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SMA 1117 - Lec 4
SMA 1117 - Lec 4
x h x
n n
f x lim
f x x n
h 0 h
f x h x h
n
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y x5 3x 2 1
f •x x 3x 1 f x h x h 3 x h 1
5 2 5 2
and
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
x h 3 x h 1 x 3 x 1
5 2 5 2 22 2
x h x 2 xh h
lim
h 0 h
x 5 5 x 4 h 10 x 3h 2 10 x 2 h3 5 xh 4 h5 3x 2 6 xh 3h 2 1 x 5 3x 2 1
lim
h 0 h
5 x 4 h 10 x 3h 2 10 x 2 h3 5 xh 4 h5 6 xh 3h 2
lim
h 0
h
lim 5 x 4 10 x 3 h 10 x 2 h 2 5 xh3 h 4 6 x 3h 5 x 4 6 x
h 0
f x 5x4 6 x
y 1 x
2
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of
f x 1 x f x h 1 x h
2 2
and
•
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
1 x h 1 x
2 2
lim
h 0 h
1 2 x h x h 1 x
2 2
lim
h 0 h
1 2 x 2h x 2 2 xh h 2 1 2 x x 2
lim
h 0 h
2h 2 xh h 2
lim lim 2 2 x h
h 0 h 0
h
f x 2 2 x 2 1 x
n
GRADIENT OF A CURVE WITH EQUATION yx
• To find the gradient function
f x h f x 1 1
f x lim
x h x
h 0 n n
h
f x lim
h 0 h
1
f x xn n
x
x x h
n n
1
f x h x h
n
lim
x h h x h x
n h 0 n n
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y x 3
1 1
f x x 3 f x h x h
3 3
and
x h
3
x
f x h f x x x h
n n
f x lim lim
h x h x
h 0 n n
h h 0
x 3 x h 3 x3 x3 3x 2 h 3xh 2 h3
f x lim lim
x h x h h0 x h x h
3 3
h 0 3 3
x3 x3 3x 2 h 3xh 2 h3
lim
x h x h
h 0 3
3
-
x 3 x 3 3 x 2 h 3xh 2 h3 3x 2 3xh h 2
lim lim
x h x h h0 x h x
h 0 3 3
3 3
3 x 2 3 x 0 02
x 0 x
3 3
3 x 2
3 3
x x
3 x 2
6
x
f x 3 x 4
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y 4 x
2
f x h 4 x h
1 2 1
f x • 4 x
2
and
4 x 4 x h
2 2
f x h f x x x h
n n
f x lim lim
h x h x
h 0 h 0 n n
h
4 x 2 4 x h 2 4 x 2 16 8 x h x h 2
lim lim
h 0
2 2
2 h 0 2
4 x h 4 x h 4 x h 4 x h
16 8 x x 2 16 8 x h x 2 2 xh h 2
lim
h 0
h
2
2
4 x h 4 x
- 16 8 x x 2 16 8 x 8h x 2 2 xh h 2
lim
h 0
h
2
2
4 x h 4 x
8h 2 xh h 2 8 2x h
lim lim
4 x h 4 x h
h 0 4 x h 4 x
2 2 h 0 2 2
8 2x
2
4 x 4 x
2
24 x 2
4 x 4 x
4 3
f x 24 x
3
y 2 x 3
1
•.
y 1 3 x
2
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y 2 x 3
1
•
f x h 2 x h 3
1 1 1
f x 2 x 3
2
and
2 x 3 2 x h 3
f x h f x x x h
n n
f x lim lim
h x h x
h 0 h 0 n n
h
2 x 3 2 x h 3 2 x 3 2 x 2h 3
lim lim
h 0
2 x h 3 2 x 3 h h 0
2 x h 3 2 x 3 h
2h
lim
h 0
2 x h 3 2 x 3 h
-
2h 2
lim lim
h 0
2 x h 3 2 x 3 h h 0
2 x h 3 2 x 3
2
2 x 3 2 x 3
2
2 x 3
2
f x 2 2 x 3
2
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y 1 3 x
2
•
f x h 1 3 x h
1 2 1
f x 1 3 x
2
and
1 3x 1 3 x h
2 2
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
1 1
1 3 x h 1 3 x
2 2
lim
h 0 h
1 3x 1 3 x h
2 2
lim
1 3 x h 1 3x h
h 0 2 2
-
lim
1 3 x 2 1 6 x h 9 x h 2
h 0
1 3 x h 1 3x h
2 2
lim
1 6 x 9 x 2 1 6 x 6h 9 x 2 2 xh h 2
h 0
2
2
1 3 x h 1 3 x h
1 6 x 9 x 2 1 6 x 6h 9 x 2 18 xh 9h 2
lim
h 0
1 3 x h 1 3x h
2 2
6h 18 xh 9h 2
lim
1 3 x h 1 3 x h
h 0 2 2
•.
