Three-Phase Induction Motors 44 INTRODUCTION “Three-phase induction motor is the most popular type of ac. motor tis very commonly used for industrial drives since i is chexp, robust efficient and qelable. It has good speed regulation and high starting torque. It requires little ‘maintenance. Ithas a reasonable overload capacity. 42 CONSTRUCTION ‘A three-phase induction motor essentially consists of two parts the sator ‘ard the rtor, The stator isthe stationary part and the rotor isthe rotating part. ‘The stator is built up of high-grade alloy stee! laminations to reduce eddy-current losses, The laminations are slotted on the inner periphery and are insulated from teach other, These laminations are supported in a stator frame of cast iron or fabricated steel plate. The insulated stator cohductors are placed in these slots. The ‘ator conductors ave connected to form a three-phase winding. The phase wind- ing may be either sar or dlta-connected [Fig. 41] Pig 430 Induction Motor Str with double ayer winding poly woud 1)‘he oor als ult up of thin amination th sae material ta ‘The lamnated evant cee tained ciety the hal by theahiat These anata ar slant the ater pope rotor oaductrs. The ate Beg fos aon on Fl petra Wore the @) Squtebcage toe simp age we (©) Phase want oe wou te Motos aig thi fy? HOF ae lbp callat ara mee 421. Cage rotor coos of» neal amuate ote wit hts aly pra ‘Saltans oeatu Fach ats an unniaal bart ahi Sesoppet Ateach ens the tthe nt far atts area by Davy ent rings the same mates The sous al the hl ys fr age of he fre which wa sve sen nd oe hepa ese fate A age oor ahem in Fig 410 vagy 101 Cae mtr The shewing af age roto conducts oes the flowing advantages 1. More son torque preted and the noe reduced during speration 2. The cing trey of the slob ede Ding locking, the fotor and sto eth aac eater de to mati action. 422 Wound rotor or sip sing rotor ‘The wound rotor consis of lt amature Insulated conductors are put inthe ste and connect to fom a three-phase double layer tuted ‘hinting similar he stator wing, The rotor windings re connected in sta. he noes ooh ny ec Secretar elt cat ee ane trate cea teatontg ress same i fet tetere cima auc aaa atntannorecpspes wr nian egg ee tg et by soc the pod the wot (ip ig inte ce tr Bi $e ig 42 ip ngindttion or 43. COMPARISON OF CAGE AND WOUND ROTORS ‘Tae advantages ofthe cage rotor ate as follows (a) Robust corstrcton and cheaper (@) The absence of brushes ducts thers of sparking (6) Lesser maintenance. (a) Higher elicleny an higher power factor‘The wound rotors have he following mei: (6) High starting torque and ow starting cure. (8) Adattonal resistance can be connects in he ftor circ f0 contol sper 444 PRODUCTION OF ROTATING FELD ‘When3:phase winding diapacedin space 120 ae spp by -phase currents displaced ne by 1207 mage fi prdced which tates in = 441 ANALYTICAL METHOD Consider te eric ole oat on ans phyla 120° n pace a shown in Fig 42 a) Lt each cal be supped ft one phase of balanced ‘Siotne tpt Each col il produce an erating Mx log sown ax Lat ‘Be iatantaneous Bans be ven by = 0ysinat aan o 252 sin(al4 0) (aus) sin ot 120) (aay epee Prowtyiues 0) gains ‘seston ha pred thiystem may be detrined by resolving rats mth spect oe py ness i 43.0). he elt iota component of fh ven by deen escow =O, (0, 4 oon OP esse MOUTON MORONS Joga (ot 1079 Je,+0)-e.snet~ 2 aan "con in 120 in 12" ‘cos ein 120) aay “Te estan vertical component ff given by 4,200,040" +0890" cos [sn ot ~ 1207) + 4 si (a+ 207 8, So, -(inetcos 120 coat sin 120) “int coe 120" + cost in 1207) 8, z ecomaanrore $exten coset aa) 3, a oeh ‘The components, and, ar shown in Fig. 43 (2. a6,“ tne $i -(Secont) (Sema — ae saan C40 ss ht he a 9 idgede ‘au 0 mes the maximum spor, wan Phase uation (447) shows that angle @ is dependent on ne From £9. (447, 0290" (2 Att =0", 0=90" conmsponding to potion Ain Fig. 43 0. (©) Ater=30", 620° consponding 0 poston 8 (0 Att = 80, 0-59" orepentingo pontonC 180 coresponding o postion 1 is seen tht the resultant fax rotates space inthe clack rection ith angular velocity of radian per seeanas Secew= ay and/=!8 beret er rete wih yeni ‘Rearing cose eu fn tbo ano 1 tinepuc cma stamens yeh pec smu aller canter rs a Te relat rotating nae