" ReroTitol oa EN ae) dodive \ hom yy diver yy by Earth's Landforms are a shaped by influenced by tector generate >| tectonic forces processes may be © compressive © tensional © shearing 1. Describe where Earth’s internal heat comes from. 2. Cite evidences to support continental drift. 3. Give the distinguishing features of the different plate boundaries. 4, Explain how the seafloor spreads, 5. Describe the evolution of ocean basins. 6 Describe how the rocks behave under diferent types of sess, such as compression, pulling apart, cand shearing, 7. Describe how magma is formed (magnetism). 8. Devise ways to facilitate own learning. 9. Display scientific values and attitudes. Chapter 6 Endogenic Processes © 105Recta don ay) 1s of rock deformation. Using a diagram, describe the three different ia ress, ond shearing Differentiate the following: tensional stress, comPr and reverse foult Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast normal fault an‘ How is dip-slip fault different from strike-slip faul® shan! ific plate. Using a diagram, show normal fault between Philippine plate and Paciie P PP rw 6.3 Volcanism Volcanism is one of the endogenic processes: Ie is a phenomenon is from Earth's interior onto the surface through volcanoes: ; ‘on the crust. The vent is like a chimney; it is where magma, ter. The large, almost circular referred to as crat saldera. Crater lakes sometimes n which materials are erupted A voleano is a vent or a series of vents ash, and gases are released. The mouth of che vent is i depression formed either by the collapse or explosion of the volcano is form in these calderas. Volcanism and Tectonics Look ae the figure below. Try to infer the relat you notice that active volcanoes lie along subduction zones? cionship between volcanic activity and tectonics. Do Eurasian plate Eurasian plote = North-American plate Son Andreas fault yw! ze Nvideatonie iran plate Pacific plate agynnne ridge \Arabicr>" : Altican plate 368 INdo-Atlantic ridge ridge Antarctic plate Antarctic plate Figure 6-15. How are volcanic activities related fo the subduction zones? 114. © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life ScienceAbout 70% of Barth's volcanic activity occurs along a circle of subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean. It is called the"ring of five.” Another belt of volcanic activity lies near the convergent margin of the African plate, It covers the area of southern Europe through the Middle Base, Volcanic activity is also detected along the Aus plate boundary and is concentrated beneath the ocean, Volcanoes locared along the divergent plate margins include those in the Bast African rife valleys and chose along the m provinces in Western United States. ins of the basin and range Magma and Other Volcanic Materials As you drill into the crust, the temperature rises 30°C for every kilometer of depth. In the upper mantle, between depths of 100 and 350 km, the temperacure is high enough to melt large amounts of rock materials, creating magma. At this depth lies che asthenosphete, a layer that is characterized by a weak, soft, and plastic rock, Magma does not form everywhere. Ie forms in three particular environments: subduction zones, divergent zones, and hot spots or mantle plumes. ocean ridge fas “con verging margin) volcano Econvection.current Figure 6-16. Magma from the melton core goes tothe erst through subdlcton zones, divergent zones, and hot spol. Magma production at the subduction zone occurs due to the following conditions: 1. Increased temperature due to friction — Friction heats rocks as one plate moves downward. The additional heat contributes to melting. 2. Addition of water to the asthenosphere — A subducting plate is covered by oceanic crust which is soaked in seawater. As the soaked oceanic crust dives into the mantle, the water boils to generate steam. The temperature increases with depth. Steam rises, adding water to the hot asthenosphere directly above the subducting plate. The addition of hot water melts portions of the asthenosphere, forming large quantities of magma. 3. Pressure-relief melting - Melting due to pressure relief happens when rocks in the asthenosphere flow upward as a subconducting plate descends. Chapter 6 Endogenic Processes * 115alte and therefore, id produce erin silica chan b is explo the eruption is €xP! ic, ten lagna generated at the subduction zones is andesit i se of —cnuneeeief meleing, Ie is associated rated by Presse erated at divergent zones jg Magma productio e divergent pl er ‘gma production at the divergent pla the gap. Magma gene With spreading —as hot asthenoyphere oozes up to fil basalt place boundaries is called ho it rises to lower The third environment in which magma forms but is begins eo melt as Spots or mantle plumes, These are columns of rising mantle material chat beg through to form a volcano, Pressure or shallower depths. If the lithosphere is weak, the magma breaks