6 18 x 9h
lim
h 0
2
2
1 3 x h 1 3 x
6 18 x 6 1 3 x
1 3x 1 3x 1 3x
2 2 4
f x 6 1 3 x
3
Exercise
• 1. y 3 x 5 y 6 3 x 5
2 3
• 2. y 7 x y 4 7 x
4 5
1
y 15 5 x 1
4
• 3. y
5 x 1
3
• 4. y 2 x
2 5 y 10 x 2 x 2 6
1
GRADIENT OF A CURVE WITH EQUATION yx n
•-
f x n x f x h n
x h
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
n
x h n x
lim
h 0 h
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
x h x
lim
h 0 h
lim
x h x x h x
h 0
x h
x h
lim
x h x
h 0
x h x h
•.
x h x lim
h
lim
h 0
x h x h h 0
x h x h
1
lim
h 0
x h x
1
x x
1
2 x
f x • - 1 x 1 x f x h 1 x h 1 x h
1 1
2
2
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
1 x h 1 x
lim
h 0 h
lim
1 x h 1 x 1 x h 1 x
h 0
1 x h 1 x h
lim
1 x h 1 x
h 0
1 x h 1 x h
•.
1 x h 1 x lim
h
1 x h 1 x h
lim
h 0
1 x h h 0
1 x h
1
lim
h 0
1 x h 1 x
1
1 x 1 x
1
2 1 x
DELTA NOTATION
Small increment in y as y
Consider
yx y y x x
y 5x y y 5 x x
y x4 y y x x 4
and so on……
• Consider P x, y and Q x x, y y
change in y
Grad of PQ
Change in x
y y y
x x x
y
x
y
Grad at P lim Grad of PQ lim
x 0 x 0 x
dy y dy
• We call this limiting value i.e lim
x 0 x dx
dx
dy y dy
Similarly is given by lim
t 0 t dt
dt
P dP
And dP is given by lim
t 0 t dt
dt
NB
In y f x y is called the dependent variable and x is the independent
variable
y dy dy
but lim 5
x 0 x dx dx
Example 2
Find the gradient of the curve whose equation is y 4 x 3 using delta
notation
• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively
• then
y y 4 x x
3
y y 4 x 3 x x 3x x x
3 2 2 3
y 4 x 3 x x 3x x x y
3 2 2 3
4 x 3 x x 3 x x x 4 x y 4 x3
3 2 2 3 3
3 x x 3x x x
2 2 3
y
3 x 3 x x x
2 2
x
• . lim y lim 3 x 2 3 x x x 2 3 x 2
x 0 x x 0
y dy dy
but lim 3x 2
x 0 x dx dx
Example 3
Find the gradient of the curve whose equation is y 6 x x 2 using delta
notation
• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively
• then
y y 6 x x x x
2
y y 6 x 6x x 2 xx x
2 2
y 6 x 6x x 2 2 xx x y
2
6 x 6x x 2 xx x 6 x x y 6x x2
2 2 2
6x 2 xx x
2
y
6 2 x x
x
y
lim lim 6 2 x x 6 2 x
x 0 x x 0
y dy dy
but lim 6 2x
x 0 x dx dx
• y x x 2
• y x3 3x
y xx 2
y y x x x 2 xx x
2 2
y x x x 2 2 xx x y
2
x x x 2 xx x x x 2
2 2
x 2 xx x
2
y
1 2 x x
x
y
lim lim 1 2 x x 1 2 x
x 0 x x 0
y dy dy
but lim 1 2x
x 0 x dx dx
•.
y x 3x
3
3 2 2 3
y y x 3x x 3x x x 3 x x
y x 3 3 x 2 x 3x x x 3x 3x y
2 3
x 3 x x 3x x x 3x 3x x 3 3x
3 2 2 3
3 x x 3x x x 3x
2 2 3
y
3 x 3 x x x 3
2 2
x
y
lim 3 x 3 x x x 3 3 x 2 3 x
2 2
lim
x 0 x x 0
y dy dy
but lim 3x 3x
2
x 0 x dx dx
•.
DIFFERENTIATION BY RULE
1. The differentiation of a constant is zero
Proof using definition of a derivative
let f x C (cons tan t ) f x h C
f x h f x
f x lim
h 0 h
C C
lim
h 0 h
lim 0
h 0
0
f x 4 f x 0
f x 20 f x 0
2. Given f x xn f x n x n 1
•.
f x x5 f x 5x 4
f x x 8 f x 8 x 81 8 x 9
2 2 3 1 2 13
f x x f x x
2
3
x
3 3
13 13 5 1 13 8 5
f x x f x x
13
5
x
5 5
•.
1 1 4 1 1 54
f x x f x x
1
4
x
4 4
f x x7
f x x
5
3
3. A constant factor can be factorized outside the derivative sign
f x ax n f x a n x n 1
f x 3x 6 f x 3 6 x 5 18 x 5
1 3 1 3 4
f x x f x 3 x 31
x
2 2 2
5
5 4 5
f x x 3x x
7
f x 7 x 3 x 4 x 41
7 1 11
8 8
5 3
8
7 x 3 x x 0
1
2
3 4
f x x 5x
1
1 2
x
7
3
9 2
f x 4x
3
5
6x x 5
10