ed angle vlc te saath tsppy cents Sie w= fan fF ea se at ty pe the ase mguece Th dscns he ame ae cenco oe Aaa narncaL ueToD gure 44 shows the waveforms ofthe fas produced bythe Yee cots ‘he mau value he fx dart any ane of ete pases ey Ae oslve directions of flux phasors foreach phase are shown fn Fg & )The festa tn any itn elf he phasor tno eae three phases The magni th phasors i proportona theorist the ‘tems ihc a he dey i ano 3) We al Geter th values ef at four btn apart conespring to pole Zand sin Fg. 44 mens gy Whe l= Snir ome fo PDI Fy 44. Fag tg exam 3 ne y= @sin oe 27) sin a Fig 4. infirm py pen Tear or F448 shown ag wh nna cn ‘posite to positive direction in Fig 3). Paso ys som sony OC. Te lta fae, the phasor sum OB ad OC. Ths, silo pas OD. 1, =0D=208=20C 30" 2x80 8. ine wate cn URE Sgpoe yet ae Seema a DSSS evessnere Zo, ano .anter-nes.ancone- So, oorosancersn0)-e,ani8P=0 ann 0 tn 9m 15 Seba anoptoscnseanrSantade, scent lit a, apn 39, thin tad ohn gi a fn potion atta(i) Wen wt = 120" ‘This instant corresponds to positon 2 in Fig 44. Here 92 (12120) 20 2,=0,sin 120 owe a “Hence the resultant is 3.6, but has further rotated clockwise through an angle of ©” fom positon a instant in Fig 44 Se mn etan (err ren $. Se amsocressin y= 80" 129) = ong OB Fg 45 2) y=, sin (180 +120) eeopnroncusrarSexabe, “The resultant is, but as further rotated clockwise through an angle of Input current E 1 a é E F438. Apc et rtf doa inacton mor "ater ne Atl s, the outercage impedance, aye, jX | inner-cage imy fal . . the Be impedance, 2 ="2 + Xyf ——: edance ofthe stator, = +X;se ELECTRIC MACHINES The resultant torque-speed characteristic can be modified according to the requirement. This is done by modifying the individual cage resistances and les ‘age reactances. The resistances can be changed by changing the area of cr section of bars. The leakage reactances can be changed by changing the widt the slot openings and the depth of the inner cage. 4.45 COMPARISON OF CAGE TORQUES Power developed per phase by the outer cage Pyalg (4452) Power developed per phase by the inner cage a (4.45.2) (4453) From the equivalent circuit ofthe double cage motor gy wees 4454 Ze @ ‘) en nat (as: » Zi (4455) (4456) (4457) If yo=torque developed by the outer cage “t= torque developed by the inner cage “y= total torque developed by the to cages Py= Rn) pee Onn, Ie (445.8) Pay ye a (tee rate (4459) Se | iF ‘THIREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS [EXAMPLE 4.38. The standstill impedance of the outer cage ofa dowble-cage induc- ion ao "]04)ah and tt 9 he ar a "> relative currents and torques ofthe two cages | stator impedance. SOLUTION. (a) At standstill, 5=1 (Outer-cage impedance, Z,= Ry,’ +) Xa! Z,/'=03+j04=05 15319 0 Inner-cage impedance, Zi;= Ry’ +) X, Zy{=0.1 +) 15=1.508 /86.18°O Current through the outer cage Ey Er bingo g5- 2 ‘Current through the inner cage HE hin qy is he Zit 1503 _ Ty" Z)7 05 ~9°%° Copper loss inthe outer cage Pao (lag) Rag ‘Copper loss in the inner cage Pam (iF Ref Let ta, and 4, be the torques developed in the outer and inner cages respectively. ‘Since torque developed «copper loss in rotor windings fe Pe Ta Ps al Rat _( BY Rad (FP Ry (Br ) Rat = 6.00693 = 271 () Atslip s=5% =0.05 pu Ry BiB sik! 23. joaeeorss8iraELECTRIC MACHINES, ce of outer and inner cages ofa double-cage + 33) respectively. Determine the sip at stil impedance ofthe outer age Za = (2+) 12) = Ry +) Xe! Standstil impedances ofthe inner cage Zs! =(05+)35)0=Ry/ +7%/ Lets be the slip at which two cages develop equal torques. ‘The impedance of the outer cage at slip s Copper loss in the outer cage Pay (las)? Ray Copper loss in the inner cage Pas (i)? Ray PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS Since torque develooed is proportional tthe copper losin the torove developed in outer cage inthe o ‘torque developed in inner cage ~ copper’ tu Ps SOLUTION. 