Turbine T tty draulic machines ave defined as Ahose machines “which convert either hydraubie eneygy (energy possessed by water) in rnechaniea) enevgy C whith further converted finde cleedrieal. energy) or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. © The — hydraulic machine whith Convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy is called ~— turbine. + The clectc power which ‘is obtoined (rom the hydraulic energy & known as Hyelectn'e power. = Ns = Nie iC for dimensionay aye ; Now gee us TDN N= Gow oO 7D : “09.28 a> seq 2? Pe Ya (9-20) O- KT OBC Mg KN KA in ww] : CoH ~ Dn Kavecet CP ink pe IM KNDBC HB n again ug fage | cr WON Sa) sw gop Sant . nO Lonsal ti ‘ Dn 1000 i Now, For Francis Turbine: b= 075, 4-08, P+ 028, B sarongFor Propener and Vaplan “Turbine! §- Weg aa ope Pon 4 Ne Gow bo fn) wo no Peon Now, qe 0-90, de ags iP + 070 0 mi Ng = p a Turbine or Pelton wheel I~ Arca of get x Velocity of the jet» Dds cy iro P qran, 1 We So, ue p Paget WD DS. gh cas) Sve 097, Noz 089 |. Kad Nez B 2) fz ods, Cy= 098, 15 0-8. Nsw. & : wt iB “¥) - ht i aM 2 2 ak | (oo ao Me AN + ae -& a 28 8 (28 ad 25 % bys ite ‘ ae O- Ha-Hv-~hy —hys " Wher, Hys atm head Hy Vapour pressure head ’ AIg = hys +e Hg = hs + bys _ whe a hy = My - PSH CNet Positive Suction Head). aN cavite ion ‘gone | non: cavitation zone- | i Bp = Grit) cavitation [odor o of 0 water turbine ig Fesfed in the laboratory began te Caviute When the suchon head raised iciency Is 85% - This protetype ata @ The motor head of 22m gust fo Tm Th optimum hydraulic ¢ oh turbine i required 4o work at a head 60m - Determine the maximum shfe. es for turbine above the tairate~ fltmosbphax wnditons at. laboratory and sity are given below. hm: Pr. Vapour Pr. 07035 x10 N/m? at site |4xwS Nim? At tab. | 1-012 x10 W/m? | 0-033.x10° Nym™| sonesreee 4) uc 4 2gt uo Ga viH p % gu ) pe pen : a (WH ) Px oe Sir ) Px He NHydevelectnic Power Plant := “Head vace RESERVOIR Pensteck Hy = Head available ot the Inlet of the turbine He net lead Ho = Gress head 2 leaving loss ~& ~ 2g ; The effective head —acwess "ony Furbiné’ iy the difference between the head ot the inlet 4 the machine ond the he at the outlet from it. A veachon turbine always — runs complet filled with — working fluid - The tube that Connects the enti the runner fo the tuilrace 1 called draft tube. and shuld b pletely filled i ff I ° i etl filled with working fluid - the vinelie ney ¢ 4h 3 finally discharged into the toilrote is” wasted > he dal tube is made divergent So as 4o veduce fhe. velocity at ouiles to 6 yminimum value. The draft tube basically 9 diftaser ond Show be design properly with he angle belwer” the © dube Limited fo about “g*- “to ‘prevent fi to yedutes the loss of ened 2 wall andSl hy is the’ “head loss due 40 friction i the pipeline Connecting the reservoir and the 4urbine . The net head ocwss . the turbine for conversion of mechaniggd work 15 he difperence of fatal head of the inlet 40 machine and the total head of a dischaye from the draft tube at doilrace 1 Applying ~Bemoul's Equation behween (& # © 2 Boaeiayz = 783g L u Sh 2 -24G -S 1 2 -(z+2 Efficiency of the draft tube Taragh tube = 2g , r ‘ The. stake pressure at ‘the outlet of the runner is always, below the atmospheric pressure - The” valtie” of ‘suction pressure at, the runner outlet depends on Z (the hehht of the runner. above