sand volcanic islands. An Tf mantle plume rises beneath the sea, eruptions build submarine voleanoes example of volcanic islands is the Hawaiian Islands. ‘hs, giving rise to magma Sometimes, the magma does not reach the surface. Ie cools at various dept ‘ 7 ‘i bs leanity. I the bodies called pluton or intrusive igneous rock. The phenomenon is known as intr eee magmatic bodies ae expelled onto the surface, the phenomenon is called extras pecan thar solidifies at che surface (lava) is called extrusive igneous rocks with distinctive defining . jected. When a volcano erupts, three states of macter—solid, liquid, and gas—are ejecte Gases Volcanic eruption emits a variety of gases. In addition to water vapor and carbon dioxide, toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid are emirced, Gases sometimes react with the lava on the walls of rocks to form brightly colored sublimates. Liquid (Lava) Lava refers to magma that flows out of Earth's surface. Its temperature may be from 500°C to over 140°C. Because of ie high temperature, Figure 617, During vleanic enon, goes, suchas CO, combustible materials like houses, trees, and gases SO, H,S, F, ond HF are ‘ejected, burn when engulfed by lava. As it cools, it darkens in color and forms frothy crust. Lava consists of mixcures of oxides, generally silicon dioxide (SiO,). Depending on che percentage of SiO, lava may be classified as: 1. Granitic — SiO, content is greater than 66%. 2. Intermediate — SiO, content is between 56% to 60%. 3. Basaltic — SiO, content is less han 52%. Viscosity, which is resistance to flow, is affected by the composition of the lava. Granitic lava is more viscous, Ie solidifies within the erust before reaching the surface, resulting in explosive eruptions, On | 116 © You and the Natural World—Earth and life Sciencethe other hand, basaltic lava is less viscous and flows rapidly co a known as andesite has varyi Because of its fluidiey, ie ris uupe at the sur rypes of eruption. Solids “The solid particles chrown out in volcanic eruption are known as pyroclastics (fite-broken fragments). Depending on the size and shape, they may be named as follows: Figure 6-18. Lava is composed of molien racks which flow during voleanic eruptions. + Volcanic blocks — These are large volcanic rocks with size greater than 32 millimeters (mm) in diameters. They are similar to pumice. + Cinders or lapilli ~ These are medium-sized particles about 4 to 32 mm in diameter. + Volcanic ash — This consists of small particles that are less than 2 mm in diameter. + Volcanic dust ~ This consists of very small particles that are less than 0.25 mm in diameter. 2 is : Figure 6-19. Gray-green clouds of ash, rock, and Figure 6-20. Rain brings mudlow or lahar after smoke were ejected ‘from Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, volcanic eruption. Ash clouds may cause rains that bring about mudflow called labar. Mudflows behave like wet concrete. They move downhill and bury everything in their path. Flooding due to lahar was the major cause of damage in the province of Pampanga when Mt, Pinatubo erupted in 1991, Another kind of pyroplastic outburst is nuee ardente, a French term for “growing clouds.” It is a mixture of hot gases and fine ash which is denser than air and therefore flows down the slope of volcanoes. Because the ash flow is very hot, it burns everything in its path, At night, it glows brightly because of its high temperature. ‘The ash flow has released most of its gases when it Figure 6-21. Why is nuee ardente destructive? stops flowing, It leaves behind a mixture of volcanic ash and rock fragments. The rock formed is called ash-flow tuff. Tuff is ash compacted into rock. Chapter 6 Endogenic Processes * 117Geological Processes and Hazards The Philippines is prone to many natural hazards due to its geological location. These hazards may be due to geological, marine, and coastal processes. These hazards bring about loss of lives, injuries and health impacts, loss of livelihood and services, environmental degradation and climate change, socal and economic disruption, family displacerient and relocation, as well as psychological and emotion implications. How to cope with these hazards and the Philippine government's initiative on how to reduce and manage these disasters caused by natural events will be discussed in chi chapter BIG yy a A holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive disaster isk reduction and management approach is necessary to promote safer, adaptive, and disaster-resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development. 