General

Biology 1 12
General Biology 1 – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 17: Gametogenesis
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Renee Rose C. Reyes
Editor: Joseph M. Ocate,
Reviewers: Joseph M. Ocate, EPS – Science
Illustrator: Edison P. Clet
Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Aurelio G. Alfonso, EdD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Victor M. Javeña, EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP/RESEARCH)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 General
Biology 1 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module17
Gametogenesis
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to General Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on

Gametogenesis!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module on Gametogenesis!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
In previous modules, we have learned about mitosis and its significance;
meiosis I and II; and the comparison of meiosis and mitosis. In this module we will
discuss about gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which is still
connected to meiosis. Let us know why.
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. discuss how meiosis happen in both spermatogenesis and oogenesis;
2. distinguish between spermatogenesis and oogenesis; and
3. show importance of learning these processes in human body.

PRETEST

Directions: Read the statements/questions comprehensively and choose the letter of

the best answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Under spermatogenesis, which of the following cells undergo meiosis II?

A. Primary spermatocyte
B. Secondary spermatocyte
C. Type A spermatogonium
D. Type A spermatogonium

2. Under oogenesis, which of the following cells is arrested at prophase I?

A. Ovum
B. Oogonium
C. Primary oocyte
D. Secondary oocyte

3. Which of the following is NOT true about spermatogenesis?

A. It is a continuous process.
B. It produces non-motile gametes
C. All stages happened and completed in testes
D. There is equal cytokinesis producing 4 sperms.

4. Which of the following is NOT true about oogenesis?

A. It occurs inside the ovary.
B. It produces motile gametes.
C. It is a discontinuous process.
D. Unequal cytokinesis occurs during oogenesis
5. Every sperm cell made from meiosis has a unique combination of chromosomes.
What does this statement mean?
A. No two sperm cells are identical.
B. Sperm cells are not relative to each other.
C. Sperm cells are unique and very identical.
D. Sperm cells are unequal in terms of their size.

RECAP
Activity 17.1

Directions: Identify the number of chromosomes in the meiosis stages if 2n = 12.

1. How many sister chromatids are in metaphase 1?

2. How many sister chromatids are in anaphase 1?
3. How many dyad in anaphase 1?
4. How many chromosomes in telophase 1?
5. How many chromatids in prophase 2?
6. How many dyads in metaphase 2?
7. How many sister chromatids in anaphase 2?

LESSON

Gametogenesis (production of gametes) is a process where a diploid (2n) cell

undergoes a meiotic cell division to become haploid sex cells. In this module, we will
focus on the two types of gametogenesis which are spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Let’s go!
 SPERMATOGENESIS

Spermatogenesis is the production of millions of spermatozoa (commonly

known as sperms) each day through meiosis from primordial germ cells. The process
is divided into two parts: (1) spermatocytogenesis which includes the cells from
spermatogonium up to secondary spermatocyte, and (2) spermiogenesis which
comprises the differentiation/maturation of the sperm cell.
The process starts in testis during puberty of a male adolescent.
Approximately, it takes 64 days for the whole process to finish and 16 days interval
to start again the process. The organ involved in this process is the testis or
specifically in seminiferous tubules (see figure 1).

Human Testis (OpenStax, 2016, figure 1)

Let’s start discussing the SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS. There are over 1 billion

