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Glcm Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Multiclass SVM

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ELOPMENT IN
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEV Volume-10,Issue-2(Aug-18)
TECHNOLOGY ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

Glcm Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Multiclass

SVM
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Shobana D1, Shanthi T2, Priya p3, Anand R4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem,
Tamilnadu, India-637502
cultivating the crops are very difficult by farmers if they didn‟t
Abstract— India is famous land for agriculture. Farmers
detect the disease as early. The diseases which affects the
has a huge variety of plants. When the yield from
plants are Acer campestre, Acer palmatum, Aesculuspavi,
agriculture increases economic growth of our country will
Catalpa speciosa, Paulownia tomentosa. Therefore, the parts
also increase. The main drawback of agriculture is the
like leaf, fruit and stem undergo severe damage and it can be
different disease that affects the plant. The disease may
visually identify. But in this case we opt the leaf for detecting
effect on any part of the plant such as leaf, fruit and stem.
the diseases based on the various identification.
In this paper we mainly focus on leaf diseases. The leaf
Microorganism, viral, fungal etc. are the major categorize of
diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, virus, etc. This paper
plant disease. The proposed model focused on employing a
is to identify the diseases on Acer campestre, Acer
image processing technique to distinguish and categorize
palmatum, Aesculuspavi, Catalpa speciosa and Paulownia
diseases like like Acer campestre, Acer palmatum,
tomentosa leaves. Here image processing techniques is used
Aesculuspavi, Catalpa speciosa, Paulownia tomentosa that are
with SVM classifier. First, the affected area is identified by
frequently found on rice, soya bean, banana, grape, wheat,
segmentation using KMean clustering, after that, the
tomato plants etc., This technique can offer a quick,
features (color or texture) are extracted. Finally, the SVM
spontaneous, precise detection and classification of leaf
classification techniques is applied to detect the type of
diseases. Most of farmers are not aware the amount of
disease with an accuracy of 96%. Keywords— leaf diseases;
chemical or the pesticides needed for their crops and so it's
segmentation; K-Mean cluster; SVM classifier.
going to cause unbalanced use of chemical. Therefore the yield
Introduction
gets affected. The print system provides complete
India is famous for agriculture. Farmers are backbone of India.
information to farmer about the pesticide/insecticide with that
All people depend on agriculture in one way or other. Farmers
amount, based on the disease affected the plant.
are always depended on various things like soil, climate, etc. to
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
prevent from disease for high and healthy cultivation. Even
[9] Sanjeev S Sannakki (2013) have classified the Grape Leaf
though it is not achieved, they go to pesticides for desirable
Diseases using Neural Networks. In this method, spatial grey
diseases. The yield will be decreased if it is affected by
method is used for the development of texture analysis and it
disease. For flourishing cultivation, one ought to monitor the
is classified using feed forward propagation neural networks.
health additionally because the diseases of the plant will affect
The grape leaf are affected by some diseases like powdery
the yield. Diseases in plant will diminish the profit. So

ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org
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mildew, downy mildew and grey mold. The model is used hue III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
features gives the accurate results 100% (Sanjeev S Sannakki The methodology involved are
2013). [7] S. Arivazhagan (2013) developed a Hue Saturation 1) Training – 75% of the images from the database used for
Intensity (HSI) of the color transformation structure method. training. Training is processed by extracting 13 features. 2)
After the color transformation process, masking of green Testing – Remaining 25% of the images are used for testing
pixels is performed, followed by removing the masked cells. and test results with an accuracy of 96%. The methodology
These are used for the colour co-occurrence method. The following stages consists of
spatial grey level dependence matrix (SGDM) involved very 1) Image collection
much to develop the method called colour co-occurrence. The 2) Image pre-processing
classification is done using the minimum distance criterion. 3) Image segmentation
This system, is applied for some infected leaves like rose, 4) Feature Extraction
beans, lemon and banana. Here they have detected the disease 5) Classification based on Multiclass SVM
with an accuracy rate of 94.74% (S. Arivazhagan 2013). [1] A. Image acquisition
PoojaKulinavar (2017) developed a method for leaf Image acquisition is the first step for analysing samples or

classification. The method initially involves the image images. To do this various images are collected from Google

converted to the grey scale image. After that, the segmentation images and some from digital camera. The image are stored in

using the K-Mean cluster algorithm was performed. The some standard format like jpg, png, etc., the following fig 3.1

feature extracted arecolor and texture features. The Input image of Samples.

classification is done using the SVM classifier techniques.

