$6 BIOLOGY PAPER2 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN BOTH SECTION A AND B. SECTION A (40 MARKS) 1 The effects of discharging untreated sewage on the physical and biotic factors in the lake ecosystem from the point of sewage discharge down stream has been studied. The out come of the results of the study is presented in figure 1 below. Dissolved oxygen Bacteria Number of orgai Percentage of dissolved oxygen rr a5 67 8 940 Distance down stream/arbitrary units Fig. 1 (2) Compare the changes in the number of the two organisms down stream from the point of sewage discharge. (10 marks) (b) Explain the relationship in the number of organisms over the range of distance down stream, (12 marks) (©) Account for the changes in concentration of dissolved oxygen down stream. (08 marks) (d) From the figure 1 above, determine the distance down stream where Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reaches peak. Give reasons for your answer, (02 marks) (@) State factors that may offset BOD ina river, (03 marks) (f) Describe other chemical and biotic changes likely to occur due to the effects of discharging untreated sewage in the lake ecosystem. (04 marks)SECTION B 2(a) Describe changes a polypeptide chain undergoes to form particular structural proteins. (08 marks) (b) Explain how each of the following increase action of enzymes, (i) Co-factors. (08 marks) (i) Allosteric sites. (04 marks) 3 (a) Compare simple and facilitated diffusion, (08 marks) (b) Explain how each of the following plays role in active transport of particular substances into the cell, () Carrier proteins. (06 marks) Gi) Cell membrane. (06 marks) 4 (a) What is meant by the term "Diabetes". (02 marks). (b) Distinguish between Diabetes mellitus and insipidus (05 marks) (©) Explain how diabetic conditions arise in humans. (13 marks) 5 (a) Describe steps involved in determination of the following genetic conditions, (Unknown genotype. (04 marks) Gi) Sex linkage. (03 marks) (iii) Complete dominance. (03 marks) (iv) Lethal gene state. (02 marks) (b) In cattle, the alleles for uniformly fur (U) and black fur (B) are dominant over those for spotted fur and red fur. The genes are not linked. Across between uniformly red fur and spotted black fur produced of fsprings with uniformly black/red fur and spotted black/red fur in almost equal proportions. Explain this results, (08 marks) 6 (a) Describe the significance of each of the following in photosynthesis, (i) Lack of grana in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells of C4 plants, (05 marks) (i) Mallate shunt. (04 marks) (b) Explain the role sun light performs in photosynthesis. (11 marks) END