Research methodology Questions freee ear Start Complete Exam Preparation a foe ind Declare Cress Ga exer Download App MCQ Question 1: View this Question Online > De BC) Cee are eo Which of the following is common in all true experimental and Quasi experimental designs? 1. Control group 2. Randomization 3. Pre-testing and post-testing 4, Pretesting Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : Control group ~coaching India's Super Teachers for all govt. exams Under One Roof Gee Research methodology MCQ Question 1 Detailed Solution The correct option is the Control group. There are two basic types of research design 1. True experiments 2. Quasi-experiments The purpose of both is to examine the cause of certain phenomena. © Key Points f + True experiments, in which all the important factors that might effect the phenomena of interest are completely controlled, are the preferred design. + Often, however, it is not possible or practical to control all the key factors, so it becomes necessary to implement a quasi-experimental research design + control group, the standard to which Simmparisons are made in an experiment. + Many experiments are designed to incllid@ie control group and one or more experimental groups: in fact, some scholars reserve the term experiment for study designs that include a control group © Ad ional Information Similarities between true and quasi-experiments: - Participants in the study experience various conditions or treatments. + An interesting outcome is measured + The researchers investigate if variations in this outcome are influenced by the therapy. Differences between the two: + Participants are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups in a quasi- experiment, whereas they are in a true experiment where they are. + In a quasi-experiment, the treatment and control groups differ in other, frequently unrecognized or unknowable ways in addition to the experimental therapy they receive. + In order to statistically adjust for as many of these differences as feasible, the researcher must try. + There may be a number of "rival hypotheses vying with the experimental manipulation to explain the observed results in quasi-experiments because control is absentree eri Start Complete Exam Preparation RCC A eco Pn foe Pala apes aoa Coa irxat MCQ Question 2: View this Question Online > Identify which of the following steps are carried out for constant comparison in grounded theory research? 1. Data collection, note taking, coding and memoing 2. Data collection, data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing and verification 3. ~... axial coding, categorization and narrative description 4. Data collection, contrasting, comparing and generating themes and patterns Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : Data collection, note taking, coding and memoing Research methodology MCQ Question 2 Detailed Solution Grounded theory is a well-known methodology employed in many research studies. Qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques can be used in a grounded theory study. Grounded theory is credited to Glaser and Strauss as its creators. The constant comparative method is a process developed by Glaser and Strauss and used in grounded theory, The steps required for constant comparison are as follows Data collection, note taking, coding, and memoing. + Data collection: Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. * Note-takina: Note-taking ~~ a way of concisely recording important information so thatyou can recall it later. * Coding: If someone is working on a new topic that has very limited literature to build on, you may not be able to find established theories that allow you to develop the coding categories in advance. In this case, the emergent coding approach, based on the notion of grounded theory, is appropriate. + Memoing: Memoing refers to the process where researchers make. notes while exploring the data Thus, the steps carried out for constant comparison in grounded theory research are data collection, note-taking, coding, and memoing. ed Mee sn arti Be Re Ae cnt Start Complete Exam Preparation Taipan ene jneaw ha Cole Cress exotic Download App MCQ Question 3: View this Question Online > Given below are two statements Statement I: If we are interested in the worldview of members of a certain social group, a qualitative research strategy that is sensitive to how participants interpret their social world may be preferable. Statement II: If a researcher is interested in a topic on which little or no research has been done in the past, quantitative research may be easy to employ because there is litle prior literature from which to draw leads. In ight of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below a | and Statement Il are correct 2. Both Statement | and Statement II are incorrect 3. Statement! is correct but Statement Il is incorrect 4. Statement] is incorrect but Statement Il is correct Answer (Detailed Solution Below)Option 3 : Statement | is correct but Statement Il is incorrect Research methodology MCQ Question 3 Detailed Solution » ‘Statement I: If we are interested in the worldview of members of a certain social group, a In which method of research an independent variable is manipulated with an intent to observe concomitant changes in dependent variable? 