8, =0250, Ry’=109, X,/=0 Ry/=0150, X,/=30 Atstarting s=1 Impedance of the outer cage at starting Z,/=015+)3~3004 872° Since the two impedances Alen impedances given by pa Baltat aye 004/87.) _ 3.004, 47:1" T+j0+015+j3 ~ 3213 ,69" ( and Z,/ are in parallel, therefore their equiv- =0.935 /18:° = (0.889 + j0.290) @ Impedance of the stator Zy=R,+jX,=025+j35ELECTRIC Mag ches cof the motor refered 1 Sato at starting nase voltage 11 alphas impedance -— 20 esa 3.96 173.2" Ce Starting torque per phase from 440 V. Calculate the starting branch cam be assumed connected 4 SOLUTION. Since the torque and speed are not depenclent upon the magnet izing impedance Z,, the magnetizing branch may be neglected. (a) Ats=1 Equivalent impedance per phase of the motor referred to stator Zy=Z,+ Loy ER +X 214 j284 0410054 34j1+054j5 214) 29.4 O16 L184") 6.025 18439) ae 354+j6 i =14j28428UR2 G95 ype +) 28) +2285 43° 28+ 1.67 +) 156 = (267 +j436)0 585° Since the ta connected, phase voltage = line voltage = 440 V THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS Rotor current referred to stator 440 TEETH LBB? A Combined resistance R,= 167 Starting torque per phase =1PR,= (8627x167 = 12829 synchronous watts (®) Atslip s=4%=004 pu Rat , 2a) a + Kas 3 =f ri-as+ina apntit= 5+; Ba sing Bafa B Ke =25 4j5<0254)5.0 = (PB4j1) 025415) _ 15 0.76%) 03.46 218% 7ejl+125+]5 w75+j6 10095 2256" . = WBSITESE 1151 1n08 0 =009+)36)0 Bai tai 122+ Fe a4 j281094j368 Basti g gyi tti i 5119+ j648= 1355/2857 0 poi. M0 ay ras Wa qhaaatege m7 csr A Combined resistance = 109. Full load torque per phase =I? Ry = (3247? 109 = 11492 synchronous watts 446 EFFECT OF SPACE HARMONICS ON THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR PERFORMANCE ‘The air gap flux set up by the three-phase stator windings.carrying sinus- ‘dal currents is of nonsinusoidal wave shape. According to Fourier series analy- sis, any nonsinusoidal flux is equivalent to the combination of a number of Sinusoidal fluxes of fundamental and higher order harmonics. Since the flux ‘waveshapes have half-wave symmetry, all even harmonics (2, 4, 6, .) ate absentBLECTRIC MACHINES Harmonic induction Torques. 'A3phase winding caryng sinusoidal curents produces space harmonics of the order ns : : - ha oke1 [A space harmonic wave of order h is equivalent to a machine with number (dix number of poles ofthe stator). Therefore, the synchronous speed of te lth space harmonic wave vegeta EL ho hee where supply frequen Pe Thus, for k=1, a phase winding rotating fifth harmonic rein ata speed forward rotating seventh harmonic rotating at a speed of (1/7) speed. These harmonics alone will have little effect on the operation of the motor. ‘The torque-speed characteris fundamental flux and fifth and seventh space harmonic flux are shown in ‘The ith and seventh harmonic torques have the same general shape as that ofthe fundamental Since fifth harmonic flux rotates inthe direction opposite tothe rotation of the rotor, the fifth harmonic torque opposes the fundamental component torque. In other words, the fifth harmonic flux produces a braking torque. The seventh harmonic flux rotates in seventh harmonic induct resultant torque speed-< sme direction asthe fundamental flux. Therefore, the que aids the fundamental component torque. The ristic will be the combination of the fundamental, istics as shown in Fig. 434. The resultant jous speed and Fig 4.34. Torus charset ofp nd motr shawn the feof sac harmonic asco mon) us Crawling can be reduced by reducing ith and seventh harmonics. This ean bbe done by using a chorded (or short pitched) winding 447 COGGING OR MAGNETIC LOCKING Sometimes, even when full voltage is applied to the stator winding, the ave cage induction motor fail to sts. This happens when the or and wotr slots ae either equal or have a ntegeal ratio, With ua to or an integral multiple of roto sh tong alignment forces at juced between stator and rotor at he nat fc rater than the acceler que ‘These forces may crete an alignment tray 8: with consequent failure ofthe motor t start. This phenomenon of magnetic locking between stator and rotor teeth i called cogging or teeth lockingie ie Harmonie Induction Torques A 3 phase winding carrying: of the order stusidl caret produces SPC among heekel ynchronous speed of the ith harmonie jamental wave. The space harmonic wavs ‘he fundamental wave if '=68+1, and in the {sa postive integer times the speed fe same direction a5 rection f= 6k— 1 pace harmonic wave of order his equivalent toa machine with number cof pots equa to (kx numberof ple