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Classes & Objects
What you’ll learn

● Introduction to class and object

● Class diagram
● Class instantiation
● Memory level operations for class & object
● Ways to initialize the instance class members
● Basics of constructors
● this keyword
● Code snippets
● Real time demonstration
Can you name your favorite cricketer?
Describe your favorite cricketer
Segregate the nouns & verbs
List them down

Mahendra Singh Dhoni Batting

39 Years Wicket Keeping
Brown Leading the team
Batsman Strategic decision making
Indian Focus & determining
Let’s get technically started!
Class and object

What is Class?
● A class is a template or blueprint that For Example:
is used to create objects. A car is an object. It has states
● A class consists of data members and (name, color, model) and its
methods. behavior (changing gear, applying
brakes).
What is Object?
● Any real-world entity that has state
and its behavior.
Class & object

● A blueprint from which you can

create an individual object
● Any entity that has:
○ State
○ Behavior
○ Identity
● State --> data member
● Behavior --> method
● Identity --> unique Id(name)
Class diagram
Compartments

Class Name

Class Variables

Class Methods
Defining a class

● Access modifiers: A class can be public or default

● class keyword: class keyword is used to create a class.
● Class name: The name should begin with an initial letter ( refer naming
convention).
● Body: The class body surrounded by braces, { }.
Cricketer

class Cricketer{ void cricketerDetails(){

//Instance variables System.out.println(name);

String name = “Dhoni”; System.out.println(age);

int age = 39; System.out.println(color);

String color = “Brown”; System.out.println(role);

String role = “Batsman”; System.out.println(nationality);

String nationality = “Indian”; }//end of method

}//end of class
Class Instantiation

● Object is an instance of a class

● Process of creating an object from a class is called instantiation.
● Now that you have defined a new class type --> Cricketer, it is time to instantiate
an object of that type.
● new keyword is used to initialize/create an object.
● new operator is followed by a call to a constructor, which initializes the new
object.

Example: name = Dhoni

Cricketer c = new Cricketer(); age = 39
color = Brown
role = Batsman c
nationality = Indian

Heap area
Create an object
Cricketer - code snippet
class Cricketer{
String name = “Dhoni”;
int age = 39;
String color = “Brown”;
String role = “Batsman”;
String nationality= “Indian”;
void cricketerDetails(){
System.out.println(name);
System.out.println(age);
System.out.println(color);
System.out.println(role);
System.out.println(nationality);
}//end of criketerDetails method
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(“main method
started”);
Cricketer c = new Cricketer();
c.cricketerDetails();
System.out.println(“main method
ended”);
}//end of main method
}//end of Cricketer class
Create an object
Cricketer - code snippet
Create an object
Know the difference!

Example:01 Example:02
public class Demo{ public class Demo {
int x; int x;
} public static void main(String[] args) {
Demo myObj1 = new Demo();
class TestDemo{ Demo myObj2 = new Demo();
public static void main(String[] myobj1.x = 24;
args) { myobj2.x = 55;
Demo myObj = new Demo(); System.out.println(myObj1.x);
myobj.x = 40; System.out.println(myObj2.x);
System.out.println(myObj.x); }
} }
}
Ways to initialize the instance variables

● By reference variable

● By method

● By constructor
Through reference variable
By reference variable

class Student { class Main {

int id; public static void main(String args[]) {
String name; Student s1 = new Student();
} s1.id = 101;
s1.name = "John";
System.out.println(s1.id + " " + s1.name);
}
}
Through method
By method

class Student {
int rollno;
String name;
void insertRecord(int r, String n) {
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void displayInformation() {
System.out.println(rollno + " " + name);
}
}
By method - continued.,

class Main {
public static void main(String
args[]) {
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student();
s1.insertRecord(111, "Karan");
s2.insertRecord(222, "Aryan");
s1.displayInformation();
s2.displayInformation();
}
}
Constructor

