebbins, Urals, Wales Elm, Kousbue, Polat Hop, Teller, Sshmate, Koyu, (Lie) Diomede King san, Shaktooi,Savoooga, Dee, Ganbell and Kivalina were home to ATG units an, eventually recived FSRCs- Golovin was also home tan ATG unt bu di ot reoeve an AKARNG unit ang FSRC ui 1981. Nome was lo Home to bat ATG and 'ARARN snot due mt uly ses aa MPD due lav) acemie and populates leon Specialy, Chania sd ars poe May" Ilo, x bortawn by 910, was are anpopaaed by 1952, when he post office and sae clesed. Silay, 1940 US cess ineration iets al population n bth Katka Chaelik vile of nly 127 people: Koike an FSRC inthe 1980, whi ely served both communesUnited States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) Brief History of the National Guard ‘The history ofthe National Guard canbe traced back to the earliest Euroamerican colonists. Colonial militias drew on European military traditions to provide their own line of defense against domestic and foreign attack and, ultimately, helped win the Revolutionary War. As the legislative branch ofthe newly independent United States of Americ, Congress was authorized o “provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia,” role that became—and remains—a dual state-federal initiative.” During the nineteenth century, state militias played substantial roles during the Mexican, Civil, and Spanish-American Wars by providing troops to Supplement the relatively small national army. In 1903, under the newly minted term National Guard, stte- ‘based militias were legislated as a reserve force fr the US Army, a hierarchy that continues tothe present day During World War I the National Guard comprised 40 percent of combat troops stationed in France, and in World War Il, Guard units were among the fist deployed overseas. Additionally, asthe nation expanded westward over the course of the ninetoenth and twentieth centuries, local militia groups were enlisted to protect, the interests ofthe nonnative people who were moving onto these newly acquired lands * From Mita to National Guard 1 1867, the United States purchased Alaska fom Russia an, in the years that followed the new tenitory wes ‘managed alternately by various Branches ofthe US military. Having ved under the ale of Rusia Colonization, native Eskimos, Aleus, and Indians of Alaska were viewed aswell adjusted” to foreign el, ‘oaiatained their ives of subsistence fishing and hunting waditon, and considered lite threat ther new governors” Insoutheastem Alaska, the US Nevy quickly “formed naive Police Free, complete with Siforms, to maintain law and order inthe villages" By 1885, Disrct Goveror Alle P.Swineford Feported on the success of the local programm and that “native policeman are exceedingly proud oftheir blue ‘forms, and being the recognized chiets among their people exercise a dual authority, which s universally respected and obeyed." Effort on the pat ofthe US military in Alaska to engage native peoples were a marked change from the ‘manifest destiny policies of the Old West, where native populations were subject to and often decimated by federal polices and procedures. Whether polite engagement of Alaska natives was a conscious effort onthe part ofthe territorial government isnot known; as historian C. A. Salisbury noted, what was perceived at the time ‘was that Alaska natives’ ove of physical fitness, slf-scpline, and communing with nature created a “warrior spirit that “tilted their education towatd a military bearing." * Nana Gur, “Alska Nana Oud Biennial Repo, March 2, 1989 to December 3, 1950, Ofceofthe Adjutsnt Gener, ‘Aluka Nona! Guard, Tey of Alka” nee, AK: Miltary Depatea, Ofc of he Adjiant General, 1950, National Goa, "About the National Gn accessed Augst 2, 202, p:/wew.ngmi”Abouefa asp. ‘Cres Henrich, "The Eskimos ad he Deft of Alka” Pacific! Reve $6 03 (985) 27. "Sua, Slur, Slr ofthe Mis: Mineman oO dlcka Fro (issou, MT: Pata iris Pblhing Co, 1992), x Try Dist of Aluka wes the goverment design for May 17,1884 ul August 2,191, wheat ecame the Alaa ‘Teron "Salsbury, Solder of iu, 3. "Saliba, Sold ef he ss, 3,este 05908 ods 148 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E Page __ 5 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs) In 1892, Company A of the First Regiment, Alaska Milita, was formed in Juneau, Throughout the early twentieth century, various battalions and home-guard militia units followed throughout the Alaska territory. Just prior to World War | the formation of an organized militia “on a grand sale” began in Alaska.'* By the end of | ‘World War, the ATG was created, and “compiled a remarkable record of service tothe Territory and the "Nation." While the ATG did not see ative combat during World War I, the idea of using native people, who ‘were already acclimated to the harshness and isolation ofthe Arctic, to gather intelligence and keep watch at the Ice Curtin, caught the imagination of the public and some military planners." ‘The ATG, sit was conceived inthe early 1940, didnot ft int the preseihe der of military units established in Washington, DC, andthe Lower 48." The harsh climactic conditions, relative isolation of| villages, transportation challenges, and nomadic tendencies ofthe populace were at odds withthe large policies ofthe National Guaed Bureau. Yet the “small unit seout organization" proved so successful during World War | and World War Il that it eventually le othe formation of the ATG Eskimo Scous, fom which the Alaska ‘National Guard was born ‘As World War Il progressod, surveillance and intligence became increasingly important tothe AKARNG's rission, andthe organization was tasked with observing and repating on "unisul happenings nan area nearly 1 big asthe States cas ofthe Mississipi River.” No other Naional Guard in America would be organized in such fashion: a combination of regular National Guards in populated urban centers ike Juneau and Fairbanks anda vigilant fore [of smal scout units] satered from Bristol Bay to Barrow at virally no costo Uncle Sam.” During times of peae, the ATG was caled upon o participate in search-and-escve missions, firefighting, ood rei, general pavo, and rail building and maintenance. At peak sength,e, 1948, the ATG enrolled more than 3,000 Alaskans, and “constituted a force ready and able to defend its homeland, quite unlike the State Guards of other states" Under the management of Lieutenant Colonel Marvin “Muktuk" R. Marston, the first ATG armory program began around 1945, wth twenty “knock-down buildings” and “yak huts” being shipped and erected in western villages (specifically Chaneliak, Destin, Diomede, Elim, Gamell, Golovin, King Island, Kivalina, Kotzebue, Koyuk, Mary's Igioo, Nome, Point Hope, Savoonga, Shaktoolik, Shishmare, Stebbins, Teller, Unalakleet, and Wales) Designated as “armory-kashims" (an Eskimo term meaning assembly house), these buildings were to be used both for military purposes and village meetings.” By 1947, the ATG First and Second Scout Battalions ‘were located in seventy-seven villages and towns throughout Alaska.” ' albu, Solos of he Mis, 1. ' Salabary, Soler of the Mi "Saliba Soler ofthe Mit, 7 " Bare MeDonnel| Enginering Company, Ine. (BRME) and Arcecturl and Hisovicl Research LLC (AHR), Dro Fel ‘Nee Dea Eng (1951-1942), Army National Guard Hisre Comext Study, VoL. TV, prepare for Ary National Guar, Washington, DC (Kansas iy, MO: Burs McDonell Engineing Company, Inc, a Archisetural ard Historia Reese, LLC, 200), 13, spe Salsbury, Sle of the Mis ‘BSSlstury, Slr ofthe Ms, 7 & Salsbury, Soldiers ofthe Ms, 78. 