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NEW NOTES 2022-23

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By Sunil Tangra
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 CLASS 12
Alternating current PHYSICS

Alternating current and Alternating EMF

An
alternating current is one whose
magnitude changes continuously with time between zero

and a maximum value and whose direction reverses periodically .

?%
•

oɕ
I↑
"

↑¥
"
°
÷ •

'

t
; →

→ t

alternating current is which varies with time simple harmonically

.

one
The simplest type of
Gt is represented by i =
iosinwt or i =
iocoswt
where F- instantaneous value of current at time t
Amplitude?
"
is called current
% = maximum ( or peak) value of the current and

Ja
Angular frequency
n
( WI

l
•

i
Where F- time period
w = 21T 2 ,tf

n
=

T f =
frequency .

gr
•
Alternating emf
Su

The eomt ( or
voltage whose magnitude changes continuously with time between zero and a

maximum value
The instantaneous
and whose direction
value of
reverses

alternating e.mof
a
periodically ,
is known

may be represented
as alternating emf
by
.

E= Eosin wt or E= Eoloswt

PHYSICS
Note: The
graphical representation of E as sine and cosine functions of t are of the same

form as those of i.

Amplitude maximum
The alternating current varies in magnitude and reverses in direction periodically • The
'

value of the current in either direction is called the

•
peak values or thee amplitude d- the
current it is represented by %
.
.

Periodic Time
The time taken
•
by the alternating current to complete one cycle of variation is called the

periodic time of alternating current is

'
-

the current .
The periodic time T of the given by

1-= 21T
To

Frequency second is called the frequency

The number of cycles completed by an
alternating current in one

of the current
Hertz ( Hz)
cycles / second
.

or
F- Units →

f- %
Or
.

frequency &
=

the domestic alternating current

Note : The frequency of
is 50
Cycles/ second .
Mean
Average value) ④
( or
An
alternating current flows during one half cycle in one direction and during the other
- -

half
cycle in opposite direction Hence for one complete cycle , the mean value of alternating
-
.
,

current is zero However the mean value of alternating current over half a cycle is finite
.
,
'

quantity and in fact it is the quantity which is defined as the mean value d- alternating
'

current gt is given by d- the current

.

-1/2 where i % the instantaneous value .

value
i mean =
idt i =
iosinwt if peak =

TYW -1/2 1- = 21T w /

imean ¥ iosinwtdt =

/
0
imean-wgio-wc-coswt.it/w--simean---i%1cosiT-coso 0
]

Imean i 2- % i 0.637 %
if [-1-1]
=
= = or
_ mean
mean
IT
IT

l Jan alternating
Root mean square value

i
-

amount of
9T is defined as that value of a direct current which produces the same
heating

n
effect in is when
a
given resistor as produced by the
given current
passed

gr
for the same time
during a complete cycle .
Su

9T is also called virtual value or effective value of A. c.

Instantaneous value

I =
of

Iosinwt
alternating current
a then
it DH is small amount of heat produced in time dt in Resistor R ,

PHYSICS
dit = i'Rdt ( in one complete cycle)
then total heat produced is T
,

iisiriwt Rat ii.Rfsiriwtdt

!
"
/ DH =
'T i'Rdt It = It =

O
O
O

tt-iirf.tt#2wl-)dt H =

:{ (Fat fcoszwtdt
i
i ) -

1-1=1%1214-01 [:#I ] 11=1%32 [ in sina.at

away] Here -1=2't
-

T -
-
sin
a.

1-1=1
:{ [ {w( Sinti ] T -
-
sin 01 i.e H = ii.RT
-2
-
is

current ,
t Inns is of alternating is the heat
'

rms value current and it rms

produced by
then H= I !msRT -
Iiit
rms value of alternating emf
from
eq it and
IrmsR
.

Epms
=

E◦=IoR
Iims ?
.

RT = I Rt
2-
Erms =
Io_ R
1-2
Innis =
If Irms =
¥ 70.7 t d- Eo
Epmg E 0.707 Eo '
= =

,
I 52
152
1- =
00707 Io
rms
Ipmj 70.7.1 .
of Io
Phasors
A phasor is a vector which rotates about
the origin with
angular speed w .

The vertical
components of phasors V and I
represent the sinusoidally varying quantities
v and i .

A. C Voltage applied to a Resistor

we consider a which produces sinusoidally varying
source

potential difference across its terminals This potential difference

.

Ja
voltage , given by
n
also called as ac

Vmsinwt applying il KCI 2nd get

n
V = Law we

gr
vmsinwt IR
i=Yysinwt
=
Su

Y;
=
im so F- imsinwt a
# Graphical Representation PHYSICS

NOTE : and Currents in pha&SEgwgith each other

Voltage are .

Phasor : → A phasor is a vector which rotates about the

origin with angular speed w .

