Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
Complex Information:
While engaged in grade appropriate tasks, the student
demonstrates an understanding of numbers and
operations by:
Pre-Kindergarten
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
Kindergarten
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
Simple Information:
(Vocabulary and Details)
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
comparing and counting whole numbers up to 10 (e.g.
counting a given a set of objects from “junk boxes”)
Vocabulary:
-number, count
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
comparing and ordering whole numbers up to 10 (e.g. 5, 3, 7
should be ordered as 3, 5, 7)
placing simple sets of objects into ordinal position (e.g. “ball”,
“cookie”, “tree”, “leaf” – “tree” is third in the set)
constructing multiple sets of objects each containing the same
number of objects (e.g. set A has five rubber bands, set B has
four marbles, set C has five erasers; both A and C have the
same number of objects)
Basic Addition and Subtraction:
representing addition as counting forward using numbers
totaling 10 or less (1, 2, 3 is an example of counting forward)
representing subtraction as counting back using numbers less
than or equal to 10 (e.g. 3, 2, 1 is an example of counting
backward)
Multiplication and Division:
joining multiple groups of objects, each containing the same
number of objects (e.g. joining groups of 3 pears, 3 apples,
and 3 oranges would make a new group with a total of 9
objects)
partitioning (sharing) a small set of objects into groups of
equal size (e.g. partitioning 6 marbles into groups of equal size
could be 3 groups of 2 marbles each or 2 groups of 3 marbles
each)
Vocabulary:
whole number, ordinal position (first to tenth), numeral
counting on, counting back, sets, groups
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
First Grade:
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
generating equivalent forms for the same number
describing the value of a small collection of coins (total value
up to one dollar/Euro)
describing and using ordinal numbers (first to tenth)
Basic Addition and Subtraction:
representing addition as combining sets and counting on
representing subtraction as take-away and comparison
performing addition and subtraction of 1- and 2- digit whole
numbers without regrouping
Multiplication and Division:
representing multiplication as repeated addition and
rectangular arrays (e.g. multiplication as repeated addition
would be 2 x 4 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8)
representing division as sharing equally in contextual
situations (e.g. four cupcakes shared equally by two
classmates is two cupcakes each)
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
generating estimations for numbers up to 100
Vocabulary:
place value, expanded notation, fraction, Euro/dollar,
combining sets, equal, repeated addition, sharing, estimation
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
2nd Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
using place value concepts to represent, compare, and order
whole numbers (up to 999) (e.g., in the number 765, 6 is in the
tens place)
representing different forms of money (e.g., .25 is twenty-five
cents)
Addition and Subtraction:
representing subtraction as comparison, take-away, and part-
to-whole (e.g. taking away three pieces of a pie that was cut
into seven pieces leaves four pieces)
exemplifying the commutative property for addition (e.g. 1 + 3
= 3 + 1)
performing addition and subtraction of whole numbers (2-
digits) with and without regrouping (e.g 35 – 18 by regrouping:
2 15
3 5
− 1 8
1 7
Multiplication and Division:
representing multiplication as repeated addition, rectangular
arrays, and skip counting (e.g. 3 x 3 by skip counting is 3, 6, 9)
representing division as sharing equally and repeated
subtraction (e.g. 8 ÷ 2 by repeated subtraction means counting
the number of times 2 can be subtracted from 8 until the
answer is 0 (i.e, 8 – 2 = 6 [1], 6 – 2 = 4 [2], 4 – 2 = 2 [3], 2 – 2 =
0 [4], so 8 ÷ 2 is 4)
explaining the commutative and associative properties for
multiplication (e.g. the following example 2 * (4 * 3) = (2 * 4) *
3 shows the associative property)
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
using front-end estimation to estimate the results of addition
and subtraction of whole numbers (2-digits) (e.g. 35 − 18 using
front-end estimation would be 20)
Vocabulary:
-sixths, eighths, decimal form, part-to-whole, regrouping,
repeated subtraction, commutative property
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
3rd Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
using mathematical language and symbols to compare and
order whole numbers (up to 9999), decimals (hundredths),
and commonly used fractions and mixed numbers (e.g., < is a
symbol that means “less than”; > is a symbol that means
“greater than”)
generating equivalent forms of whole numbers (e.g., 15 + 10 is
the same as 25)
Addition and Subtraction:
modeling the associative and commutative properties for
addition
performing addition and subtraction of 2- and 3- digit whole
numbers with and without regrouping (e.g. 355 + 143 = 498)
Multiplication and Division:
describing how a remainder may impact an answer in a real-
world situation (e.g. 10 cupcakes being shared by 3 children,
each child would get 3 cupcakes with 1 cupcake left over)
performing multiplication of 2-digit whole numbers (1-digit
multiplier) with and without regrouping (e.g. 15 x 2 = 30)
performing division of 2-digit whole numbers (1-digit divisor)
without remainders (e.g. 25 ÷ 5 = 5)
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
evaluating the reasonableness of estimations (e.g. 355 + 143
by front-end estimation produces 400 as an estimate which is
not reasonable as it is almost 100 less than the correct answer
of 498)
Vocabulary:
-less than, greater than, mixed number, associative property,
commutative property, multiplier, multiplicand, distributive
property, front-end estimation
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
4th Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
ordering and comparing whole numbers (millions), decimals
(thousandths), and fractions with like denominators (e.g., .5 =
1/2)
expressing complex money amounts in a variety of ways (e.g.,
$25.00 is written as twenty-five dollars or €25 is written as
twenty-five Euro)
finding factors and multiples of whole numbers through 100
(e.g., 4 is a factor of 12)
Addition and Subtraction:
performing addition and subtraction of whole numbers (up to
4-digits) with and without regrouping (e.g. 5,250 − 725 =
4,525)
performing addition and subtraction of fractions with common
denominators (e.g. 3/7 + 2/7 = 5/7)
performing addition and subtraction of decimals (tenths) (e.g.