124 © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life SciencePhilippines i is prone to hazards and risks i due to geological processes such as | earthquakes volcanic eruptions T may rigger disaster prevention and mitigation disaster preparedness disaster response. rehabilitation and recovery B Onan Describe the legal basis for the disaster risk reduction management. Describe the various hazards that may happen inthe event of earthquakes, voleanie eruptions, and landslides. ss Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. \dentify practical ways of coping with geological hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides. ‘Suggest ways to lessen the occurrence of landslides in your community. Describe ways to facilitate own learning. # Display scientific values and attitudes. = Chapter 7 Geological Processes and Hazards * 1257.1 Republic Act 10121 The Republic Act of 2010, The ace strengthens the Philippi Providing a framework and insticutionalizing the national risk reduction and as appropriating funds, or Risk Reduction and Managereng t 10121 is known as the Philippine Disaste is known as pp “duction and management system by { management plans as well disaster re, among others, the following: There are imporeant terms defined in RA 10121, These a 1, Disaster is a serious distuption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the a ility and security of the affected community to cope using its own resources, Disaster mitigation is the lessening or limitation of adverse effects of hazards and related w disasters. Disaster preparedness includes the knowledge and capabilities needed by an institution and/or an individual to anticipate and respond to and recover for the impacts of the hazards. 4. Disaster response is che provision of services and assistance during and immediately after a disaster. Ic is short-term relief, 5. Hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. 6. — Rebabilitation ensures that the affected community is able to restore their normal functioning ability. 7. Risk is the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. 8. Risk managements the systematic approach and practice of managing uncertainly to minimize potential harm and loss. 9. Vulnerability means the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset, that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) ‘The Office of the Civil Defense (OCD) was tasked in formulating and implementing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP). NDRRMP aims to strengthen the capability of both national and local government with partner stakeholders on how to build disaster resilient communities. It also outlines how to institutionalize arrangement and measures for reducing disaster risks. i 126 © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life Sciencesafer, adaptive, and disaster-resiliont Filipino ‘communities toward sustainable development Mainstreaming Risk Factors: sea rea Pa and eer <— | Planning and Exposures mn Vulnerabilities Implementation Capacities Figure 7-1. National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Framework (NORRMF) In accordance with the law, the NDRRMP shall be in conformity with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRME). The framework is a comprehensive, all-hazards, multisectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management. ‘The vision of the framework is toward a safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable development. To achieve its vision, there is a need for continuous and sustained conduct of disaster risk assessments of hazards, exposures, vulnerability and capabilities of the communities and mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaption (CCA) into development plans. “The framework defines the four priority areas which correspond to the structure of the National Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC), such as: 1, disaster prevention and mitigation 2. disaster preparedness 3, disaster response 4, rehabilitation and recovery Chapter 7 Geological Processes and Hazards © 127Disaster Response ‘on and meet the basic Disaster Preparedness tik ‘i Establish and strengths iti Provide life preservat en bac communities to ee subsistence needs of affoed ree clon any from the negative impacts eS ‘emergency ‘on acceptable soda ‘a ui a occurrences and disasters i . tof Social Welfare and * Department of Interior and Local Government Der elapment (Dswo) Disaster Prevention and Disaster Rehabilitation and Mitigation Recovery Avoid hazards and mitigate their Restore and improve facilities, potential impacts by reducing livelihood and living conditions vulnerabilities and exposure, and organizational capabilities and enhancing capacities of of affected communities, and ‘communities reduce disaster risk in accordance © Department of Science and with the “building back better” Technology (DOST) principle # National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 7-2, Each priority area has its wn goal in taining safer, adopive, and disasterresiem’ Filipino communities Figure foward sustainable development. “There are twenty-four outcomes from the four priority areas. These outcomes are found in the primer (NDRRMP 2011-28). Prevention and Mitigation: Increased resilience of infrastructure