UNIDADE II Estratégias de Leitura Exercicio I: Para alivar o conhecimento prévio sobre 0 texto que vocé vai ler, discuta com seu colega ao lado sobre os problemas que afligem o mundo atualmente, enumerando-os abaixo. Exercicio Il: Leia um trecho do artigo “A CEGUEIRA DAS CIVILIZAGOES”, publicado na revista Veja de 7 de Setembro de 2005, e verifique se os assuntos tratados no exercicio anterior foram enfatizados pelo autor. ACEGUEIRA DAS CIVILIZAGOES Diogo Scheip Jared Diamond diz que o sucesso de sociedades do passado néo as deixou ver o perigo ambiental criado por elas préprias. Ele teme que isso se repita. Ohomem nunca tirou tanto do meio ambiente como nos iltimos cingtienta anos. O avanco acelerado sobre anatureza 6 0 efeito colateral do nosso sucesso. Vista pela perspectiva dos avangos relativos de cada civilizacéo, anossa exibe brilho sem igual. A fartura inédita de alimentos, a tecnologia para salvar vidas e colocar foguetes na Lua e a compreensao cientifica dos fendmenos naturais nunca foram maiores. A contrapartida preocupante S40. perda acelerada de biodiversid@de e a degradacao do meio ambiente, a pressdo sobre os estoques de 4gua Potavel, 0 excesso de pesca nos oceanos e 0s indicios de mudangas climéticas causadas pHla ago do homem Orque esse processo mostra é que os recursos naturais podem estar sendo consumidos em velocidade maior que ade reposigdo do planeta. H 0 risco de no sobrar o suficiente para as geragGes futuras Exercicio Ill: O que vocé acha da preocupagao do autor, expressa na titima sentenga do texto? Exercicio IV: Observe a figura, lela o titulo do texto e a manchete-resumo que se encontram a seguir e diga seu assunto geral.International news and exclusives Act now before it's too late That was the message from climate researchers 4 attending last week's conference in Exeter, UK NewScientist 12 February 2005 7) Aousar a estratégia Scanning, vocé terd por objetivo procurar informagées especificas no texto. Semler o texto linearmente, mas com um objetivo em mente, procure as informagdes desejadas, baseando- ‘se em marcas tipogréficas (letras maitisculas, simbolos, graficos etc). Quando encontrar a informagao desejada, faga aleitura s6 daquela parte do texto que Ihe interessa. Um exemplo desse tipo de estratégia ¢é a leitura de um jomal, e mais especificamente, da segdo de clasificados quando se procura um terreno para comprar. Exer io V: Procure as informagées no texto da pagina seguinte, sem lé-lo linearmente, concentrando-se nas marcas tipogréticas: 1) O que aconteceu em Exeter, UK (United Kingdom)?2) O que significa G8? 8) O que ocorreu em 1992? 4) Quando e onde ocorreu uma onda de calor? Quantas pessoas, estimadamente, morreram? FRED PEARCE, EXETER TIME is running out, and fast. Rising carbon dioxide levels and higher temperatures will soon set in motion potentially catastrophic ‘changes that will take hundreds or even millions of years to reverse. That was the waming last week from climate scientists attending ‘a conference in Exeter, UK. While ‘sceptics snipe from the sidelines (see page 38) and politicians prevaricate, researchers highlighted evidence that the danger is more pressing than was thought. “The sleeping giants are being woken,” several said. ‘The conference was called by the British government, currently chair of the G8 group of rich It chose to focus discussion on “dangerous” climate change bacause all the signatories of a 1992 UN treaty, including the US, have promised to prevent such change. Defining what constitutes “dangerous” is job for politicians and wider society, the scientists agreed. But they did identify three distinct types of danger. One is the incremental changes in average climate conditions to Which people can adaptif given warning or avoid by migrating if they can. The second is the effect these changing average conditions have on the chance of dangerous extreme events, such as the 2002 heat wave in Europe that killed an estimated 30,000 people. “Relatives of the heat-wave victims will think we are past the dangerous level already,” said Sthephen Schneider of Stanford University in California. And the third is waking the sleeping giants — triggering iveversible changesin natural | systems, such as the melting of polar ice caps. Once we pass these thresholds there will be no return. And the conference heard | that we could be closer to the brink than previously supposed. NewScientist 12 February 2005Exercicio VI: Observe os titulos e subtitulos da continuago do texto anterior, nesta pagina e nas seguintes, e diga o que vocé entende por SLEEPING GIANTS. Sleeping giants Set certain changes in motion and they will carry on whether we slash emissions or not Greeniand’s ice cap melts MELTING of the 2-kilometre-thick. Greentand ice cap would raise global would not halt it, according to modellers at the UK’s Hadley Centre. And in the shorter term, the rush of, fresh meltwater into the North Atlantic could help halt the ocean sea levels by7 metres. Once the ice conveyor belt. cap starts to melt faster than ice accumulates from snowfall, the Eviderices A massive river of ice 700 kilometres long, known as the Zacharia ice stream, is flowing out of north-eastern Greenland, but itis unclear if the flow is increasing. melting will accelerate. That is because the lower the altitude of the surface of the ice cap, the warmer the air above it will be. The consensus of model studies is that this “tipping How likely? Probable. Point” will occur when there has been Wheri? Could be under way later around 2.7 *Cof warming. eee Melting would probably take Has it happened before? Yes. between 1000 and 3000 years to ‘mpacts: The sea