Basic Mathematics BASIC MATHEMATICS NUMBER (1) Whole Numbers : (W) = (0, 1, 2, 3... (2) Integers : (1) = { @) @) Positive Integers : (I) = (1, 2,3 Negative Integers : (IM) = {-», Non-negative Integers : {0, 1, 2, 3. (iv) Non-positive Intege Note : 1,0} (i) Zero is neither positive nor negative. (ii) Positive means > 0. Non-negative means > 0. Even integers : Integers divisible by 2, last digit... 6, ~4,-2, 0, 2,4, 6, 8, ... & represented by 2n,ne 1 Not is an even integer Odd integers : Integers not divisible by 2, last digit ... by 2n + 1) or 2n- 1), ne 1 =I, 1,3,5,7,9, .. represented (a) even # even = even (b) even # odd = odd (©) odd * odd = even (@) even x any number = even number (©) odd x odd = odd Natural Numbers : The counting numbers 1, set of natural numbers is denoted by N. Thus are called Natural Numbers. The ..}.. Nis also denoted by I°/Z* @ Prime Numbers : Let 'p’ be a natural number, ‘p’ is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral factors, namely 1 and itself. e.g. 2,3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 (i) Composite Numbers :A number that has more than two divi Note : (@ ‘Vis neither prime nor composite "2! is the only even prime number. Git) ‘4 is the smallest composite number (iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1) (ii) Co-prime Numbers/ Relatively Prime numbers :Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4) (5, 6) etc, Note : (Two distinct prime number(s) ate co-prime but converse need not be true. Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers. Gi) (iv) Twin Prime Numbers : If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are twin prime numbers. e.g. (3, 5}, {5,7}, (11, 13) ete, 1 is always co-prime with every other natural number. 1JEE-Mathematics fh co) oO 6) Note : @ Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x° > 0) (ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. J = 2 Rational Numbers (Q) : All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q +0, are called rational numbers. Integers, Fractions, Terminating decimal numbers, Non-terminating but repeating decimal numbers are all rational numbers. Q = fe p.qe land q¥ of Note : Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true. i Pl; rats (2) 3 (@) Proper Fraction = 5: N' VB -VR > vig -vi3 9 ip = oe _ OD iat 12 = 3B = a > Vi 8 7 Ans. (i) 5 i) VB-VI2 Gi) FeBasic Mathematics ference of squares of two distinct odd natural numbers is always a multiple of 8. 8. Prove that Sol. (2n+ 1)?-(2m+ 1)? > (2n+1+42m+1)Qn+1—2m-1) = 2¢m+n+1)2(m—n) > =4(m+n +1) (m-n) case-I : ifm & n both are odd then (m ~n) is even. case-IL : if mis odd &'n'is even then (m+n + 1) is even. 1-9, IfA & B are ovo rational numbers and AB, A + B and A ~ B are rational numbers, then A/B is (A) always rational (B) never rational (C) rational when B + 0 (D) rational when A +0 Sol. As division of two rational numbers is a rational number provided denominator should not be A equal to zero i.e. > is rational provided it exist ie, B #0 Ans. (C) 1-10. If 376a 4560 is divisible by 15, then number of possible