2 Salsbury, Slr ofthe Mit 7 2 Mak Marston, Mn ofthe Timea: Estima Wor (New Yor: Octobe ese 1969), 176. Mare McNab lat Guard by Ls James Richrdzon, Historical Ofer 134 Pub lfomaton Detachment, Alaska Army ‘National Grad and Oter Storey, 3, accessed December 6,201, pwr akan’ cams th AKNG pa Manton on ofthe andr, 186-227; see also Salibry, Soldiers othe Ms 8United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E Page _6 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) The Cold Wer Era ‘The period of US history known asthe Cold War era is generally recognized as encompassing the years between March 1946, wien Winston Churchill gave his famous “Iron Curtain speech, and the fll ofthe Bedin Wallin November 1989." Prior wo this postwar heightening of political hostility, threats, and propaganda between the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR) and the United State, the two counties had engaged in more amicable relations. The Lend Lease Act of 1941 (Public Law 77-11), for example, enabled the US goverment io supply defensive articles (ood, weapons, munitions, wartime vessels, and other machinery) othe Allies during the frst years of Werld War Il. Lend Lease designated Aleske as the exchange point for war materiel between the couniris from 1942 to 1985, with approximately 7,500 aircraft flown by both Soviet and American pilots into the USSR during thet rime Many Alaskans worked together with Soviet citizens, and “the cooperative lend-lease program demonstrated tha two nations could compromise thei views, cultural values and principles enough wo achieve a common mutually beneficial goal™* By the time Alaska achieved statehood on January 3, 1959, the tde had tured, Inthe decade following the end cof World War Il the United States “found itselfin disagreement withthe Soviet Union over several issues"? ‘The “Iron Curtain” that Winston Churchill eerenced in March 1946 became the metaphor forthe dividing fine between the free eguntries of Westem Europe and those eat ofthe Balkans that suddenly found themselves under Soviet rle™ Under the administration of Harry § Truman, and the subsequent Truman Doctrine of 1947, the United Stats pledged ai to resist Communism in Europe and entered into a noncombative “Cold War" with the USSR that would lat more than thirty years, ‘The beginnings ofthe Cold War led to restructuring of various branches of the US military, including the ‘National Guard. In 1947, the Department of Defense (DOD) was formed, combining the former War and Navy Departments and incorporating the newly created Air Foree, The Army National Guard (ARNG) and Ait "National Guard continued to serve under the DOD as the main combat reserve forthe Army and Air Force, both at home and abroad.” ‘Scout Batalions and FSRCs With the end of World War Il and its mission over, the ATG came under scrutiny. By 1948, Alaska was the only part ofthe country unprotected by @ National Guard unit A $100,000 National Guar bill was debated by the territorial legislature in Juneau for months. Racism, economies, and organizational problems have been cited, 5 caning in fom he Cad Miltary Hig in ke Cold War” Report on th Deparment of Defense Legacy Cold Wa Pres, DOD Environment, af spd Ocean Heals Netwek nd lnfocaton Exchange, 3 atcosed August 2, 2012, Ian dons él and Richard Stem “NRHP Egy Evaluations fr Nie Bulg, Cap Carll, Alaska Army ‘sonal Guard” prepared forthe Deparment of Misary and Veterans Aff (2010). 2 Mite Chenault“ WWII Alaska USSR Lend-Lease Monument Spowso Sutstent for UR 2." 22" Alsta Sut Legislature, [oformation fom Represertaie, 200, hi wa areca ues odes ha; nd "WWE Bebins Coxe Doors Supiing the Ali THe US. Lend Lease Program” PBS, 201, hp one pos e/behndcloseseors Eplupplingales tra Chenu, “WWI! Aisa. USSR Lend ease Monuments” [BME and AIR, Dra Fine! Cold War Ee Pot WIL Ere) (1946-1989), Ary National Guard Historic Covent Stuy Vl V. prepared fr Arm National Guar, Washington, DC (Kansas City, MO: Bums & McDonell Enginering Company, In, [ehtetrl and Hist Reseatch LLC, 200) 12 S'G&ME ond AHIR Dra Fival Cold War Br, 13. GAME and AHIR, Draf Fal Cold War Er, 12 Saiabry Solder te My 8Nesom 0808 (oo 1nes8 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section __E Page _7 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) as some ofthe various reasons to disband the ATG." The entre program was touted as an “expensive luxury” ‘by Norman C. Bravin in an editorial published in the Anchorage Daily News on February 21, 1949." Brown, primarily focused his concer on the economic viability of the construction of armories as places to drill, noting that in outlying communities where enlistment numbers would be around tity men, these buildings ‘would be small and “admitedly... not be too much ofa problem. In larger communities, such as Anchorage, it ‘would not be dificult to recruit 200 to 300 men, and indoor dling would immediately become a major problem." Combine te costs of erecting and maintaining facilities wit the Territorial obligation of hiring and ‘paying for staff, and the $100,000 appropriation was a mere “drop inthe bucket in perpetuating the Guard in Alaska." With tensions brewing between the United States and the Soviet Union, however, the Arctic Ocean, strategically, “became the most important body of water on earth."* With the Russians “giving their Far Northern defense abroad base through intensive colonization,” it was incumbent upon the United States to do the same." This competition inthe Arctic not only paved the way for establishing the AKARNG but was also indicative ofthe one-up mentality that defined Cold War relations between the two superpowers. By 1949, it became clear that reestablishing the National Guard in Alaska was a necessity, but because ofthe vast size ofthe state, rugged coestine, and scattered concentrations of people, the organization could not adhere tothe standards of the Lower 48. Alaska required “a special formula approved by the War Department” to “include units scattered widely throughout small communities along the Bering and Arctic Seas” with an importance “or scouting and ptcolling and for apprehending any espionage from the other side” By the end ‘of the year, seven units, principally Scout Battalions were organized as the Alaska National Guar* By 1950, nal seven units were added, “stretching from Ketchikan to Barrow in approximately 50 villages and Upon establishment, the village guard nits required indoor space for drilling, given the harsh Arctic climate and lengthy distance from battalion headquarters. Some ofthe remaining ATG armories were rehabilitated for the newly formed Guard units."” A biennial report of the National Guard indicates that the only armories the AKARNG was operating in 1949 and 1950 were in Deering Kivalina, Kotzebue, Point Hope, Shishmaref, and Unalakleet+" Those six buildings were part of Marston's inital ATG armory program in 1945. By 1951, only two years aller formation, AKARNG boasted 1,302 men: I perent of the total population of the territory, a percentage four times greater than that of enlistment numbers seen in the Lower 48. Armory Salsoury, Solder fhe Ms, 57-88. 2 Salsa, Solder of he Mis 84 2 Noman © Brown, Anchorage Daly News, February 21, 1949, a used in Salisbury, Soldiers of the Miss, 88. 2 NaenanC. Bron Anchorage Daly News, Febuary 21, 1949, a uced in Salsbury, Sliders ofthe Mis, 88. 3 albu, Sloth es, 2% Salsbury, Soles of ei 2 Salsbury, Solr of he Mis, 83, Saab, Slios ofthe Ms td Str, NRHP Eigiblty Evaluations for Nine Bilings, Camp Carol Alaska Army Nations Gans” Salsbury, Solr ofthe Mit, MeNeb, dash Guard y Lr lames Richardson, 40-4 “Natal Gard, "AlaksNatona Gar Beni Repo”United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E. Page _8 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs) buildings were needed, and several were constructed on 75/28 federa/local cost plan in larger towns. Army surplus buildings were transported o smaller villages at lite or no cost to the Tersitory, and members ofthe local native population provided most of the labor for construction and remodeling activities during this time” From 1953 to 1961, the Eisenhower administration “focused more on teehnolngical development and tactical ‘mclear weapons, and lesson maintaining costly ground forces." Newly developed technologies, such as nuclear fusion devices and intercontinental ballistic missiles, required new technologies to detect. Inaneffor to ‘war ofan attack from the Soviet mainland, the United States constructed various defense systems in Alaska uring the 1950s. Te technology of the time required a network of radar and communications stations stretched aet0ss the artic, turing Alaska “into a time capsule ofthe technological evolution of America's fist ine of sefense during the Cold War“ The Distant Early Waming (DEW) Line, constructed across Alaska in the 1950s, was just such awaming system. Designed to detect incoming attacks via radar warning and ‘commisication systems, the system quickly became obsolete but was one example ofthe new technologies {incorporated in Alaska, Under Eisenhower, and in the midst of the Cold War, Alaska became the fory-nith state on January 3, 1959, “generating a new and vigorous interest inthe remote land and its National Guard."* ‘The Cold War focus on Alaska a frst line of defense led to expansion of the AKARNG. By 1958, the Scout Batalions ofthe 297th infantry "had implemented a racio networkin villge units, funnelingintligence information sequired along Alaska's westem coast.