spermatogonia in male which form the basal layer of the germinal epithelium and
categorized into two: Type A and Type B spermatogonia. Type A spermatogonium will
undergo mitosis and produces two daughter cells. This is to maintain the number of
spermatogonia inside the testes. One of the daughter cells of Type A spermatogonium
will remain a spermatogonium (this will be the Type B spermatogonium) and will
repeat the mitosis. The other daughter cell will become the primary spermatocyte.
Before the primary spermatocyte undergo meiosis I. it will undergo interphase
first where the DNA is replicated. Once ready, the meiosis I starts and the primary
spermatocyte will complete the stages from prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and
telophase I. This will result to two (2) haploid daughter cells called the secondary
spermatocytes.
 The secondary spermatocyte will then undergo the second meiosis. Remember
that there is no preparation in between meiosis I and meiosis II. During meiosis II,
the chromosome number will stay the same (23 chromosomes) and will result to four
(4) haploid daughter cells called spermatids. This is where the spermatocytogenesis
ends.
The structure of the spermatids is almost the same with the spermatogonium
(round and no flagella) and the cytoplasm is still connected to each other.
The next process is called SPERMIOGENESIS where the spermatids move to
the lumen (part of the seminiferous tubule) and undergo differentiation to become
sperm cells. Once the spermatids reached maturation the spermatogenesis ends.
The process is happening simultaneously that is why each day the male can
produce millions of sperms.

Spermatogenesis and Inside of Testis (OpenStax, 2016, figure 2)

What triggers this production of sperms? As mentioned, spermatogenesis

starts at puberty and at this stage in life of a male human, the hypothalamus release
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) into male
reproductive system. When FSH reached the testes, it will stimulate the Sertoli cells
to start the spermatogenesis. LH, on the other side, once reached testes, it will
stimulate the release of testosterone which is the hormone responsible for
secondary sexual characteristics that is observable in adolescent males, and also
stimulates spermatogenesis.
 OOGENESIS

Oogenesis is the production of female gametes (ova) within ovaries (sometimes

it happens in the oviduct). It begins with the ovarian stem cells (oogonia). Oogonia
are formed during fetal development, which means even though a female human is
still inside the mother’s womb, the oogenesis starts. This is different with
spermatogenesis where it starts at puberty.

Oogenesis starts when primordial germ cells move to primordial gonad and
undergo continuous mitosis. This will result to almost 7 million cells (though there
are cell deaths occurring) thus reducing the number to almost 2 million cells. These
cells are the primary oocytes and they will be the ones to undergo meiosis I. Just
to note, when a human female is born, she has approximately 2 million primary
oocytes but arrested in prophase I (see figure 3).

Oogenesis (OpenStax, 2016, figure 3)

During childhood, there are still cell deaths occurring to primary oocytes thus
leaving ~40,000 once reached puberty. Once puberty begins, each month, FSH will
trigger the continuation of division of the primary oocytes. They will then finish
meiosis I with 2 unequal size daughter cells: secondary oocyte and first polar body
respectively. Aside from FSH, same with spermatogenesis, LH serves the same
purpose. In addition, for female’s progesterone and estrogen stimulate the oogenesis
as well.
 The secondary oocyte will start meiosis II but get arrested at metaphase II. If
this oocyte is fertilized by a sperm, chemical changes will trigger the completion II
and the formation of another polar body. Once meiosis II is completed, the mature
egg forms an ovum, before joining its nucleus with sperms nucleus to form a zygote.

What happens to the first polar body produced together with the secondary
oocyte? The first polar body may also undergo meiosis II to form a third polar body.

SPERMATOGENESIS vs OOGENESIS

Though both spermatogenesis and oogenesis are under gametogenesis and

they produce sex cells, they also have their differences. Table 1 summarizes the
differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in terms of process, produced
gametes and timing.

SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS
PROCESS
Location Occurs entirely in testes Occurs mostly in ovaries
Meiotic Divisions Equal division of cells Unequal division of
cytoplasm
GAMETES
Number produced Four (4) spermatids One (2-3 polar bodies) and
1 ovum
TIMING
Duration Uninterrupted process In arrested stages
Onset Begins at puberty Begins in fetus
Release Continuous Monthly from puberty
End Lifelong (reduces with age) Terminates at menopause

Table 1. Comparison of spermatogenesis and oogenesis

ACTIVITIES
Activity 17.2

Directions: Based on the discussion above, create a model of either spermatogenesis

or oogenesis. You may used recycled materials found inside your home. A little help
from any family member is allowed. Paste/put your work in your notebook. Be
creative!
Activity 17.3

Directions: Fill out this Venn diagram with the similarities and differences of
spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Write your answer in your notebook.