A special method
constructs/initializes the values at the time of object creation.
No return type
Has same name as class name
Automatically invoked when the object is created
name = null
Cricketer c = new Cricketer(); object creation & age = 0
color = null
constructor
role = null
invocation nationality =
null
C
Types of constructors

● Default:
1. java compiler creates a default constructor if your class
doesn't have any explicit constructor
2. Always no-argument constructor
● User defined
1. Is explicitly written in the class
To initialize the instance members with user-defined values
1. Zero-parameterized / No-argument constructor
2. Parameterized constructor
By User defined No-arg constructor

class Employee {
int id;
String name;
float salary;
Employee() {
System.out.println(“user defined no-argument
constructor executed”);
}
void display() {
System.out.println(id + " " + name + " " + salary);
}
}
Through constructor
By user defined no-argument constructor

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Employee e1 = new Employee();

Employee e2 = new Employee();

e1.display();
e2.display();

}
}
By User defined parameterized constructor

class Employee {
int id;
String name;
float salary;
Employee(int id, String name, float salary) {
id = id;
name = name;
salary = salary;
}
void display() {
System.out.println(id + " " + name + " " +
salary);
}
}
Through constructor
Passing values for parameterized constructor

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Employee e1 = new Employee(101, "ajeet", 45000);

Employee e2 = new Employee(102, "irfan", 25000);
Employee e3 = new Employee(103, "nakul", 55000);

e1.display();
e2.display();
e3.display();
}
}
Through constructor
“this” keyword

● Refers to the current object

● Eliminates the confusion between Instance members and parameters
which are local to the constructors / methods
Employee(int id,String name,float salary) {
this.id = id;  
this.name = name;
this.salary = salary;  
}  
Through constructor
“this” keyword

● “this” refers to the Employee class object

● “this” keyword is used for the instance variable
initialization
● Values passed to the constructor are local to it

● Local values --> id, name, salary

● Instance variables --> this.id, this.name,
this.salary
Through constructor
Knowledge check

Try predicting the outputs for

the given code snippets !

Ensure proper analysis of

codes before guessing the
output.
Through constructor
Knowledge check

class Company {
String name;
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(new Company().name);
}
}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

class Company {
String name;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Company c = new Company();
Company c1 = c;
c1.name = “Ethnus”;
c = null;
System.out. println(c.name);
}
}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

public class Company{

String name;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Company c1 = new Company();
c1.name = "Ethnus";
System.out.println(c1.name);
c1 = new Company();
System.out.println(c1.name);
}

}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

public class Company {

String name;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Company c1 = new Company();
c1.name = "Ethnus";
Company c2 = c1;
c1 = null;
System.out.println(c2.name);
new Company();
Company c3;
c3.name = "Ethnus";
System.out.println(c3.name);}}

}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

public class Program1 {

String name;
void changeRef(Program1 that) {
that = this;
System.out.println(this.name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program1 c1 = new Program1();
c1.name = "Ethnus";
Program1 c2 = new Program1();
c2.name = "Aptimithra";
c1.changeRef(c2);
System.out.println(c1.name);
System.out.println(c2.name);}}
}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

public class Company2 {

String name;
void changeRef(Company2 that, Company2 someCompany) {
someCompany = that;
someCompany.name = this.name;
that = someCompany;}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Company2 c1 = new Company2();
c1.name = "Ethnus";
Company2 c2 = new Company2();
c2.name = "Aptimithra";
c1.changeRef(c2, c1);
System.out.println(c1.name);
System.out.println(c2.name);}}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

class Company {
String name;
void changeRef(Company that) {
that.name = this.name;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Company c1 = new Company();
c1.name = "Ethnus";
Company c2 = new Company();
c2.name = "Aptimithra";
c1.changeRef(c2);
System.out.println(c1.name);
System.out.println(c2.name);}
Through constructor
Knowledge check

class Company {
String name;
void changeRef(Company that) {
that.name = this.name;
that = null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Company c1 = new Company();
c1.name = "Ethnus";
Company c2 = new Company();
c2.name = "Aptimithra";
c1.changeRef(c2);
System.out.println(c1.name);
System.out.println(c2.name);}
}
}
Through constructor
Code snippet

public class Main {

static int x = 10;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main obj = new Main();
Main obj1 = new Main();
obj.x = x + 1;
System.out.println(obj.x);
System.out.println(obj1.x);
} }
Through constructor
Real time example!