system (DPWH) Enhanced monitoring, forecasting, and hazard warning (DOST) Disaster Preparedness: Increased level of awareness and enhanced capacity of the community to deal with hazard threats and impacts (Philippine Information Agency or PIA) Communities are equipped with necessary skills and capability to cope with impacts of disaster (DILG to coordinate and OCD to implement) Disaster Response: Well-established disaster response operation (DSWD) Safe and timely evacuation of affected communities (LGU’) Rehabilitation and Recovery: + Damages, losses, and needs assessment (OCD) «Disaster and climate change resilient infrastructure construction or reconstruction (DPWH) 9) 128 « You and the Natural World—Earth and Life Science1, What are the objectives of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP)? 2. What is the vision of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF}? 3. What are the four priority area subgoals in achieving the vision of the NDRRMF? 4, Give the functions of the following government agencies in relation to NDRRMF: * DOST e« DSWD ° LGUs ¢ NEDA 7.2. Geologic Processes and Hazards The Philippines is a large archipelago consisting of more than 7100 islands. Ic is located along the Western Pacific Basin and lies between two tectonic plates whose interactions give rise to geologic processes like tectonic earthquakes, volcanism, and mass movement. It is also part of the circum-Pacific seismic belt and is within the subduction zones called the ring of fire. Figure 7-3. The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area surrounding the Pacific Ocean where Veet guskege proce (ctheuahe, Yetoniin: oa oe movement gee ee Chapter 7 Geological Processes and Hazards © 129Philippines is hazard-prone ¢ and environment, Because of its geographical and geophysical characteristics, the ' earthquakes and voleanic eruption that have adverse elleets on lives, properties in Leyte in 2006, and the voleanie For example, the earthquake in Bohol in 2013, the landslide destruction of properties, eruption of Moune Pinatubo in L991 brought about numerous deaths, dislocation of people, and irreparable damage to the environment. = Earthquakes in Bohol Figure 7-4. Affermaths of geologic processes in Bohol, Leyte, and around Mt. Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo eruption In general, geologic hazards are natural processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social, and economic disruption, of environmental damage. The Engineering, Geological, and Geohazard Assessment (EGGA) system gives alist of natural phenomena considered as geologic hazards. Taste 7-1 Geotocic Hazaros Process a. Ground acceleration b. Ground rupture c. Liquefaction d. Differential settlement e. Landslides f. Fault creep g. Lateral spread h. Tsunami ._ Seiches Faultrelated/Seismic 130 © You ond the Natural World—Earth and Life Sciencea, Landslides * Fall * Topple * Slump * Slide Mass movement * Spread * Flow * Complex b. Creep |. Subsidence d. Settlement a, Lava flow b. Debris flow . Pyroclastic flow d. Debris avalanche e. Lahar 9 i f. Lateral blast and pyroclastic surge |g. Bombs and ballistic projectiles |. Ash fall Tsunami i. Flooding k. Volcanic gases |. Volcanic earthquakes You cannot stop natural hazards but you can lessen the impact of the hazards, Policies, plans, and programs to reduce the risk of hazards are embodied in RA 10121. Specifically, che Mines and Geoscience Bureau (MGB) conducted the geologic mapping program to: G Volcanic h. 1. Identify geologic hazard prone areas in the country 2. Disseminate information to minimize the impacts of the geologic processes. ‘The geologic mapping program consists of three main activities. Firsts the rapid assessment survey to generate geohazard maps. The maps indicate areas prone to natural dangers like landslide, ground subsidence, and flooding, Second is the priority and reproduction of maps manuals and information materials for public dissemination. Third is information and education campaign through different media and modes like print, television, radio, social media, and seminars and workshops. Hazard maps for different regions can be accessed online from the homepages of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Mines and Geoscience Bureau. Chapter 7 Geological Processes and/Hazards © 131,7.3 Prevention and Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Rehabilitation From the previous lesson, you learned that the vision of the NORRME js a safer, adaptive, and dlsaster-resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development, In line with this, the National Risk Reduction Management Couneil (NRRMC) desctibed the priority areas on how to achieve the vision of che NDRRME The priority areas include dlsaster prevention and mitigation, di preparedness, disaster response, and disaster rehabilitation and recovery, Even before the enactment of RA 1012 of 2010, different public and