“ The scouts took ther fosition very seriously, detailing everything they observed while on duty, including “stay airrat incidents, over the border crossing incidents, stories about Alaska Natives being detained in Siberia, stories ebout mystrius lights off the coast of Alaska and reports of raft landings on isolated Alaskan beaches." Most of the sctivty occurred in the far reaches of the coast inthe St. Lawrence Island villages of Gambell and Savoonga, and on Lite Diomede Island. In 1988, uardsmen in Gambell were hale for their heroic efforts in rescuing a Navy pol plane that had been shot down by Russian MIG jes on the Ameriean side of the US-Russia border over the Bering Strait” Statehood Alaska Governor Mike Stepovich was the last of Alaska’s territorial governors. In adltion to lobbying heavily for Alaskan statehood, Stepovich also instituted a vigorous program of constuction for the Scout Battalions, with forty-eight ARNG centers to be constructed across the state. Alternately called FSRCs, Scout Battalion ‘Armories, village armory sites, or any combination thereof, scout battalions and their FSRCs, are unique to Alaska. They are greatly a product of the Cold War, wits a WWII precursor. Due to the lificltes of travel inthe vat road-ess expanses of Alaska, each vilage with National Guard units has its own small armory (as opposed to other states where the National Guard consolidates rural nit into larger armories). As witha standard readiness center, the scout armores serve as mobilization centers 5 sas, Soden of the Mss, 87-88, © Adam DRusell Richard O. Siem sd Jan S. Rogen, Alaska National Guard Environmental Gap Anlie of Armory ‘Sigifcance, Tecoisl Paper No 86 prepared for Ste of Alka Deparment of Miltary od Vetere’ its (Anshomgs AK: ‘Nother Land Use Resear fhe, 2011), 11 Cong Home Cold” 18 “Mate, dls Guard by James Richadion, 58 “Russel lem and Rogen, dake National Guard Esronmental Gap Anais, 2 Salsbury, Soldiers ofthe Ms, 97-98 “MeN, deka Guard by Lt James Richarion, 7-88,es om 1050 ‘omB ns mean United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section __E Page 9 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) during sate and federal activation of AK ARNG troops. In sual Alaska, however, they also serve a variety of other community functions.” Under construction Contract No, DA-95-514-NG-75, Berard Sturgulewski, project coordinator for Western ‘Alaska, Resident Engineer, US Army, and contracting officer Colonel Charles W. Casper, US Principal Federal Officer for Aleske, contacted the Manson-Osberg Company of Seattle, Washington to construct forty-eight [FSRC# forthe National Guard Bureau. ® ‘Boginning in May 1959, the forty-eight buildings of Contract No. DA-9S-S14-NG-75 were constructed, financed 100 percent via $1,200,000 in federal funds. The FSRC buildings themselves were standardized: 20° 1 60" “Garco” meal buildings, manufactured by the Gareau Stel Structures Corporation of Spokane, ‘Washington (FSRC files). Constructed on wood skid foundations, the gable-oofed prefabricated buildings ‘were clad in conrugated metal, Building inerors featured rolled fe floors and wood or gypsum board walls and ceilings, with a central open room for taining and smal side rooms for storage and offices. ‘Of the forty-eight srmories Mason-Osberg was contracted to build, the company constructed twenty-five for the Scout Batalion, 287th Infantry, andthe remaining twenty-three FSRCs for the Second Scout Battalion, Costs for each of the remote FSRC buildings were comparable, around $23,000 per armory. Between March and September 1960, each of the for.y-eight buildings was inspected for readiness, and by the end ot September 1961, all final adjustments had been made. On August 8, 1963, all forty-eight of the FSRCs were accepted by Brigadier General Francis S. Greene, and the contract was authorized tobe pad in full.” Around the same time asthe construction ofthe forty-eight new village FSRCs, large new armory buildings were constructed in ‘Anchorage, Bethel, Fairbanks, Juneau, Ketchikan, Kodiak, and Nome, andthe Seward armory was rehabilitated.” Reorganization 1 1960, the AKARNG underwent minor reorganization that included anew Compaay D at Dilingham forthe Second Scout Batalion, Company relocating from Dilingham to Mekoryuk, and Company C relocating from Bethe o Emmonak. Two year later in 1962, the First and Second Batalions were organized again and received updated equipment authorization. Changes to guard locations resulted in the ned for aditional ‘Ruse Siem, and Roges, Alt National Guard Bnironnenal Gap Ava, 7. 8 Manso Osberg had already made a tame for themselves in Als, seialy for onstuetion work on miliary projets. In February 1957, the Alka Distt of te Army Corp of Engineers "sided a $7286724 conta ote Manson-Osberg ul the DEW Line sins at Cold Bayon the souther endo he Asa Perla and Cae riche sou 100 miles the weston Unimsk snd” (Remembering Out Mistry" Elmendr Ai Force Base Oe of Hisar , ccs August 15, 2012, hips wala wingatorgAlskataoHerage Feburary 11-1 pd Orie Manso Orberg onsnton contrat nsaded Ait Foe intltonsin Ktaebe and Fon Yakon (FB. Fase "Army Racing Wintrn Norn” September, 1955, Ips Kadakoga racket fim). "Founded by Wayne Gafen,« Word War I pilt who returned to Spokane bildhouses er veterans, Gaco Steel Strats employed only en people when shar afer opened it 1958, tapped aay bracts bung” to lake Lisa Leinterge, “Gars Buldings Keep on Tracking” Speman Review, Api 2,208, i, /nsewsbuhesnacon toes 008 9024 ae lis espn see alo FSRC fs, ‘fare. Gren eter o Adjunct General, Sia of Alaska, Acceptance of Nasional Guard Scout Batalion Amoi, Alaska, Hooper Bay 0001, Par IV, Hooper Bay FSRC les, JBER. ENeNsb, lanka Guard Le lamer Richardson, 68-59. HMENGD, Alaska Guard by Lt James Richardson 68-0.United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E. Page _10 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) armories. Designs for armories in Kwiguk, Barrow, and Nightmute were stated in 1962 and completed in 1964 * During the two years of planning and construction, both Kiviguk and Nightmute villages were relocated {due to flooding and the new FSRCs were built inthe new villages of Emsmonak and Toksook Bay." In 1964, {Guard units were established inthe villages of Tanana and St. Mary's, andthe King Island unt was disbanded 18a result of inactivity.” That same year, the King Island armory, orginally constructed in 1960, was dismantled and flown to Tenans, where the local people r-erected it. St. Mary’ also received an armory building in 1965. ‘The new armories constructed at Emmonak and Toksook Bay were virtually he same as the original frty-cight Garco buildings built ca. 1960, but were the Challenger model by the Butler Manufacturing Company. They ‘were also 20'-x-60" prefabricated buildings, clad in corugated metal with a corrugated metal pable roof Under President Kennedy inthe early 1960s, the Berlin Crisis and Cold Wer added “new emphasis onthe ready reserve program and more money began to be directed towards the Nation’ National Guard." By 1967, the AKARNG force had “increased tremendously" and America became more avare ofa possible “over the Pole” attack from Russia, where “winter had historically been an ally” “the nation’s possession a the top ofthe world became more important than ever before The Eskimo Scouts began partcpating in joint raining exercises, were given modem equipment, and gained respect fr their winter skis. With thoughts in mind of Napoleon's nineteenth-century withdrawal from Moscow and the relatively recent German disaster on the Russian Front during World War I, the DOD “developed a series of winter war games in Alaska to test military equipment and soldiers in the harsh Arctic environment."