ofthe stator). Therefore, the synchronous speed ofthe ith space eis where f= supply frequency P=number of poles ofthe stator ‘Thus, for F=1, 2 3phase winding will produce predominant backward rotating fifth harmonic rotating at a speed of (1/5) of synchronous speed and forward rotating seventh harmenic ofating at a speed of (1/7) of synchronous speed. These harmonics aloe will have litle effect on the operation of the motor. ‘The torquespeed characteristics forthe fundamental flux and fifth and seventh space harmonic fax are shown in Fig. 434. The fifth and seventh harmonic torques have the same general shape as that of the fundamental. Since fifth harmonic flux rotates in the direction opposite to the rotation of the rotor, the fifth harmonic torque opposes the fundamental component torque. In other words, the fith harmonic flux produces a braking torque. The seventh ‘harmonic fx rotates inthe same direction as the fundamental flux. Therefore the ‘seventh harmonic induction torque ads the fundamental component torque. The resultant torque speed-characteristc wi combination of the fundamental, {fIRFE-PHASE INDUCTION Moto itor tor {Crave the load torque curve intersects t point A. Since the seventh harmonic fux int A stable running condition over the tor ‘minimum poin be A of the motor to ‘one-seventh of the normal speed N, and being ut ‘normal speed is known as crawling ofthe motor. Torque: estan rergoe Fig. 34. Togue sped hetero plas indaton motor showing the (fet armor escioous har) rus Craving can be reduced by reducing filth and seventh harmonics. Ths can, be done by using a chorded (or short pitched) winding, 447 COGGING OR MAGNETIC LOCKING ‘age induction motor fails to start. This happens when the ‘and rotor slots are either equal or have an integral ratio. With ‘are produced between stator and rotor at the instant of starting. ue greater than the accelerating torque with consequent failure of the motor to start. This phenomenon of magnetic locking between stator and rotor teeth is called cogging or teeth locking. Zaoe LECTRIC MACHINES The reluctance o teat face each oes ne AER paths minima when stator and rotor teeth, made Serer *o neduce or eliminate cogging the numberof stator slots are never ceive f° OF have an integral rato. Cogging can also be reduced by usin skewed rotor, a the stator and rotor this condition there is a magnetic locking between, Cogging and crawling are much less prominent in wound rotor motors because of he higher 4448 SPEED CONTROL OF NOUCTION HOTORS The rotor sped ofan induction motors given PY Nead-9%, ss not nolan ss From Eq (4481,tsscn tat the motor speed can bechargedbyachange ss res f number pe Po ps A neo any combination oe above methods may be used to change the motor speed, and all are used in actual practice. ‘The main methods employed for speed control of induction motors are as follows 1. Pole changing 2. Stator voltage control 3. Supply frequency control 4. Rotor resistance control 5. Slip energy recovery. ‘The basic principles of these methods are described here, 449 POLE-CHANGING METHODS ‘The number of stator poles can be changed b () method of consequent poles, and (c) pole-ampl ‘methods of speed control by pole changing are sui because the cage rotor automatically develops number of pi ofthe stator winding. equal to the poles 449.1 Multiple Stator Winding "In this method the stator is provided with two separate windings which are wound for two different pole numbers. One winding is energized at a time. ‘Suppose that a motor has two windings for 6 and 4 poles, For 0 Hz supply the synchronous speeds willbe 1000 and 1500 rpm respectively If the full-load slip is ‘5% in each case the operating speeds will be 950 rpm and 1425 rpm respectively This method is less efficient and more costly, and therefore, used only when absolutely necessary. ‘THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS _ - a9 449.2 Method of Consequent Poles _ ee a iS Ty ] — _ = —_ co ae nie | (Pa omen AS Str peometins ihe le () Sexes connection ‘With this connection, there will be a total of 4 poles giving a synchronous speed of 1500 rpm for a 50 He. system. Ifthe current through the coils of group 4~ bis reversed (Fig. 4.36(a}), then all