private organizations have initiated programs ot projects in the school setting to educate students and school personnel on how to prepare and cope with hazards caused by natural phenomena. Tn 2005, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in partnership with the University of the Philippines National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Department (UP NISMED) published Primer on Natural Disaster Preparedness and Coping ‘Mechanisms. The primeris limited to three natural hazards: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,and tsunamis. Its primary objective is to equip students with knowledge and skills toward disaster preparedness and hazard mitigation, The materials are supposed to be integrated in science, social science, and other relevant subjects. The topic includes: + Basic understanding about the phenomena/event + What to do before the event + Whar to do during the event + What to do after the event + How to cope with traumatic experiences during and after disaster In 2008, the Department of Education, in partnership with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), produced a Disaster Risk Reduction Manual (Safer Schools Manual). The manual serves as a guide to education officials, school administrations, teachers, and students on what to do before, during, and after the onslaught, if there are any hazards, in order to reduce its impact and damages. The manual describes the strategies which include preparedness and mitigation (what to do before), response (what to do during), and rehabilitation (what to do after) that a school may employ to make the school safer. Ie is based on the Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year plan endored by the United Nations General Assembly in 2005 to make the world safer from natural hazards, As an activity, you will a creative and interactive strategy to promote disaster preparednes: yn. and Make/Investigation at the end of the chapter. Chapter 7 Geological Processes and Hazards © 133Hydrometeorological and Coastal Processes and Hazards & Beice Se Naturally-occutring hazards, which may be atmospheric or hydrological, have negative effects on people and environment. Hydrometeorological event, which are atmospheric and hydrological in origin, such as typhoons and tornadoes, can lead to flooding and accelerate coastal erosion. This chapter focuses on the various hydrometeorological hazards, their effects to the environment, and ways on how to cope with their impacts, Hydrometeorological phenomena cause hazards and may accelerate coastal processes. The hazards may be mitigated through government and private or personal initiative. 142. You and the Natural World—Earth and Life Sciencetropical cyclone eacee ha pu Gree include | H¥drometeorological coastal __ Phonomena occelorote >| procenses ; . ae jaa Cee be wha (omodoos st ») (tn C | fe hozords) (ero on) ( submersion 2. ior nt) ( sal intsion ) mitigated through government initiative may goveln P| Describe the various hazards that may happen a the wake of tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes. 2. Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes, 3. Give practical ways of coping with hydrometeorological hazards caused by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes. 4. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion. 5. Give practical ways of coping with coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion, 6. Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal, and construction of structures on control of coastal processes. 7. Devise ways to facilitate own learning, 8. Display scientific values and attitudes. Chapter 8 Hydrometeorological and Coastal Processes and Hazards © 1435.1 Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards ‘The Philippines is strongly alleered by sonal reversal monsoon wind of wind, » Monsoon is as ‘The monsoon winds include Monsoon referred to as Thabagae” and northeast valled “amihan” Habagat season is characterized by hot and humid weather with frequent rainfall, Ie usually monsoon experienced as cool northeast wind drawing cold from . Te usually stares in November and ends in and hurricanes only differ in the location where they come from? Cyclones are storms that form in the Indian Ocean and the Southwest Typhoons form in the Northwest Pacific, while hurricanes form in the Atlantic. In accordance to international agreement, the term “tropical cyclone” is used by most countries to describe cyclonic storms that originate over tropical oceans. Tropical cyclone is locally referred co as “bagyo.” Do you know that around 19 to 20 tropical storms enter the Philippines? PAGASA assigns local names to these tropical storms in alphabetical order. A tornado (locally known as ipo-ipo) is a whirling fannel-shaped cloud, It develops in low heavy cumulonimbus clouds. The area atthe bottom of this funnel of swirling air has an extremely low air pressure. When this low-pressure point touches the ground, it acts like a giant vacuum cleaner. Tornado lasts only for a few minutes, but causes massive damages and injuries. 