OF SPHERICAL LENSES: a LLL bench with three uprights (central upright fixed, two outer uprights with ent), a convex lens with lens holder, two optical needles, (one thin, one thick) a and a half metre scale. on between u, v and f for a convex lens is ance of object needle from optical centre of the lens : of image needle from optical centre of thelens. to sign-convention, u has negative value and v has positive value. Hence, f149 naTH OF SPHERICAL LENSES : ye a IONS rccnV ATION! ; pe focal Tenge ofthe given convex lens 0 ne F ‘ual length of the knitting needle Autied distance between the object needle and the lens obs a hen knitting needle is placed between them y Dpserved distance between the image needle and ie sons when knitting needle is placed between them 2 = Index correction for the object distance u, x-y Index correction for the image distance v, wos 1 1 Table for u, v; — and — av | Position of Observed Corrected é , ; : rial Bi: uh 1G Object | Lens | Image | OA=u | OC=v | u v u = ‘bs. | needle needle A ° c (om) (cm) (cm) (em) (cm) (cm) (cm) (em) | (em) (2a) (2b) (2c) (3a) (3b) (4a) (4b) @ © JALCULATIONS Calculations of focal length by graphical methods. u-v Graph. Select a suitable but the same scale to represent u along X’-axis and v According to sign conventions, in this case, u is negative and v is positive. Plot the points for different sets of values of u and v from observation table second quadrant. he graph comes out to be a rectangular hyperbola as shown in graph between w and v. Draw a line OA making an angle of 45° with either axis (i.e., bisecting ZYOX’) and ting the curve at point A. Draw AB and AC perpendicular on X’- and Y-axes, respectively. The values of uw and v will be same for point A. So the coordinates of point A must 2f), because for a convex lens, when u = 2f, v = 2f. Hence, AB=AC=2f or OC=OB=2f 08 _ 08 = 92 and alsof=—> Mean value off = ......mGRAPH BETWEEN u AND 7 Soale KiB 1 OM ON AY Vivaie | 4010 111 OM AY HH CN 16 Detwoon u and v, It's rectangular hyperbola.151 art OF SPHERIGAL LENSES pe nace a GRAPH BETWEEN + ano + Scale : Dae v L X-axis ! 1.0m = si. om! of i a Y-axis : 1m om ot Fig. Graph between + and +. Itisa straight line. LANATION: Same as for concave mirror. (iii) Another u-v Graph. Select a suitable but the same scale to represent u along is and v along Y-axis. Mark the points at distances 1, Us, ug, ..... etc. along the OX’-axis the corresponding points at distances vj, U., Ug, -.... etc. along OY-axis for different sets of ervations from the table. Draw straight lines joining w, with v,; u, with vp; u, with vg; ...... ete, These lines will sect at point K as shown in the following graph. Draw KL and KM perpendiculars on X’- and Y-axes, respectively.Fig. Graph between u and v. Then f=OL=OM ec EXPLANATION ‘Same as for concave mirror. ‘Note. It will be better to choose any four suitable sets of (u, v) from the observation table. All the six sets of observations may complicate the graph. RESULT The focal length of the given convex lens as determined from and 4. (u—v) graph PRECAUTIONS dy Re of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as the centre oft# 2. Parallax should be removed from tip to ti i is t least 50° i rt ; ip by keeping eye at a distance al __"5