the coils will produce north (N) poles In order to complete the magnetic path, the ux of the pole groups must passthrough the spaces between the group, ths inducing agree ples ot epposite polarity (S poles) in the inter-pole spaces, These induced poles ate called consequent poles. Thus, machine has twice as many poles as before (that is, 8 Poles) and the synchronous speed is half of the previous speed (that is 750 rpm)._ ELECTRIC MACHINES ‘and ¢~d can be connected speed as shown in Fig. 4.35, tobenoted that two sets ries for one speed, or in pi (Sets convection (o Parallel connection principle can be extended to all the three phases of an induction suitable combination of series or parallel connections be- ‘obtained with constant-torque operation, constant-power torque operation. Connections and speed-torque character- istics for these operations are shown in Figs. 4.37, 4.38 and 4.39. gy | ane a | Teoe ANE ) . ; | | = Torque — Low speed (2 poe) ()Spetonge characteris Fig. 437. Contonttrue coal (0) igh peed (pole) ce | |, hy a “| i» | € ¥ = 5 (o)tigh speed poe) (Low speed (2 pol)—_c)Spredtorque characteristics Fig 4.38. Content per control Torque — (o)Spent-torge characteristics Fig. 439 Variable tongue control. 4.50 POLE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM) TECHNIQUE Pole amplitude modulation (PAM) technique is a flexible method of pole changing which can be used in applications where speed ratios other than 2:1 are required. The motors designed of speed changing based on poled amplitude ‘modulation scheme are known as PAM motors.To explain = : ton in Ge*Blin the pole ampiude modu carrying at S0P ofa three pace ocul ' three-phase balanced curenie on Fas Fas po Fy= Fag sin 0 29/2) Fos Fucsin 9044/5) ‘Where pis the number of pairs 495 {TAREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS, T™ Fig. 440 shows the snide modulation 1 i ‘ eo wight poles is shown. The 2-pol eee er chown in Fig, 4400) The negative half cle of the moda polarities f the main poles 3, 6,7 and 8 of Fg. 4.40). The ("The resultant wave in FE Gang hobo tat the modulated wave hats pols ~| [| [x] [w Since in a S-phase induce ° asl; the . igang oan ; ee the maximum Values of umunfs in all the : ‘ i : : 1 three modulating mung waves of spltede Fern ( waves of amplitude F but displaced from ther by 28/8 radians are used tomodulate eset eet nt = +S possible to write Fyy, Fag and Enc a8 follows : ae ° A FusFeinto Fya=Fsin (8—a) Fac Fsin (19-20) Where Fis a constant and kis the number of modulating cycles in one oop Perimeter of the motor and a=+2n/3. aie Substitution of Eq, (450.2) in Eq, (450.1) gives ! Fy=Penpocnko ys Fran gO = 24/3) sin 0 Fos Fin 94/3} sin 2 Eautions (45030) 9 (450.3) an be writen se Fa E teas 0-cos p+ Fig 440. Principe (a) Main weve: Eight nate eS Modul In the second method of coil inversion and omission, a section of the ‘winding is omitted from each half and half 's the remaining portion of the winding is then reversed with respect to the fing 50.4) half, Fig. 441(@) shows the munf wave of a stator wound for eight poles In feeb {o[e-ne-Zra]-ca[oene-2-a]} — asoamy “GEL Eee © Fen {so [ 0-0 $020] -ccl pene -2n] (450.4) | ‘Thus, by modulating the amplitudes of the mmfs in a three-phase machine having p pair of poles produces two sets of three-phase mmis with (pf) and (+4) poles. These two sets of poles will produce torques in oppo: To obtain steady torque in one direction only, one of these pole pairs must be suppressed and the other pair should be retained. A rec of unit amplitude and of period equal to the riphery is used for modulation. Two methods of connections are used to obtaine the desired modulation. The first method is known as Coil inversion and the other is the coil inversion and omission. In both the methods the windings of each phase are divided in two parts. In the method of coil inversion, the current through the latter | half of winding in each phase is reversed.the at low speeds and this ean be o sive motor current. Variable voltage for speed control of small size motors, particularly for “Stained with constant-torgue operation, constant- single-phase, can be obtained by connecting external resistance or inductance in je torque operation. Pole