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    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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    Jagabandhu Kar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    short Answer Questions components (CBSE (F) 2014 allergy 2. Give an example of a plant which came into Indi. @ 8 8 contaminant and is « cause of len Putheniwm or Carrot grass, Ans. (CBSE (An) 2014) g.3 The microscopic pollen grains of the past are obtain [he exine of pollen grains have an outermo; st hard layer co Ic is highly resistant to high temperature, strong aci and creo ce as fossils. 4 Ans. (CBSE Delhi 2009) State the funetion of filiform apparatus found in mature embeyo sac of an ang giosperm. Ans. The flform apparatus guides the pollen tube into the synergi Deane 70h Q.5. Whats funiculus? Ans. Funiculus isthe stalk of ovule that attaches ito the placenta, (6, What is the function of germ pore? Ans, Germ pore is the exine lacking region of pollen grains through which the pollen tube or germ tube emerges soon after pollination, Q.7. How many germ pares are there in the pollen grains of monocots and dicots? Ans. There are three germ pores in di¢ats and one in monocots, Q.8. Inmaximum angiosperms pollen grains are shed at the two-celled stage. Name the 2 cells. Ans. Vegetative cell and generative cell are the qwo-celled stage in which pollen grains are shed Q.9, Name the component cells of the ‘egg apparatus’ in an embryo sac. INCERT Exemplar] Ans. ‘Two synergids and an ¢} Q.10, Why do pollen grains of some flowers trigger ‘sneezing’ in some people? (CBSE (F) 2012) Ans. They result in an allergic reaction. Q. 1, Name the tissue present in the fertilised ovules of angiospermic plants that supplies food and Nourishment to the developing embryo. Ans. Endosperm ‘What is the site of microsporagenesis? Ans. Micruspotangium or pollen sac of anther. What is the site of megasporogenesis? Ans. Nucellus tisstie (megasporangium) present inside the ovule. ge Which cell of male gametophyte produces the male gamete? ins, Generative cell 18, Flow mae i t low many cells are found in a typical embryo sac? i Ans. There are seven cells in a typical embryo sac. These are one egg cell, two synergicls (hice 5 antipodal cells and a central cell. 16. What is “16: What is am anatropous ovule? + Itisan ovule ¢ such that the micropyle comes close to the hase ¢ hat is completely inverted through 180° ofthe funiculus and nucellus remains straight. ry ovaries, How do they Q.17. Papaver and Michelia both have multicarpellat other? - whereas Miheic. has apocarpous BynOccHNM: produce viable male gamet it pous gynoecium Ans, Papaver has syn Q.18. Ananther with malfunctioning tapetum often fails to gh nourishment to the develop provid viable male gametophytes- gametophytes and thus fail to produce via te Q. 19. it possible in Ovalis and Viola plants to produce assur oe a ous (lowers. ‘= cs .e viable male gametoph cl en fails to produc ut OPE PCBS Dethi 2010, 2013, 2019 (55) Q. 20. An anther with malfu ctioning tape uum nutrition for the production of one reason. Ans. A malfunctioning tapetum is notable male gametophytes. to provicle of mes, How many chromosomes are present [CASE (F) Q.21. The meiocyte of rice has 24 chrom endosperm? Ans. 86 chromosomes Q. 22. A bilobed, ditheco many male gametophytes this anther can The bilobed anther can produce 1600 male gametophytes: e likely to be formed in the anther and the ¢ 0 and 25 megaspore mother [CBSE (F) us anther has 100 microspore mother cells per microsporangium, produce? (CBSE Delhi 9 . 23. How mar allen grains and ovules ar pe 8 of an angiosperm bearing 25 microspore mother cells respectively? 100 pollen gi . The diploid of chromosomes in its endosperm and antipodal cells? —24 chromosomes, Antipodals—8 chromosomes ins and 25 ovules. mber of chromosomes in an angiospermic plant is 16, What will be the number [CBSE 2019 (575 Endaspet . State the reason why pollen grains lose their viability when the tapetum in the anther malfunctioning. [CBSE 2019 (57/51 Due to malfunctioning of tapetum, the developing pollen grain do not get proper nourishme and thus lose its viability 7 Name the type of flower which favours cross pollination. [CBSE (AD) Chasmogamous flower. How do the pollen grains of Vallisneria protect themselves? They have mucilaginous covering to prevent them from getting wet. The following statements (i), (ii) and (iii) seem to describe the water-pollinated s plants. Which one of these statements is incorrect? (CBSE (F) 2 (i) The flowers do not produce nectar, (ii) The pollen grains have mucilaginous covering. (iii) The brightly coloured female flowers have long stalk to reach the surface. Ans. Statement-(iii) ‘ Q. 29. Mention the pollinatin, i lowers g agent of an inflorescence of small dull exposed stamens and large feathery stigma. Give any one charset ap r produced by such flowers. CBSE h D Pe ig agent is wind. Pollen grains are light, dry and non-sticky, , Name the type of pollination as a resul ii eticall. ifferen type: af it of which geneti i of the same species land on the stigma. ; TE Xenogamy eS aCaN ay How do flowers of Vallisneria get pollinated? it Vallisneria, the fe ale flower stalk is long to reach the water surface to receive the pollen grains carried by water currents and then it gets coiled after pollination, How many microspore mother cells would be required to in a pollen sac? And why? [CBSE (F) 2013) rospore mother ce mgoes rae I microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form 4 pollen grains. In order to produce 100 pollen grains, 25 microspore mother cells must undergo meiosis. [CBSE (F) 2013) produce one hundred pollen grains What is Eh oe, interaction and how is it mediated? [CBSE (F) 2014] The ability of the pistil to recognise the pollen followed by its acceptance or rejection is called pollen pistil interaction. It is mecliatecl by chemical components of pollen interacting with those of pistil. How many microsporangia are present in a typical anther of an angiosperm? [CBSE (F) 2013) Four Why are non-albuminous seeds so called? [CBSE Delhi 2009) Non-albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo development. Example: seeds of pea and groundnut Pea flowers produce assured seed sets, Give a reason. [CBSE (AI) 2010) Pea flowers are cleistogamous, /.e,, anther and stigma lie close to each other in closed flowers, So when anthers dehisce in the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact with the stigma to effect pollination. Thus, assured seeds are produced in pea Name the part of the flower which the tassels of the corn-cob represent. _ [CBSE (Al) 2014) Style and stigma Write the function of coleoptile. [CBSE Dethi 2012} It protects the plumule of the monocot embryo. Write the function of scutellum. [CBSE Delhi 2012] {t provides nourishment and protection to the developing embryo, Normally one embryo develops in one seed but when an orange seed is squeezed many embryos of different shapes and sizes are seen. Mention how it has happened. [CBSE Dethi 2011} An orange seed has many embryos because of polyembryony How many nuclei are present in a fully developed male gametophyte of flowering plants? Three (one vegetative nucleus and two male nuclei). Which nuclei fuse to give rise to endosperm? Endosperm is usually triploid (3n) as it is formed by the fusion of three haploid nuclei, ie. two polar nuclei of central cell which belong to the female gametophyte and the one male gamete. Name the part of gynoecium that determines the compatible nature of pollen grain. [NCERT Exemplar] - Stigma » Whatis shield. shaped single cotyledon of monocots called? Scutellum, Who di he discovered double fertilisation in angiosperms? ‘aschin (1897) discovered double fertilisation in angiosperms. Nam a ara i a AL Plant in which dichogamy is found. What is Nucellus? bod, ei ay of the ovule consists of a mass of parenchymatous cells rich in reserve food material me called nucellus, the ey . Coryteden nme" function that cotyledons and nucellus perform. ee ns and nucellus provide nourishment. ¢ the true homologous 0.49. In the embryos of atypical dicot and a grass, which an ‘Ans. Cotyledons and scutellum. 