*! The joint reining exercises engaged in by the Eskimo Scouts and the US Army yielded multiple benefits. First, the increased military presence in the farnorth stalled potential Soviet aggression. Second, the tremendous skis and resources that the Alaska Scouts possessed with ‘egard to arctic geography, weather conditions, and general survival were hamessed by the larger US Army." Later Construction Inthe 1960, oil eserves were discovered onthe north slope near Pdhoe Bay, Aska, which in tum spared tho 1974-1977 development ofthe 800-mile-long Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. During the ol boom, National Guard enlistment in Alaska was lov, a result of high-paying pipeline jbs that made iiicul 0 “rent for low-wage weekend work" As Cold War tensions catined to drape the arti in an “Ice Curtin," however, mobilization missions ofthe Eskimo Scout Batalions sil aed for year-round surveillance of Norhem Alaska In the late 1960s, the State of Alaska devised a long-range construction program, submitted tothe Chief ofthe "National Guard Bureau, to construct eleven new armories. Some of the requests were for much-needed 5 MeNeb, Alesha Guard by James Richardson, 0 2 The vilage of Kwik eased tenis afer the nove, but enough people remained in Nightmate atthe village continued on and ental esived town Guard untand FSRC inthe ery 180". SB MeNso, dasha Grard by Llanes Rcd, 73. MMeNeD Alaska Gnardy Lt James Richer, 2 Stuy, Sldon of he Mi, 97, ‘Salsa, Soldier ofthe Mit, 97, 102. Slur, Slo ofthe Mist 97, ‘© Ruse Stern and Ropes dasa National Guard Environmental Gap Anal of Armory Signifanc, 2. © Salisty, Sado ofthe Nt 13United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E. Page _14 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) year hiatus As the Cold War wound down, the AKARNG was forced to reexamine the Eskimo scout battalion's mission. The decision was made to conver them into more traditional battalions, and integrate them with the rst ofthe National Guard forces.” With significant reduction in need for scout battalions, village Guard units expanded slowly from the 1990s ‘rough the tum ofthe twenty-first century. Between 1990 and 2004, only six new guard units were added with accompanying FSRC buildings, and around twenty-six preexisting locations received a second or third building “The 30°-¥-40" Butler building ofthe 1980s was updated with a more weather-resistantstanding-seam meal pane cladding and roof, with three additional interior rooms. Where land was soft, they were often built witha ‘Triodetic foundation that was restabilized annually. The buildings also featured exterior poles for antennas, a ‘sign of technological improvements in communications. Some FSRCs; like the one at Holy Cros, ilustrate the slow deeline ofthe Eskimo Scout Battalions. Holy Cross ‘received is first FSRC building in 1990, a semistandard 30°-x-50" building constructed ona gravel bed. The Unit opened in summer 1001, but closed within twa years The investment mace in the Feiity, under Contract DAHA 51-89-C-0023 with Architects Alaska, was almost $240,000, With less than two years of active service, the AKARNG no doubt wondered atthe value of future investments inthe Seout Batalion, ‘Today the AKARNG is nearly absent inthe rural villages, with active battalions more centrally located inthe larger towns ike Anchorage, Bethel, and Nome. Some remote FSRC buildings have been leased over the years to the community for uses such as Boys and Girls Cubs, Tribal offices, or community gathering spaces. Some have been abandoned but maintained, while others show signs of disrepair, neglect, and vandalism. Remnants {rom the guardsmen canbe found in most of the buildings in various degrees, including lockers, file cabinets, uniforms, instructional booklets, maps, and other ephemera. Criteria for Evaluation ‘The FSRC buildings ofthe AKARNG represent an investment on the part of federal and state governments in @ ‘unique system of organization for the National Guard, Integral tothe rle the United States played inthe Cold War, the FSRCs, a constructed and modified between 1959 and 1974, are eligible fr listing on the National Register of Historie Places (NRHP) under Criterion A, for their association with events that have made a significant contribution tothe broad pattems of our nation's military hstory.* ‘The FSRCs are not known tobe collectively associated withthe lives of significant persons, Examination ofthe SRC buildings asa collective under this MPD reduces the connection of sny resource under Criterion B, and instead focuses the significance ona dynamic group, the Eskimo Scouts, as opposed to any one member ofthe AKARNG. i National Guard Enviroment! Gop Anais of Amory Siguance ‘207 taunt Grup (Scout.” Global Secu org, accessed December 10,202, [ESRC bulings constcted i er eorstuctoncampalts,pos197, lack theeobesive massing ad mission of thos built rom 1959 19%. Lagerlof varying mater nd preter “permanence” were bil bu tee ae coumtroh al Freie molar, easly ete ities that define tehsil envionment for he AKARNG Scot Batons. [SRCs bul ar 1974 re esormended et lib for he NRUP eto an nabilty to convey gnfearce with ioreUnited States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E Page _13 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) orvas in the ease at Koyulcuk, to alleviate AKARNG members from meeting out of individual homes, which was “hampering training.” In te face of growing troop numbers, aging buildings, and revised facility requirements, it became clear the original 20°60" buildings did not provide enough drilling, storage, and office space forall scout units, The ‘existing buildings were designed to house & maximum of twenty scout personnel, and after thee decades of enlistment, many units exceeded their capacity.” Asa result, in adition to consiructng buildings in villages with new units, the National Guard had also begun adding a Second FSRC building in many villages, starting in {981 at Gambell and St. Mary's, From 1984 10 1986, eleven villages received a second FSRC, including those rreviously mentioned at Point Hope and Hooper Bay ‘A 1988 military construction document for Wainwright explained that FSR expansion, “requires special design considerations which are exceptions tothe erteria in NGR 415-10" because of the Arctic climate inthe villages.”" NGR 415-10 isthe National Guard regulation tat establishes policy for construction requirements of buildings for Army National Guard readiness centers and logistics, aviation and training facilities.” The criteria for special needs included arctic entries on selected exterior personnel doors, Thermopane windows fr all exterior windows, and added insulation to the walls oof, and floors ofthe buildings to conserve hest during the periods of use, which are almost exclusively during the winter months."” Buildings ofthe late 1980s and on were till prefabricated 1,200-square-foot structures with two entry doors, ‘but the 30°-x-40" buildings also featured the aforementioned insulated panel walls and roof, a wider interior Various FSRC les, BER: and Russell, Ste an Rogers, Alasho Naval Guard Enirommentl Gap Anabss of eon Sencance 17 SeRtooymnis lly 1, 981 Hoon FSRC les BER. “1 Vasiour ESRC Fes, BER. > Mob and Depend: rine BEEF nd RED HORSE in Southeast Asi” National Museu ofthe US Ar Force aces December 12,2012 UiNSF 0508 vans cont United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section __E Page _15 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSEC3) Additionally, the buildings (collectively or individually) do not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; do not represent the work of a master or possess high artistic values; and do not represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may ack individual distinction. The ‘nature of the buildings themselves prefsbriested in the Lower 48, cheaply trneportabl, and easily erected in ‘remote village locations implies a lack of architectural style and/or classification, anda subsequent inability to rise to aleve of significance tobe eligible under Criterion C. ‘Similarly, asthe FSRC buildings themselves were imported and constructed on temporary skid foundations, an SRC is unlikely to yield archacological information important in understanding local, regional, or national history. Further, FSRC buildings are not the principal source of important information related to the role of the Eskimo Scout Battalions during the Cold Wer ea. The buildings documented and eligible under this MPS are unlikely to yield importa information that contributes tothe understanding of human history during the time, and are ineligible under Criterion D.