1. ExPost Facto method 62. Case study method Af BEN » a ° 3 Descriptive survey method VE NB incre method ey Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: Experimental method Research methodology MCQ Question 4 Detailed Solution Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design. © Key Points + Experimental research consists of a hypothesis, a variable that the researcher can manipulate, and variables that can be measured, calculated, and compared. + Most importantly, experimental research is carried out in a controlled setting. + The researcher gathers data, and the findings will either support or refute the hypothesis, + This research method is known as hypothesis testing or deductive research. »f » Important Points +The alm of experimental research is to find 2 relationship between two variables: the dependent variable and the independent variable. % * A correlation between a specific aspect of an a ae yee being studied Is elther Ar supported or rejected after an experimental reseai dy is completed. Thus In an experimental method of research an independent variable is manipulated with an intent to observe concomitant changes In depend variable. ©; Additional Information + Expost facto research’ In ex-post facto research, the researcher can not directly manipulate the independent variable/s (that is, the cause) as he or she predicts the cause on basis of the dependent variable (that is, the effect). * Case study Methods is a technique for narrowing down a very broad field of research into a single easily researched topic. The case study research design is also useful for determining whether scientific theories and models work in practice, * Descriptive Research Method is a type of research design that seeks information in order to descride a phenomenon, situation, or population ina systematic manner. - It specifically assists in answering the what, when, where, and how questions about the research problem, rather than the why. ec eetPans ieee eto rns Download App MCQ Question 5: View this Question Online > Given below are two statements ‘Statement I: Sample sizes for qualitative research vary by technique but are generally small. ‘Statement I : Qualitative research involves non-probability sampling. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below 1. Both Statement | and Statement Il aretrue 2. Both Statement | and Statement Il are false _ lis true but Statement Il is false 4. Statement is false but Statement Il is true Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : Both Statement | and Statement Il are true Research methodology MCQ Question 5 Detailed Solution © Key Points Statement I: Sample sizes for qualitative research vary by technique but are generally small. Qualitative research: + The data are generally nonnumerical. + Qualitative research can be used to understand how an individual subjectively perceives and gives meaning to their social reality. = + For example, a convenience store wanted to determine why women were not visiting the store so it can conduct an in-depth interview of potential customers in the category. + Thus the goal of qualitative research is not to cisprove a hypothesis, but were looking to understand the nature of a problem in detail.ENA ah a a al audience. = + Hence the sample requirement for qualitative research is small. + Techniques used for Qualitative research rely on data obtained by the researcher from first- hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, case studies, and artifacts Hence statement I is correct. ~”a ‘Statement I: Qualitative research involves non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampling techniques a a a ee nee ame + These are often used in exploratory and qualitative research. + In these types of research, the aim is not to test a hypothesis about a broad population but to develop an initial understanding of a small or under-researched population +The goal of qualitative research is not to disprove a hypothesis, but we're looking to understand the nature of a problem in detail Hence non- probability sampling is utilized for Qualitative research Hence statement Il is correct. Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is both Statements | and Statement II are true. & India’s #1 Learning Platform Rene ent Start Complete Exam Preparation Panis ed ecw MasterClasses IJ Question Bank Exotic Download App MCQ Question 6 View this Question Online > In which of the following research methods, manipulation and control of variables, and randomization of sample are two of the basic requirements? 