The Evolution of Mobile Communications Devices Networks From 1G to 6G

Ahmad Zahin Bin Mohd Rosli, Muhammad Hafiz Dzikri Bin Mohammad Salihhuddin,
Nurul Nazirah Binti Anuar Mohammed
Student,Faculty. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM),
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
istudent@uitm.edu.my

Abstract-Several generations will have experienced the future of mobile wireless communication networks. This kind of development will be
driven by the research of information technology in the industrial sector. In this paper, an attempt has been made to provide an overview of the
evolution of mobile generations by comparing the challenges and features that have evolved from generation to generation, and by explaining how
improvements have been made from generation to generation. The main objective of this paper is to propose a technical framework for the industry
in the future. Thus, this paper focuses on the specification of future generations of mobile wireless communication networks.

Keywords-1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G,CDMA,GSM,UMTS.

I. INTRODUCTION III. 2G OR SECOND GENERATION

Wireless communication networks offer transmission of signals,
such as voice, data, and multimedia, without using wires, which
is the crucial part of mobile communications. The wireless
mobile communication networks is a rapidly growing discipline,
fueled by the worldwide adoption of cellular networks and
wireless local area networks (LANs). The article refers to
wireless communication; it requires no prior knowledge of
communication technology. The background material on
wireless communication, a thorough discussion on the
performance of cellular systems, and the up-to-date technical
details on the cellular wireless Generation (G) which is the first
generation (1G), the second generation (2G), the third-
generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G), the fifth-generation
(5G), the sixth generation (6G) and the seventh generation (7G).
TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL)
Digital cellular systems are the second generation (2G) wireless
mobile systems. Compared to the first generation, the second
generation wireless system used the digital modulation scheme,
such as multi-access time division (TDMA) and multi-access
code division (CDMA). Based on the two techniques, there were
three primary 2G mobile communication systems. These are
TDMA (IS.136), CDMA (IS-95), and GSM. TDM is a fully
digital system that was deployed in North America in 1993. But
operating in the 824 MHz-894 MHz AMPS frequency band.
CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) system
that works on the 1850-1990 MHz frequency band to support
CDMA carriers. This spectrum is commonly referred to as
Personal Communication Services (PCS).

II. 1G OR FIRST GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

(ANALOG)
In the mid-1980s, the first generation was not a technological
innovation, but an analog system used mostly for public voice
services with speeds of up to 2.4 kbps. In 1979, Nippon Telephone
and Telegraph (NTT) became the world's first cellular system in
Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular era spread to Europe. The
two of the most popular analog systems were Nordic Mobile
Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems
(TACS). Based on the technology of the Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS), it was a frequency that encoded an analog mobile
Figure 2. GSM System Architecture
radio system using Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
with 30 kHz channels of 824 MHz up to 894 MHz frequency band
IV. 2.5G TECHNOLOGY
and then the first commercial cellular system to be developed in the
early 1990s.
GSM is the most widely used 2G standard, accounting for about
66% of the world market in 2004. Standards have been
developed to provide both data services and to increase the data
rate in GSM networks. The system called 2.5 Generation (2.5G)
is developed by GSM technology. General Packet Radio Service
Figure 3. Architecture of GPRS
(GPRS) was a packet overlay network designed to provide GSM
network data services. GPRS used the same frame structure as
GSM and provide a data rate of 144 kbps. 2G used technologies
such as GPRS and Enhanced Data rates in GSM Environment
Figure 1.Architecture of AMPS (EDGE