● The localStorage object stores data with

no expiration date.
● The data will not be deleted when the
browser is closed.
● It will be available the next day, week, or
year.
● The localStorage property is read-only.
Through constructor
Real time example!
Through constructor
Real time example!

DEMO
Question: 01

Which of the following statement(s) is/are

correct?
X: A class is like a blue print and we can A. X only
create as many objects using that class B. Y only
Y: Every object should belong to a class, C. Both X and Y are correct
since we cannot create objects without D. Both X and Y are incorrect
a class
Question: 02

Which of the following class declaration is

correct?

/* X */ /* Y */ A. X only
class Student { CLASS Student { B. Y only
String String C. X and Y both are correct
name; name;
D. X and Y both are incorrect
int marks; int marks;
char char
section; section;
} }
Question: 03

Which of the following is a valid

declaration of an object of class Student?
1. Student obj = new Student;
A. 1 only
2. Student obj = new Student();
3. obj = new Student(); B. 2 only
4. new Student obj; C. 1 & 2
D. 3 & 4
Question: 04

What will be the output of the following

program?
class Apple {
int weight; A. 1
public static void main(String args[]) { B. 2
Apple a1 = new Apple(); C. Error
Apple a2 = new Apple(); D. null
a1.weight = 1;
a2.weight = 2;
a2 = a1;
System.out.println(a2.weight);
}}
Question: 05

class Car {
int Wheels;
void swap(Car other) {
other = this; } }
public class Main { A. 48
public static void main(String[] args) { B. 44
Car C1 = new Car(); C. 84
C1.Wheels = 4; D. 88
Car C2 = new Car();
C2.Wheels = 8;
C2.swap(C1);
System.out.print(C1.Wheels + "");
System.out.print(C2.Wheels);
}
}
Question: 06

class Car {
int Wheels;
void swap(Car other) {
other.Wheels = this.Wheels;
}} A. 48
public class Main { B. 44
public static void main(String[] args) { C. 84
Car C1 = new Car(); D. 88
C1.Wheels = 4;
Car C2 = new Car();
C2.Wheels = 8;
C1.swap(C2);
System.out.println(C1.Wheels);
System.out.println(C2.Wheels);
}}
Question: 07

class A { public class Increment {

int i = 0; public static void
A(int i) { main(String[] args) {
this.i = i + A a = new A(5);
4; a.increment(); A. i=1
} a.operate(); B. i = 103
void increment() a = new A(a.i); C. i = 55
{ a.operate(); D. Compilation Error
i = this.i + a.increment();
1;
} System.out.printl
void n("i = " + a.i);
operate() }
{ }
i *= 3;
Question: 08

class Test {
int i;
}
class Main { A. 0
public static void main(String args[]) { B. Garbage Value
Test t; C. Compilation Error
System.out.println(t.i); D. Runtime Error
}
Question: 09

public class Final {

final int assign = 30;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int result = 20; A. 20 20 25
final int assign; B. 20 30 25
C. Compilation Error
Final f = new Final();
D. Runtime Error
assign =20;
System.out.println(assign);
System.out.println(f.assign);

