ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

Endogenic Processes

 A process that contributes to the changing Earth’s

landscape. This change is internal in nature and is
called Endogenic process.
 Endogenic process gets its energy from within Earth.
The source of heat is radioactive decay.
 Important endogenic processes that play important
roles in the formation of different landforms are
tectonic processes (folding, faulting, and shearing)
and volcanism.
 Tectonic Processes

 Tectonics is the study of processes that deform

Earth’s crust.
 Continental drift is the theory that the
Earth's continents have moved over geologic time
relative to each other, thus appearing to have
"drifted" across the ocean bed and was proposed by
Alfred Wegener.
 Pangaea – A huge single landmass which believed to
be undivided continents.
 Panthalasa – a single ocean which surrounds the
Pangaea.
 Tectonic Processes

 Plate Tectonic Theory – proposes that the

lithosphere consists of seven large segments and
numerous smaller ones called, plates.
 Plate Tectonic Theory is supported by some
evidences such as Paleomagnetism or fossil
magnetism and distribution of earthquakes.
 Paleomagnetism – refers to the study of the fossils
(esp. rocks) formed millions of years that contain
record of the magnetic poles at the time of their
formation.
 Tectonic Processes

 Distribution of earthquakes – Earthquakes often

occur along faults
 Fault – breaks in a rock mass where plate movement
has occurred. Faults are associated with plate
boundaries.
 Plate Boundaries – it is a fracture separating one
plate from another.
 Tectonic Processes

 Convergent Boundary – occurs when two plates

moved toward each other.
 Oceanic-continental convergence – forms trenches,
destructive earthquakes, and rapid uplift of
mountain ranges, as well as the building of volcanic
arc
 Tectonic Processes

 Oceanic-oceanic convergence – also forms trenches

(Marianas Trench) and volcanic arc.
 Tectonic Processes

 Continental-Continental convergence – forms

mountain range like the Himalayan range.
 Tectonic Processes

 Divergent Boundary – occurs when two plates move

away. When the plate move apart, there is upwelling
of magma from the hot mantle below. As it cools,
new seafloor is created called, seafloor spreading.
Tectonic Processes
 Tectonic Processes

 Divergent plate boundaries can also occur within a

continent and form a rift. Continental rifting may
initiate volcanic activity and generate a rift valley.
Further rifting may form narrow sea and eventually
result in an ocean basin and ridge system.
 Tectonic Processes

 Transform Fault Boundary – occurs when plates

slide horizontally past one another. It commonly
affects the active spreading ridges, producing zig-zag
margins.
 Tectonic Processes

 San Andreas Fault – one of the few transform faults

found on land.
 Tectonic Forces and Processes

 Rocks may undergo deformation. Deformation

refers to the change in the original shape and size of
a rock. The deformation is caused by tectonic forces
(Folding and Faulting.)
 Folding – occur when rocks are pushed towards each
other from opposite sides.
 Faulting – is the fracturing and displacement of
brittle rocks strata along a fault plane. Faults are
fractures along the crust which displacement has
occurred.
 Types of Faulting

 Dip-slip Fault – occurs when the movement of the

two blocks is vertical. Examples are the normal and
reverse faults. In a normal fault, the hanging wall
block moves down relative to the footwall block. In
reverse, the hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall block.
 Types of Faulting

 Strike-slip Fault – occurs when dominant

displacement is horizontal and parallel. Examples
are transform faults.
 Volcanism

 Volcanism – is one of the endogenic processes. It is a

phenomenon in which materials are erupted from
Earth’s interior onto the surface through volcanoes.
 A volcano is a vent or a series of vents on the crust.
The mouth of the vent is called crater. The large,
almost circular depression formed either by the
collapse or explosion of the volcano is caldera.
 Magma – is generated when the right conditions are
met. These conditions include the addition of heat,
decrease in pressure, and change in composition of
the mantle.
 Magma and other Volcanic Materials

 Gases – In addition to water vapor and carbon

dioxide, toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid are
emitted.
 Liquid (Lava) – refers to magma that flows out of
Earth’s surface with a temperature of around 500◦c
to 1,400◦c
 Granitic – Silicon Dioxide content is greater than 65%.
 Andesitic – Silicon Dioxide content is between 55% to 60 %.
 Basaltic – Silicon Dioxide content is less than 55%.
 Magma and other Volcanic Materials

 Solids – The solid particles thrown out in volcanic

eruption are known as pyroclasts (fire-broken
fragments).
 Volcanic blocks are large volcanic rocks with size greater
than 32mm in diameter. Similar pumice.
 Cinders or lapilli are medium-sized particles about 4 to 32mm
in diameter.
 Volcanic ash consists of small particles that are less than
2mm in diameter.
 Volcanic dust consists of very small particles that are less
than 0.25mm in diameter.
 Magma and other Volcanic Materials

 Ash clouds may cause rains that bring about mudflow called
lahar.
 Nuee Ardente a French term for growing clouds, which is a
mixture of hot gases and fine ash which is denser than air
therefore flows down the slope of volcanoes.