Relational Schemas - Primary Key

Basic Database Terminology
Relational Schemas: Primary Key

these tables have a tabular shape
these tables have a tabular form
a relational schema can be applied to represent them

sales per customer of our company

the dates of a few purchases may coincide

the ID of a customer may appear a few times

there is a possibility to see the same item code a few times

all the numbers in this column will be different

primary key
a column (or a set of columns) whose value exists and is unique for
every record in a table is called a primary key
Primary Key
Primary Key
Primary Key
- each table can have one and only one primary key
Primary Key
- in one table, you cannot have 3 or 4 primary keys
Primary Key
Primary Key
may be composed of a set of columns
Primary Key
e.g. “purchase_number” + “date_of_purchase”
Primary Key
e.g. “purchase_number” + “date_of_purchase”
Primary Key
one-column primary key = all purchases will be recorded under a
different number
Primary Key
Primary Key
- primary keys are the unique identifiers of a table
Primary Key
- cannot contain null values!
Primary Key
Primary Key
Table name: Sales

Primary key: purchase_number
Other fields: date_of_purchase, customer_id, item_code
=
Primary Key
Primary Key
- not all tables you work with will have a primary key
relational schema
database schema
database schema
(relational schemas)
Relational Schemas: Foreign Key
always look for the foreign keys, as

they show us where the relations are
no repeating and missing values


(unique values only)

(unique values only)
repeating and missing values

ERROR

repeating and missing values

foreign key
identifies the relationships between tables, not the tables themselves
Relational Schemas: Unique Key & Null Values
?
You can have two or more

companies with the same name
You cannot have two US numbers that are completely identical

?
unique key
used whenever you would like to specify that you don’t want to see
duplicate data in a given field
primary key unique key
NULL VALUES no yes

ERROR
NULL VALUES no yes
NUMBER OF KEYS 1 0, 1, 2…
NULL VALUES no yes
NUMBER OF KEYS 1 0, 1, 2…
APPLICATION TO
yes yes
MULTIPLE COLUMNS
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
relationships tell you how much of the data from a foreign key field can
be seen in the primary key column of the table the data is related to
and vice versa
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
unique values
Relationships
unique values
Relationships
unique values
repeated values
Relationships
unique values
repeated values
one-to-many type of relationship

one value from the customer_id column under the “Customers” table can
be found many times in the customer_id column in the “Sales” table.
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
1 customer
Relationships
1 purchase 1 customer
Relationships
or >1 purchase
Relationships
or >1 purchase
Relationships
or >1 purchase
minimum # of instances of the

“Customers” table that can be
associated with the “Sales” entity
Relationships
or >1 purchase
1
minimum # of instances of the
Relationships
or >1 purchase
Relationships
or >1 purchase
maximum # of instances of the

Relationships
or >1 purchase
maximum # of instances of the

many associated with the “Sales” entity
Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
1 purchase
Relationships
Relationships
1 purchase minimum = 1 customer

Relationships
1 purchase minimum = 1 customer = maximum

Relationships

Relationships

Relationships
Relationships
Relationships
Customers to Sales: one-to-many

Relationships

Relationships
Sales to Customers: many-to-one

Relationships
Relationships
cardinality constraints
Relationships
M N
cardinality constraints
Relationships
Relationships
and vice versa
Relationships
Relationships
and vice versa
types of relationships
Relationships
Relationships
and vice versa
- one-to-many (many-to-one)
Relationships
Relationships
and vice versa
- one-to-one
Relationships
Relationships
and vice versa
- one-to-one
- many-to-many
Relationships
Relational schemas
Relationships
Relational schemas
- represent the concept database administrators must implement
Relationships
Relational schemas
- depict how a database is organized
Relationships
Relational schemas
= blueprints, or a plan for a database
Relationships
Relational schemas
= blueprints, or a plan for a database
- will help you immensely while writing your queries!

Relational Schemas - Primary Key

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Basic Database Terminology

Relational Schemas: Primary Key

a relational schema can be applied to represent them

sales per customer of our company

the dates of a few purchases may coincide

the ID of a customer may appear a few times

there is a possibility to see the same item code a few times

all the numbers in this column will be different

Table name: Sales

always look for the foreign keys, as

no repeating and missing values

no repeating and missing values

no repeating and missing values

repeating and missing values

no repeating and missing values

no repeating and missing values

repeating and missing values

You can have two or more

You cannot have two US numbers that are completely identical

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

one-to-many type of relationship

minimum # of instances of the

maximum # of instances of the

maximum # of instances of the

1 purchase minimum = 1 customer

1 purchase minimum = 1 customer = maximum

1 purchase minimum = 1 customer = maximum

1 purchase minimum = 1 customer = maximum

Customers to Sales: one-to-many

Customers to Sales: one-to-many

Customers to Sales: one-to-many

Sales to Customers: many-to-one

- will help you immensely while writing your queries!

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