** ESRC buildings should, therefore, be considered and evaluate for potential significance under National Register eligibility Criterion A, for their association with the Cold Wear eta history of the military, specifically the AKARNG and the unique organization of Scout Battalions, during the period of 1959 to 1974, Teisiportn to ott n some stances FSRCs were constr or moved within the bourdaes of archaeological sites. Foe xapl the it Hope FSRC ie carey acid within the boundaries ofthe pak Ste which we ised a2 Nana Hino {smack in 1961 "Discovered in 939, the site spin a the peste forthe pata Culture ad sone ofthe east. ‘maison ee) of 2000 year oecupaonl coming at Pas Hap. Coveig 200 acts of nd, the te evel prebisoc Caure which was a frrune of lazer Eskimo societies" (Se Ista Sie, Nationa Hore Landmarks Datta, National Pak Serve 2012) Asi the cate wh Font Hope wean FSRC may be ocd witha ite signin under Cateion th SRC is {ley to contibue to the ses significance,United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _F. Page __16 Federal Scout Reatiness Centers (FSRCs) F. Assocated Property Types Alaska FSRCS include propetis constructed throughout the state. As defined here, built resources of the FSRC system constructed between 1959 and 1974 are significant under Criterion A, for association with the Scout Batalions, a unique organization of National Guard unit formed directly to serve the needs ofthe Cold War-era military in remote acte regions. Eroperty Type Description Physical Adributes FFSRCs are modular buildings that could be easily imported and constructed in remote locations. As such, no efinitve “style” i associated with the buildings aside from the fact that they are prefabricated/modular. The ‘buildings feature variations on platform framing, either via stud or modular stel. They are single-story buildings rectangular in plan and constructed on skid (or other temporary) foundations. Siing of FSRCs is standardized throughout the eligible temporal contexts, being 20° x 60" and constructed by ether the Garco or Butler companies (or a similar manufacture), Omemental architectural details are absent from all FSRCS, further illustrating the industrial and prefabricated nature of the buildings. ‘Again, FSRCs were imported to remote locations, ad therefore they were designed tobe easily constructed by unskilled laborers typically members ofthe AKARNG and local villagers available to assist with raising the ‘building. The plan was a simple rectangle for ease of construction. Materials were modular and inexpensive, with prefabricated foundations, framing, siding, roofing, and interior materials such as gypsum, felt, linoleum, Windows and doors were standardized metal sash and frames. Workmanship andatistry are notably absent from FSRC buildings. Associative Atributes Associative attributes include “the property's relationship to important person's, activites. and events, based on information such as dats, functions, cultural affiliations, and relationship to important research topics." Inthe ‘case of FSRCs, al buildings nominated under this MPD will be associated withthe AKARNG Scout Barelions. However, some FSRC resources may have additional associative attributes based on activities or events that ‘occurred during the Cold Wer. These may include evens in response to an emergency stuation—such as a ‘downed plane or a submarine sighting —during the Cold Wat. Associative attributes may also be nonmilitary, such as an FSRC playing an exceptional role in a particular community by serving asa valued school, gathering place, of location at which the resurgence of culture occured within a specific village ‘While FSRC® eligible under this MPD must be associated with the AKARNG Scout Battalions, in some instances other asocistve attributes may require addtional evaluation on an individual bass. Geographical Information [As previously noted, the property's relationship to natural resources, climate, topographical features, and sol conditions Were factors in initial FSRC location within various villages; however, these fac‘ors likely played Us. Deparaent ofthe neo, ational Pak erie “National Regt Dull: How to Aply the Natal Register Ceti for Evaluation” (1990; revise, Washngon, DC: US. Deparment fhe ior, 1997, 1United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _F Page __17 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs) lil, if any, rolein the intention to locate FSRCS at specific locations within those villages. While geographical information maybe important for establishing the cultural and/or developmental history of @ village and the subsequent individuals who became the Eskimo Scouts, relationship o these factors and their ypical Connections to iedusey, transportation, defense, andor subsistence are unlikely to have played a role in the siting, location, frm, design, Function, and materials of FSRC construction, Locational Patterns Dring the elite temporal contexts, the AKARNG seems to have paid litle attention tothe orientation or spatial arrangement of the buildings within their various village locations. In some cases, FSRC are locted on the ouskins of villages, while in other instances they seem tobe located in the heat ofthe village, near schools, tribal centers, and other important community gathering places, Location of FSRCs within individual villages seems tobe unpattemed, Boundaries ‘The boundary ofan FSRC is the tx lot on which itis sited. However, FSRCS are primarily located in remote villages and, as such, may or may not have definable tax lots assigned to them. Ifno tax lot boundary is prescribed, then the FSRC property boundary isthe Footprint ofthe buildng(s) and any associated structures or ‘object (suc as shipping containers andor fuel tanks), along with a reasonable amount of land (a setback) from the buildings to main roads andlor nearby unrelated homes/businesses. Variations Flooding and ersion have led to some unique challenges in Alaska. In several instances, parts of and even centre villages have been forced to relocate due to rising seas, rivers changing courses, or melting permaffos. In general, an FSRC that has been relocated from its original location/fot would not be eligible under this MPD. Exceptions to ths would include instances in which an FSRC building was relocated in context with an entire village If an ene village including the FSRC, moved toa new geographic area, and the FSRC meets all other registration requirements under this MPD, the FSRC would be eligible under ths variation. Condition Inherent characters likely to detract from the physical condition of FSRCs are those factors common to resources located in remote arctic regions. These may include poor physical condition due tothe arsh climate and/or lack of maintenance; poor structural condition due to sifting foundations (caused by thawing Permafrost, erosion, et.) andor loss of historic-era materials such es windows, doors, and sing, due to efforts o improve energy efficiency. These social and environmental conditions may affect preservation of FFSRCs as, in some cases, integrity may already be lost to such an extent that the building no longer conveys significance within its histori context. In other words, because FSRCs are modular and simplistic in design, Joss of any one character-defining Feature (massing, siding, location, et.) may lead to an irreversible loss of integrity ‘Specific Locaticns ‘Table | (see Section H) provides alist of FSRC locations constructed under various temporal contexts, as well, «as notes on subsequent build campaigns (for ancillary and functionally related building units) and eurent ligibilty of property, if known, Eligibility recommendations (wen given) are based on two surveys conductedNSF 108008 vt ons United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _F Page _18 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) in 2012, the results of which were the impetus fr this MPD, as well as addtional primary research detailed in Section H, Property Type Significance ‘The built resources of the Scout Batalions, specifically the FSRCs, are significant because dhey are the physical legacy of the development of @ unique National Guard unit. The Eskimo Scouts represent «deviation onthe part. ‘of the National Guard from wholesale consolidation of rural units into larger armies et urban centers. While some larger cities in Alaske, such as Fairbanks, Juneau, and Nome, followed the preseribed National Guard ‘model, the vast majority of AKARNG resources were small and scattered across the state, This model required few permanent resources ftom the AKARNG and instead depended heavily onthe local community to provide not only troops but also local suppon for construction campaigns andthe vital skills necessary fr training in arch actic environs. ‘The FSRCS are significant under Criterion A, for contributions to broed pattems of our nation’s military history, specifically for illustrating the role thatthe AKARNG Scout Battalions played inthe Cold War between 1959 and 1974. The FSRCs are significant ata state and national level, forthe role the buildings played as ‘organizational centers forthe native and local peoples serving in the Seout Baralions ofthe National Guard, a unique organizational unit known only in Alaska, Specifically, FSRCs served as mobilization centers for troops, training centers for elite forces from the Lower 48, and in some cases, a variety of other community functions. ‘Some FSRC buildings may need tobe evalusted under Criteria Consideration B, asa building