Soc1OLOGY \SSIGNMCNT.

Submutted by.

Sukonya uyadarshini
Rolu No2o/1934
 is nused o
a
dyem o ralationz , both
Jhe tenm kinship na
as
Aiological and olar the ooo Cultuwal Knap was tru oted proaMAulu
olog.cal nelationahip, Krabwp bad do oas coneenned mitA t h reprodueos|
butnðeanhuman inad UAal a n e the con
w an bunge and nulatons
uman suno which 1&
I h pho dueliDn o
Cowlanik e Aapo sduelionv oeluoen
poceak thus CHutu aslogitol ink
fernulaltd as a hioloqdal
oith b do
depinnd by aocial avnbei as kouing
peraend So winahip u

Me0able as obelin ons m loldy

Aeprodclion suecauee NLpKLOduelonw

maool lure oAovil lde

Jhe innD valions in repmoduive iehnoloq arL houDavvr, changg
cantral o wnahp &unh a motherhood perabnhood
h
meavng o Concest
vent. J t Aas non
and paantheed. birnth ia no
lorger only a /blogrcal
n l as Keales kelalienshpk. J h
NNolui oniRLd b o bo
AtmeAALd
CUukwnal appiooeh tha emerged in the 1940e tooardd knabwp,
On the wd ound vut changing naue o hinehip nelolions, n Huten

y u , thiu changes awe laun unthend kay dew elopmneniz in iioich-

1 thz mobons
nology hard rp MDduebve proCed Jshnology ohangrg
foananthovod
gndur oles and maruogeA91hn ks nen
thovd,
Keprodubve
alTndies n o r he infuunte oepoduetin bchnelogres.

chnologres challuge preniouaby huld cullual Canatiruedions o knehap

aand buing abeul
heuO kinds o Abcial nilaliond in Uhal kinawp souunola-
NRT have
Ni o e Aedeinnd. Nu Reproduete Jeehnologiu
oe

eluodad hok doisunt and ollant e not th only kaait o bag

inaip
Nuo Reprtoduetive Jechno logy relr to uknologreu thak i a e vene

in the oeloqicoul a t o procaton. J t tan aslilGt, prevent oe nBr

venein he pro cea o Reprodeuelion tn clauoling hinthing, Contraleplion,
abonuon nd antenatat tealbing New Keproduelive Jiehnologred ee

NRT i alao nelenned as avuulid huphoduuelionw. NRT ha Aen claeuhes

tho thoree main caleqorue
a Manageval leehnologies, adwch ineldet tho managemen o puP

LancyP pLgnaey and rct

he inanvnionva Gke dda

Contracept ve lkehnologie, wch Can non-

pag oN condbm, bn inwolvs Au ormone dupp tosABnld O

uteune dovices nd Aabralionw

CConcptive l+chnoogred , ineunding aruyoal tnatm nalio, uwogas

Eiuil dnugk, enmbnys sdoualiew aud in-vitw 4entiaaliow

Jhe most common hnuenefon mdvatanding NKT i In-vitNo

u l a i e n (TVF). Vn h pMOeduvu g e g callg amovedc

en ODmank ova and tranalenvad nb another mo 0moni OO mb n

DKdue t oual repraodudive poasikiias. Acconding tteotar, NRT i not
only o medical d i a hu aleo oun dnalilulabnw that alleul the CRealionw

parenthosd, Thu grvring way b houormd o pMDCALAlian. NRT

uqw hes a hunnan nlrvenlion as 0ell ou inevnnlion madb ne .