amplitude modulation tech the stator circuit or by using autotransoformers. However, thyristor voltage con- rer and pump dnves. E CONTROL ‘with lower applied voltage without exces- rota 8 aero vonage coe potter Pa ceae ge Sa ee se age nga Set pret SESS ISS iapey nile necting 42 Tho bua ate a Eee Shows the torguespees characteristic of fan load. } Domestic fan motors, which are always single phase, are controlled by a single-phase triac voltage controller as shown in Fig. 444. Speed control is ob- tained by varying firing angle ofthe triac. These controllers are commonly known as solid-state fan regulators. These regulators are preferred over conventional variable resistance regulators because they are compact and more efficient. Tee controller { Rg Iephase AC 4 ste ieee ee > Consequently, this method is suitable cations where load torque decreases with speed, as in the case of a fan controls the voltage ofthe phase to which ita tire Mactan For low-power ratings, anti-paralleled thyristor pair in each phase can be replaced by a trac, phase ‘Tayrisor vltage ‘contaller ig 445 Stator ola contra tn pas indction mor by irr lege cot 452 VARIABLE-FREQUENCY CONTROL The synchronous ped fan induction moore gien by Nyx 22 ‘The synchronous speed and, therefore, the speed ofthe motor can be con- trolled by varying the supply frequency. ‘The emf induced in the stator ofthe induction motors given by FA JOT ‘Therefore, ifthe supply frequency is changed, E, will also change to main- tain the same air gap flux. If the stator voltage drop is neglected the terminal ‘voltage Vs equal to E, In order to avoid saturation and to minimize losses, motor i air gap flux by varying terminal voltage with frequency so as to constant at the rate value. This type of control is known as ‘hertz. Thus, the speed control ofan induction motor using variable ly require a variable voltage power source. ‘The variable frequency supply is generally obtained by the following con- verters 1. Voltage source inverter 2. Current source inverter 3. Cycloconverter. An inverter converts a fixed voltage de to a fixed (oF vi vol wn in 8 (or variable) voltage ac 4 A eycloconver werts a fixed voltage and fixed a ee "THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS ‘The variable frequency control allows good running and tran ‘mance to be obtained from a cage induction motor. Cycloconverter controlled induction motor drive is suitable only for large power drives and to get low speeds. 483 ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL ‘The speed of wound induction motor ean be controlled by connecting, external resistance in the rotor circuit through slip rings, as shown in Fig. 42. This ‘method is not applicable to cage motors. Fig. 47 shows the torque-slip curves for various values of rotor resistance. The torque-speed curves are shown in Fig. 4.8 Its seen that although the maximum torque is independent of yet the exact location of ta, is dependent on it. Greater the val the value of slip at which maximum torque occurs. Its also seen th: resistance is increased, the pull-out speed of the motor decreases, but the maxi- ‘mum torque remains constant. Therefore, by this method, control is provided from, the rated speed to lower speeds. ‘This method of speed control is very simple. It is possible to have a large starting torque, low starting current and large pull-out torques at small values of sip. ‘The major disadvantage of the rotor resistance control method is that the efficiency is low due to additional losces in resistors connected in the rotor circuit. ‘The efficiency is greatly reduced at low speeds because of higher slips. Because of low cost and high torque capability at low speeds, this method is used in cranes, Ward-Leonard Iigener drives and other intermittent load applications. This ‘method can also be used in fan or pump drives, where speed variation over a small range near the top speed is required. 4.54 SLIP-ENERGY RECOVERY In the rotor resistance control, the slip power in the rotor circuit is wasted as PR loss during the low speed operation. The efficiency of the drive system by phase ac supply induction motor Bridge Inverter rectifier bridge ius drive or speed control of lip ing ind