removed from its ‘original locaton but which is significantly associated with the events of the Cold War era In general an FSRC ‘that has been removed from its original location isnot eligible under this MPD; this may include buildings that ‘were builtin one community and then relocated to another a surplus propery. However, as previously discussed, some FSRCé may have variations under eitria consideration B, i and only ifthe FSRC building ‘was relocated in context with relocation of an entire village (due to erosion rising seas, shifting river courses, ot ‘other environmental factors). When an PSRC was relocated as part of a village, Criteria Consideration Bis applicable and should be considered during individual PSRC evaluations. ‘Additionally, some FSRC buildings may need to be evaluated under Criteria Consideration G a a property achieving significance within the past fifty years. While properties less than fly years of age are generally not eligible for the NRHP, the built resources of the Cold War era have been shown to have significance and 10 contribute tothe broad pattems of our military history. FSRCS eligible under this MPD are directly related to the Cold War and are only significent within a Cold War era context. As ofthe writing ofthis nomination, FSRC buildings constructed under the temporal context defined as Stathood (1959-1962) have all reached the fily-year age threshold. However, resources from later build campaigns/temporal contexts may need tobe evaluated under Criteria Consideration G.United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _F. Pege 19 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) ‘Registration Requirements Resourees nominated under this MPD must, at minimum, meet the following requirements Category of Property Properties nomirated under this MPD must be eategorized as a building, which s defined as constuction created principally to shelter any form of human activity” Properties esteporized as districts, sites, structures, for objects are not eligible for this MPD. “Building” may also be used to refer toa historically and functionally elated unit (examples include a house and bam, or a courthouse and ji) In the case of FSRCS, a building may be both the orginal FSRC, constructed during an eligible temporal context, as well as additonal FSRC buildings constructed during a subsequent temporal context andr outside of the period of significance ofthis nomination. FSRCs with atached ancillary buildings andlorunatached but functionally related buildings are counted/lassified as one building, Integrity Because ofthe prefabricated nature ofthese buildings, FSRCS in general have limited character-defining features. As such, minor alterations may alter the integrity ofa building's materials, design, and workmanship to such an exten! that an FSRC no longer conveys integrity ofthe temporal context(s) of the MPD. However, as FSRCS are eligible under Criterion A (as opposed to Criterion C, architecture), and given the nature ofthe resoutce locations in harsh arctic environments, minor alterations to original materials will not necessarily adversely affect integrity to such an extent that they are no longer eligible under this MPD. Evaluation of an individual FSRC should take into account all aspects of integrity as defined below, to determine ifthe property is eligible under this submit is recommended that an FSRC maintain at last four ofthe seven aspect of integrity. Integrity of astociation, however, may outweigh other aspects of integrity in some cases, assuming the FSRC maintains sufficient integrity overall to convey significance within the temporal contexs ofthis nomination, Location ‘The extant location of an FSRC must be the original location of construction of the FSRC during a given, cligible temporal context The only exception to ths is with a variation due to geographical influence, specifically if an FSRC was relocated in context with the movement ofan entire villagetown. [fan FSRC was thus moved it has a geographical variance and would sil be eligible Setting ‘The physical environment, or setting, of an FSRC is directly related to the character of remote arte villages in ‘which the Scout Batalions were formed. Therefore, FSRCs must retain integrity of setting in arctic villages. While itis anticipated thatthe villages themselves Will have grown and expanded since the period of significance of this MPD (1959-1974), the village must have been and continue tobe relatively remote. Design FFSRCS eligible under this MPD include buildings of modular and prefsbricated design. The structural system should be pltfo"n framed, ether wth stud or ste, constructed on a temporary foundation (ether wood skid or "US. Deparmertf the lei, ional Pak Servis, "Nationa Register Ballin” 4United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _F Page __20 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) replacement Triodetic foundations qualify; concrete foundation would not qualif). The massing is a simple, 20'-x-60" rectangular plan witha gable oof. Interior spaces must include a large central room (historically used {or drilling andor meeting space), as well as smaller side rooms for office and storage. Fenestration pattems ‘must include one door located on a gable-end wall, one door located ona side wall, two asymmetrically placed ‘windows onthe side wall withthe door, and three miroring windows onthe opposite side wall. FSRCs should be devoid of omamentation. Materials FFSRC buildings were constructed of prefabricated, modular, inexpensive, and easily transportable materials. To ‘maintain integrity, exterior siding and roofing should be of comugated metal. Interior materials should be inexpensive and utilitarian in nature, such a the orginal gypsum or rolled felt wall, floors, and ceilings. Workmanship [FSRCs were constructed in emote villages with unskilled labor. Therefore, the workmanship of the building is reflected in the vemacular and modular nature ofthe buildings themselves and the materials with which they ‘were constructed. Plain finishes done with common building and installation techniques should be extant, illustrating the minimalist aestheti principle ofthe FSRCs. Feeling ‘To express the aesthetic and historic sense of an FSRC within the period of significance, an FSRC must convey the physical presence ofa central and important military building within the village. FSRCs that have been added to overtime, either with new constuction or additions, do not retain integrity of feeling as the historic- a building will no longer convey the sense of being 2 building of singular importance within the community. In some cases, an FSRC may share the tax parel with an unattached building constructed outside ofthe temporal context of this nomination. In order to maintain integrity of feeling, when moder buildings have been constructed adjacent toa historic FSRC building, the modem building should not overwhelm the original building andor appear tobe the “main” building onthe property Association ‘Associaton isthe direct link between an important historic event and a histori property. As FSRCs under this MPD are eligible under Criterion A, for broad pattems of association with AKARNG military readiness and the [Eskimo Scout Battalions, an individual FSRC may or may not have specific association with @ Cold War-era event or activity. FSRCs that do maintain a direct link to an important histori event orsctivty during the Cold ‘War will be found to have integrity of association. FSRCs that cannot be found to have played a direct role ina historic event or activity will be found to lack integrity of association, To be eligible under this MPS, FSRC buildings must have integrity oF association, Contributing and Noncontributing Resources Contributing resources to this nomination must be FSRC buildings that maintain sufficient integrity to convey historic significance within a temporal context ofthis submit, as defined. Buildings and structures constrcted on FSRC parcels outside ofthe temporal contexts of this nomination are ‘considered noncontributing functionally related units. These resources, where present, should be inventoried ‘during survey and evaluation of FSRCs, but are not counted as part of this nomination,United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _F,GH Page __21 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) Minimum Eligibility Requirements Inonder for an FSRC jo be eligible it must, a minimum, meet al of the following standards: Designed or purchased atthe direction of the AKARNG. Erected betwen 1959 and 1974 in a remote