Here they have detected and also classified the disease with an
accuracy 92% (PoojaKulinavar 2017). [4] K. Muthukannan
(2015) classified the diseased plant leaves using neural
network algorithms. The features extracted are texture and
shape from the diseased plant leaves. The classification is done
by following artificial neural network algorithm. It is classified
by three algorithms which are Learning Vector Quantization,
Feed Forward neural network and Radial Basis Function. In Fig: 3.1 Input Image of samples: a) Acer_Campestre b)
FFNN classification, accuracy rate is 90.7% and the error rate Acer_Palmatum B. Image pre-processing
is 9.3%.In LVQ classification, accuracy rate is 56.8% and the The collected data may have noise and uneven border. Hence
error rate is 43.2% In RBF classification, accuracy rate is image pre-processing is used to identify and convert the
71.2%.and the error rate is 28.8%.from this we can conclude uneven image into and with improved quality image. Image is
that the accuracy of FFNN is higher. (K. Muthukannan 2015). resized into 256 × 256 pixels. Contrast of the image is
[8]Prof. Sanjay B. Dhaygude (2013) detected the plant leaf enhanced. The resized image is better and it is well visible in
disease using image processing. The image is converted to the RGB (Red, Green and Blue).Then the thresholding is also
Hue Saturation Value (HSV). After the transformation done which converts the intensity image to the binary image.
process, masking and removing of green pixels was carried The RGB image format is converted into grey scale image.
out. The features are extracted using a colour co-occurrence The normal values of grey scale image is 0 and 1.
method. (Prof. Sanjay B. Dhaygude 2013).
Paper Title:-Glcm Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Multiclass SVM

Fig: 3.2 Block diagram of work flow

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Paper Title:-Glcm Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Multiclass SVM

C. Image segmentation the distribution of elements in SGDM. Correlation is the

In Image segmentation, the large dataset are grouped into small Returns a measure of however correlative an element is to its
clusters. In this step k-Means cluster is used because it is best neighbour over the full image.
to identify the leaf disease. K- Means cluster separates the Fig 3.3 List of formulas
image in three groups of the cluster in the disease affected leaf,
No Features Formula
using these clusters, the segmentation process is done. The
binary image is converted to LAB form (L- luminous, a*b- 1 Contrast ∑n ∑m |n-m|2 p(n , m ,d, θ)
chromos) the images are only stored in a*b, it is a three
dimensional image. The „a‟ component which is the color 2 Correlation (n − µ) (m − µ) p(n, m)
component is only needed and hence extracted. 𝑛,𝑚
n 𝜎𝑛 , 𝜎𝑚 m

1) Properties 3 Energy ∑n ∑m p(n ,m, d, θ)2

1. The presence of clusters K number is must.

4 Homogeneity ∑n ∑m p(n,m,d,θ)
2. At least, one item must be in each cluster.
3. The cluster should never overlap. 5 Mean
4. Each participant cluster must be near to its own cluster than
other. 6 Standard
Deviation
2) Process
1. The provided data is splitted into cluster, they are randomly 7 Entropy -sum (p.*log2 (p))
assigned to clusters
2. By using Euclidean distance, the distance from one point to 8 RMS