System.out.println(f.process(resul
t));}
int process(int a) {
Question: 10

public class InitializationTest {

int number;
public void InitializationTest(int
A. 5
number) {
B. Compile time Error since no default
this.number = number;
constructor
System.out.println(number);
C. Compile time Error since no
}
parameterized constructor
public static void main(String[] args) {
D. Compilation Error or Runtime Error for
InitializationTest obj1, obj2;
some other reason
obj1 = new InitializationTest();
obj2 = new InitializationTest(5);
}
}
Question: 11

class Test {
void start() {
String stra = "do";
String strb = method(stra);
System.out.print(": " + stra + strb); A. dogood : dogoodgood
}
B.  dogood : gooddogood
String method(String stra) {
C. dogood : dodogood
stra = stra + "good";
D.  dogood : dogood
System.out.print(stra);
return " good";
} }
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test obj = new Test();
obj.start(); } }
Question: 12

class Student { class ReferencesAndObjects {

String name; public static void main(String s[]) {
int marks; Student st1 = new Student();
Student st2;
char section;
st2 = st1;
} st1.name = "Rajesh"; A. Rajesh 87 C Rajesh 87 C
st2.marks = 87; B.  rajesh 87 C rajesh 87 C
st1.section = 'C'; C. Rajesh C 87  Rajesh C 87
System.out.println("" + st1.name + D.  rajesh C 87 rajesh C 87
"" + st1.marks + "" + st1.section);
System.out.println("" + st2.name +
"" + st2.marks + "" + st2.section);
}}
Question: 13

class Simple { class Demo {

int a = 0; public static void main(String
void incr() { aRgs[]) {
a++; Simple s = new Simple();
} Simple r = new Simple();
void display() s.incr(); A. a=0a=0
{ r.incr(); B. a=1a=1
System.out.println(" s.display(); C. a=0a=1
a = " + a); r.display(); D. a=1a=2
} }
}
Question: 14

class PrintA { class OutPut {

int printA; int c;
} public static void main(String[] args) {
class PrintB { PrintA a = new PrintA();
int printB = 5; PrintB c = new PrintB(); A. printA = 0 printB = 5 c = 0
int c; System.out.println("printA = " + B. printA = 0 printB = 5 c =
} a.printA); (some object reference
System.out.println("printB = " + value)
c.printB); C. Compilation Error
System.out.println("c = " + c.c);
D. Runtime Error
}
}
Question: 15
class Student { class ReferencesAndObjects {
String name; public static void main(String s[]) {
int marks; Student st1 = new Student();
char section; Student st2 = new Student(); A. Print using st1 : Rajesh 0 C Print
} st1 = st2; using st2 : null 87
st1.name = "Rajesh";
st2.marks = 87; A. Print using st1 : Rajesh 87 C Print
st1.section = 'C'; using st2 : Rajesh 87 C
System.out.print("Print using st1 : " +
st1.name + " " + st1.marks + " " + A. Print using st1 : null 0 Print using
st1.section); st2 : Rajesh 87 C
System.out.print("Print using st2 : " +
st2.name + " " + st2.marks  + " " + A. Compilation Error
st2.section);
}}
Question: 16

class User{
int age;
String name;
} A. Error
public class Main{ B. Null pointer Exception
public static void main(String[] args) { C. 100
User u1=new User(); D. null
u1.name=100;
u1=null;

System.out.println(u1.name);
}
}
Question: 17

class User{
int age;
String name; }
public class Main{
public static void main(String[] args) { A. A
User u1=new User(); B. Null
u1.name="A"; C. Error
User u2=u1; D. C
u2=null;
u2=new User();
u1.name = "c";
u2.name=u1.name;
u1=null;
System.out.println(u2.name);
} }
Question: 18

class User{
int age;
String name;
} A. A
public class Main{ B. B
public static void main(String[] args) { C. Error
User u1=new User(); D. Cannot execute
u1.name="A";
User u2=u1;
u1.name = "B";

System.out.println(u1.name);
}
Question: 19

class User{
int age;
String name;
} A. A
public class Main{ B. Null pointer Exception
public static void main(String[] args) { C. Cannot execute
User u1=new User(); D. null
u1.name="A";
u1=null;
System.out.println(u1.name);
}
}
Question: 20

class User{
int age;
String name;
} A. A
public class Main{ B. Null pointer Exception
public static void main(String[] args) { C. Cannot execute
User u1=new User(); D. null
u1.name="A";
User u2=new User();
u2=u1;
u1=null;