artic village. ‘Owned and operated by the AKARNG during the period of significance. Maintain at least four ofthe seven aspects of integrity, including association unless the FSRC has a strong integrity of association AND retains suiient overall integrity to convey significance within the {temporal contexts ofthis nomination, G. Geographical Data ‘The Alaska FSRCs extend throughout the state, with buildings located in seventy-ninevillagestowns‘cities on a variety of public, private, federal, and tribal lands. In general, FSRCs are located in villages that donot follow a single-address numbering system. As a result, the geographic scope of resources potentially eligible for isting under this submittal includes all federal, tial, city, and county geopolitical subdivisions in the State of Alaska H, Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods In 2007, the Alaska State Historic Preservation Officer wrote to AKARNG of a need to evaluate FSRCs located ‘throughout Alaska as 2 potential multiple property submit, in an effort to “creat e comprehensive historic context” about the AKARNG presence in Alaska Previous surveys (conducted between 200 and 2009) had disregarded the bult environment, either because the survey focused more onthe archaeology ofthe property ‘and not on aboveground resources or because the FSRC buildings were not of an age (lily years old or olde) to ‘qualify forthe NRHP. However, asthe role ofthe Cold War era in the military history ofthe United States ‘becomes a more popular topic of scholarly review, it has become incumbent to evaluate resources ofthat era for significance and eligibility to the NRHP. ‘As outlined by the DOD Legacy Cold Wat Project, “Cold Wa historic properties ae buildings, structures, sites, ‘objets, and districts kilt, used, or associated with erticel evens or persons during this period and that possess exceptional historic importance to the Nation or that are outstanding examples of technological or scientific achievement” Furthermore, ‘+ Cold War resources should be broadly categorized according to property type and function Then a series of questions can be asked, such as: How central were they tothe military mission? How many were developal or constructed? How much did the Defense Department invest in them? Does a site oF structure retais historical integrity? What, and where, are similar or equivalent properties?” + The significance of many Cold War resources that have been modified and reused lies in their function rather than th original historic integrity. The history of their evolution can be captured through reconds "joan Me Andenon ard udihE. Biter Alaska SHPO, to Jery Wao, Jansry 22007, ARNG, Fle 3130-28 Army National {Guin abject: Taster of Federal Propriestouphou Alaa. Alasa Sue istrc Preservation Oc, Anchorage, AK. Coming in fromthe Col”. Coming in fom the Cold” 17.United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _H. Page _22 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) research, photographic studies, orl histories, or measured drawings tracing the stages of change ofthe structure, sit, or landstape. © The options for treatment of Cold War-era historic resources may include reuse and/or disposal.”* + Some ofthe military factors which influenced the shape of plans and operations during the Cold War era inchigerapd deployment; large standing fore; twenty-four-hour vigil; short waminglesponse time. ‘In Alaska, seven “subthemes” associated with the Cold War ave been identified, specifically: defense, detection and monitoring, interception, communication, research, support and logistics, and taining and readiness” For PSRCs under this MPD, readiness, 1 obvious subtheme ofthe DOD's Legacy Cold War Project i raining and 1n2012, FSRCs throughout the state tumed fifty years old, becoming of an age to make them eligible forthe "NRHP. Review of available literature and other records pertaining tothe Cold War era in Alaska does not indicate thatthe FSRC facilites were associate with either a recognized individual ora significant Cold War event. Instead, the signifiance ofthe FSRCs, if any is based on a state-level context of establishing the AKARNG and the subsequent construction of small-sale, streamlined, prefabricated facilities to house ‘AKARNG activites, ‘Background research was conducted during an intensive-level survey of eighteen FSRC buildings in 2012, as well as on ¢ random sampling of thirteen additonal FSRCs, providing 2 variety of analysis on various building types and construction campaigns. In total, NHG reviewed primary documentation, including as-built blueprints, correspondence, and real-estate and other property records on file at Join Base Elmendort- Richardson, for over thity FSRCs constructed from 1959 to 1990. The results of this comprehensive ‘background research informed the historic and temporal contexts found inthis MPD. [FSRCs built forthe Eskimo Scout Battalions during the Cold War should be systematically reviewed and ‘compiled into this MPD individually (on an ongoing basis) While itis unlikely that any ofthe FSRCs wil be individually eligible under Criterion A (and, as previously illustrated, Criteria B, C, and D do not seem appropriate to these resources), some ofthe remaining PSRC resources may retain suicient integrity to convey ‘historic context and thus be eligible under this submital. This MPD is intended to guide future evaluations so that, should one or more FSRCs be found to retain suficient integrity to convey their significance within 2 temporal context of the Cold War era, the properties can be adequately recognized and documented. Documentation may take the form of a multiple property submission, should more than one FSRC be found to meet the above requirements, Altemately, documentation maybe an individual nomination to the NRHP, if only ‘one FSRC is found to convey significance under this historic context. Finally, documentation may be limited t0 ‘report detailing the findings of individual surveys and evaluation, should FSRCs be recommended ineligible cither individually and/or under the criteria of this submission, "Coming in rom te Cal ‘Coming in Eo he Ca Coming in fom he Cold” 66 © Stem, "NRHP EigiilityEvalatons For Nin Bidings, Camp Cal Alas Army National Guar” 1.PS Fon 1004 ‘uence United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _E: Page _23 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs) ‘Table 1, List of known FSRC locations and eligibility recommendations (it Including ifthe property is outside the temporal context/period of significance (POS). fours |20., [as [oanmny [USS Tames [using |e [HER are wear | ani. | ata sone senrgtio [ert | | tebe, ian |{i2" [ori | fecrinooere [sonar [asonie™™ (w'” | ons [tient is [1980 (ea kana _| 8 ‘tee fama, |r ie — [180 Tae nana [8 98 tron [a tebe | ne] ior | San aa seg |insor [rex )emetone Toren [ora | |e fia [10 [oo [Revdbgtuea |rowos [Se |'errs0W| om | waste re sabe, ssctine | we aes ‘str cnons_| | a 101 [roe | cmos exter | spre | sv ra | os vase come [3100 [ture |fucmthgoana [C2 [assy (ssw, | o72| tasty iia | 17 B07 ca__| an 07 sin [i TET v7 [ron | emo a sourutan [fet | | raelote nm |i |mis [remeron [iwowos |setnsie” [w' | og| istry 187 rains _| es Fort Yukon _| 1960 Ths ial MPD was sited cocaret wth erations of epheenFSRCs invented dar the development ofthis MPD. See Natalie K Pernt ly Historie Property Dtrmiationg fr alsa Ary National Guard Fler, ebay 3013, one wth [AK-SHPO andthe Sate of Alaska Deparene of Military and Verans Aarsa 0508 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARKG) Section _H. Page _24 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) Bad USGS ‘ase | Elgbiy/ Resource | Fat) | AHRS. | Community let TRS anong | the | Noes ‘Ganl, Cape | St aoa Rive 1973) | xS.- | NomeRecarieg | Lawence | T20SREMW | 63" 51N, Netetgtle, cantet__| 1961 | ooti0_| Dstt inane D5_| sos 171° 36W | 096 | acs egy ot lpble, coin | 1085, couse FOS Goede Bg 1973, Haines | 1960 Nareigb, Hoty Cioss_| 1980, caste POS Nt elabe, Hoonan | 1962 ouside POS 18607 Hooper Bay oN sa6t/ | x8. | Hooper Bay. Bat | CSandc- | Severs, 717 | 168" OF Notolai, Hooperbay | 1962 _| 00118 | RecosingDisren | 4 rosw 525 |W. 1.98 | ks igi Not alate, Husis__| t96t sida POS urea Netelghie, baor | ree9 6a POS, Juneau] 19607 Smo _| 2005 “una ows __| to4os Tata, aro _| 2004 uso FOS Nat ig, tan | 1980 ‘use POS wa 1960 | x61 | Kasih Bete! | Baird inet | Savard, TOBN | 162° 31 Net elgii, kasiuk | 2003 | 00195 | Recon Distt _| 02 rrswso1 |W. 1.73 | aks tg Not eig, varant bung enai__| sora pe Ketan | 1962 Kana | 1960 "8657 Tere, omc | 2008 cusisa OS Kon ferme | 1260, Waiea Rie] ATH, 4280/ | NOK | Kivana, Nochwest TamRagw | 164733 Netetgte, vivsina | 1988 | oosa7_| cic Brough | Natok _| S16 w 15 | acs negrty ‘lauccd” | 18887 Net olgl, Crag _| 2001 use POS (resiak [1058United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘one, neon ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _H. Page _25 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRC3) ‘uid uses ‘re | Egy? fasowce | BUA | as | conuny uses ares tawneng | Se | Fane TeRT Nar eg ongianak | 2000 cose POS otk | 1973 Neti, otebue | 1967 outside POS, Notolgbe, otabue cuida POS anor | 1904 aFSRC Koy | 1958, TeratgE, Koy _| 1966, cus6e POS "8807 Kwek | 1986 aN 1960) | xx. | Koioingok Bethel | Kushorwin.