Figure 3. Architecture of GPRS


V. 3G OR THIRD GENERATION
TECHNOLOGY
Figure 4. WCDMA Network Diagram
3G is a highly developed generation of mobile
communication services and services based on the technical
standards of IMT-2000, including reliability and speed (data
transfer rates) for example at least 200kbit/s. Over and above
mobile communications, higher speeds allowed 3G
connections to PCs, gaming consoles, tablets, and any other
portable device that could benefit from faster and higher
quality internet connections. 3G also provides users with
enhanced security through user authentication capabilities
when communicating with other wireless devices. 3G
featuring three basic technologies, such as CDMA2000,
Time-division Synchronous Code-division Multiple Access
(TD-SCDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(W-CDMA)..
VI. 4G OR FOURTH GENERATION
TECHNOLOGY
The 4G mobile system is an entirely IP-based network system.
The features of 4G can be summarised with a single word
integration. 4G technology should integrate different existing
and future wireless network technologies such as OFDM, MC-
CDMA, LAS-CDMA, and Network LMDSl to ensure freedom
of movement and streamlined roaming from one software to
another. They will provide multimedia applications to mobile
users by enabling them to access different technologies in a
continuous and always optimal way. 4G networks can integrate
several radio access networks with fixed internet networks as a
backbone. The core interface between the core network and the
radio access network and the collection of radio interfaces is
used for communication between radio access networks and
mobile users. This type of integration combines multiple
radio access interfaces into a single network to provide
seamless roaming/handoff and the best-connected services.
Figure 5. 4G Network Architecture
VII. 5G OR FIFTH
GENERATION
TECHNOLOGY
LTE's fourth-generation has begun to be widely deployed around
the world. Mobile fifth generation and technologies emerging in
the field of research, new services, applications that will enhance
system quality and capacity within a limited bandwidth spectrum
whose frequency band and data bandwidth will be 3-300GHz" and
1Gbps & higher successively. The fifth generation of
communications will be deployed on the concept of the Innovative
Wireless System for Dynamic Mega Communications
(WISDOM). The innovation of the fifth generation is based on the
three objectives:
• Implementation of large scale capacity and large
connectivity
• Supporting all diverse set of services, applications, and
users
• Flexible and efficient use of all available
non-contiguous spectrum
Figure 6. 5G Mobile Network Architectu
Application Layer Application(Service) have announced the development of their Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (GNSS). The US military has deployed the
Presentation Layer
Global Position System (GPS) for many years. European
Session Layer Open Transport Protocol(OTP) Galileo, Chinese COMPASS, and Russian GLONASS have
Transport Layer only been developed and deployed by the military. Since 4G
Network Layer Upper Network Layer migration is based on the MC-CDMA standard, if 6G integrates
Lower Network Layer 5G with these four satellite networks, 6G should have four
Data Link Layer Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) standards. In other words, there are four 6G technologies,
Physical Layer networks, and systems. This will drive the next generation (7G)
of mobile communication networks.
• Ultra fast Internet access.
TABLE I. OSI layers in the 5G Mobile Terminal Design
• Data rates will be up to 10-11 Gbps.
In 5G network, the Physical and Data Link layer defines the • Smart Homes, Cities and Villages.
5G wireless technology indicating it as an Open Wireless • May be used in the production of Energy from
Architecture(OWA).The 5G technology also maintain virtual galactic world.
multi-wireless network. To perform this the Network layer is • Home automation, Space technology, Defence
sub-divided into two layers; upper network layer for mobile applications will be modified with 6G networks.
terminal and lower network layer for interface. Here all the • Satellite to Satellite Communication
routing will be based on IP addresses which would be • Natural Calamities will be controlled with 6G
different in each IP network worldwide. In 5G technology the networks.
higher bit rate loss is overcome by using Open Transport • Sea to Space Communication.
Protocol(OTP).The OTP is supported by Transport and • Mind to Mind Communication may be possible.
Session layer. The application layer is for quality of service
management over various types of networks. IX. TECHNOLOGY THAT BEING
Features CHOOSE
• 5G provides large broadcasting of data in Gigabit.
• 5G terminals have software-defined radios.
• 5G uses different modulation techniques and error-
control techniques.
• 5G provides hundreds of channels without
streaming.
• 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with
unparalleled consistency.
• 5G technology supports virtual private network.
• 5G offers bidirectional bandwidth and less traffic
• 5G provides 25Mbps connectivity speed with data
bandwidth higher than 1Gb.
• Remote diagnostics is a great feature of 5G.
• The uploading and downloading speed of 5G is very
high.

VIII. 6G OR SIXTH GENERATION

TECHNOLOGY

The sixth generation of mobile communication

networks can integrate satellite communication
networks and 5G to provide global coverage. Satellite
communications networks consist of satellite navigation
networks, satellite telecommunications networks, and
satellite image networks. Navigation satellite networks
are used for global position, telecommunications
satellite networks are used for global telephony,
multimedia video, and high-speed Internet connectivity,
an Earth-imaging satellite networks are used for
monitoring resources and weather information.
Integrating these three types of satellite networks to
provide position identifiers, multimedia, and internet
connectivity, and weather information services for
mobile users is a key objective for 6G. Five countries
 X. CONCLUSION

The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly

developing. The last few years have experienced a remarkable
growth in wireless industry. Attempts are being made to
reduce the number of technologies to a single global standard
resulting in 5G,6G and 7G. 5G aims a real wireless world with
no limitations while 6G integrates 5G with satellite networks.
Due to variable technologies and standards, with 6G
handoff/roaming will be an issue. This drives the 7G of
mobile wireless networks which aims to acquire space
roaming. Trials have already started on 5G which may lead to
its commercial availability around 2020. The world is trying
to become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted
access to information anytime and anywhere with better
quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and re
duction in cos

TABLE II: Comparison of all Generations

Generation→/Features↓ 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G 6G

Year 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010s 2015 onwards After 5G

Speed 2.4Kbps 64Kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps to 1Gbps and 10 to 11Gbps

1Gbps Higher

Technology Analog Cellular Digital Cellular Broadband Unified IP & 4G+WWWW 5G+satellite
CDMA, IP seamless
combination of
broadband
LAN, WAN,
WLAN, PAN

Standard AMPS GSM,PDC,IS-95,IS CDMA 2000, LTE, WiMAX LAS-CDMA, GPS,COMPAS

-136,EDGE,GPRS UMTS,TD-SCD OFDM, S, GLONASS,
MA,WCDMA MC-CDMA, Galileo systems
UWB,
Network-LMD
S, IPv6

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA,CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

Packet Packet Packet
Switching Circuit Circuit & Packet Packet except
circuit for air
interface

Core Network PSTN PSTN and Packet Packet Network Internet Internet Internet
network
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal & Horizontal & Horizontal & Horizontal &
Vertical Vertical Vertical Vertical

Services Voice only Digital voice and Integrated high Dynamic Dynamic Ultrafast
short messaging, quality audio, information information Internet access
packetized data video and data access, access,
wearable wearable
devices devices with AI
capabilities
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