1. Expost facto research 2. Descriptive research 3. Case study research 4, Experimental researchAnswer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: Experimental research Research methodology MCQ a+ An ex-post-facto the researcher attempts to trace an Expost| effect that has already occurred to its probable facto causes. + The researcher has no direct control over the researc| independent variable because it has occurred much prior to producing Its effects. + To study and obtain information concerning the current 7 ( status of a given phenomenon. Descriptive + It determines the nature of a situation as it exists at gaa the time of the study. © d research + The aimis to describe “what exists’ with respect to. oye variables or conditions in a situation. % + Acase study is a deep, detailed, and intensive study of a social unit; ~ % + Itis a method of qualitative research; ‘ + It preserves wholeness of the units i.e. proach} that views any social unit asa whole. Case + Ithelps to collect detailed information about the unit of study study and gives clues to new ideas and further research. research + Asa tool of analysis, it helps to ascertain a number and| variety of traits, qualities, and habits confined to a particular instance. + The Case Study method shows the way to deepen our perception and sharpen insights to understand biographies. + Itis a systematic and scientific approach to research on establishing causal relationships. + Itis designed for establishing cause and effect relationships between two or more variables. + Itinvestigates a hypothesis through experiments in a controlled environment where a variable is manipulated by the researcher and its impact is observed on the dependent variable. Ittests the formulated hypothesis and uses the results to generalize to a larger population + Ithelpsin establishing causal relationships among ifferent events in the educational situation under controlled conditions + There are four essential characteristics of experimental research: 1. control 2. manipulation 3. observation and 4. replication Experimental research Ra eS India’s #1 Learning Platform Ceca eco cS ela eM ci mde tle Leola) peanMCQ Question 7 View this Question Online > Which one of the following is the main feature of qualitative research? 1. Avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis a 2. Subscribes to pre-existing categories 4. Uses the empirical method of data analysis a Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : Avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis Research methodology MCQ Question 7 Detailed Solution Research is a systematic inquiry towards understanding a complex social phenomenon or a process. They ere broadly categorized into qualitative and quantitative research. Based on the research problem, the selection of research methods by the researcher may vary. EB key Points Positivistic Research Paradigm: Aresearch paradigm is a research model or a perceptual orientation for conducting research that has been verified by the research community. + Emphasizes quantitative analysis over qualitative analysis + Relies heavily on experimentation ge GJ * Subscribes to pre-existing categories - Hypotheses are put forward about the causal relation between phenomena + Empirical evidence is gathered and analysed that explains the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable + Employs a deductive approach to analyse data ~ * Collects numerical data ' _~pen esceen wat Features of Qualitative Research: ~ + The objective is to explore a phenomenon to gain understanding by diving deeper into the problem + Used qualitative methods of data collection such as interviews, focus groups, observation, etc. + The sample size is kept small * Believes in interpretivism paradigm and disregards the positivist assumptions and statistical data analysis + Inductive reasoning Is employe where things are observed, a pattern Is developed and then the theory is formed + The conclusions are descriptive rather than predictive. Hence, itis clear from the given points that qualitative research avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis. ea aera] Learning Platform RR A eo Slam CCM Cmte riley Panny Practice eee Deion fersieocrs Download App MCQ Question 8 View this Question Online > Identify the main features of qualitative research from the following : (A) Itis concerned with understanding the phenomena from the participant's perspective. (B) Itassumes that there are social facts with a single objective reality. (©) Researcher becomes immersed in the situation, present or past. (0) Researcher is detached from the study to avoid bias. (© There is greater flexibility in both the methods and research process. Choose the correct answer from the options given below : «° and (©) Pony 2. (A), (B) and (C) only 3. (B),(C)and (D) only4. (C),(D) and (E) only Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : (A), (C) and (E) only Research methodology MCQ Question 8 Detailed Solution Qualitative research is research using methods such as participant observation or case studies that result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice. © key points r The main features of qualitative research are: .€ ye + Itis a naturalist approach that seeks an understanding of social phenomena. + It deals with human behavior from an informant's perspective. + This type of research analyzes non-numeric data. * It focuses on the ‘why and what’ of social phenomena. + Inductive in approach. 