another point is calculated.Euclidean distance =

9 Variance
where (A1, B1) & (A2, B2) are
two pixel points.
10 Kurtosis
3. The data point is not considered when it is close to the
cluster.
11 Skewness
4. The data points are transferred to the neighboring cluster if
it is not closer.
5. The above process are need to be continued. 12 IDM 1
𝑛 𝑚 1+(𝑛−𝑚 )2
p(n, m)
6. The clustering would be stop if the clusters are constant.
D. Feature extraction
The features in the image of the select cluster are extracted. Two various datasets are generate in train and test method. The
The cluster images are normally grey scale image where training and testing methods are same and the test performance
GLCM techniques (grey level co- occurrence matrix) is used, is described on follow
in this technique the texture features is analysed. The further E. Classification
level analysis is achieved by co-occurrence through two pixels In this system Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification
are plotted in matrix, forming it perfect tool of choice for technique is used. The Support Vector Machine uses decision
analysis. The extracted features are such as contrast, planes that defines the decision boundaries. It is used for the
correlation, energy and homogeneity done by grey co matrix. classification and regression method. The classification means
Contrast differentiate an element and their nearby of the image the output is chosen between the two classes. The regression
by intensity variation. In SGDM, Energy is termed sum of means the real values. Some of the problems of the texture
square elements. Whereas Homogeneity is measured based on classification makes use of the SVM classifier. The high

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Paper Title:-Glcm Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Multiclass SVM

dimensional space in SVM is performed by mapping nonlinear
data into linear form. The maximum width at the plane
distance is largest between the different classes using SVM
classify. The classes are divided into the different kernels
methods. Linear classifier is used to examine the hyper plane
and the samples which are closer to the plane will be chosen.
The multiclass classification either uses the one-to-one or
oneto-many.
Fig: 4.1 Contrast Enhanced image The next
step is conversion of the image into grey level format
representation. The second image in the figure enhanced
version of the image is displayed. i.e., contrast enhanced image
is displayed.

Fig: 4.2 segmented image Segmentation is

performed one of the image is selected based on ROI (Region
of Interest).

Fig: 3.4 Multiclass SVM

The training samples are used in the SVM classifier. A
standard format of the SVM solves two class problems. From
the binary problems can be extended to multiclass SVM with
K classes. Where K>2. It has a two approaches, it is
oneagainst-one and one-against-all. After the training phase,
the features were extracted to classify the database in SVM
classification.
Fig: 4.3 Classification of disease image
IV. RESULT AND PERFORMANCES
By analyzing the ROI region the classifier detect the defects
The results can be analyzed from the following output images. from leaf image. Computation accuracy will be displayed.
In the above figure the input image has to be loaded. Then Kernel function is changed also.
Kernel with 1000 iterations Percentage
contrast of the input image is enhanced. So that the fine details
can be observed easily. Precision of linear 96.8%

Precision of RBF 96.13%

Precision of polynomial 96.8%

The accuracy of linear kernel is clear when compared with

others.
V. CONCLUSIONS The world is
looking forward towards the technology dependent generation.
We are always hearing news about the farmers who are using
expensive fertilizers for controlling the various leaf diseases. It
will be a wastage if the fertilizers are used without identifying
the diseases. Here we have proposed a system to identify
disease in some leaves. We used SVM classifier. We identified
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Paper Title:-Glcm Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Multiclass SVM

five diseases and they are Acer campestre, Acer palmatum, Varthini, ” Detection of unhealthy region of plant leaves and
Aesculuspavi, Catalpa speciosa, Paulownia tomentosa. By classification of plant leaf diseases using texture features”
using the proposed computerized method we can identify the
diseases without failure so that we can reduce the usage of 51
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fertilizers by identifying the diseases. And thus we can reduce AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal, Vol. 15, No.1, March 2013.
the wastage of money and human effort.The accuracy of the
[8] Sanjay B. Dhaygude, Mr.Nitin P. Kumbhar,”
system can be increased by increasing the number of data base
Agricultural plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Image
images. Here we got the maximum accuracy of 90% to 96%. It
Processing” International Journal of Advanced Research
can be improved by increasing the images for each disease.
in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
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