MEM Ss 5 the foil voce) and the deerease In kkinelte! eneigy of fluid’ in the draft tube te Oe gR rae aw ot bya : Vudregag aE oe + die oy The value" of “mininlum © pressure’ | should not fol. below the vapour pressure of the —iquid at its Operating — tempreture to ovoid the problem of cavitation. + We can find that including draft tube allows the turbine . runner to be set Above failroce woithout ony drop. of available head by matin fining O Vorqam Pressure ot fhe outlet of the runner.fato a draft tube af a 5 i ee discharges water Q- A Turbine runni ischarg) a Velocity of Sm/s and the velocity at ; 125 mg The foil walker b Sm below the, entrance of the draft dure and the losses in the daoji tube Is of m. Determine tte Pressue head at the draft dude entromte and efficiency Ob the draft ube. —_ Given that, G+ émis Gy 25 mis. Z7 5m - (2 & ) +04 20 7 = (54 Se] to 28 ~ 6655 n/ > 0-938 = 953877 GA fla wie of 3m¥/s of water 18 available at g height ¢ Nome At due to esses, in the — Supply Line the head available at the inlet to the Jurbine’ & estimated fo be only torm. of, water “The leakage losses are nglipidle - Mehanii losses account for Iso KW. frictional Losses jin the qotor lad is dalen to be 260 KW . The exit Velocity of. water gm the furbine ts 4-5 m/s . Calculate hydraulic, mechanical and overan — effictencies of the . plant. . The specific weight of wf {s 9910 N/m3. ) ee ae oe —? Given * that, fo Hy = 10 m + Os 3 miZ5 Hs Hy = Yo) m. G = 48 nis . Power ovailable ot “inte of turbine > 'F9 6 te = Igi073 x10) + 2972.49 KW idPower ovevlable ot the runner = Power’ aVarlanie at the inter too Suchine — Eniehonal leas leaving lows mh Lneress— meo- ae (Se ; = 2692: oss Kw Power- available ot the shaft = Power ovailasie at the runner Besross 160 = 2sazces Hw My, = —Resoner _2egross Proctine poraiaa 90°86 nee _Pehage P runner zeazess - gs-sar aegs 085 (fo To = aa Rm 2 osese x 0:0492 = Bs.s06% : GG. A vertical chogt seward flow reaction turbine. the cum of peescare and Pkinecne heads at the entrance te the spyea) eee i nein he "Vertita) distance berween ahie geen and ed ee perigera) veletity 06 Funner ot erty) & teres Fe aca) components of velocity — (welocity of flow fe ronstant at 4 mis. and. discharge from: the runner fs ee wet re. wade) “dixcharge: The | hy éraulre © Losses are eee jokes darbine, entonce and discharge 7m gusde vone 8 45% i im runner 8m DS O-Bre in ane diag tube ind BO USE” aejected” of Phe Aeitroce OS mm perermine p quade vane angie ond runners: blode ole of {let IS preccure head ot entry ond at the ext “of the renee] — Given net. s hes Mem en~ dom ss e's G2 Bem= 20+3- $S42-o9.5, Head ovailable at the runner = He as : i + co, > M9209) ‘ 30 2. (+ 35-1084 mis wes © - ¥ = 35.708¢- 30 = §-709* m/s cy [eats co, aie » [ors eset = 37-0822 mis ae a) = 6G soqanigd n ce " nbs 660 ns viet fon p= Oh ‘ : we, ‘ cit 2) 8+ ten! (St) * fe ee ee 7. Guide vane angle = 15°65" ond punners blade angle > Go aPressuve head at enty. au Poa tz4as= porg 8 a 2d Seg = Ro-dS-L- 20-96- (37. 6922)> v3 298) 2 4 oe 46-4) yy f Pressure head at exit of the runner a Pe teh 4 3-08 +06 08 2g Jy Bb. ostoe -3-10 $8 Sa = 619 Oe Galen less power requirement as compared fe impulse turbine. fois of Hwrdine Centerline of Spiel casing4 only a fraction o Reaction Turbine Impulse Turbine the ” available, hydraulic eneigy & converted nto WE before fluid enters the runner |. All. the available YS converted Into ond it is the get Strikes the hydraulic... energy WE: by a nossle so provided.” whic runner blade. . 