| Savard TION | 169713 Netetgble, wigtingok | 2005 | coot7_| Recording Ostict | Baye | Rarwsor | Ww 092) tase egy te Damose | 1060 - ‘s617 Tekeigbi, Manoktsk_| 1987 ‘use POS Nt alge, estat | 1988 usa POS. ekoruk | 1960 Moaniai wage | 1860, 78607 Napakik | 1880 wan, sean | rh. | Napasink Bert Savard TOON | 161° 5¢ Natolpbe, Napastik | 1556 | oor70 | Resarsnp Dit | pemwic-s | RriW soo |W 03 | tes magiy_| Napaski og 1960 waeN, 1962/ | x61. | Newtox Bate! | saint | sonar, 10N | 154" 6 Net et, Nowa | 2003 | ootot_| Resorng Dre: _| 08 Rarws2s |W 1.28 | ack iogriy Netelgie, grime _| rt cues POS, 8607 Nats | 1866, Teletgiie, couse POS Nome AAOF | 1860 aFSac Nome M 1961 Noowi | 1960esa 058 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section _H__ Page _ 26 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) Baa TS Tee: BT Rescue | Dates) |AARS | Community eat | MTRS tatong | Soe” |e 117 swuoo | 186 ‘2587 rain | 1386 Tae, aestug_| ot ous POS Taal eH 1220 2p | pomp. Nom | portHepe | TSANRSEW | 15°78 Noten, nite | 86 cots | sipeBoogn lea | st8 w 2 | es ep ‘9807 {90420 uahon_| 19857 1978! sina | 961 7 ovooga | 188, aN seanmen | 19581 | 5. | scannen ay, | Hooper | Sens Tan | 16556 xetge, ta maoo_|our [sepatoend’ [D2 [rsowsio |W | ost es gy 19647 Tet eigbe selon _| 1560 tse POS sation | 1550 ‘9607 soismart_| 1968 Sungra Taal rier | SSE. 19001 | siu- | KoasbveRecoring | Sturge | THANRORH | 157 08 Nola, ssurmat | ser" | so00_| oe os | sw Ww 101 |e ei Sia [1970 eos [1859 seis [1559 Teter [1950 Togak [1597 eae | 1988 Tsay, oHN Tolscok | 986/ | xu | seat ecaing | Nuniak | Sonar | 28°08 Note, a ‘eet oor | sve tsonscs_| Raw sie |W 119 | ads egy “e607 Tues _| 186 | TAN toro | xe, | runt oat | sat iet | sonar oan | 16" 28 aeigbe, uowniak | orl tores_[reoningbsna ez" |Rrwse |W 115 tes egy |NesFoon 04084 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service oh eos ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section Page _27 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) ala uses ‘ce | Eipbiy/ Resource | BU. | AHS | Community uses | ures. tattang_ | 26 | Feel oN Tuma | 1950/ | xn. | Tonunak Bathe! | Nunivak | Seward, TOON | 185° 15 Note, anunas) | root | ootae | Reooring Oise _|sandc1_| retwS26 | w 0.89 | acs egy ratstiest | 1059, Troe, use Postarnt aioe | 1088 huldig ee THN, 1960/ | wa | Werwrght Barow | Wainrigte | Unist Tisn | 159° 50 Netalgtie, Wiinwght | 1952 | oor34 | Recorg sree | 2 raz.so4 |W. 0:8 | lai ntogty Wes [1960 \ Tetatae, Lvtanget__| 1982 cutis POSNPS 044 ou 2.008 Unlted States Department of the Interlor National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section Page _28 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) Figure 1, Blueprint of Kwigillingok SRC, showis ayo . Image courtesy of IBER Files. Figure 2, Newlok FSRC floorplan, showing slight variation in tvpial avout of FSRC interior, Image courtesy of /BER files.United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG) Section Page __29 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCS) L. Major Bibliographical References Antonson, Joan M., and Judith E, Bittner Ltr from Alaska SHPO to Jerry Walton, ARNG, File Not 3130-28 Army National Guard, Subject: Transfer of Federal Properties throughout Alaska January 2, 2007. ‘Assistant Secretary of Defente (Manpower ad Recrve Affi). “Anal Rept uf he Setreary of Defewe tt Rxeive Forees." Ft. Beloit, MD: Defense Technical Information Center, 1970. Bums & MeDonnel Engineering Company, Ine. (B&ME) and Architectral and Historical Research, LLC (AHR). Draft ‘inal New Deal Era (193-1942). Arty National Guard Historie Context Study, Vol. IV. Prepare for Amy National Guard Washington, DC. Kanss City, MO: Bums & McDonnell Engineering Company Ine, and ‘Architectural and Historial Research, LLC, 2004 raf Final Cold War Eva (Post WWII Era) (1946-1980). Army National Guard Historic Context Stu, Vol. V. Prepared for Army National Guard, Washington, DC. Kansas City, MO: Bums & McDonnell Enginesrng Company, Ine. and Architectural and Historical Research LLC, 2008 ‘Chenault, Mike. “WWII Alaska-USSR Lend-Lease Monuments Sponsor Statement for HUR 27.” 22™ Alaska State Legisarre, Information fom Represetative, 2001 ‘nner alrepublicans orgpastlegs22ndley/spstspsthj¢027 shim DOD Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Network and information Exchange, “Coming in from the Cod ‘Miltary Heritage inthe Cold War.” Report onthe Department of Defense Legacy Cold War Project. Accessed “August 72,2012 ip: wwwdenis.8d mil, Elmendort Air Force Base “Remembering Our Histor.” Elnendor Air Force Base Office of History. Accessed August 15, 2012. hap: /wovalaskawingeat org/Alaska?@20Heriage ebruaryl1-I7. pat Federal Scbut Resdines Center (FSRC) resourve files, Real Property Management Divisio, Joint Base Elmendorf= Richardson UBER), Anchorage, AK. Fussell, FB. "Amy Racing Winter ip North September 1, 1955. btp/vww kadisk ogla_wal/ac&w ham GobalSecurity or "207" Infantry Group Scout)” Accessed December 10, 2012 fone bolrcrty orga amy 27s e, Geenlet, Francis S. "Aecepiance of National Goard Scout Batalion Amores, Alaska” Letter to Adjunct General, State ‘of Alas, 1963. Hooper Bay 0001, Pact IV. Federal Soot Readiness Center resource files, Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, Fort Richardson, AK. Hendricks, Chaves. “The Eskimos ad the Defense of Alaska.” Pacific Historical Review $4 no. 3 (1988): 271-298. Leinberger, Liss, “Gareo Buildings Keep on Trucking.” Spokesman-Review, Apil24, 2008. Tit: spokesman co stores 2008 ap 2\gnrco-buldings-keep-on racking Marston, Muktuk, Mon ofthe Tundra: Estimas at War, New York: October House, ne. 1969 MeDonnell Jey. "Eye o Eye with Ivan and the ce Curtin” Directed by Paul Gray, 2008. MeNab, Mare. dlaska Guard by Lt. Jame: Richardson, Histrial Ofer, 134" Public Information Detachment, Alaska “Army National Guard and Other Stores. Accessed December 6, 2012. ‘or ake com Histo of the AKNG pa [National Guard. "Alaska National Guard Biennial Report, March 22,1949 to December 31,1980, Office ofthe Adjutant (General, Alaska National Guard, Tertory of Alaska," Juneau, AK: Military Deparment, fice ofthe Adjutant General, 1980 =, “Aboul the Nation] Ouse." Accessed August 20,2012. tp www.ng mil/Aboutdefauleaspe. ‘Navonal Mascum ofthe Ai Force, Mobile sad Dependable: Pvime BEET and RED ITORSE in Southcast Asia ‘Accessed December 12,2012 n/n. nationalmuseum af mil factsheets fishes sp id"14733,United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ‘Alaska Army National Guard (AK-ARNG Sestion Pege __30 Federal Scout Readiness Centers (FSRCs) PBS. “WWII: Behind Closed Doors. Supplying the Allies: The US. Lend-Lease Program." Accessed August 20, 2012, ‘apn pbs.rg/behindcloseddorsin- dept soplyingcalies im Russell, Adam D, Richard O. Stem and Jason S. Rogers. dlasa National Guard Emvironmental Gap Analysis of Armory ‘Significance Technical Paper No, 486, Prepared fr Stat of Alaska Department of Miltary and Veterens" Afr. Anchorage, AK: Norther Land Use Reseach, ln, 2011 Salisbury, C.A.Saldos of the Mists: Minutemen of the Alaska Frontier. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co, 1992. Stem, Richard. “NRHP Elgbility Evaletions for Nine Buildings, Cemp Caroll, Alaska Army National Guar Prepared forthe Department of Miltary and Veterans Affi, 2010, USS. Departnent ofthe Interior, National Park Servic. "National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register (Ciera for Evaluation ” 1990; revised, Washington, DC: US, Deparment ofthe Interior, 1997 Papewor Reaucon et Stent. Ti lomaton bang cer glean oe Naar Ragetrt tele emia coat ae dee cli supra oar ean, Pore bant arenes ome Estimated Buren Stent Pte epogtandbn stem meted 9 erage 250 rsp esanse cag ef ree ‘Reto Ce fonnare Sete Oso NotanaPon Soon POBox a7 nastngee WOT Ta” anobeORinel Neragone ar Suge Fapomt educa Paes att, Wastin De 28,