8-3, Tornadoes are voilent swirling column that causes devaslation fo the areas in its path. t ge igure 8-1. The Philippines is fected by the monsoon Fig sf habogar from May > October from November February. OS . Figure 8-2. Salelite image of typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) as seen from outer space ~~" Ren 144 © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life Science‘Tropical cyclones and flooding are often correlared, Cyclones are often accompanied by heavy rains which may comes with localized or widespread flooding, as well as storm surge in coastal regions. ‘The damage is enormous in terms of: + human consequences like injury and death of persons and health-related problems + economic consequences due to destruction of buildings, bridges, roads, agricultural land, and disruption of services + environmental degradation affecting fauna, flora, marine life, water resources, and soil Figure 8-4. Aftermath of tropical storm Yolande (Haiyan], the deadliest typhoon recorded in modern history Table 8-1 shows the five most destructive cyclones that hit the country since 2008. Tae 8-1 Destauctve TYPHOONS Name Year ae |___ Cowes Fronk June 17, 2008 125 (category 3) ens 1, One, September 23, 2009 | 105 (category 2) 700 decd Juan October 8, 2010 185 (category 5) ae | fe Sree OL. iii OC 100 dead Pablo November 25,2012 | 175 (eategery§) | goo missing _| Yolanda November 8, 2013 | 200 (category 5)_| Make a journal entry about how your family/community has been affected by al eyelone. Share your experience fo the class using video or picture Chapter 8 Hydrometeorological and Coastal Processes and Hazards ° 145Sydrometeorological Disaster Mitigation One ofthe priority a warning, with the cas of the National Risk Reduction Council (NRRMC) isa disaster p Department of Science and ‘Technology (DOST) as the lead agency. tion As a response, DOST launched Project NOAH which scands for Nationwide Operationgy Assessment of Ha ards, a technologically-based system intended co prevent and mitigate disaster, especially in high-risk areas throughout the country. ‘The project has the following components: 1, Distribution of hydromereorological (hydromet) devices used in hard-hit areas in the coungy provides a better picture of the country's surface in relation to flooding Disaster Risk Exposure Assessment for Mitigation—Light Detection and Ranging (DREAM. LIDAR) Project produces more accurate flood inundation and 3D hazard maps for flood. prone areas, river systems, and watersheds Enhancing Geohazards Mapping through LIDAR identifies exact area prone to landslides Coastal Hazards and Storm Surge Assessment Mitigation (CHASSAM) generates wave surge, wave refraction, and coastal circulation model to understand and recommended solutions to coastal erosion Flood Information Network (FloodNet) Project provides timely and accurate information for flood early warning system Local Development of Doppler Radar System (LaDDeRS) develops local capacity to design, fabricate and operate subsystem of Doppler radars Landslide Sensors Development Project develops low-cost season-based early monitoring and warning system for landslides, shape failures, and debris flow in the local setting Weather Hazard Information Project (WHIP) utilizes different platform, such as TV (DOST») and web portal, which display information to empower LGUs and communities co prepare against extreme natural hazards Disaster Warning Systems DOST's Project NOAH has also been integrated into PAGASA to improve capabilities on how to prevent and mitigate disasters. Several warning system have been studied and used to provide the general public with better warning systems thar are suitable for different disasters. Flood and 3D Hazard Map ‘Through Project NOAH, flood maps have been developed into higher resolution flood bazard maps which help identify areas that are prone to flooding. This is highly beneficial for the communities ad residences near the 18 major river systems in the country. Table 8-2 shows the 18 major river systems it the Phil 146 © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life ScienceTawte 8-2 MAtok River Basins an rit: PHIIPRINES abe oil Region Cagayan Valley Southern Mindanao Northern Mindanao Central Luzon Central Luzon Cagayan River Mindanao River Agusan River llocos Pasig-Laguna River Southern Luzon Bicol River Bicol Rogion Tagumlibuganon River Southern Mindanao Hilabangan River Western Visayas Panay River Western Visayas Tagoloan River Northern Mindanao Agus River Southern Mindanao Davao River Southeastern Mindanao Cagayan River Northern Mindanao Jolaud River Western Mindanao Buayan-Malungon River Southeastern Mindanao A three-dimensinal (3D) hazard map is another visual guide for flooding, It indicates the areas