0.50. Name the ‘landing’ platform ‘Ans, Stigma Q. 51. ‘Which are the three for pollen grains- len grain when it is shed at the three. cells found in a pol rametes: ‘Ans. One vegetative cell and two 1 Q.52. Name the kind of po! ‘Ans. Anemophily (wind polling Q.53. What features of flowers facil "Ans. Presence ofa large quantity of nes birds from long distances: a in maize. ation). litate pollination by birds? Jours of petal, fragrance and large ctar, bright col 4 Q. 54. If the stamens are well exposed, usually which mode of Pn Cee ie follow? ‘Ans, Wind pollination Q.55. Name the type of cross-pollination in sill Ans. Silk cotton tree — Entomophily (by insect) Vallisneria — Hydrophily (by water) Q. 56. Name the type of pollination in self-incompatible plants. [NCERT Eye ‘Ans. Xenogamy. Q.57. Mention any two characteristics of pollen grains of plants such as maize and “ans. (i) Pollen grains are small, dry and light in weight, non-sticky. Gi) Pollen are produced in large numbers. k-cotton tree and Vallisneria, respectively, Q. 58. Define parthenocarpy. ‘Ans. Parthenocarpy is an economically important process in which seedless fruit is fertilisation, for example, banana. Q. 59. What is polyembryony? Give two examples. "Ans. Presence of more than one embryo in a seed is called polyembryony. Example, lemon, " Q. 60. In a case of polyembryony, if an embryo develops from the synergid and another! nucellus, which is haploid and which is diploid? [NCERTI Ans. Synergid embryo is haploid and nucellar embryo is diploid. 7 Short Answer Questions-1 In 2 Bowering plete micrapore mother ell protice fie male qametaphyter while a OE _Neqespore mother celt form only awe female gamemphyte, Kxpiain, (CASH Delhi 2017) Ans Male gametophytes are formed by meiosis of single microspore mother cell whereas female gamerophytes are formes! by metosis of single megaapore mother cell to produce 4 megaspores, cout af which 3 degenerate and only survives, The surviving megaspore undergoes mitotic division to form the female gametaphy + & Explain giving Oo reasons why pollen grai whe boat preserved as fossils, (CASE (#) 2010) > Vhe sporopolionin in exine p © pallens trons harsh condities No enzyme ean Sporopolienin an withstand high temperature strong acid and alka Jegrace at dew Name the organic materials the exine and intine of an angiosperm pollen grains are made up O* FF Explain the role of exine, ICSE Delhi 2014) up of sporopollenin and intine is made up of cellulose and pectin. perature, acidic and Exine is mad Exine is the most resistant organic materi nl can withstand high ten alkali environme Q. Differentiate between the two cells enclosed in a mature male gametophyte of an angiosperm. (CBSE (Al) 2013) Ans. SNe ‘Vegetative cell I Generative cell ©) Tes bigger in sine 11s smaller ancl floats inthe eytoplasin of vegetative cell, ii) I has food reserves. 1e gives rise to two male gametes. aw. | Q.6 “Pollen grains in wheat are shed at 3-celled stage whil siage.” Explain. Where are germ pores present in a pollen grain? \E (AI) 2017) \c the time of shedding wheat pollen consists of one vegetative and two male gametes, whic the 3-celled stage. While pea pollen consists of one vegetative and one generative cell which is the 2-celled stage. ( rpallenin is absent. in peas they are shed at 2-celled Ans. serm pores are present on the exine where sp Q7. Gynoecium of a flower may be apocarpous or syncarpous, Explain with the help of an example each. (CBSE (AI) 2016} Ans. The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower, When there are more than one pistil, if the pistils are fused together, the Hower is said to be syncarpous and if the pistils are free, it is said to be apocarpous. For example, pistil of Papaver is syncarpous and that ‘of Michelia is apocarpous. QS Name all the haploid cells present in an unfertilised mature embryo sac of a flowering plant. Write the total number of cells in it. [CBSE (AI) 2013) The haploid cells in an unfertilised mature embryo sac are: egg cell, synergids, antipodals and central cell. There are 7 cells in total at Draw a diagram of pollen grain with germ tube and two male gametes, Ans, Qo, fou Thea filiform apparatus? What is its function? i etgids have special cellular thickenings at the mic ' i "They gude the entry of pollen tubes into the symergids, PT HP cued flform apparatus, QM. Q. 15. Mention the plaidy of the Q. 16. Write briefly the role of pollination in the growth and development in an angiosperm. ‘Ans. Pollination is transfer of pollen grains i ium ofa marie es s $ view of one microsportl of the cells ¥ s ( t grains. 5 that for exine fe Q.12. Why does the zygote Begin 1° di he rygote ala Ans, ‘The rygote offers very little nour generates t nt to the zygote, which nourishes th zygote. Hence. on of PEC Which is the triploid tissue in 2 fertilised ‘ovul ‘Ans. The triploid tissue in the ovule is th erm. Its triploid ‘nucleus of male gamete, referrec 1 10 as triple fusion. in # following labels with the type of cell function f f foe aa / SE — ae ef |)? (3) i ste / Ructe’ \ Female gametapnyle : AMitosis; B—Mitosis; C—Mitosis; D—C clls reorganised ntipodals and egg apparatus. different types of cells present in the female gametophyte of angiosperm. {CBSE Delhi 20} ‘Their ploidy Haplaid Haplaid Haploid Haploiel 2 haploid nuclei fom anthers to the stigma of a flower. Pollini prerequisite for fertilisation. events after fertilisation like endosperm development, seed. eee eit formation. ‘Thus, pollination plays an important rote in the growth and di of angiosperms. 17. Explain any two devices by which autogamy is prevented in flowering plants. [CBSE (j) Male and female flowers are present on different plants. a i) ‘The stamens and stigma of a bisexual flower mature at different times. i (a) Anthers mature earlier than the stigma and release pollens. - (b) The stigma matures earlier than the anther, (ii) Flowers are self-sterile ar sel-incompatible. (jv) Chasmogamous flowers are pr: : 6 ace 7 ; it present with exposed stamens and stigma which facilitate cross- i ; (Any two) cleistogamy? Write one advantage and one disadvantage of it, to the plant. oe P CBSE 2019 (57/: Pollination occurring in closed flowers is referred to as cleistogamy : a vantage: It ens! ol Advantage: It ensures self-pollination and assured seed set formation in absence of pollinators. Disadvantage: It does not allow cross. i s nota pollination, This can cause inbi jepressi: will be no genetic variation. ae aa (e) Mention the similarity between autogamy and geitonogamy. (b) How does geitonogamy differ from xenogamy [CBSE (F) 2012] {a) In both cases pollen grains come from the same plant. So they are genetically similar: (b) In geitonogamy pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant whereas