values of ‘a’ is/are (a) 2 (B)3 «jo (D)7 Sol. Clearly number 376a 4560 is divisible by 5 and itis also divisible by 3 if sum of its digits is divisible by 3. So 31 +a shold be divisible by 3 and hence the values of a can be 2, 5, 8. Ans, (B)JEE-Mathematics EXERCISE-I SINGLE OPTION CORRI ANSWWER TYPE 1, The number of rational numbers in the list ¢, I (B)2 «3 (4 2. mis: (A) A rational number (B) is equal to 22/7 (C) An irrational number (D) Terminating decimal 3. Which of the following is/are correct ? (i) Every integer is a rational number. Gi) The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number. Gii) Every real number is rational (iv) Every point on the number line is associated with a real number. (A) @, Gi) and (ii) (B) Gi), Gi), Git) and (iv) (C) G) Gi) and iv) (D) Gi), (ili) and (iv) 4. Which of the following is irrational? 22 ws (B)3.141592 (C)27B1818181.. — (D)0.123223222322223... 5. Which of the following conditions imply that the real number x is rational ? (Q)x"? is rational (Ul) x? and x° are rational (IID) x? and x* are rational (A)(Dand (ID only (B) (and (I) only (C) (and only (D) (1), (ID and (AI) 6. The value of 1 1 1 1 1 Viele Words Ba avo Vea 8! (AT (B)5 (C2 (D) none of these 7. Product of two co-prime numbers is 117. Their LCM Should be (AI (B) 7 (C) Equal to their HCF (D) Cannot be determined 8. L.C.M. of a and b, if ab = 1350 and H.C.F. of a and b is 15, is (A) 60 (B) 90 (©) 80 (D) 75 9. If pj and p> are two odd prime numbers such that py > py, then p?—p} is (A) An even number (B) An odd number (C) An odd prime number (D) A prime number 610. i. 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Basic Mathematics Which of the following is INCORRECT (A) If three prime numbers p.q,r satisfy p+q=rand 1 b) satisfies c — a*—b? = 101 with ab = 72. Then which of the following is incorrect (A) b and c are co-prime (B) cis an odd number (C) a +b + is an odd number (D)at+b=c+2 SUBJECTIVE TYPE Find (ifexist) 515 25 3 Qn in 1672478 ° r (2 2) Javon 3p) Gi) Lem. (33) @MHCR ( @LCM.| \ Represent the following in fractional form ( : . where p, q € Land q +0) 217 (iii) 2.78 T4958P96Q (i) 0.42964296. Consider the number N = (1) If P = 2 and the number N is divisible by 3, then find number of possible values of Q (2) IEN is divisible by 4, then find values of P and Q (3) IFN is divisible by 8 and 9 both, then find number of possible ordered pairs (P, Q) 7JEE-Mathematics 20. 18. 19, List-1 List-IL a Rayan) (1) Natural number then (1 +x )¥is @ \aveB-vis (2) Rational number (BR) (6-v5)+ Vids ovs is (3) Composite number (8) be2y-22 is (4) Irrational number (5) Prime number Codi 7 @ ® © (A) 123 125 125° 4 (B) 1.25 4 © 4 (D) 1,2,5 4 ANSWER KEY ®2z2 ©323 O©4 OFS AWAKE O77 BW (B) 9. (A) 10. (D) il. (c) 12, (A) 13. (D) 14. (B) 25 7 7 A (A) 16. (D) 17. i) 8 (ii) Qn does not exist (iv) 175 1432 8 on oO yO | wo F (1) 4 (2)P can be any single digit whole number and Q=0,4,8 (3)3 20. (A) 8Basic Mathematics Some important formulae a? + 2ab + b? = (a—b)* + dab a+b)? —4ab a—b? = (a+b) (a-b) (a+ by (a—b)' =a’ — b’ — 3ab (a—b) ‘a+ by’ — Sab (a +b) = (a + b) (a? + b*— ab) a® +b? + 3ab (a+b) ab+b? a*—b? = (a—b)’ + Bab (ab) = (a— b) (a? +b? + ab) (iii) (a+b +c) =a? +b? +c? + 2ab + 2be + 2ca= 1.1.1 abe ab — be -ca= 7 [(a— by + (bc)? + (c— ay] (ix) a+b? () a +b? +c? 3abe = (a+b +0) (a? +b? +c? — ab—be—ca) = 1 @+b+0)[a—by + b-0)'+(-a)] (xi) at—bt = (a+b) (a—b) (a? + b*) (xi) at taht 1 = (a+ 1P-a = (1 tata’) (1-ata’) Illustrations 1 1 TAL If x + > =2, then x? +55 is equal to Sol. 1-12. i Sol. x'+ 3=G- VB +G+ BP Applying a’ + b’ = (a +b) (a? + b? —ab),we get x!-+ 1-13. Show that the expression, (x? ~y 2)’ + (y?—2x)' + (2”—xy)' ~ 3 (x? yz). (y?-2x).(2? -xy)is a perfect square and find its square root. Sol. (x? = yz)* + (y?— 2x) + (2 — xy)’ = 3(x? = yz) (y? = 2x) (2 = xy) abe where = altbi+c =(atb+o@+b+JEE-Mathematics 114, Ls. Sol. (8+ y?+ 22 xy ~yz—2x) (K+ y+ 2P [KR -yP + (y- 2) + ZX) = (x+y $2) (X24 y?+ 22— xy —yz— zx) =(x'+y'+z'— 3xyz) (which is a perfect square) its square roots are +(x" + y’ +z" —3xyz) Ifx and y are positive real numbers such that x? + 8y* + 24xy = 64, then the value of (x +2y) is ~ (A8 (B)4 (C)2 «1 |. x) + By 64 =—2dxy (x)! + Qy)' + 4)? = (x) Qy) (4) > x + 2y—4 =0 or x = 2y = —A(reject) => x+ 2y = 4. Ans. (B) Ifa,b,c,x € Ry such that STUN _ xe* = Wa SMP a4 4640, then BEE is bx + (I=x)e = ah...(1) ex +(1= xa = ba...) ax + (1-9 = ch...) ()+Q)+@)Sa+bte=(atb+on => ral = bx-ex+e @) cx-axta=b (4) ax-bx+b=e (5) (3) x a= abx—acx +ac=a? (7) (4) x b = bex — abx + ab =b? ..(8) (5) x = acx ~ bex + be (9) (7) + (8) + 0) > ab + be + ca =a +b? +e? => (a—bP +(a-cP +(c-aP=0> asb= Bttbete 9 Ans. 10= [ARLEN] Basic Mathematics RATIO AND PROPORTION : (i) IfA and B be two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is A : B; which may be denoted A by the fraction (This may be an integer or fraction) (ii) A ratio may be represented in a number of ways e.g. i =m. mb ~ mi non-zero numbers. (iii) To compare two or more ratios, reduce them to common denominator. Proportio When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities composing them are said to be proportionals. ; then itis written asa:b=c:dora:b:e:d (@) ‘a! and ‘¢’ are known as extremes and 'b’ and ‘c’ are known as means. An important property of proportion : Product of extremes = product of means. Gi) If a:b=c:d,thenb:a=d:e (Invertendo) (iv) If a:b=c:d,thena:c=b:d (Alternando) ; arn () If a:b=e:d,then “~="*" (Componendo) +d bd a (vi) If a:b=e:d, then (ividendo) b d (vil) Ifa:b=c:4, then = i (Componendo and dividendo) kya+ke +e (viii) If bed bod bid *kib+k,d provided b+d20 Illustrations 1-16. If ; 3 then find the value of 7a — 4b : 3a + b. (A)7:1 (B) 5:13 (C)12:1 (D) none of these Sol. Simply substitute the value of a and b as 3 and 4 in the given algebraic ratio as (7 x34 x4): (3x3+4) 13 I-17. There are 43800 students in 4 schools of a city. If half of the first, two-third of the second, three— fourth of the third and four—fifth of the fourth are the same number of students, then find the ratio of number of students of A and Dif A, B, Cand D be the first, second, third and fourth schools respectively. Sol. wl> Then