3 + It has a Post Positivist oo . + Its concerned with unders ie phenomena from the participant's perspective. + The researcher becomes immersed in the situation, present or past. + There is greater flexibility in both the methods and the research process. + Biases of the researcher are quite evident in this type of research. Hence, (A), (C), and (E) are the main features of qualitative research. ©; Additional Information Examples of qualitative research methods * Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes. + Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations. * Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people. Rg India’s #1 Learning Platform Reeteed Question Bank Download App MCQ Question 9 View this Question Online > Match List | with List Il : List List Il Type of validity Reflection i indicates adequacy of (A) [Face Validity © ligament ) {Indicates the extent to which the! (8) [Concurrent validity | (I) ea ee ne eereed Compares a new test to an (C) [Construct (l") |eiready established test. |The extent to which a score on a (0) [Predictive (IV) |scale forecasts scores on same _ |eriterion measure Choose the correct answer from the options given below : < ),8)- (©), ©) -V) © 2. (A) - (I, (B)- (),(C)- (VY). )- 3. (A) - (Ht), (B) - (IV), (C) - (), ©) -) 4. (A) -(V), (B)- (ill), (C) - (MN, (D)- (VY) Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: (A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV).Research methodology MCQ Question 9 Detailed Solution Validity is one of the important characteristics of scientific research. The term ‘Validity’ implies truth or fidelity. Thus, validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. The word “valid” is derived from the Latin ‘validus’. A Valid measurement Is always reliable. + For determining the validity of a test, the test should be compared to another independent construct or criteria. + Validity is concerned with generalizability. + Validity has three important properties: = Itisa relative term, = Itisnota fixed concept or criteria of a test because it is an unending process that requires constant validation. » It Is Just a measure concept and not an all-or-none property. » Important Pointsee eea rer teria) eect Slam CM Cima lelioy Vea erly Dr aC re bocees iar Feri jownload App ‘MCQ Question 10 View this Question Online > The term “research methodology” refers to 1. the methods used in data collection and analysis.2. the rules for writing a research report or paper. 3. the specific methods of study and analysis. 4. the theoretical paradigms for data collection, analysis and interpretation. Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4 : the theoretical paradigms for data collection, analysis and interpretation. & ere eee Seer yrs Start Complete Exam PreparationDec Download App MCQ Question 11 View this Question Online > In which of the following, there is greater flexibility in both the methods and process of research? 1. Ethnography and phenomenology 2. Descriptive survey and impact studies 3. Experimental and observation based studies 4. Expost facto and historical studies Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : Ethnography and phenomenologyIndia’s #1 Learning Platform ecm ee ott Start Complete Exam PreparationPo oe ree F) Masterciasses Question Bank Bren Download App MCQ Question 12 Which of the following methods is used in empirical researches ? 1. Inductive method 2. Deductive method 3. Initiative method 4. Scientific method Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: Scientific method View this Question Online >Pree toy Cee Start Complete Exam PreparationPog ed oe Masterclasses eres Petar MCQ Question 13 ‘View this Question online > identify those statements which describe the characteristic features of the qualitative research paradigm A. Researchers tend to analyze their data inductively B. The substantive research hypothesis is tested via Null hypothesis C. Data take the form of words or pictures D. Actual settings are the direct source of data E. It assumes that there are social facts with a single objective reality Choose the correct answer from the option given below: 1. A,Band Conly 2. A BandE only 3. B, Cand E only 4, A, Cand Donly Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: A, C and D onlyCe AULT Raley eine Se oct Start Complete Exam Preparation ees Practice eid acta cs Crested Download App Exist) MCQ Question 14 View this Question Online > Which of the following are features of the qualitative research paradigm? A. The research is concerned with understanding the social phenomena from the participant's perspectiveB. It seeks to establish relationships, among variables and explains the cause of changes in measured social facts C. It is conducted in actual settings as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument D. It is concemed with the process rather than simply with outcomes or products E. It attempts to establish universal context-free generalization Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 1. A.BandConly 2. B,Cand Donly 3. A,CandDonly 4. C,Dand E only Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3: A, C and D onlyPod Mee ee ci Caer Pelee CM cui e dey lela Des eee Fane ete Des chee Cresta tz D> Download App MCQ Question 15, View this Question Online > Creating purpose statements, research questions and hypotheses that are narrow and measurable would mark the characteristic features of which research type? 1. Narrative research 2. Ethnographic research 3. Grounded theory research 4, Experimental research ‘Answer (Detailed Solution Below)Option 4: Experimental research