System.out.println(u1.name);
Question: 21

class User{
int age;
String name;
} A. A
public class Main{ B. B
public static void main(String[] args) { C. Error
User u1=new User(); D. u1 address
u1.name="A";
User u2=u1;
u2=new User();
u2.name=”B”;

System.out.println(u1.name);
Question: 22

class Human{
String name;
int age;
Human(String name, int age){
A. Null 0
this.name=name;
B. Adam 32000
this.age=age;
C. Error
} }
D. 32000 Adam
class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Human adam = new Human("Adam",32000);
System.out.println(adam.name);
System.out.println(adam.age);
} }
Question: 23
class Human{
String name;
int age; A. method foo
void foo() { method boo
this.boo(); A. method boo
System.out.println("method foo");} method boo
void boo() { A. method foo
System.out.println("method boo"); method foo
A. method boo
} }
method foo
class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Human adam = new Human();
adam.foo();
} }
Question: 24

class User{
String name;
void sayHello(User randomUser){
randomUser.name = "HiddenGuy";
A. HiddenGuy
randomUser=null;
B. AwesomeGuy
} }
C. AwesomeGuy HiddenGuy
public class Main{
D. Error
public static void main(String[] args) {
User u1=new User();
u1.name="Awesome Guy";
u1.sayHello(u1);
System.out.println(u1.name);
}
Question: 25

class User{
String name;
String address;
User(String x,String y){ A. X,Y
name=x; B. null
address=y; null
System.out.println(name); A. Error
System.out.println(address); B. name,address
} }
public class Main{
public static void main(String[] args) {
User u1=new User();
}
Question: 26

class Temp{
Temp() {
this(5); A. 15
System.out.println("Inside Temp"); } 5
Temp(int x) { Inside temp
this(5,15); A. 75
System.out.println(x); } 5
Temp(int x,int y) { Inside temp
System.out.println(x * y); A. Error in line number 5. No
}} method found named "this"
public class Main{ B. Inside temp
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Temp();
} }
Question: 27

class User{
String name;
void sayHello(User randomUser){ A. BadGuy
this.name = randomUser.name; BadGuy
} } A. BadGuy
public class Main{ AwesomeGuy
public static void main(String[] args) { A. AwesomeGuy
User u1=new User(); BadGuy
u1.name="Awesome Guy"; A. AwesomeGuy
User u2=new User(); AwesomeGuy
u1.name="Bad Guy";
u1.sayHello(u2);
System.out.println(u1.name);
System.out.println(u2.name);
Question: 28

class Fruit {
String name;
Fruit(String name) {
this.name = name;
} A. null Orange
} B. null null
class Main { C. Error
D. Orange
public static void main(String args[]) {
Fruit orange = new Fruit("Orange");
Fruit mango = new Fruit();
System.out.println(mango.name + " " +
orange.name);
}
}
Question: 29
class User {
String name;
public User callMe(User randomUser) {
randomUser = this;
return null;
A. Random Technologies
}}
public class Main { B. Null
public static void main(String[] args) { C. Null pointer Exception
User u1 = new User(); D. Random null
u1.name = "Random";
User u2 = new User();
u2.name = "Technologies";
u2 = u1.callMe(u2);
System.out.println(u1.name + " " + u2.name);
}
}
Question: 30

class User {
int id;
void generateId(int id) {
this.id = id * 5;
}} A. 25 25
public class Main { B. 50 50
public static void main(String[] args) { C. 00
User u1 = new User(); D. 50 0
u1.generateId(5);
User u2 = u1;
u2.generateId(10);
u1 = u2;
System.out.println(u1.id + " " + u2.id);
}}
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