2, Both pressure and velocity dhonge fo. Tt is the velocity of get as the fluid passes hough the hich changes. the pressure through. yunner Pressure af" inlet iS much] oud vemaining atmosphere higher. Yhan, ot the outlet i f 3. The funner must be enclosed |2. Watertight Casing is not necessary. within a, watertight Casing Cosing has no hydrad'c action to perform - Ye only. serve to prevent Splanshing and guile water, fo the tail race; 4. Water is admitted over the .entire'14. Water is admitied in the form Gircum ference of the runner 5. Water - completely fills ot 4he Passages between the blades and while flowing — detween inlet and gullet sections does work on the blades 6 The turbine ts connected to the fail ruce Hrrough a draft, tube Which is gradually T The flow regulation is caned Oat by means of 0 guide vane assembly.” other component parts Gye scot casing , Stay + vunner and dvaft tube : Reaction “Type + hydroturbines expanding passage| of det S- The. turbine does nef rua’ y or, has a, bree. access fo, buckets, IG. The fuchine ts always installed above the aire and there Is no draft tube’ used- 7 Flow lotion 5 done by means of a weedle value fiHted info the hozzle F207 C ; The principle * distiqg wishing atures of a yeaction turbine dre thet Only a pact of the —overal! head is converted fo Velocity ead before the runmer has reached and that the’ working loud” Tnstead of engaging only one or tu blades at a | time: Cas in case of impulse turbine) completely filled gl the passages inTanner. ‘Thus pressure of fluid changes giudually gs 4 Pass Ahvough” the’ runner. Since: Ahe entire circumference g te i reaction turbine is in action will nol be a5 large as thay of se Wheel or the same power. “é REACTION TURBINES: brads bg AY ee Radia) and Mixed Flow fxial flow’ Pedpeier Aa — Fixed blade C Francs turbine), Kaplan during ~. pause yj Ta a reaction turbine. ‘water from the reservoir enters Spiral shaped casing Ccolled —gcvall case) Which Completely Surrounds the Yunner . The cvossectional’ avea of the — scrmll Case puts in such a way aS fo keep the ftw velocity Constant in the cosing . Fyom he Casing , the, fluid Passe? — through © guide vanes or wicket gals which ave placed ~—ayound’ —votating runner - The fonction of gurde vanes Ys) do dirett the fluid on to the yunner at an angle + appropriate ‘to the design. Each guise. we is pivoted and , by suitable mé@hanism qi) of them may be turned at a Hime te aller the, direction ‘and quantity” of pes through turbine The movernent 6 _ guide vanes i actuated by speed Governing system of the , turbine. In its “passaye Ahrough the runner Blades——ror—vanes Me flurd deflected by fummer blades or” vones so” fhal "#5" velecty of” whit decreases». From, centre, of the rumimer, the — flat) “is tu¥ned ink the aulal ‘direction ond flows Arey to “the dailrace Shy! the drof} tubes The — lower end. “of the draft tube must. oo all circumstances of operation — be submerged “below, the Jee! of, woter in the failvace. The cross-sectional area of te #4 tube gradually increases in the direction of . flop. # mii sthe =. We.» Doss ot. the exit of the . tarbine.. df. also, .; Ae to instal. the. turbine ot , an, elevation. highee ; thon m (fail: vace level + ee aes ‘ j ie barry ol srt ‘ “4 The. Francis Tusmer loos «Uke! the <,'iimpenler of HeGenimfugal pump + Slow yunners are rudtal foward — pho type whereas mixed flow “runners are fast - The flow angle x at the inlet y's the angle between the absolute velocity C2) i at inlet with peripheral velocly (i) + The angle #: at” runner inlet & the angle behween relative velocity Wy and 4 Cif the angles are taken in dangen hal directtony. Not all the energy of the flurd used by fusd bythe runner.“ thot the remaining used it principally in the form of kinetic energy ond so for high efficrency the abgolute velocity c, at the runner outlet — should’ be as small aS possible. for 0 given vote of flow the minimum —volue will be when (is perpendicular 4 G2 (ie x, + 80°) in the Outlet velocity triangles ‘This makes the Whirl component co, ot runner outlet to be zero. The euler's head heroes ciel ond — yn becomes * Sey 4 3 . 7 eT Tanners. Scroll casing Wicket Gates Runner blade/ vane Ban wicker galeAxial Flow vydroturbines 4. fo EY Hill | Ee — wicket gate Bonner Blade tp vanes Hab = pare The — figure represents an aaial — flow. hydroturbine ond & Called «= propeller turbine. The arrangement for guide” vare te similar to that for @ Francis Turbine. Gehween guide vone~' ged funner + the fluid _. in the propeller tel urns Through ~ Tight angle . into. the axial direction and pusses Phvough the runner Thé runner usually have ** 6 blades and deely resembles a’ ship propelter > f+ Mt been seen Phat» the =, flow approaching ¢he runner bade closely approximates = g free vortex pattern in whith which component of Velocity Ceo) becomes inversely proporHona) fo radius» On, the other hand blade speed § Sicectly — proporHona) to tadius. “To adjust forthe divergent requirements of fut Velectly ond blade speed wlth increasing radius + #he as of aaial plow furbines are Hwisteds The _ ongle with oo of voletion — bein grader ct the, Hp than ot He ‘d rant) hae an satMon Gn MI “ ufo —> 4 hub ue ue 4 a ip Sn aia) — flow turbines . for a partway rudius . ty =u, + dt the availability of head and demand of lead ore both foiry tonstent . a fixed blade type propelier turbine may be used - Buk when the quanti#es are Vaniable a Kaplan furbine is used — for opHimum performance » Sn Kaplan furbine’ . the blades may be turned about heir own ants while machine 1s running... when both guide vane angle and = vunner— blade angle. may | thus vaned- ,a high efbicieny can be maintained — over a wide range of operating conditions « Hydroelectric plant uitIige the energy of the water falling Fhvough 4 head which may range between a few meters and 1500 or ~— even 2000 meleys: To handle such a wide fange of heads... Various turbines are. emplyed - The basic type of impulse and veaeHon hurbloes employed in hydroelectne plant are listed below: Tacbine Tyee class + Sresth jcised | Head ange 4g. Pelton Furbine/ | Tmpuise lo-35, 400 — |500 wheel i 2» Francis “Turbine Reach’on $0- 320 30- 600 3. Propeller ond ae eters oe Kaplan Turbine ‘he’ main component of hydroelectric plant are: 4. Reservoir and Dam with its Lento)2. Pensteek with tts Control. 3 Powerhouse — Containing hydroturbine and generator 4g. Tail water — channe! Bho 20 = U, (uy- wo, }—Yu.