in xenogamy pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a different flower: So they are genetically different (a) List any two characteristic features of wheat flowers that make it a good example of wind pollination. (b) It is observed that plant breeders carrying out wheat hybridisation often take pollen grains from the ‘pollen banks’. Do you agree ? Give one reason in support of your answer [CBSE 2019 (57/3/1)] ins more in number/well exposed stamen/feathery and sticky packed into an inflorescence. (Any two) (a) Light pollen grains/Poller stigma/Numerous flowers a (h) Yes Viability of wheat pollen grain is only 30 minutes and so it is stored in pollen bank for a long period of time for later use. List the two steps that are essential for carrying out artificial hybridisation in crop plants and why. [CBSE (F) 2014] (a) Selection of parents: Only those plants should be selected which have desired traits Emasculation: Removal of anthers from flower before they are mature and dehisce (b) Crossing over: Pollen grains from selected male plant is collected and transferred to the female plant after which itis bagged Explain the steps that ensure cross pollination in an autogamous flower, (CBSE Dethi 2013} "bisexual flower is emasculated at unopened stage to prevent self-pollination in the flower and it is bagged after emascull the flower rebagged ion to prevent contact of unwanted pollen grain with the stigma of Artificial pollination is then performed when the stigma is ready and the flower is Geitonogamous flowering plants are genetically autogamous but functionally cross-pollinated. Justify. Give similarity of geitonogamy with autogamy and xenogamy: [CBSE Dethi 2013] Geitonogamous flowers are genetically autogamous because both male and female flowers are borne on the same plant. They are functionally cross-pollinated because the pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of a different flower |. How does the Mediterranean orchid Ophrys ensures its pollination by bees? [CBSE (F) 2009, Delhi 2010) ‘The petals of the Ophrys resemble the female of a bee species in size, colour and odour, Male bee mistakes the Ophrys for female bee and tries to copulate. Few pollen grains adhered to the body of the male bee fall over stigma of the flower thereby leading to pollination showing sexual deceit. Why should a bisexual flower be emasculated and bagged prior to artificial pollination? age ; [CBSE (F) 2010) bisexual flower is emasculated to prevent self-pollination in the flower and it is bagged after *masculation to prevent contact of unwanted pollen grain with the stigma of the flower. 9.26. Write the celltlar contents carried by # } 26. ito the embryo Sac? Ans. Pollen tube carries Ow Q3 o male gametes. y, enters the ove through the micropyle and cate syn ids a il «which guides the entry of pollen tube ing As @.27. A pollen grain in ang ax the time of dehiscence from an anther could be 2. 3-celled. Exph How are the cells jaced within the pollen grain when shed stage? [CBSE Ans. celled stage the mature pollen grain contains one gene 1 and vegetative cell 2 in S-celled stage one vegetative cell and two ale gamete ¢ © present. he cytoplasm of the vegetative cell, The: A The generative cell being small floats int are shed at this 2-celled stage disadvantage of cleistogamy. assured/Seed production is assured, erved/Leads to inbreeding depression. hhat forms the kernel of coconut, How does the ks [CBSE ( Q.28,. State one advantage and one ‘Ans. Advantage: Self-pollir is Disadvantage: Least variations obs Q.29. Name the product of fertilisation d from coconut water? idosperm forms the kernel of coconut is free-nuclear endosperm whereas kernel is cellular endospermis (CBSE D evelopment of embryo The coconut wal Q.30. List the post-fertilisation events in angiosperms. ‘Ans. (i) Development of endosperm (ii) Embryoger (wv) Fruit formation (iii) Seed formation Q.31. Mention the function of each of the following: (a) Tassels of corn cob. (6) Tapetum in ihe microsporangium. [CBSE (F)2 ‘ans. (a) These ate the stigma and style which wave in the wind to trap pollen grains 1 (6) Provides nourishment to the developing pollen grains Q.32. Describe the development of endosperm after double fertilization in an does endosperm development proceeds that of zygote? Refer to Basie Concepts Point 9 (Endosperm Development). Gells of the endosperm provide nutrition to the developimh embryo. Draw a vertical section of a maize grain and label (i) pericarp, (ii) scutellum, (iti) « and (iv) radicle- [CBSE (Al) 2009; 2019 | Refer to Fig. 2.16(d). Explain the function of each of the following: (a) Coleorhiza (6) Germ pores (a) Coleorhiza protects the radical of (monocot) embryo. (b) Germ pores allow germination of pollen grain and formation of pollen tubes. Differentiate between albuminous and non-albuminous seeds, giving on¢ €xalmp [CBSE ‘Ans. Albuminous seeds have residual endosperm in them, For example, maize. Nomalbuminons seeds do not have any residual endosperm. For example, pea. . Mention the reasons for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm u angiosperm. formed by the fusion of haploid male gamete with the b ary endosperm nucleus (PEN) is formed by the fu polar nuclei, forming a triploid mucleus. 37, Some angiosperm seeds are said to be ‘albuminous’, whereas few others are said to have a perisperm. Explain each with the help of an example. [CBSE (F) 2014) Ans. Albuminous seeds are those which retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development. For example, in wheat and maize. In some seeds remnants of nucellus are also persistent. This residual, persistent nucleus is the perisperm. For example, in black pepper and beet 38. Double fertilisation is reported in plants of both, castor and groundnut. However, the mature seeds of groundnut are non-albuminous and castor are albuminous. Explain the post: fertilisation events that are responsible for it, [CBSE Delhi 2015) Ans. ‘The development of endosperm (preceding the embryo) takes place from primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in both, castor and groundnut The developing embryo derives nutrition from endosperm PEN undergoes repeated division to give free nuclei, Subsequently cell wall ts formed and endosperm becomes cellular. At this stage endosperm is retained in castor or is not fully consumed but in groundnut endosperm is consumed by growing embryo: 39. (a) You are given castor and bean seeds. Which one of the two would you select to observe the endosperm? (b) The development of endosperm precedes that of embryo in plants. Justify. [CBSE 2019 (57/2/1)] (a) Castor (b) Endosperm stores reserve food materials. It provides nut tion to the developing embryo, therefore its development precedes that of embryo. (a) Mature seeds of legumes are non-albuminous. Then, can it be assumed that double fertilisation does not occur in legumes? Explain your answer. (b) List the differences between the embryos of dicot (pea) and monocot (grass family). (CBSE (Al) 2014] (a) No it cannot be assumed so because fer tilisation does takes place but the endosperm is consumed during embryo development. (6) S.No. | Dicot embryo Monocot embryo ] (i) | Ithas two cotyledons: It has one cotyledon. (i) | Radicle and plumule are not covered with Radicle is covered with coleorhiza and sheath. plumule is covered by coleoptile. Draw a sectional view of an apple and label the different parts of an ovary in it. Fruits develop from an ovary. Then