Phaser diagram
 # A. c voltage applied to a inductor
An a. c source connected to an inductor • Let the
voltage
across the source be V =
Vmsinwt
Apply get Lo¥t=0 Ldd
KCI 2 we v - " =
,

Ldi =
vdt Ldi =
llmsinwtdt
Integrate above equation both side
fldi =/ Vmsinwtdt Li =
_

Vmcoswwt
i= -

V-mcoswl.tw
where ✗E- WL i= in / wt
%) loswt in /wt %) Go
¥2s %
- - -

i-ims.in/wt- %) Inductive Reactance / Resistance inductor]

and where
im=¥m Xihw due to
=

, unit of Xu is 0hm Lr) •

NOTE : current lags the voltage by IT /2°

l Jan
The average power supplied to an inductor over one

i complete cycle is ZERO .

n Inductive Reactance (XD : Opposition offered

gr
→
by
Su

inductive circuit / inductor to the flow of current .

a
are ✗ 5- Lw =
211-01 Vaio for doc ✗5-0
Vai 501-12 ✗ Every large value , so inductor

passes d. C Only .

PHYSICS
An ac source
voltage V= Vmsinwt
E
generating ac

connected to a capacitor only a purely capacitive ac circuit ,

.

Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any time t The .

instantaneous voltage v across the capacitor is

9- Cllmsinwt
V
9g
applying KCI and law Vmsinwt
9g
= = -

F-
To find current we use
okay s i d- ( cvmsinwt)
=
,
-

dt Bag
i =
cvmcoswtw i= Vm_ coswt i=Vm_ coswt
You Xc
where ✗E- Capacitive Reactance [ Resistance due to capacitor] and ✗ c= I / cw w = 211-0

i imcoswt i im sin ( wt -11T/2) Current leads

and NOTE : the
voltage by 11-12
= =
.

NOTE : → The average power supplied to an capacitor

over one complete cycle is ZERO
;

•
Capacitive Reactance C.✗c) =
Opposition offered by
capacitive circuit ✗it = 1- for de
Xiao
WC 211Th
Go so doc can't pass through Capacitor ,

Admittance G) =
Reciprocal of impedance Susceptanacs) : Reciprocal of reactance is
i. e ✗= defined susceptance it is of two types
{ as .

inductive susceptance Iii capacitive susceptance

silk , site
 K " →
Figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source E R

The
voltage of the source to be 11 =
Vmsinwt F
Phasor
diagram solution 1k
±
we know that current and voltage remain in same phase in
k
case of Resistor • and In case of inductor and capacitor there is k
→

a phase difference of 11-12 in voltage and current .

Then
^
Here iR
" ^
Yz= ,
GO
L
a-
- - - - 11=5×2
- - -
and k= Exc
;
Vive
"
i From phaser diagram - -

I v2 Wiki E- liritlixiixci t pit ( ✗ ix.5

Yi +
¥
=

↑& ! > , i
TRIED
Z=tw{wj
'

Ya ( Impendance) i. e
¥-2 and
2-
;
Vc ↓
Here the potential difference leads the current
by an angle .

l Jan__µ¥÷ /
so 11=11msinlwt -1011 in case of series LCR Circuit

i
Direction of Resultant voltage is given by 1-and
∅=tañ'(✗y{
'

( Wttg) n
gr
tan
_

and ∅ =
Su

R
condition of LCR Circuit
series

a
# Resonance a

A Series LCR Circuit is said to be in the resonance condition when the current
through it
has its maximum value .

The frequency at which the current amplitude 1-◦ attains a peak value is called Natural or

PHYSICS
resonant
frequency .
Condition for Resonance is ✗< = ✗c

i. e wt at wr=2ñf*
wtc 1- WE
¥
= =

c ,

fr
2ñfr=¥ fr Natural frequency
so =-
1- = .

21T Fc
,
Wr =
Angular frequency . ( Natural)
The current amplitude at resonance
frequency will be

Io Ee =
Due to ✗ Exc 2=13 i. e z is minimum and Current is maximum -

R NOTE :→ series Resonant circuit is also called an ee

acceptor circuit ?
→ Resonance occurs
only in series LCR Circuit ,
not in LR and LC Circuit .

SHARPNESS OF RESONANCE : Q -
Factor
The Sharpness of resonance is measured by a coefficient called the quality or Q factor
- .
The resonance

frequency is independent of R ,
but sharpness of peak depends on R .

%
Because
Egg
=

Q factor : The Q factor of

-
-

a series LCR -
circuit may be &owR
defined the ratio of the inductance 1%0
as
voltage drop across the
toeign a
Cor capacitance at resonace to the applied voltage .

= Voltage drop across L ( or C) Q

=
WIE w-i-w.gr

Applied voltage R
Iifms
BEEN

Q=w¥
know that
wr=¥c
so we
get Q
HE
-

we _

Egg
Power in A. c circuit
The rate of dissipation of energy in an electrical circuit is called the power .

current
9T is equal to the product of voltage and current The power of an alternating
-

circuit depends upon the phase difference between the voltage and current .