- we) 9. (rae We, — WU. We, 4a 4 g For yadial__blade- C radial flow) We “by increasing th ‘ 1 length of Fhe. lad can {inerease the power 8 f jade weowe WO UP- &) amg by Inereasing no of blades. we com Increase ane Power, Pelton Turbines :- 2 | inter of noxzle > Py Head ovortable a+ he inlet of 3g a. Inet, wh q zeegts PISBTOD= ‘outiel wee i wf fi ' 0) = Wor - A it - WO5B U2 rar f m (co, - Cor) wi (cO, 4 cose, = U2) Je TioTeeve { e- m Ca us 4 vhwose) Ee PG Cth 0s B,) Nu be. 9G CW) ay os Ba) > Fz gaurl 14 Keeses) > Fe £4 (cj) (44 k C589) Power PG Cer—ay (14 KCB) x U > output power input power i > > Lge > pinout <) egg for pelon wheel, Tet = urna input = PACq-a) (A kes, aA poet 2 1, = 2-0) Cit ktosr, xu 7, for maximum "efhiet ay eS Maximum" efbieienry, aa RUA KB) [eeu] 0 cos Ba) AC) 2 é 2 cog) Vale Tamas g) te 1+ Kes Be La Kees Be 2 i. the back +B, con mot. be sero, cause in Anis i soft ' side of bucket Pue to this efpidens pot oe yo” ghe hydrauiic efbittency vepresents the effectiveness, of the whee] in converting the. KE of the Set into Mechanrcal energy of rotation. Alot all energy of rotation - evailoble at the Output haf vof the’ rhachine’ because some; of the energy ts consumed — in overcoming. fritifon in. beanng overcoming — the Windage losses’ ' whee) and the atmosphere in which if.roteles. The, overall efprctency i thevefore fess than the hydraulic eficvency, Even so overal) effrerety of 8S JOY. — may, Usually be achrede in targe machine + fis the luses due fo bearing” fetetibw and windage fnerease rapidly uth speed «the efpicieney ockursconen * the feHo.: of, Ye slightly Tess thon the treoredteal Value of O'S "This valve “Tnges between ong to O's fop — Max'mum efhrerency Tt evident from the eqn Anat — bueket — owdlet_ tp angle should be equal to Zero or the angle ‘6’ Should se lso" ‘Ths [s howevey net passible in practice because if Set BY deflected“ Fhwough Ufo". the curgeing , get will stke the back of the buckel - ist fatowing ik” and’ il exert! a retarding.’ forte fo HE. Por the ourgeing jet fe Keep” lear” of the bucket following i the wucker “Hp angle Bt kept in the range and Some fe the frichon — detween the moaimum overall 10-20%.Simifitude- qT 2 P 7 5 ~ pno?, oP 4 = as Ty = ae , Tg PN 4 Sa (S3)m? (ao )p i aoe J (Re P (es): Ce» (at) = Grea)e ™m t turbine is 40 develop 17640 kW when running g 240 ep. under @ net head of 49m. dn order 40 predict y performance “a 4:8 scale mode) Is tested under a net te of osm - At what speed should «the =model run ond what it developed 2 Oetermin the discharge in the ©. A Kaplon power would model , > Gen that for prototype , N= 290,.vpm. a For mode), — H,> 25m. “tas =\76fo kw. Hy=49m = 240x/5), [2s a , = 881 rpm Z » (sate) i Pe. . ; t Pip /m (a) ae ay ok 8, 3 1m 5. ‘451 \3,/1\8 Pen x (te) 7 (=) : rnotee ($35) (2) poy ge B87 ww- Sn No pg on pevgag (1232? "LP Primi : r A cents fagat Pare ymugte, ba Reime before » puting it Into opernton. + Arming ts convied ort by billing Fhe pump ver dhe Nya te Pumped, 50. that the air 15 out, the pump impeller {5 able to GVeate desived Suction. Priming requires that Ane values must be provided before and after the pump: footsh Valve «iF normaly fitted at the [ower end of the suction pipe fee lehing the water in the. pumps then the Pump. is Started i+ opens to permit fhe Tiguid te" enter the suction pipe but Closes. tare Xs . soon asthe , flow Steep when the Pump oF Tre closer of the foot valve does