why is apple referred to as a false fruit? [CBSE (F) 2013, 2017] Refer to Fig. 2.17 (a). In apple, the thalamus also contributes to fruit formation, Therefore, itis called a false fruit. . What is pericarp? Mention its functions. The wall of the ovary that develops into wall of the fruit Functions: (i) Protects the seed till its maturity, (ii) Helps in seed dispersal. Anon-biology person is quite shocked to know that apple is a false fruit, mango is a true fruit and banana is a seedless fruit. As a biology student how would you satisfy this person? |CBSE Delhi 2009, 2015) In apple only the thalamus (along with ovary) portion contributes to fruit formation. Therefore, itis a false fruit. Mango develops only from the ovary, therefore it is a true fruit. Banana develops from ovary but without fertilisation, The method is known as parthenocarpy. Since there is rp fertilisation, no seeds are Formed in banana. ae a is called peri one advantage , (CBSE (Al) 2015; | referred to as apomictic. ‘ans. Seeds that are produced without fertilisation are referr dd to-as a i Advantage: Desired characters are re din offspring (proge y) as there is Tie seg ; Sea etipring (progeny), Secd production is axfured even tn aby ks aig characters in offspring (Pr‘ ' ‘onomical as they can be used to grow crops ¥e deleterious genetic t Q.44. Why are some seeds referred to 5 apomictic seeds? Mention disadvantage to a farmer who uses them. rafter year nnot control accumulation of tation. These are y ological niches and lack ability to adapt to changing enviTonimetig s get developed. (CBSE Apomictic se e Disadvantage: restricted to narrow ¢ Q. 45. Exp! "Ans. Ways by which apomictic seeds develop are @ A diploid egg is formed without reduction ¢ fertilisation ‘ sme cells ofthe nucellus, which are diploid in nature, start dividing and without ny two ways by which apomictic livision which develops into embryg develop into embryo. . Ifyou squeeze a seed of oran: u might observe many embryos of different sizes? Q. 46. wees ze a seed of orange you mig + oe ‘Ans. In orange, the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start, dividing, promideg embryo sac and develop into a number of embryos of different sizes Q. 47. Banana isa parthenocarpic fruit whereas oranges show polyembryony. How are they dif from each other with respect to seeds? [CBSE Delhi 2 Ans. Banana develops from an ovary without fertilisation having non-viable seeds so it is parthenocarpic fruit. An orange contain seeds with more than one embryo thus, it sh polyembryony Q.48. (a) How are parthenocarpic fruits produced by some plants and apomictic seeds by sq others? Explain. (6) When do farmers prefer using apomictic seeds? Ans, (a) Parthenocarpic fruits are formed when ovary develops into fruit without fertilisation: Apomictic seeds are formed when formation of seeds take place without fertilisation: (6) To maintain hybrid characters (year after year in a desired plant) and to avoid buying seeds every year (expensive seeds) farmers prefer using apomictic seeds. Q. 49. What is agamospermy? How is agamospermy different from parthenogenesis and ‘Ans. The phenomenon of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction as it form without fertilisation is called agamospermy Parthenogenesis refers to the development of unfertilised egg into an adult individual other hand, parthenocarpy is the phenomenon of formation of fruits without ferti ovary. Answer Questions-II Q. 1. (a) Name the organic material exine of the pollen grain is made up of. How advantageous to pollen grain? (b) Still it is observed that it does not form a continuous layer around the p reason. i (c) How are ‘pollen banks’ useful? Ans. (a) Sporopollenin. és alkali hae Itis most resistant material to high i s : temperature, strong acids on degrade it. a a j A (6) Germs pores are present to allow pollen tube to emerge _ (© Pollen banks help in storing pollen grains for years ie for crop Ans. Q4. Ans. Ans. Q.8. Ans. 0.9. Ans, Q.10. Ans, Why do you think the exine should Exine is the outermost Ja material called sporopolle and alkali. Germ pores in the later “Pollen gri be hard? What is the function of germ of pollen grain which is mad i istant organi F ade up of a highl in. Exine should be hy 4 ea i‘ a te withstand high temperature, strong acids ent apertures where sporopollenin is a i protrudes out as pollen tube Tae s has some harmful effects”, Discus: (HOTS) Pollen grains ese pe Pollen gt ie ca eis allergies, bronchial respiratory disorders, asthma, bronchitis, etc. For example, Partheniwm (ot carrot grass) came into India as contaminant with imported wheat and causes pollen allergy, race the development of female gai etophyte flower, Give a labelled diagram of the final sta Refer to Basic Concepts Point 4 (Meg (embryo sac) from megaspore mother cel ge of female gametophyte, metogenesis). For diagrat Write the functions of (a) Coleoptile (6) Tapetum (ce) Scutellum (a) Coleoptile: It protects the plumule of the monocot embryo (6) Tapetum: It provides nourishment to developing pollen (c) Seutellum: It provides nourishment and pre reler to Fig. 2.8(c). (CBSE Dethi 2012) ection to the developing embryo When and where do tapetum and synergids develop in flowering plants? Mention their functions, (CBSE 2019 (57/2/1)) Tapetum develop during microsporogenesis in the microsporangium (anther). It nourishes the developing pollen grains Synergids develop during megasporogenesis in the megasporangium (ovule). Synergids have filiform apparatus to guide the pollen tube into it Where are the following structures present in a male gametophyte of an angiosperm? Mention the function of each one of them. (@) Germ pore _(6) Sporopollenin (c) Generative cell [CBSE 2019 (57/2/1)] (a) Germ pore: () Sporopollenin: Exine of pollen grains. It protects the pollen grains from high temperature, strong acids and alkali, enzymes and adverse conditions. © of pollen grain, It is the site from where pollen tube emerges (c) Generative Cells: These are present in pollen grains. These give rise to two male gametes. Draw the diagram of microsporangium of an angiosperm and label any four parts, State the function of its innermost wall layer. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015, 2017, 2018) Refer to Fig. 2.3(6). Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen grains Make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed and explain how they help to encourage cross-pollination. 