V
to
ond uscal pMoauonal 6 mak eprodueove chBCe avalakl
indovt duals h dwdep wment p! thnL bHoCaduwue haF to CoLr D

nalie &Chsite oy
ci'nCumvuut tyullils as markud o ahft om
opewng u bA biiu o arnthood t thoar bthr urde amperned
bioox fon Ro ample, RT KOith devnlepmenl of NoaO KepModuebn

ehnelegred, in lG annot oe a bwmve odods paunthaod ounc

Aings, ouvoreA, gidon or idowens le, thore wthoul on Apual
part Ae, ON even Aam Atp
couplhs CA ha
LOpuuene od. t
thuu hd a
cultwnal aundon alandng awy oand
k'nahp.
Danochnuoler i one ho key ashlane vhoal hoNks houndlesd
AD ind o aludy in u ld hnuhip. Jhe ceulal thame o w
OONk Oa th rulaonehip oeluo e r nalu and cullinru DK buoeen
ielogicol ond Aboal aapest e knahup. He hu hen nalrumcaal in
Aing he focus o kinahp om e d aumplicus n a h i p as cdefinsd

otuon Abval atruelute aAd tules,6 he cordnalon al The

dovene Meus haned on cultual vatv olious in meawng em e ps

peebve e eple as hey eopeendtd kin telallonaip i huin eveny d a

ves
chnwden analya4 Amv'can culliua nehet he fluidilg in
kinahip he kimaelk advocatid. He alalad tha inehip mau naed on idead
obouk ahannd b0gunie subalante ond 'nduwwing d i u d aololanil
Acconding b m , tmervcan teluenwu bbology in dnsunuond on umwly

Kad no n soy nlaiiow b iolsay as a nalunal pMoCed 6ut athe

to cultual conatnuuti ound nOv unially ymeoe He aa.t Tha

in AmuwiCan cultural canwpiow, ki nahip l deli ned oa loegenetic, wch

ans a kinahip i ashaluvr he bogentic elrionbop d neastt

uk gensc helaiuonanp are olnco verid, h tha i AShat ksnakip

a n d A s all olon, aUhegh t mory not hawe t n knouS at tharebne

He
mokes o0m toe

innovalliong in ogknevcd Beh nooqy as hA

plae in deinirg kinahp. h Mannen in Shvch elacouP are Aetogiaed
as hin and asAonolng
ngy munlurad tOvr ua Neud not he haard O
iolegicd nku
only. Optionu p parnthaed othu Than biologrcal prio -
 CRRAUo Auueh as adoplion, torbr c a r hare aluooy! zoialad in arvous

dooetues anods time oand place but the Thee

brogeneli'c i k minong drom
shc)
Aton mahes thim dtem uke a ComprLomae in Ue uyu ofTh novely
emphaadA on blaod nelatonahp iwn avual paranmulin o Caelu MAML
ethnil ond ebqion .
HecBRdn Marvln Steathven, in Thu bngbah meo, kinabp id oufhes
as The metng plac culture ond qalune -aimuitaneeualy pant eeneh

ong hot haaed ina naulae that id iteil Agordled as ue grounding

Culture and aleo povicirg an image ah t h kolaliouw hutioern culkura ans

41alure Vnsiad ef knoleg adng 6 Aees atenliow baing ven o epee

Ccnwdr aliond, the incheaaed use e kerknslogy ameans ineuaed Abval ino
vonlien thugh ugitllion on arsathoed. Kaprodustion no longer Aaind
i w n he penaonal hkokun uuk cbnkrolas ound AAnettonnd nHth pa
P
i nnjen o m lalu , medica ouithonGes and lginlotme amechanam.
D
Neuo Rpneduolive Juhnelogr'e houre changes The aay 1oe Thini abu
motur hobd Jndstonally, nothwrhaod Ou The 6utesme e uven befi)een

o man ond oman or puupoe o procualiow and fonwnaleoayu

O a s An as Cullwally ond Aegolly eeabbshud throqh
0
guute kinahip
olaimf. Nuo Reptodaetive Juehrologu hwe challanged toi

t b lional aundustanding l tA kolatonahip betiventoenacn und repPodeue

on. Mothrrhood noio, it ho langn con{lalcd Oh aml hey howe Aiel

in ur kas
vntd alonoeo foH a nuD ugiummakakow ol mothuY heed. Jwi
idoned tha acspe of wothur heod ineluudu a mHd ange pocaibll h