net allows ane draining of {tyutd » Into.” the Sump This enables — suctfon pipe, ands Pamp to vemay full of guid amd reedy fe tae again qaitheat: priming - driven oe Date. 2! [tof 2022 G- A model turbine is constructed fo; a0 scale ~ of | Wiox, when jected uder 0 head of 8m and 400 sirpm. gave. on efficieny of TTY: Determine there %, the prototype and ratio of power developed by” the. model and’ pieito type if» Proto type works under a head of 100m - “Whot | boill be» Ahe efhicreny of prototype if. the seale efgert 1 considered: > Given that, Hm ~ &m, Nm > 4007PM. Nm 2 77% Hp + 100m. in” Oo) cONp vn (Oe JE, « 4oox (a) = 14) remy(=a )a (sre “t) ie : ca «(ey 8 (Ce) = 00725 Power developed. Now, P= nfagH Px 4 GH $ 6 (7) me Gav) ate pee (428) =[ay? 220? Nop > Ov17% A x waaxWw3 xB . (0-08There ave § important quantities Head (H) Discharge cD) partaining to Speed WW) 4 2 3 ower (P) 4 5 eficieney (n) tn order to cyedit the perfance of a. maching . it is necessary te Know the nature of Variation of this quantity wrth respect. to one another JL is however customary study the nature of unit quantities Btead of, actual quantities involved » The unit quantities such that unit speed (Muy, unit discharge. (44) ond unit power (Pad are defined as speed dischayge ond power when head of the machine's; units The _ dimesion- less form may be used, bo predict" the perfermance ” of the ame machine under different conditions. BH. ote ntpt Nit a 101s 1 Ne We : Bgowz eg. «200. Th wo? Jan > ms. fm — vo Jew 2Be oe ’ Doe PnP i (one i Cv tJ nip? P fe For ge? Brest oP ay beens poco” Po(gnt) ” id FEW : @. A reaction Goo rpm developed O-ls m/sec. Under pressure head at turbine 50cm in diameter when running ot y91 uw. The “flow Abrough the turbine the operating , conditions , the the entrance df turbine. is 28m. The elevation of the turbine above the fail water lever 8 om ond the velocity of flaw othe enfrance M4 the turbine runner is 3-74 Mis. * Col culate l” ofpective heed the turbine and efficiency: Shor the, same turbine # ynade fe fun under an efbective head ons m fm awe speed of the power and the ‘discharge’ of, turbine id homologous operating conditiéns. \2 i above 2 Su +z. H- aa eres vd - 2e+ GI 413 26 3Ny = Pox _ 19) <9 A000 — Agbtiooo- ___ = g6 53 Pin pg Sth Iwoor 81x 0° 75% 30 2. )-125 wf §. Tests were Conducted on 0 lencis turbine of 018 diameter under head of 9m. Turbine nis running ~ot 240-rpm.. developed g4-s uw ond the water consumption is pm/s.-Sf the some Lachine 6 operated under heod of 6m- Predict new — speed discharge - and power “developed - ee We am. Nis 240 rpm. Ruy = 84°S KW = Given, De O'm go. nes, Ms fa 3 Ms vf 7 240» [= 320 1907 S 2GA 98m. Vertical Shaft Kaptan turbine operating has 0 diameter of 9:3 m under a head AR Are optimum region furbine runs at Sk7 rpm and develops 45 uW power Ja in gas m?/s Determine the values of unit. epeed a dischagge and power ; ond the specific S{ the critical value for cavitation os determine the » Unit speed of the toting ce-efbicient of Tonner i5 location of, runner wrk toil, water leyel » The atm: and Saturated Vapour pressure nay be tove, & 9 un /m? and 24-5 KNIm? i! a pe e3m. Nesey rpm Par 4s uw Qzs3s mP/s T + 0-95. 7 SIT 2 16.515 “rpm 98 : g- G $35 3 owe t, ae es 190°9 m6 {w (os Ro aggre’ anise * MSZ ~ we } A eRe 3 Ns are SrTx [45x02 B30 50 rem (9.8) © Va 962107 7 =0- 018, 1 yy00r981X S35 one \ 1 245x109 : =. 