A:B:C:D A:B:C:D=24:18:16:1JEE-Mathematics x Dia 1-18. If Sol, 2b° +3b"d 1-19, A varies directly as B and inversely as C. A is 12 when B is 6 and C is 2. What is the value of A when Bis 12 and Cis 3? L B B S « Ana Aart >A=K= Sol. AcBand Ax => Aae = ¢ When A = 12, B 2, then 12 KSok=4 Again Aak Baa 16> A=16 axttx? xf + 2x? 7x43, 1.20, Solve the equation 5° 3x* sxt By the process of compo Jo, we hi -— y the process of componendo and dividendo, we have 55 = 339 or 3x4 (2x? = 7x +3) = Sxi(? = 2x = 3) = or x*[6x?— 21x +9-Sx? + 10x +15] =0 or xi (x= 11x +24) = x=Oorx—I1x+24=0 x =0or (x= 8) (x=3)=0 . 8,3 12EeyAteenr Basic Mathematics 10. EXERCISE-I1 SINGLE OPTION CORRECT ANSWER TYPE If (a +b’) = (a + bY and ab # 0 then the nun alb ical value of +> is equal to - 3 2 4 > Bs Ol Os The expression 3(a’ + 1)” + 2(a— 1)(a’ + 1) -5(a- 1)’ —4(0.75a* + 3a— 1) when simplified reduces ry (A) 2a'- a? (B) 2a°-a" (20° (D) 2 Ifx +y =aand x? +y?=b, then the value of (x° + y’), is (A) ab (B)a’ +b (Cath? (oy 8 If Ss:1 the i 2 (a+b): (@—b)= 15:1, then the value of Spr is (A) 56 eas jure (D) None of these Ifx=3745V2 then the value of x* + 3x - 14 is equal to nl «2 (D4 1 2 If x= fox Ji7 «then the value of ifs 2) is equal to (yl (B)2 ©3 (D4 Ifa, b, ¢ are real, then a (ab) +b (bc) + ¢ (c ~a) =0, only if (A)atb+e=0 (@B)a=b=e (C)a=borb=corc=a @)a-b-c=0 tab hem th A=) + (=e) + (ema)? If a,b, care real and distinet numbers, then the value of —(,—py(}—ay(e-ay (A) 1 (B) abe (C) 2 (D) 3 A hen ANB ED ab > then ee bterdVA+B¥C+D where a,b,cd, A,B,C,D are positive real numbers al (B)2 ©3 w)4 Ox+2a43b40 _2x+6a+b+3e 6x+2a—3b-c —2x+6a—b—3e (A)ab/e (B) 2ab/e (C)ab/3e (D) ab/2e 3 The value of x satisfying the equationJEE-Mathematics a+b b+e c+a uu. if <5 then which ofthe following in not comrect (where a,b,c.d, x,y,z are positive x real numbers) atb_x bre_btrety atb_a+bte a+b atb+x A bre vy ®) Cha cxasz OO ™~ xtyse bre broty = - 1/5) 12. If x= 7426, then find the value of ats3) a4 (B)2 (3 (D)6 1 13. If 5x+5>=6, then find the value of 9x" + 294 297 297 Ae Be Oy (D) None of these 14, If PQ,R.S are rational numbers such that P? « R? and Q? # S? and consider the folloiwng statements, () P+ VIQ=R+ 3s R_P_ P+R ii) 2 Gi) $= $5" O08 The correct sequence of the above statements is (T stands for True and F for False) (A) TTFF (B) TFTF (C) FITF (D) FFFF 15, Ifa’ +b? +3ab =I, then which of the following can be correct (A)atb= (B)azb =—2 (C)a=3b (D) 3a=b 16, Ifreal numbers x,y,z.satisties x+y +vz=5 and Jay + \¥a+ Vox =8 then x +y4z= (A)5 (B)6 7 (D9 17. If f(a) =a? + a+ 1, then number of solutions of equation f(a’) = 3f(a) is/are (Ayo 1 ©2 (D) more than 2 18. If a,b,ceR and a’ +b" +c* =1 then minimum and maximum value of ab+be+ca i 1 1 1 As! (4 ois wD) -5 SUBJECTIVE TYPE 19. Resolve the following into factors. (= yy'=y? (ii) & (0) +B (© a) +e? (@—-b) 20. Solve the following for integral values of x a) 2x'—3x? +x¢1_3x¢—x7 +5x-13 3x x7 5x13 ANSWER KEY LB) @ 2% © 4 ©) B®) 6& ©) B) . © % @ Ww A Ww © 2 B® B A Mw © 15. (A) 16 (D) 17% (18D) 19. _(i) (K-2y) ty? - xy) Gii) - (a-b) (D-c) (C-a) 20.) 0,5 G40 14