hat aned The tod tional nutaar nmly

no
Logu eet on bielogrcal cla'mu
AOdel aw Jis chall erg eu thi Noronatve anwly wnooel and destklras The
 invoWe
AD etal aund enalandings o mothert heo
o Jh mo thae , n o , mau

donon oN a
"urnegoule, 6 b o athars on a anancdmothen, 6c

inwove mone porboponts than hu mlnoe AwUnt. Jhe Ongin o malur

bidloqrcal shenomenon is o ohallunga d n9i7h tAe developmment

a a

Keluu of mothrhsod in6 ganve

ovum-heluted tzehnologres. y dvobng
nuO tehnologes once conephal fraqu
ond gulaliow Oonma), Thiae
9)
who s
Kation malRnily as e l , wwcw e uars Tha qjuediow a

Bre hsee ehnolog v hename avawlabl, thi faet f nala

The qunet nip
cculd nst be duwed etlxalion gealalio and pArtuniliow could net be
tAe tubne
ALporatad . Bul Neno Repreduetie Jeshnotsgies have Chang ed
tannm! motihavd and
AARnao and has ahoOn Kalhe mianing4 o t h
Aoval ConatUualionp
athurhsed ovu

Neuo Kproduaive Jachnologau ane hs adding noio dinenvou ef

a o kinahip ik andhralavd i dilraaTly tn dilcent cultuvtes. Tanuly no

longur naine bnly hiologrcal, buu Halhan i oles dened y

quuutu and

tuchnalogy Movrninge it nou ns langur a compulaien ku an eplion to

eppevente hecbwng o paRAE. Repno suduion and eppeuente ef mothunheed
Contreled in
1 o Cong er
Ony a nalunal proceas out 4omthing a t 1
rtlils olnia.

CaAL Abudly 1orael

Jo wndennland bodlu the f u r of NRT on knshp, uh ns conadar The

CaAL fLorael. diRan Martha Kahn't Ork, Egground nombs: Jha Omghs
Jeroiahuus' bringa but hau NRT Ans d s He-thnagr'no of kunahip
Jhe ork i kased on thaognapkie udy of foll ehrvd in Lerae,
which Aau more otlilg cinwu Ran in bfhar pant e ha ogpld Nael
AA he ODRld ghea pR Capila ralu on-vro fut bxluon pro
cedur
Js phanomenyg 0,do es not neee The Ra
nually iqh nales
inihlel Janal but ralkn
in
hefa tA
antrailý ef uprtodustio in
Juolouam and Jenoieh culliuno
dhe alundy ad Ca'ed out in o Amail nrubrdus Jaoiak horpill compni
Aing braorthodop Jene, Musbms ound Ckratahu, whune evry precaelana

Oas CAicd ou canuhuly unde the purrtno o Jeusith las. Kahns sludy
e NRT in n a l dlepick heuo Le olbdos, effort 4 the mud'cal temn
ahd tabbinie 6elek Kave alleud the na
nty, surporte 9ovanment pebves
his tucholeqy i kesuived and und teonpoPali neso meanings kinahp
Kinahip i hraat tkrough ah nologieal asdwancummal wtich is kelping prple

AsDanmt tvn Jenih icdnily and t a e c a n l ethe g r o p A b

ullur has wmbraced nuse al Cechnstoog n h iotogy cal CondepTon whilu

halanesd CoRersante bet

uphold'n all telgious Aolies , that, carahull
Jot is beeaune
n AAjente ono Agron in th cndnNng o methorthoe d

moiennalily dos ho bnly delinu belongingy in lirnns ef kinahip u

alas

nu mmb UahiP nfhin tA tebaous qnop and night o cdKenthup So

oll prb cediurs ond tuarmendi banve Jusiihnru he dillvanalloy-

in oliletemining kinabhip in
oM dotring malvuNks pvaL a pMAom
NAel hnre rebgios ideutdly delrudned matubnull ond auulnnaleal