0-00 1000%9.8) 535 eos27 [loess Two geometrically Similar purnps ore to run ot the same speed of 00 YPM Jf one of the pumps which has an — impeller dios of 0°82 lifts woter ot a vate of roles /s through g head = of t& om Determine the head and size of the other pump 4 detiver half the’ quantity of water. > Ny N= 1200 eM py = 030m, Ge = 20st Iss Hy tom, = & 2 -(% (Se. Ge yy 28% = ? 2° os > + 0% » if Dd, = 0:24m/ vo (2), « > We Bye 5 >) $0 08 mY discharging 4500 1/min cond operated head of 95m. The Power input 7 is required to operate QA centrifuged pump Is at \g00 rpm. against a the pump is akw- Jf the pump bt 1200 cpm assuming — its efbicteny remain Constant , estimate) SH discharge ii) The theoretical Wi) The power input to the pump.His used for deep well / bore well applications requiring ign jead | A SubmeSible pump — consists of, Suitably designed. impen grade of” special matenah. $4 is insted, eth 0, wel designe diffuser Jo enable dhe pump 40, dischaye _ water. ¢/ eat St Ue desired hejght. + tlodern pumps of this” cotegory used tn Votuam impregnated. and dynamically balanced pote and their thrust bearing made of 9 _ Special alloy (Mickel + Th » Brose) for» least fiction and 10m Jie. A kro besto lined rotating dise for best bearing performance ond Stainless Stee! ball mounted — thrust bearing pivot be self alignment ore used- High gre Fine (ree bushing — 5 used fo Suit water os {ubnicant- A highly nigtd coupling is + used alignment of PUMP ond ator sh made of — special malerial - tnoryt) #S+ filed fo give best performance . Submersible pamps are. designed fe have ensuring proper A non- feturn valve corrosion and — dbrasion free, “internals. dynamically balanced rotor fo achieve high efficiency and power. These pumps — ind application in domeste water suprly industries, forms drip Spinkler, srnigatton,” high nised > building fire fiamkng ond similar other purposses, tics of _Centrifygal’ pump * operating _characterisiks _° oper weod CHI tel power, 3 shaft oA efpicteny tJ for optimum performance Cte operation at — maximum efhicieny) @ centrifugal pump is designed fo tun at itsay, designed sped- The head dischaye , efficvemey —dischage . gy, Power _ discheges. ore ail eperating —churacteristits . The tt and dischaye cerresponding to maximum —efficieny are fe as the norma) Cdesign}) head: and = normal “or design ie Fe this charac kristes E15 possible’ to assertain vot h her From or — not fhe | pump will be cable fos handle a Biven quantity of diqurd aigoinst “fhe desired Pead- trem p y the ynotor can be determined He carve, the size of Pumps “in- ~senes Pumps in porailelLimpact of Jet * Force exerted by det on a Steitionory ©) vertical __plate: Fe dt) at geome WO =) 7 evs 7 UE 0 1 ae earn > Vr meu fF. mov Jh work is done on t d: fF. (va-“) Jf, wore ts dene by the fais fem (w-) Vi = Final — velotity vy + Snittal velocity Fited. pig ) Fe pgiu- =) Fe PAVEV bS inclined __ plate’ Fae CV\-v2) = 9G ( Kino - 0d . Re Fy SineFy: fy oso Fy = a PAVisind (oso © curved plate: &) _det _stniues__at_the centre f= PAV (v4 veoso) o |fa> Pav? (i+ (oso) Fy = PAV LO —vsinod > [6 = -savésine symmetnca) tangentially: a) when plate is v ti) ger strihes Fee pay (veose — (-veesed) fy pay (vsine- Vsine) 2 ig) >) when plate is _unsymmetnica) = agave ((0s.0 +0058) & Fy = pavt (Ssino~ sing)| i