General

Biology 1 12
Biology 1 – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 14: Mitosis
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Biology 1 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module14
Mitosis
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Mitosis!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to Biology 1 Self-Learning Module on Mitosis!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
Let us continue the discussion of the phases in cell cycle. In the previous
topic, you learned about the preparation of the cell, now you will learn how cell
divides. Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each
having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. describe the stages of mitosis;

2. explain the events happen in each stages of mitosis; and
3. cite the importance of mitosis in human body.

PRETEST

Directions: Read the statements/questions comprehensively and choose the letter of

the best answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move
towards the poles?
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase

2. Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?

A. duplication of organelles
B. mitotic spindle formation
C. condensation of chromosomes
D. separation of sister chromatids

3. Which of the following is a correct statement about the stages in mitosis?

A. The centromeres lie at the metaphase plate
B. Telophase overlaps with anaphase as it divides the nucleus
C. Duplication of genetic material happens in prophase as it is the first step
in mitosis
D. Separation of tetrad happens in anaphase as a result of shortening of
microtubules

4. Which of the following represents the stages of mitosis in proper sequence?

A. interphase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase
B. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase
D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
5. A child got mild abrasion on her knee after falling off a chair. After a week, she
noticed that the wound is no longer there. What cell process is involved here?
A. Cell apoptosis
B. Cell checkpoint
C. Meiosis
D. Mitosis

RECAP
Direction: Look for the words hidden in this pool of letters. Write your answers in
your notebook.

WORDS YOU NEED TO FIND

- Longest phase in the cell cycle where the cell prepares to divide
- the production of a substance by the union of chemical elements, groups, or
simpler compounds
- This is an area for cells that will not undergo cell division
- to make more dense or compact
- stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the cell examines internal and
external cues and "decides" whether or not to move forward with division
- family of proteins that controls the progression of a cell through the cell
cycle by activating Cdk
- enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy,
phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates
- a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order
 LESSON
The most important event of a cell is when it needs to divide. In the human
life cycle, the cells in the body are continuously growing until it reaches its maturity,
except for the matures nerve cells and muscle cells. Just to emphasize, cell division
also occurs in growth and repair of the cells at the same time, also responsible for
reproduction. Cell division has two types; mitosis and meiosis. In this module, we
will focus more on MITOSIS.

After preparing (which happens in the interphase), the cell is now ready for
karyokinesis (division of a cell nucleus). Mitosis includes the replication of DNA
material so that the daughter cells will have the same genetic information. Imagine
the complexity of the process yet the necessary materials are passed along almost
perfectly from one generation to the other. Mitosis is the process by which two (2)
new daughter cells are generated having the same number of chromosome (diploid)
as the parent cell (2n). This includes the division of the nucleus to produce two
nuclei.

There are four (4) stages in Mitosis and they are: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase. Each stage has their own unique events that will help
you remember them.

Mitosis (Kultys, 2008, figure 1)

Let us now discuss each of the stages of mitosis.

If you can recall, the last phase of interphase is the second gap where the cell
is finishing its preparation for cell division. The cell has already the duplicated DNA
and centrosomes. Once the cell is ready, the next stage is the PROPHASE. Prophase
starts when chromatin became visible under light microscope as it condenses into
discrete chromosome. Also, the nuclear envelope breaks down and releases the
chromosomes. From the centrosomes, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and some
microtubules start capturing the chromosomes. These microtubules are called
kinetochore microtubules because they are the ones attached to the kinetochore of
each sister chromatids. Kinetochore are proteins found in the centromere
(centromeres are the regions of DNA where sister chromatids are connected).

Following the prophase is the METAPHASE. Metaphase is easily identified

because the chromosomes assemble at the metaphase plate. Actually, it is not the
chromosomes that lie at the center but their centromeres. Remember that the
microtubules attached to the kinetochore are responsible for the movements of the
chromosomes during mitosis. Also, in metaphase, the centrosomes are now at the
opposite poles of the cell.

Next stage is the ANAPHASE. This stage is considered as the shortest stage in
mitosis. The main event in this stage is when the sister chromatids start to part
because the kinetochore microtubules attached to the centromeres shortens.
Relative to this, the cell starts to elongate as well.

Metaphase

Prophase

Anaphase

Telophase and
cytokinesis
Stages of Mitosis (Zifan, 2016, figure 2)

The last stage is the TELOPHASE. In this stage, the two daughter nuclei form in
the cell (the nuclear envelope comes from the pieces of parents’ nuclear envelope).
The chromosomes become less dense. In here, mitosis has finally ended. To complete
the separation, in most animal cells, cytokinesis overlaps with telophase. Cytokinesis
happens when cleavage furrow is visible.

The result of mitosis is two diploid daughter cells. This means that each one has
the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, it is represented
as 2n = 46 (2n = diploid, 46 = chromosome number).
 One of the best examples of mitosis that we commonly experience is when we get
wounded. Did you ever feel amazed on how that lesion closed as if it never happened?
That is mitosis. The cells in our body generates new cells to replace all the damaged
cells.

For plants, we can use onion root tip as an example. The image below shows the
stages of mitosis (plant cell) under a light microscope. In here, the roots are growing.