would inundate complete. But onceit isunderway, Many of today's major population centres, even a fallin global temperatures Reversible? Not this side of an ice age. Ca ‘Once Greenland’s ie be Years 0 00 Methane burps Locked away in sediments in the deep ocean and in permafrost on land is an estimated 5000 billion tonnes of methane, formed over millions of years from the decay of arganic matter. In the ocean sediments the methane exists in the form of a gas hydrate, whose stability depends on high pressure and low temperatures. Metting of permafrost and penetration of ocean warming into ‘the sediments could release some of this methane. As methane is a potent greenhouse gas, this would cause a ‘major and potentially catastrophic acceleration of global warming, The ‘question is how much might be released, and how quickly. Danny Harvey of the University of Toronto will predict later this month that likely releases in the near future will increase warming by only 10 to 25 per cent, But David Archer of the University of Chicago says that a 3 °C warming ins to met, the process will continue even if (Op levels fll, Year 0 corresponds toa (Dy level of 100ppra 1800 2400 300Poe Operissions nj (Gigatonnes per yea) ni oe + Atmospheric (0; 000 4 concertiction 009 4 (oars per mation) i Decrease in pit oi ‘Ocean depth (kn) iid release 85 per cent of the ——— “on, © Oceans become more acid Evidence: Seasonal faxes of methane from Arctic sediments More than a third of the (0, put into ‘Suggest a response to temperature the air by human activity has dissolved ‘changes. And studies at Blake Ridge —_in the oceans to form carbonic acid, off the US east coast suggest rapid On currents trends, ifthere are no « releases are possible. cuts in emissions, the pl of the ocean Howe likely? Probable. vill fall 0.4 units by 2100 and 0.77 by \When? Impossible to predict. 2250, according to estimates by Carol Has ithappened before? Yes, Turley of the Plymouth Marine ‘methane releases may have helped —_—_Laboratoryin the UK. “While climate ‘end past ice ages. There may have change has uncertainty, these been a massive release around 55 geochemical changes are highly million years ago. predictable," she says. lmpacts: Potentially catastrophic Acidification wilt damage a wide ‘global warming, Enough, suggests Arches, to prevent another ice age for half million years, whatever we do, Reversible? No, Goo ‘More carbon is locked up in gas hydrates in ocean sediment than inthe eatie reserves of fosi fuel © Gas hydrates @ Fos fuels @ Soi) Dissolved organic matter @ Land biota 5 Peat @ Detrtal organic mater Atmosphere @ Marie botsrange of organisms, including coral and shelifish that fix calcium carbonate from the ocean. There could also be unexpected feedbacks affecting the dimate, with changes to nitrification processes disrupting phytoplankton, matine ecosystems ‘and the ocean carbon cycle. dence in the field: Ocean pH has already fallen by 0.1 units to 8.1, 2 Certain, 2 itis already under way. least 30 million years, onpacts: Turley predicts a loss of a third of the world's coral by 2085. versible? Yes, if CO, levels fall. But by the time this is achieved, some species will be extinct, leaving affected ‘ecosystems irreversibly changed. Regional impacts In addition to global changes, there could be a number of regional that could wake to have enormous impacts on certain parts of the globe. These include: ‘Some climate models predict a big decline in rainfall that would leave it to dry out and burn sometime after 2050, adding to global CO, emissions from the land biosphere, ttis not all bad, The Sahara seems to flip between desert and green partly because vegetation, once established, will generate enough extra rain to sustain itself. The Sahara was last "green" 6000 years ago, and global warming might make itgreen again. But even here there isa downside: dust from Sahara storms helps fertilise the Amazon, and its loss could add to the stress ‘on drying rainforests, Greenhouse gases trap heat in the lower atmosphere, leaving the stratosphere above cooler. This increases the risk of ozone holes forming over the Arctic and, perhaps, extending far enough south to affect heavily populated parts of Europe each spring. ‘The Asian monsoon, on which half of ‘the world's population depends, could be affected in several ways, Warming alone is expected to increase its intensity, but a collapse of the ‘ocean conveyor would, on past evidence, diminish the monsoon. Warming will also melt Himalayan Blaciers, making the river flows ‘on which many people depend less predictable, @ ‘NewScientist 12 February 2005Exercicio VIl: Observe as figuras e os graficos e tente compreender os assuntos tratados; GREENLAND ICE CAP MELTS OCEANS BECOME MORE ACID DEEP-SEA DANGER Monsoon rains mean trouble but no rain would be worse Exercicio Vill: Complete a tabela observando as marcas tipograficas. possibilidade de n&o ocorrer corte de emissdes de Marcas tipograficas Dados Rio de gelo de 700 quilémetros na Groenlandia Entre ons ‘Tempo que levaré para derreter o gelo da Groenlandia Esiimativa da quantidade de metano formado em milhées de anos = ‘As provaveis emissoes de metano aumentariam o aquecimento Predigéo de global somente de 10 a 25 por cento Um aquecimento de 3° C aumentaria a emissao de metano 85 Previfao de por cento em alguns milhares de anos de anos atrés- | pode ter havido uma grande emissao de metano naera COcorréncia atual da queda do pH dos oceanos ‘Seca no Amazonas, Saara vai frutificar, butacos de oz6nio vao | ficar maiores, mon¢do asiatica seré afetada Previsto de sobre a OpH do oceano caira de 0,4 unidades em 2100 € 0,77 em 2250