5.7 − 5.3 = 0.4)
Multiplication and Division:
representing the associative, commutative, and distributive
properties for multiplication (e.g. 5 * (2 + 8) = (5 * 2) + (5 * 8)
shows the distributive property)
performing multiplication of 3-digit whole numbers (2-digit
multipliers) (e.g. 220 x 10 = 2200)
performing division of 3-digit whole numbers (1-digit divisors)
(e.g. 102 ÷ 4 = 25 with a remainder of 2)
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
describing the proper order of operations in an expression
(e.g. given the expression 4 x 3 – 5 + 4, operations are done
left to right, multiplication first, subtraction next, and addition
last)
using a variety of estimation strategies (e.g. 234 x 27 = 6318
using front-end estimation with rounding would be: 200 x 30 =
6000; without rounding would be: 200 x 20 = 4000)
Vocabulary:
-Factor, multiple, prime, tenths place, fraction, common
denominator, multiplier, multiplicand, distributive property,
order of operations - MDAS (multiplication, division, addition,
subtraction)
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
5th Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
expressing equivalent forms of various simple fractions (e.g.,
75% = 0.75 = 3/4)
rounding decimals to a given place value and fractions
(including whole and mixed numbers) to the nearest half (e.g.,
5.375 rounded to the nearest tenth is 5.4)
finding the greatest common factor (GCF) and least common
multiple (LCM) of a variety of numbers (e.g., the least common
multiple of 3 and 5 is 15)
Addition and Subtraction:
performing addition and subtraction of whole numbers (up to
7-digits) (e.g., 12,000 + 235,750 = 247,750)
performing addition and subtraction of fractions with common
and uncommon denominators (e.g., 1/2 + 5/8 = 4/8 + 5/8 =
9/8 = 1 1/8)
performing addition and subtraction of decimals (hundredths)
(e.g., 5.27 − 3.15 = 2.12)
Multiplication and Division:
performing multiplication of whole numbers (2-digit
multipliers) (e.g. 25 x 30 = 750)
performing division of whole numbers (2-digit divisors) (e.g.
3125 ÷ 25 = 125)
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
using properties (commutative, associative, distributive,
identity, inverse) to simplify and evaluate algebraic
expressions (e.g. x + 7 + (-7) = 12 + (-7) shows the additive
inverse)
using order of operations (including use of parentheses) to
simplify and evaluate numerical expressions (e.g. 8 ÷ 2 x 3 +
(10 – 5) would be evaluated in the following sequence: step 1)
8 ÷ 2 x 3 + (10 – 5), step 2) 8 ÷ 2 x 3 + 5, step 3) 4 x 3 + 5, step
4) 12 + 5)
using a variety of estimation strategies (e.g. 3125 ÷ 25 = 125
using front-end estimation without rounding would be: 3000 ÷
20 = 150)
describing strategies for performing computations mentally
Vocabulary:
-prime factorization, greatest common factor (GCF),least
common multiple (LCM), hundredths place, uncommon
denominator, mixed number, quotient, dividend, divisor,
identity property, order of operations - PMDAS (parentheses,
multiplication, division, addition, subtraction)
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
6th Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
Determining the union and intersection of various sets (e.g.,
explaining and exemplifying the union of two sets as the set of
elements that are in either set)
Recognize and appropriately use exponential, scientific,
decimal, calculator notation and word names for large and
small numbers
Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively
prime numbers to solve problems
Compare and order fractions, decimals, and percents
efficiently and find their approximate locations on a number
line (apply knowledge of place value concepts)
Distinguishing between subsets of the real number system
Addition and Subtraction:
Perform addition and subtraction operations with fractions,
decimals, and integers and develop fluency in their use
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
Using order of operations (including the use of exponents) to
simplify and evaluate numerical expressions (e.g., explaining
and modeling the steps required to simplify and evaluate
numerical expressions containing exponents)
Use square roots of perfect squares and estimate square roots
to solve problems
Apply the concept of absolute value to integer addition and
subtraction.