Onion root tip under light microscope (n.a., 2004, figure 3)

Is the mitosis of animal cell same with plant cell? Yes, the process is the same;
the only difference is the cytokinesis. In plant cell, there is no cleavage furrow.
Instead, as described by (Reece 2011, 284), the vesicles from golgi apparatus move
along mictrotubules to the middle of the cell where cell plate is produced. The cell
plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane
along the perimeter of the cell. Refer to the image below.

Cell division of a plant cell (Stuart, 2012, figure 4)

 ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: Sequence of Events

Directions: Arrange and explain the series of events happening in mitosis. Write #1
if it comes first, #2 if it comes second and so on.

EVENTS
Number

Number

Number

Number
Activity 2: Let’s answer!

Directions: Given the diploid number 6 for the parent cell, answer the questions
below and draw your answers on your notebook.

If 2n = 6
1. How many sister chromatids are in metaphase?
2. How many sister chromatids are in anaphase?
3. How many chromosomes are in telophase?
4. How many centromeres are in metaphase?
5. How many centromeres are in anaphase?

Activity 3: Am I Important?

Directions: In your notebook, write the situations or scenarios where mitosis

happen and why it is important for mitosis to take place.

1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________

WRAP – UP
Directions: You have learned about the mitosis of animal and plant cell. In the Venn
diagram below, write their similarities and differences. Write your answer in your
notebook.

MITOSIS

Animal Cell Plant Cell

 VALUING

Directions: Read this article about mitosis and answer the guide questions in
separate sheet of paper.

Question: What would happen if all your cells stopped dividing?

(Ferens 2019) answered “Depending on a particular kind of cells, the impact
would range for irrelevant or minor in terms of survival (loss of procreation
ability in males, loss of hair), to important in different degree, to devastating.

The other factor is the time scale. The intestinal lining would start deteriorating
in 3–4 days, and after a week or so the barrier between the intestinal lumen
and the body fluids will be severely compromised, with the intestinal bacteria
and other content getting into the circulation and tissues. This would result in
a rapid demise. At the same time, the body would be depleted of neutrophils,
that typically last less than a week in circulation, and these circumstances
would result in death, before the skin started falling apart.

I’d give a person about two weeks, give or take a few days.

Guide questions:
1. Do you agree with the answer of Ferens? Explain your answer.

2. What if only the cells of one specific organ stopped dividing? What do you
think will happen?

3. Applying what you have learned in this module, explain the importance
of cell division

POSTTEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct answer. Write your
answers in your notebook.

1. Which two processes are involved in mitosis?

A. karyokinesis and oogenesis
B. karyokinesis and cytokinesis
C. spermatogenesis and oogenesis
D. spermatogenesis and cytokinesis
2. One student is using a light microscope in viewing the cells undergoing cell
division. He said to the teacher that he saw something like ‘two buns
connected’. What phase is he referring to?
A. Anaphase
B. Cytokinesis
C. Metaphase
D. Prophase

3. Which of the following is NOT correct about the events during telophase?
A. nucleoli reappear
B. mitosis has started
C. cytokinesis overlaps with telophase
D. chromosomes are less condensed

4. Cytokinesis happen during the last part of mitosis. What is the difference in
the cytokinesis of animal and plant cell?
A. Animal cell has cell membrane and plant cell has cell plate
B. Animal cell has cell plate and plant cell has cleavage furrow
C. Animal cell has cleavage furrow and plant cell has cell plate
D. Animal cell has cleavage furrow and plant cell has cleavage plate

5. What would happen if telophase ends and there’s no cytokinesis?

A. One cell with one nucleus
B. One cell with two identical nuclei
C. Two identical cells with two nuclei
D. Two identical cells with one nucleus
 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRETEST
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. B

POSTTEST
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. D
ACTIVITY 2 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
5. C
3, 0, 6, 3, 6 2, 1, 3, 4

R E F E R E N CE S
Chi, Ya-Hui, Zi-Jie Chen, and Kuan-Teh Jeang. “The Nuclear Envelopathies and
Human Diseases.” Journal of Biomedical Science 16, no. 1 (October 22,
2009): 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-16-96.

Ferens, Witold. “Cell Division.” Quora (blog), July 7, 2019. quora.com/What-would-

happen-if-all-your-cells-stopped-dividing.

Kultys, Marek. Mitosis. Photograph. n/a, July 2, 2008. Wikimedia Commons.

n/a, n/a. Photograph. Onion Mitosis. n/a, n/a: UAF Center for Distance
Education, November 15, 2004. UAF Center for Distance Education.
flickr.com/people/uafcde/2233758.

Reece, Jane B., Lisa A. Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V.
Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson. “The Cell.” Essay. In Campbell Biology,
9th ed., 228–45. Boston, CA: Benjamin Cummings / Pearson, 2011.

Stuart, Charles. “Nature and Method of Reduction.” Essay. In Heredity and

Evolution in Plants, 55–55. Philadelphia, PA: Hardpress Publishing, 2012.
https://archive.org/stream/heredityevolutio00gage/heredityevolutio00gage#
page/36/mode/1up.

Zifan, Ali. A Diagram of Mitosis Stages. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. Creative

Commons Attributions, June 26, 2016. Wikimedia Commons.
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki.File:Mitosis_Stages.svg.