The instantaneous values of the voltages and current in an Ac circuit are given by
•

11 =
% sin cut -1011 i =
iosinwt
difference between and current
∅ =
phase the
voltage
The instantaneous power in the circuit is

Pins = Vi

=
% sin lwt -1011 ✗ iosinwt
=
voiosinwtlsinwtcosotcoswtsinol
=
Voice [ siriwtcoso + sinwtcoswtsino ]
for one complete cycle ,
siriwt
il Jangiven by
=L
and sin 2wt=o

n
Therefore the power p in the circuit is
, average
Pang Void
gr
cos ∅
Su

Pay =
11 % cost
1-2-52
i.e
Pay = "
rms Ims cos ∅ a
' '
depends upon the
Note:cost is known as power factor of the Circuit and its value

nature of the circuit

PHYSICS
.

Special cases
 Wattless current : →
The current in a. c circuit is said to be wattles if the average power consumed
in the circuit is zero .

Power -
factor : → defined as the ratio of the true power to the apparent power of an a. c circuit .

Power factor - = True Power Apparent Power =

Vrms ✗ irms
Apparent tower True Power =
Apparent Power ✗ Cos of .

also cos 01=13

2

Transformer
device which is either used to increase or decrease the voltage in Aoc circuits
is
9T a
through
mutual induction A transformer consists of two coils wound on the same core
• .

The coil connected to input is called primary

while the other connected to output is
called secondary coil .

An alternating current
passing through

Ja
the primary continuosly changing

n
creates a

il
flux through the core . This changing

n
flux induces an alternating emf in the
secondary . As magnetic field lines are

gr
Ea
closed curves the flux per turn of
Su

,
'
rimary must be equal to flux per turn of the secondary

a
.

d-P ①
¥ d¥¥=¥ᵈ¥ ¥
ts
Therefore or
( as "
%-)
so -
=

Np Ns .
p

NOTE : → In an ideal transformer , there

is no loss of power . Hence
Power input from eq① le Ip Is called
1¥
=
Power output es Is =
ep Ip = = = as

PHYSICS Np Transformation
, , ep Is
Ratio
up transformer Ns > Np it increases voltage
.

•
In step - •
and reduces current .

• In step -

up transformer Np > Nso it increases current and reduces voltage .

•
It works only on Aoc
• A transformer cannot increase ( decreased voltage and Current simultaneously • As ei =
Constant .

•
Some Power is always lost due to
eddy currents , hysteresis etc ,
.

some
energy losses in Transformer
•

Efficiency of transformer Output Power Csis ✗ 100

eesp÷p y%
=
• = =

( Y) Input Power epip

For ideal Transformer loot But for Practical Transformer lies between 70% 90%
of
-
= .
1C Oscillations
⑦
¥ : ¥ :
v a×n
when a
charged capacitor is allowed to
discharge
through a non -
resistive , electrical oscillations of < >

amplitude frequency
ÉÉÉt
constant and are produced .

These oscillations are called LC oscillations .

eeeeee

completely electrical
working energy completely Magnetic
when a capacitor is supplied with an AC current
,
Energy
it gets charged .

When this
charged capacitor is connected with an inductor , current flows
through inductor , giving
rise to magnetic flux hence ,
induced emf is produced in the circuit .

this ( or energy ) the capacitor decreases equivalent

Due to ,
the
charge on and an amount of

energy is stored in the inductor in the form of magnetic field when the discharging of the
capacitor completes , current and magnetic flux linked with L starts decreasing .

Therefore , an induced emf is produced which recharges the capacitor in opposite direction

a
.

charging and discharging of capacitor is repeated and energy taken once

l J n
This process of

i
oscillating between C and L The equation of Lc oscillation is given
from source keeps on .

by
dk where
n
9=9, cos cut -1011

gr
9- °
=
.

+
Su

dtz
stored in stored in
frequency
◦
Energy ◦
Energy

a
and the charge oscillates with a ,

✓= = I
capacitor inductor

0--1-2 ¥
2)TIC U= 112
{
,

The LC oscillations discussed above are not

PHYSICS
realistic for the two reasons .

II. inductor has some resistance

Every .
The effect of this resistance will introduce a
damping effect
the and current in the circuit oscillations die
on
charge finally
and
away .
.

iii. Even , if the resistance is zero

,
the total energy of the system would not remain constant •
9T is
in the form of
radiated away from the system electromagnetic waves .
In fact ,
radio and TV
transmitters depend on this radiation .

CHOKE COIL
Choke coil is a device
having high inductance and
negligible resistance •
9T is used in ac

for the purpose of

circuits
adjusting current to any required value in such a
way that

power loss in a circuit can be minimised 9T is used in fluro scent tubes . .