7 {CBSE (Al) 2014] ( Time of pollen release and stigma receptivity are different (not synchronised). This prevents self-pollination. (ii) Anther and stigma are placed at different po: with the stigma of the same flower. (iti) Selt-incompatibility, which is a genetic mechanism to prevent the pollen germination on the stigma of the same flower. Why are angiosperm anthers called dithecous? Describe the structure of its microsporangium. [CBSE (Al) 2014) ‘The anthers of angiosperms are called dithecous because they are bilobed and each lobe of anther has two theca, Micrasporangium is surrounded by four wall layers named as epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum, In young anther, a group of compactly arranged homogenous cells called Sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each microsporangium which produce microspores or pollen grains, ns, so the pollens cannot come in contact Q. 11. The generative cell of a 2-celled Give reasons. ‘Ans. Ina 3-celled pollen, the generati it will not divide again in the pol pollen, it divides in the pollen tube. Q. 12. During an excavatic deeper layers of soi ‘Ans. Pollen has an outer layer called exine pollen divides in the pollen tube but not in (NCERT Exemplar} ve cell has already divided and formed 2 male gametes, len tube, As the generative cell has not divided in a ‘on assignment, scientists collected pollen grains of plant |. Analyse the properties of pollen grains which help in the (CBSE Sample Paper 2016) ich is made of sporopollenin. It is the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperature; i and alkali as well. No enzyme that degrades sporopolleni Q. 13. Draw a longitudinal section of a post-pollinated mature embryo sac. Label filiform apparatus, chalazal end, hilum, antipodals, male and secondary nucleus. Ans. Refer to Fig. 2.12(a) and (6) Q.14. (a) Draw a labelled sketch of a mature 7-celled, 8-nucleate embryo-sac. (6) Which one of the cell in an embryo-sae produce endosperm after double fertili Ans. (a) Refer to Fig, (6) Central cell Q.15. What will be the ploidy of the cells of the nucellus, microspore mother cell, the megaspore and female gametophyte? Ans. Nucellus Mictospore mother cell Diploid ‘The functional megaspore : Haploid Female gametophyte Haploid 16. (a) re-baggin (e) emasculation; Ans. (0); (€); 5 i i Q. 17. Explain the process of artificial hybridisation to get improved crop variety in (i) plants bisexual flowers (ii) female parent produ Given below are the events that are observed in artificial hybridisation programme, them in the correct sequential order in which they are followed in the hybridisation (6) selection of parents; (c) bag sso far known, showing entry of pollen tube j [CBSE Delhi 2010; (57/4/1) 2 [CBSE (F) 2.8(¢) Diploid ging; (d) dusting the pollen on (f collection of pollen from male parent. [NCERT Exemplar] (B (@) 1g unisexual flowers. [CBSE (Al) | Ans. (i) In plants bearing bisexual flowers, the anthers are removed from the flower before stigma and the Q. 18. Differentiate between geitonogamy and xenogamy in plants. Which one lead to inbreeding depression and why? A dehisce. This is called emasculation. The emasculated flowers are covered with a pater paper to prevent contamination of stigma sith unwanted pollen. This E called bagging. stigma and the flowers are rebagged to allow the fruits to develop. Be (ii) If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, emasculation is not done. The are bagged before the flowers open. When this stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen grains are di When the stigma becomes receptive, pollen i flower is rebagged. 4 Q. 19. Write the differences between wind- Ans. Q. 20. Ans. Q.21. Ans. Q.22. Ans. Ans, Geitonogamy will lead to inbreedi 7 i ing de on beca ; similar, which results in inbreedi a Continued inbreeding. allem! grains are: genetically prodygtivtsy d inbreeding will thus reduce fertility and Pollinated and inseet-pollinated flowers. Give an example of each type. [CBSE (F) 2014) oe sidgers) ye ‘These produce large numbers of pollen gra a roduce less number grains. (i) | These are dull, nectarless and scentless. pte bright pet d a (iit) Stamens are long and protrude above petals. Stamens lie in rr a an i. (0) | The pollen grains are dry, light, small and The pollen grains ma ca en groans se appendages like hooks and barbs. For example, rose, sweet pea. (i) Write the characteristic features of anther, pollen and stigma of wind pollinated flowers. (ii) How do flowers reward their insect pollinators? Explain. (CBSE (AN) 2010, 2012) (i) The characteristics of wind pollinated flowers are: (a) Pollen grains are light in weight, non-sticky, dry and winged, so that they ean be easily transported. (#) Well-exposed stamens for easy dispersal of pollen grains in the wind (c) The stigma is sticky, lange, feathery to wrap pollen grains in ain, (d) Numerous flower are packed together to form inflorescence. (d) ‘The flowers are small and inconspicuous (ii) Insect pollinators are rewarded in following ways (a) The flowers offer floral reward like nectar and pollen grain. (b) In some species floral reward provides safe place to lay eggs. (a) Mention any four strategies adopted by flowering plants to prevent self-pollination. (6) Why is geitonogamy also referred to as genetical autogamy? [CBSE (Al) 2010) (a) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 5 [Contrivances for self-pollination (Autogamy)), (6) Geitonogamy is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. Although geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination involving a pollinating agent, genetically itis similar to autogamy, since the pollen grains come from the me plant List three strategies that a bisexual flower can evolve to prevent self pollination. (a) Dichogamy: The condition in which the maturation of stigma and anther takes place at ferent times so as to prevent self-fertilisation. (6) Heterostyly: In this, anther and stigma are placed at different positions, not come in contact with stigma of the same flower. (0) Herkogamy: It is the non-transferred of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower due to a mechanical barrier between anther and stigma. so the pollens can Give two examples of each: (i) Wind pollinated (anemophilous) plants (ii) Water pollinated (hydrophilous) plants (iii) Insect pollinated (entomophilous) plants (iv) Bird pollinated (ornithophilous) plants. (i) Cannabis, Coconut (ii) Vallineria, Hydrrilla (iit) Dahlia, Bougainuillea (iv) Bombax (Red silk cotton), Agave (Century plant) : : is Q.24. State the significance of pollination. List any four differences between Polina en of wansfer of pollen grains from anthers to the y Pollination is prerequisite for the beginning of fertilisation, Re pollinating agent sage OBAON inconspicuos Theyare large, colourful, fragrant ‘The pollen grains are dry, fight and non-sticky | ‘The pollen gains are generally so that they can be easily transported by wind. (i) | They are small an | (iy (tv) The flowers are often clus: sas to carry Flowers reward pollinators in terms. clustered so as to carry Flowers rews a : | ‘out pollinay ot " neciar or safe place to lay eggs, [it \ 2-25. (a) How does cleistogamy ensure autogamy? is tage of cleistogamy to the plant. (6) State one advantage and one disadvant lage ‘on a Ans. (a) Cleistogamous flowers do hot open. Therefore, the pollens have to |: same flower: This ensures autogany (b) Adv elE-pollination is Disadvantage: Least v depression. 