oonlru cibrnshp
Jke mae e NRT i monlorud ayphaldeA a eebqrous daas and

Shods g
MRg RL4 pUwAA On. Qusaltons Qn mohuhoec h tgord

and who Ae womb and hus uohn Ae heal'mother o the cld 64rA er
challengu har hemain aunaowid and ane contnbuling to Aagaie g e f Rz
But th? i not leckud o in he gae nnee pseing a halley d
 Honal onthodox bebe hus the deuna ti oullawn ma harhood plat a g

|4cont pant in kelping ts over ce me ihwhilions Auganding omodeven bohnblogy

Thal anay have emrged o Onthodob Jesoith ligres hrliet

thu e
keNe aMe aped op/jons abeu approprialonus of auwng
Ne leprNeduueive Jeakaologiel. Accodirg b Cavraln, hile behnslogu

|halphul s tho ie asing prnobloms in Chldbearung, Abnme helive ttal rupr

duetie likunoloqies kuault in delaibar'aing Tha nalaal baat e umaa
PROCHaliow and repLo duwluow and aAe emdonse oovvwlahh oADval

NONMS Aucoundng culural and Ru cond aules , au u n n thi cans

TCKAel On he other and, keproakuetive bakaolore hare allawedovmalin

aw'b u okoice ", vi, Au -AP, ang parunlKaod ond b On.Jh

alas tlluatratia thal peapl coA kin houl shavvng blcod andanorvlal
elalioa. nahp han, iAans on love ane endurvng Abvdaril to chouc

terr rue danilias ilalun ip and olao negales e ioleas e pro ceralusn

haud bn heliaapnal ideulilis. jawly i no

long e A au tun e

nOA-ÞrwctRabm unt, and ws nehon

Sap hodualion onkp , Kathe itcan h a
Uand in oRporulon to bielogtal mmoolel ef kinehip. Jke danubt ochoice,

thorefone, Rnnerge o an inponlan oaul & queulion otogycoaully muodlled

hulin pal domain oknahiy.

nMO uproduetive tiehrnolagieu Aush as TVF can he and 6oth t

NOCAu ane ar th AAme ime Cemes o he ReLA aA

Rsnu
ewmulnl nalur
hing wmwraculou Kipnodution thon beLomes leckao@gcoul adhevemeu

AaChere han a naluwal segunte of veutt. Wnahip no longe id dlefined

ageirn"naliural Dr hiolog ca!aat. Jhus naltun and eeknology howe

|utue mulualy Aubrtilakl he bae betwen whou i attrb uted
Teahnolo94 ond ohat to nalun Kas heceeue gut blunned Iheu too
domavu cs well as the ae undArty belween hem one
ineeaaingyt*
0
abiest ts Cententalion as tiohnotony Oppaety tonus s occup D
K a r u Apovte hi moy e wumed as lichnologi xatuon ef Kalun and
Aalinalxation ef icknology e hsm efeet of both _efa th influanc
AOUoogy of k'nabip. Jrough asvande toeknoloajes aueh as alra-
LCLAd,n kifor binth o a Laby, TAe parnt can eppeuauee pend
LeLO an emstonal 6ond uSih Us hab aung it qoao d
Rmst onal bending ond a Aun e fandl developt befora olel the
haby
JhL ehnolngy ha thu izdufined tho undenlondi'ng f
porenthseod Neno Reprodueve Joahnelomes kau lad dle-oalirab zab on ef
rupnodueboh Aur has eepondd the aacpe ef ainahp Andies a well.
Aas als Contnibud
aigsunty 6 nhande t aalls ef a00men b
ving mon Kuphodlnetie chois . Houover, dezpilt tke advanees AMade ,

ha ala gunwald 9jatou dolil eohldren boN thnegh asvalkd

Rap hoduton. Khahs p i no orger ven but rother Helaton in kinshp
aNL
podueld treugh bahnologital inlonveuluow