Gametogenesis

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

Activity 17.4

Directions: Explain the importance of cell division following the sentence below.
Write your answer in your notebook.

Cell division is key to life: from the moment we are first conceived, we are
continually changing and growing (Lumen Learning, n.d.)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

WRAP – UP

Activity 17.5

Directions: Complete these phrases above referring to what you have learned in
this module. Write your answer in your notebook.
I now know something about _____________________________________________________

First, __________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Second, _______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Further, _______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Finally, ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Now you know what I know something about ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

VALUING

Activity 17.6
Directions: Read the statements and questions below. Complete it or answer it with
the information you have learned from this module. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. Spermatogenesis is equally important with oogenesis because…

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. It is said that gametogenesis starts with a mitosis product. Kindly expound this
statement.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. List all the importance of being knowledgeable on these processes in our body.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST
Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct answer. Write your
answer in your notebook. Good luck!

1. Which of the following hormones are responsible in stimulating

spermatogenesis?
A. Follicle stimulating hormone, localizing hormone and estrogen
B. Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estrogen
C. Follicle stimulating hormone, localizing hormone and testosterone
D. Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone
2. Which of the following hormones are responsible in stimulating oogenesis?
A. Follicle stimulating hormone, localizing hormone, estrogen and
progesterone
B. Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and
progesterone
C. Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen and
progesterone
D. Follicle stimulating hormone, localizing hormone, testosterone and
progesterone
3. For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and
oogenesis?
A. Interruptions in meiotic divisions.
B. Gametes produced in a given time period.
C. Functional gametes produced by meiosis.
D. Meiotic division required to produce each gamete.
4. A spermatogonium _________.
A. divides by mitosis to produce two spermatids
B. divides by meiosis to produce four spermatids
C. divides by meiosis to produce two primary spermatocytes
D. divides by mitosis to produce a spermatogonium and a primary
spermatocyte.
5. Which of the following is NOT an importance of cell division in human being?
A. It aids the formation of gametes.
B. It’s responsible for the repairs of damaged cells.
C. It serves as means of reproduction through binary fission.
D. To replace a large number of cells that worn out and die every day.
 KEY TO CORRECTION
5. C
4. A
3. C
0 8. 2. C
0 7.
1. C
6 6.
POSTTEST
6 5.
12 4.
A 5.
24 3.
B 4.
24 2.
B 3.
24 1.
C 2.
RECAP
B 1.
PRETEST

REFERENCES
A.Brenner, Barry D.Bavister and Carol. 2006. "Nonhuman Primates as Models for
Reproductive Aging and Human Infertility." ScienceDirect. Accessed June 05,
2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012369391-4/50040-0.
Doreen D. Domingo, PhD., Janet S. Estacion, Ph.D., Mary Jane C. Flores, Ph.D.,
Aileen C. dela Cruz, Chuckie Fer Calsado, Nolasco H. Sablan and Justin ray
M. Guce. 2016. "Teaching Guide for Seior High School: General Biology 1."
Commission on Higher Education. Quezon City: Commission of Higher
Education, June 16.
J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean
H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix. 2013.
"Anatomy of the Testis." Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive
System. Houston: OpenStax, April 25.
—. 2013. "Spermatogenesis." Anatomy and Physiology. Houston: OpenStax, April 25.
Reece, Jane B., Lisa A. Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V.
Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson. “The Cell.” Essay. In Campbell Biology,
9th ed., 228–45. Boston, CA: Benjamin Cummings / Pearson, 2011.

Study.com. 2014. "Ovum: Definition, Function & Structure." Study.com. 06 24.

Accessed 06 05, 2020. https://study.com/academy/lesson/ovum-definition-
function-structure.html.