that are most vulnerable to flooding by the intensities of color: the darker the color, the deeper the water. For example, the purple color in the map tells how high water may rise during a heavy rain. Ga hy She 1 Figure 8-5. The food hazard map of Mero Manila smevidere vical ur ied are le Fog Figure 8-6. A 3D hazard map of Cagayan de Oro, ‘one of the most disaster-prone citos in the Philippines. Flood and 3D hazard mops can be accessed in project NOAH's website noch dost.goviph, Go to the area where you want to view a flood hazard map, Select the icon and a new pop-t me wil ron. Rea contents )p-up frame and the link to display \azard may Chapter 8 Hydrometeorological and Coastal Processes and Hazards * 147Ts mies fete stooraa show the similarities and differences among a tropical cyclone, 2, What are the objectives of Project NOAH? 3. Ae aac systems that have helped you mitigate the impact ofhydrometeorological isaster. mr 4. What is your main source of warning bulletin about the weather condition? Is it helpful to you? Explain your answer. :% , 8.3 Coastal Ecosystem and Hazards ‘The Philippines has a about of 7100 islands and has one of the longest coastlines in the world, approximately 36289 km. Refer to the map of the Philippines and find out if your place is a coastal province. é 1 spec te # Sr mens no i i een aE i ' 3 #8 SERSHSEEBENE RENNER ZS Aaa tae: i # s 2 Seapamune Figure 8-9. Map of he Philippines Chapter 8 Hydrometeorological and Coastal Processes and Hazards * 153Coastlines comprise the natural boundary zone between the land and the ocean, The coastal ecosystem consists of sand beach, sand dunes, coral reefs, estuaries, delta, lagoons, mangroves, and sea grass beds, among others. Thecoastalecosystemhassignificant value. It provides resources, such as marine plants and animals, crude oil, natural gas, minerals, salts and construction materials (gravel and sand). It also provides services (direct and indirect) like recreation, transportation, shoreline _ protection, ’ sustaining biodiversity, and potential Figure 8-10. Coastal ecosystems are regions with some of the highest source of renewable energy. biological productivity and diversity. Coastal Processes and Hazards Coastal regions undergo changes, which include erosion, submersion, and salt intrusion. Coastal erosion is the wearing away of rocks at the crust. This is caused by wave action, and tidal and wave currents, which dissolve chemicals in rocks. Intense hydrometeorological phenomena lead to coastal erosion, submersion of low coastal zones, and saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. Salt intrusion is the movement of salt water into fresh water aquifer. In addition to natural processes, human activities also accelerate coastal processes. ‘These include construction of structures on or near the beach, dumping site for solid wastes or construction of septic system close to the beach, harbor development rourism-related activities, quarrying, and mining, among others. Figure 8-11. Although erosion happens naturally, human Figure 8-12. Breakwater is created parallel fo the ccivites such as land development accelerate coastal shore to prevent erosion. erosion. | 1) 184 © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life ScienceTo mitigate coastal erosion, submers serategies: + Political — through legislations that de conversion, proper wastes dispos n» and sale intrusion in coastal areas, che following are suggested fine proper zoning, better land use planning and }and regulated mining andl quarrying + — Structural — through the use of hard include breakwater, seawall, and groyne and soft struceur Figure 8-13. Seawall is a sructure that runs Figure 8-14. Groyne iso shrelne structure that parallel to the beach. Itis made of wood and is perpendicular fo the beach. Its made up of steel or rock boulders concrete or sieel and wood. Soft structures are used to dissipate wave energy by maintaining the natural topography of the coast. It includes beach nourishment or feeding, and revegetation. Beach nourishment involves adding large volumes of sand to the beach. The sand may be obtained from an inland or offshore source. This requires regular maintenance and is usually used in conjunction with hard structure options. Coastal revegetation is recommended to muddy coastal environment or within the tidal zone of estuaries where mangrove forests and other indigeneous shrub species are , ene fend, es P Figure 8-15. Revegetation by planting trees, commonly found. shrubs, and grasses is conducted in muddy. coastal areas to prevent erosion. Form a group consisting of four members. Visit a coastline near your place. Find out the state of the coastline. Are there evidences of coastal erosion? Support your answer. Are there measures in place to mit coastal erosion? If yes, what strategies were used? IF none, what r output to the clas: Chapter 8 Hydrometeorological and Coastal Processes and Hazards © 155