26, Where does triple fusion take place in a flowering plant? Why is it so called? Mention significance, (CBSE Dethi 20% Ans. “Triple fusion involves fusion of one male gamete ar nuclei (or second, Feige jhave already fused) in the central cell of embryo ee ‘thee nuclei Gotoh, 2, One male nucleus and two polar nucle! in the cent cell, therefi re +27. (a) Describe the endosperm development in coconut, (0) Why is tender coconut considered a healthy source of fc) Mow are pea sceds different from castor seeds with respect daasgios aad ins. (2) The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) undeng perm? (CBSE (ad) 207 sticcessive nuclear diy vere ne : g lear divisions to give » free nuclei, Subsequenily, cell wall is formed towards the peripher, ns to give ris Phery and endosperm } cellular, leaving free nucl stendotpermmiin the'central pan, 77, divisi cytokinesis and thus endosperm becomes cellular and iscalled cellular endow’ ol lar endosperm 46) It is rich in many nutrients like fats, proteins, car bohydr tender coconut is considered a healthy source of nut; ition erals, vit (e) In peas, the endosperm is used up and there isno endosperm pre: In castor, the endosperm remains intact in the mature seed, ‘Fentig (a) Identify the figure given alongside. (8) Name the initial cell from which this structure has developed, (*) [eBse (py 9 d te) Draw the next mature stage and label the parts. (@) Itis.a globular embryo of'a dicot plant. (6) Zygore land on the stigma of nage: assured, thus ensuring seed formation. tions observed and it leads to inbreeding and two pol ary nucleus, involved in trip nutrition? se vecome owed By rates, min, ‘amins. Henge Q. 29. Differentiate between i ee Perisperm and endosperm by giving ane example of each. [CBSE (Ai) 2012] Q. 30. Ans. Q. 31. Ans. Q. 32. Ans. Q.33. Ans, n tae AURIS ROA Br embryo, \ Itis triploid, Example: maize, rice, wheat, castor. “Itis diploid. _ Example: black Pepper, beet. Fertilisation is essential for producti F - without fertilisation, Production of seed, but in some angiosperms, seeds develop @ ee example of an angiosperm that produces seeds without fertilisation. Name the (i) Explain the two ways by which seeds develop without fertilisation. CBSE (A. 009) ( In the members of family As { Bede) fertilisation. This process is raceae, seeds develop with called apomixis. (i) Two ways by wh h seeds develop without fertilisation a (a) In some species, the diploid (2n) egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into embryo without fertilisation. (}) In many varieties of Citrus and mango fruits, some of the nucellar cells surround embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryo sac and then develop into embryos Explain any three advantages the seeds offer to angiosperms. [CBSE Delhi 2014) (i) Since reproductive process such as pollination and fertilisation are independent of water seed formation is more dependable (a) Seeds have bette! wg the adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help the species to colonise in other areas. Gill) As they have sufficient food reserves young seedlings are nourished until they are capable of photosynthesis on their own (iv) The hard seed coat provides protection to the young embryo. fo) Being products of sexual reproduction, they generate new genetic combinations or variations. (Any three) State what is apomixis. Comment on its significance. How ean it be commercially used? “BSE (AH) 2015; 2019 (57/4/1)] reproduction to form seeds Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual without fertilisation, In apomietic seeds, parental chi meiosis or segregation of characte If desited hybrid sceds are made apomictis the farmers can keep on using the hybrid seeds to raise new crops year after yea eters are maintained in the progeny/oflspring as there is no Differentiate between parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis. Give one example of each. [CBSE 2018) Q. 34. It is the process of development of new organisin without fertilisation. For example, drones, male honey bee, turkey, rotifers, ete. , @ nee are ernest fruits . produced by some planis and apomictic sed by some others? Explain. (b) When do farmers prefer using apomictic seeds? [CBSE (Al) 2016} It is process of formation of fruit without fertilisation Ans, («) Parthenocary Apom ruits are formed when ovary develops into fruit without f tie seeds are formed wh n formation of seeds take place without fertii er year in a desired plant) and to avoid b ar (expensive seeds) farmers prefer using apo seeds. farmer use the dormancy of seeds to his advantage? (6) What advantages a seed provides to a plant? Ans. (a) Do Q.35. (a) How does [CBSE Ure seeds are important for storage of seeds which can be used roughout the year and also to raise crop in the next season (b) Seeds offer seve pollination and fertilisa Also seeds have better a¢ cole wes to angiosperms, Firstly, since reproductive processes m are independent of water, seed formd te gies for dispersal to new habitats and help thesp until they are ca to the young embryo, Be nbinations leading to v synthesis on their own. The g products of sexual reproduction, th iations. y generate new a Q. 36. Draw a diagram of L.S. of an anatropous ovule of an angiosperm and label the following (i) Nucellus (iii) Antipodal cells Ans. Refer to Fig. 2.7 (ii) Integument (iv) Secondary nucleus Q.37. Cleistogamy can favour only autogamy, Justify. [Ho; Ans. In cleistogamy, flowers never open at all. Hence, foreign pollen will not land on the stigm such flowers. So, cleistogamy can favour only self-pollination. Q.38. ‘Fertilisation is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants’. Expl statement. Ans. (40 This can be observed in parthenocarpic fruits. ‘The ‘seedless fruits’ that are available in market, such as pomegranate, grapes, etc., are good examples. Flowers of these plants sprayed by a growth hormone that induces fruit development even though fertilisation hag’ occurred. The ovules of such fruits, however, fail to develop into seeds. Q. 39. Is pollination and fertilisation necessary in apomixis? Give reasons. [NCERT Exemplar) [HOI Ans. No, they are not necessary, Apomixis is actually an alternative to sexual reproduction, althou the female sexual apparatus is used in the process. In apomict embryos can develop di from the nucellus or synergid or egg. Therefore, there is no need for either pollinatio fertilisation. . 40. Embryo sacs of some apomictic species appear normal but contain diploid cells. F suitable explanation for the condition. Many apomictic species have been seen to have nor ofthe embryo sac possessing Sugg (NCERT Exemplar] (HO mal looking embryo sacs. The only possib iplotd cells will be due to failure of meiotic division at the megasp mother cell stage. Since the megaspore mother cell has a diploid nucleus, if it undergoes mit instead of meiosis, all the resulting nuclei and cells will be diploid in nature. Answer Questions wa labelled diagram of an anther lobe at microspore mother cell stage. Mention ent wall layers of anther, Fig. 2.3. different wall layers of anther: endothecium and middle layers nce of anther to release the pollen. is the innermost wall layer and it provides nourishment us perform the function of prote Q.2. (a) Drawa diagram of an enlarged view of TS, of one microsporangium of an angiosperm and label the following parts: aaa (ii) Middle layer (his (iv) Microspore mother cells (b) Mention the characteristic features and function of tapetum. (c) Explain the following giving reasons: (i) Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils. (ii) Pollen tablets are in use by people these days. (CBSE (F) 2011) Ans. (a) Refer to Fig. 2.3(6). (b) Tapetum is the pollen grains. € one nucleus. nnermost wall layer of the microsporangium. It nourishes the developing lls of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than (c) @ Pollen grains have thick outer exine which is composed of sporopollenin. Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkalis and are not degraded by any enzymes. Therefore, they are well preserved as fossils. (ii) Pollen tablets are used by people because pollen performance of athletes and race horses s are rich in nutrients so used to increase Q.3. Draw a labelled diagram of the sectional view of a mature pollen grain in angiosperms. Explain the functions of its different parts. Exine Intine Vegetative cell Generative cell Functions: (®) Pollen grains are generally spherical with a prominent two-layered wall. The hard outer layer is called exine made up of sporopollenin, which is a resistant organic material. ‘ong acids and alkali, thus pro e, through which pollen tube comes out. (i) Exine can withstand high temperature. Je protection (iié) [thas prominent aperture called germ p (t) Vegetative cell has abundant food reserve (w) Generative cell divides mitotically giving rise to two male gametes, before pollen grains are shed (3-celled stage) Q.4. (a) Where is microsporangium located in an angiosperm ? State the functions of tapetum and the other three layers of microsporangium? (b) Describe the structure of the male gametophyte produced as a result of microsporogenesis. (e) State the functions of each part of the male gametophyte. [CBSE 2019 (57/3/3)] (e) Microsporangium is located in the anther lobe. Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen grain The other three layers of microsporangium, i., epidermis, endothecium and middle layers protect and dehisce the microsporangium. (b) Structure of Pollen grain/male gemetophyte- () Outer wall layer of the male gametophyte is called exine. It is a hard layer, made of sporopollenin, It protects the pollen grain. (i) Inner wall layer is called as intine. It is made up of cellulose and pectin. (ui) Vegetative cell is rich in food reserve. It helps in formation of pollen tube. (fv) Generative cell is smaller and has dense cytoplasm and a nucleus. It forms the two male gametes. Sec Q.5. Describe in sequence the events that lead to the development of a celled i re mother cell in angiosperms. pv ane A eae Concept Point 3 (Mic rosporogenes!s and Pollen gr ' ‘ ae jew of a mature anatropous ovule and label 4 Q.6. Draw a di grammatic sectional vi ts i ta) tha develops into an endosperm If an albuminous seed. on () through which the pollen tube gains eniry into the embryo 8ae. (ce) that attaches the ovule to the placenta. Ans. Refer to Fig, 2.7. i Q.7. (a) Explain the events after pollination leading to the formation of a seed in d (6) Mention the ploidy levels of the cells of different parts of an albuminous seed, (CBSE ‘Ans, (a) Refer to Basic Concepts Points 6 and 8 (6) The embryo is diploid (2n) and the endosperm is triploid (31) Q.8. (a) Draw a diagram of a mature embryo sac of an angiosperm and label the following ir (i) Filiform apparatus (ii) Synergids ’ (iii) Central cell (iv) Egg cell i (v) Polar nuclei (vi) Antipodals (6) Write the fate of egg cell and polar nuclei after fertilisation. (CBSE D Ans. (a) Refer to Fi (0). () After fertilisation egg cell fuses with male gamete to form zygote and polar nuclei fi other male gamete to form primary endosperm nucleus. Q.9. (a) Draw a LS. of a pistil showing pollen tube entering the embryo sac in an label any six parts other than stigma, style and ovary. () Write the changes a fertilised ovule undergoes within the ovary in an angiosperm [CBSE Ans. (a) Refer to Fig, 2.12 (a). (4) In a fertilised ovule, following changes occur: (i) Zygote changes into embryo (it) Integument develops into the seed coat (ii?) Synergids and antipodals degenerate (iv) Ovule changes to form the seed, (a) Trace the development of megaspore mother cell up to the formation of a matu sac in a flowering plant. 10. (6) Draw a labelled em of the structure of mature dicot embryo. [CBSE (41) 2010 “ OR How does the megaspore mother cell devel lop into 7-celled, 8 mnie e els _ angiosperm? Draw a labelled diagram of a mature embryo sac. (@) Refer to Basic Concept Point 4 (Megagametogenesis). ? paeasireter to Fig. 2.14. (a) Draw a schematic labelled diagram of a f Describe the stages in fertilised embryo sac of i : ® ee Lnieembey9 déveldpinent in aatices =7a mc of an enplospee gle ‘Ans: Degenerating synergids Zygate (2n) ik Primary endosperm - oll (PEC) { Primary endosperm huclaus (3n) (PEN) g Degenerating \$ antipodal ceils, Fertilised Embryo Sac of an Angiosperm (#) For explanation refer to Basic Concepts Point 9 (Embryogeny in Dicots) Q.13. Trace the events that would take place in a flower from the time the pollen grain of the same species falls on the stigma up to the completion of fertilisation, Ans. When pollen grain lands over the stigma, it starts germinating and produces a pollen tube through a germ pore. Pollen tube passes through style and reaches the ovule. The generative cell divides and forms two male gametes. Finally the pollen tube enters the embryo sac through micropyle, Now the pollen tube enters the egg apparatus through one of the synergids with the help of filiform apparatus. The vegetative nucleus degenerates while pollen tube leaves two male gametes in embryo sac. Now one of the male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form diploid zygote known as syngamy. The other male gamete fuses with the two already fused polar nuclei (called secondary nucleus) and forms triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) which later gives rise to endosperm. This is called triple fusion, Hence syngamy and triple fusion together are known as double fertilisation. For diagram refer to Fig. 2.12 Q. 14, (a) Draw a labelled long-sectional view of albuminous ‘seed’. (6) How are seeds advantageous to flowering plants? Ans. (a) Refer to Fig, 2.16(c) and (d). (6) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 9 (Advantages of seeds). Q-15. (a) Explain the different ways apomictic seeds can develop. Give an example of each. (b) Mention one advantage of apomictic seeds to farmers. ‘ (c) Draw a labelled mature stage of a dicotyledonous embryo. (CBSE (Al) 2014) Ans. (a) (@) Diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into embryo without fertilisation, ¢.g., Asteraceae/grasses. 3 (ii) In citrus/mango, some of the diploid nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into embryo sac and develop into a embryo. ; oe (b) No segregation of character in hybrid seeds, economically beneficial and desired varieties are cultivated. (c) Refer to Fig. 2.14, [CBSE (Al) 2010) Q. 16. (a) Explain the post-pollination events leading to seed Pee ee af pole al (6) List the different types of pollination depending upon be (CBSE bam aig ' Ans. (a) Refer to Basic Concepts Points 6, 8 and 9 (b) The different types of pollination are: (i) Autogamy/self-pollination (i@) Geitonogamy. (iii) Xenogamy/cross-pol ‘ Q.17. (a) Describeany two devices in a flowering plant which prevent both autogamy and geitonogayy, (6) Explain the events upto double fertilisation after the pollen tube enters one of the synergi in an ovule of an angiosperm. ICBSE 2019) Ans. (a) (i) Dioecy: It refers to the production of unisexual flowers in different plants. (ii) Self-incompatibility: It refers to the condition where pollens fail to pollinate the stigm of same flower (6) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 8 Q. 18. Explain the events upto fertilisation that occur in a flower after the pollen grain has landed op its compatible stigma. [CBSE (F) 2016) Ans. Refer to Basic Concepts Points 6, 8 and 9 (Endosperm Development, imbryo Development). Q. 19. (a) How does microspore mother cell develop into mature pollen grain in angiosperms? (#) Describe the structure of a mature pollen grain and draw a labelled diagram of its two. celled stage. [CBSE (F) 2012) Ans. (a) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 3 (Microsporogenesis) (6) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 3 (Pollen grain: (b) Q. 20. (a) Explain the characteristic features of wind pollinated flowers. How are insect pollinated flowers different from them? s). For diagram refer to Fig. 2 (6) Explain the mutually rewarding relationship between Yucca plant and a species of moth, [CBSE (F) 2011) Ans. (a) Wind pollinated flowers have light-weight, non-sticky, dry and winged pollens. The well exposed stamens help in easy disper s. The stigma is sticky, large and feathery to trap pollen grains floating in the air. Numerous flowers are packed together to form inflorescence. 