Using the properties: Additive Identity, Property of Opposites,
Opposite of Opposite, Commutative and Associative Property
of Addition, Addition Property of Equality and Inequality to
simplify and evaluate algebraic expressions.
Vocabulary:
decimal system, decimal notation, whole numbers, ordinal
numbers, integers, positive integers, negative integers,
positive numbers, negative numbers, real number, inequality
symbols < (is less than), > (is greater than), rate, rate unit,
ratio, rational number, base, exponent, power, exponential
form, numerical expression, value, evaluating the expression,
grouping symbol, nested parenthesis, scientific notation,
interval, tick marks, numerator, denominator, factor, simple
fraction, lowest terms, great common factor, prime number,
prime factorization, relatively prime, common denominator,
least common denominator, rounding, rounding up, rounding
down, rounding to the nearest, truncating, fraction bar, slash,
dividend, divisor, quotient, repetend, infinitely repeating
decimal, additive identity, additive inverse, rational numbers,
irrational numbers, integers, whole numbers, odd numbers,
even numbers, positive numbers and prime numbers, absolute
value
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
7th Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
addition and subtraction in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
multiplication and division in specific problem solving
situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems:
Compare and order fractions, decimals, and percents
efficiently and find their approximate locations on an number
line.
Understand and use the inverse relationships of addition and
subtraction, multiplication and division, and squaring and
finding square roots to simplify computations and solve
problems.
Work flexibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to solve
problems
Develop an understanding of large numbers and recognize and
appropriately use exponential, scientific notation
Addition and Subtraction:
Understand the meaning and effects of arithmetic operations
with fractions, decimals and percents
Multiplication and Division:
Understand the meaning and effects of arithmetic operations
with fractions, decimals and percents
Use factors, multiples, prime factorization and relatively prime
numbers to solve problems.
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
Understand the meaning and effects of arithmetic operations
with fractions, decimals and percents
Develop and use strategies to estimate the results of solving
problems involving proportions, such as scaling and finding
equivalent ratios
Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent
quantitative relationships.
Vocabulary:
prime factorization, greatest common factor (GCF),least
common multiple (LCM), reciprocal, mixed number, quotient,
dividend, divisor, identity property, order of operations -
PMDAS (parentheses, multiplication, division, addition,
subtraction)
Mathematics Topic #1: - Numbers and Operations
8th Grade
understanding and communicating the reasoning for number
sense and number systems relationships within problem
solving situations
understanding and communicating the reasoning for using
certain operations, computations, and estimations in specific
problem solving situations
Details:
Number Sense and Number Systems
Compare and order fractions, decimals, and percents
efficiently and find their approximate locations on a number
line.
Define integers and represent and compare quantities with
them (e.g. explaining and exemplifying that a rational number
is one that can be written as a simple fraction and providing
examples of rational versus irrational numbers).
Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively
prime numbers to solve problems (e.g. Finding the greatest
common factor (GCF) and least common multiple (LCM) of a
variety of numbers and use this knowledge for solving real-life
problems.)
Recognize and appropriately use exponential, scientific, and
calculator notation (e.g., 0.256 written in scientific notation is
-1
2.56 x 10 ).
Operations, Computation, and Estimation:
Use the associative and commutative properties of addition
and multiplication and the distributive property of
multiplication over addition to simplify computations with
integers, fractions, and decimals.
Use the inverse relationships of addition and subtraction,
multiplication and division, and squaring and finding square
roots to simplify computations and solve problems.
Select appropriate methods and tools for computing with real
numbers. Choose from among mental computation,
estimation, calculators or computers, and paper and pencil,
depending on the situation, and apply the selected methods
(e.g., approximating the square root of non-perfect squares as
consecutive integers between which the root lies).
Develop and analyze algorithms for computing with fractions,
decimals, and integers and develop fluency in their use. (e.g.
given a decimal number, determine the equivalent fraction
and percent; determine the mark-up on a retail item given the
whole sale cost; compute simple and compound interest on a
particular principal given an interest rate and time frame)
Vocabulary:
opposite, integer, prime number, composite number, divisible,
multiple, factor, real number, rational number, irrational
number, prime factor/factorization, common factor/multiple,
greatest common factor, least common multiple, terminating
decimal, repeating decimal, square root, radical sign, perfect
square, principal square root, negative square root, absolute
value, scientific notation, exponential notation, calculator
notation, factors, multiples, additive inverse, commutative
property, associative property, multiplicative inverse,
reciprocal, order of operations, distributive property, mark-up,
discount, percent increase, percent decrease, interest, interest
rate, principal, simple interest, compound interest