1 of pollen gra Insect pollinated flowers are large, sticky and brightly coloured with honey and nectar glands to attract insects. They are highly fragrant and the stigma is sticky. (#) Both Yueca plant and the moth cannot complete their life cycles without each other, The moth deposits its eggs in the locule of the ovary and the flower in turn, gets pollinated by the moth. The larvae of the moth come out of the eggs as the seeds start developing. J. 21. Make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed and explait how they help to encourage cross-pollination. (CBSE (Al) 2014) Ans. (i) Production of unisexual flowers/dicecious plants, cross pollination ensured. (#) Selfincompatibility, genetic mechanism prevent the pollen germination on the stigma of the same flower. (iii) Anther and stigma are placed at different positions, so the pollen can not come in contd with the stigma of the same flower. . 22. (a) Plan an experiment and prepare a flow chart of the steps that you would follow to 7 that the seeds are formed only from the desired sets of pollen grains. Name the type" experiment that you carried out. (6) Write the importance of such experiments. [CBSE (Al) Ans. (a) Selection of flowers from desired plants > emasculation —» bagging —> dusting of pollens on the stigma of the flowers that were bagged (pollination) > rebagging of flo > fruit formed 41 at ried Gp The name of the experiment is Artificial listed ut (#) @ Production of superior or improved varieties of (a) As a senior biology student you have been as! secondary level in your school, the procedure(s) hermaphrodite flower, List the different st. for each one of them, (¢) Draw a diagram of a section of a megasporangium of an angiosperm and label funiculus, micropyle, embryo sac and nucellus, [CBSE (AD) 2016] plants. (ii) Improves crop yield, ‘ked to demonstrate to the students of ) that shall ensure cross-pollination in a eps that you would suggest and provide reasons Q.23: ‘Ans. (a) The following steps would be followed ()) Emasculation or removal of anthers from the flower bud, before the anther dehisce, to avoid self pollination (i) Bagging, to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen grains. (iii) Rebagging, the stigma of the mature ovary are dusted with desired pollen grains and rebagged to allow the fruit ta develop. (b) For diagram refer to Fig. 2.7 Q.2%4. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature embryo sac. (6) Why does a pollen grain possess two male gametes? Explain. [CBSE (Al) 2009; (F) 2009) ‘Ans. (a) Refer to Fig. 2.8(c) (Mature embryo sac) (b) Pollen gre | male gai 18 possess two male gametes as it is required for double fertilisation, Out of two nete moves towards egg cell and fuses with its nucleus to form a diploid cell called zygote and another male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei (secondary f they are already fused) to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) the process of fe1 sation in angiosperms termed as double fertilisation? Explain. () Draw a diagram of an angiospermic embryo sac where fertilisation is just completed. Label the following parts: , one male ge (i) Micropylar end of the embryo sac. (ii) The part that develops into an embryo. (iii) The part that develops into an endosperm. (iv) The degenerating cells at the chalazal end. (c) Draw a labelled diagram of globular embryonic stage of an angiosperm. [CBSE (F) 2011| Ans. (a) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 8. (b) Refer to Fig. 2.13(2) () Refer to Fig. 2.13(b). Q.26. (a) Name the structures which the parts ‘4’ and ‘B’ shown in the diagram below respectively develop into. (6) Explain the process of development which ‘B’ undergoes in albuminous and exalbuminous seeds. Give one example of each of these seeds. [CBSE (F) 2011] mbryo; B develops into endospe ‘Ans. (a) A develops inte : perm Develo 5 Refer to Basic Cancepts Point 9 (Ene ho potter! aera \ ‘fe ted diagram of L.S. of a flower to show the gro reaching egy Q.27. (a) Draw ala apparatus 1 pollen from any plant other than from ss oe ty Pistil of a flowet does not aceept pt * E (F) risa happen? Explai BP Fe astm te i ty to recognise pollen, whether it is of right type (compatible) or oft a ible), It is mediated by chemical components of the pollen inter ng type (incompatible). It is 5 ‘actin, with those of the pistil Ms, ‘ jlisation events in sequential order Q.28, Explain double fertilisation and trace the post-fertilisation eq oe om to seed formation in a typical dicotyledonous plant. ‘Ans. Double fertilisation: Refer to Basic Concepts Point 8 Q.29. Q.30. Ans. Q.31. Give reasons why (®) most zygotes in angiosperms divide onl: (ii) groundnut seeds are exalbuminous ani (fv) integuments of an ovule harden and (v) apple and cashew are not called true fruits, ‘0 Following are the post-fertilisation events: -lops in fertilised ovule, from the zygote. The early Development of embry: nbryo develops in ferti ed as reembryo development from a zygote is known. as embryogeny. The formasomy embryo starts only after certain amount of endesperm formation has taken place to assure the nutrition supply, for development and growth of embryo (ii) Development of seeds: Refer to Basic Concepts Point 9 (Embryogeny in Dicots). As a result of double fertilisation number of changes takes place in an ovule due to which avule is converted into seeds. (a) Why does endosperm development precede embryo development in angiosperm seeds: State the role of endosperm in mature albuminous seeds. (b) Describe with the help of three labelled diagrams the different embryonic stages that include mature embryo of dicot plants. (CBSE Dethi 2014] (a) Endosperm deve ni ment precedes embryo development because endosperm. provides ion for the developing embryo. It is an adaptation to provide assured nutrition to the developing embry The endosperm provides nutrition during seed germinati (b) The zygote (in the embryo sac) divides to give rise to pro embryo and subsequently to the globular, heart shaped and mature embryo as shown in the diagram Refer to Fig. 2.13 (b) (a) Why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisati . i ii isation? Mi ploidy of the cells involved, lisation? Mention the (b) Draw a neat labelled sketch of L.S. of an endospermous monocot seed. [CBSE (AD 2012) (@) In angiosperms, fusion of haploid egg cell with one haploid male gamete to form diploid Zgore is called syngamy. Also, fusion of two (diploid) polar nuclei with the other hapleld mal il Fee met® (0 form triploid primary endosperm nucleus is called triple fusion. Hence fertilisation is referred to as double fertilisation. ; 1 (6) Refer to Fig, 2.16(c) or Fig. 2.164) y after certain amount of endosperm is id castor seeds are albuminous. micropyle remains as a small pore in the seed coat of a seed a the water content is highly reduced, as (CBSE (A) 2011) Ans: ain nutrition from the endos j i (o To obtain nui sperm for the developing embryo, ivi i formauon. ‘= irae

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