VIBRATION & NOISE ENGINEERING1. Fundamentals of Vibrations 2. Forces for vibration occurrence 3. Vibration systems 4. Degree of freedom a . Undamped free vibrations 6. Damped free vibrations 7. Fundamentals of Sound 8. Quantification of Sound 9. Loudness 10. Basics of Noise 11. Sources of Noise and Its Controlling 0 pages left in chapter 0%Vibration Meaning ¢ Any oscillatory motion or displacement of a system or body about its equilibrium or mean position is called vibration. « Vibration occurs when a system is displaced from a position of stable equilibrium. The system tends to return to this equilibrium position under the action of restoring forces. * Elastic bodies like springs, beams etc, when stretched from their equilibrium position by applying external force and then released, execute a vibratory motion. ¢ Vibrations are undesirable in machines and structures because they produce increased stresses, energy losses, increase bearing loads, induce 0 pages left in chapter 3%fatigue, create passenger discomfort in vehicles and absorb energy from the system. Causes of Vibration ¢ Unbalanced centrifugal forces like non-uniform distribution of material in a rotating machine. ¢ Misalignment between two connected shafts or a shaft and its bearings. « Looseness such as loose restraints and excessive clearance of bearings in rotating machines. ¢ Dry friction between two mating surfaces, e.g. machine tool chatter. ¢ Wind induced vibrations like vibration of transmission lines, telephone lines, etc due to wind. ¢ External excitation like shaking of a vehicle on a rough road. 0 pages left in chapterTypes of Vibration There are three types of vibrations: ¢ Free or Natural vibrations ¢ Forced vibrations * Self excited vibrations Free or Natural vibrations It occurs when a body or system is set off with an external force and then the force is removed and the system is allowed to vibrate freely. ¢ The system vibrates because of its inherent forces and no external force is applied. ¢ Example- pulling a child back ona swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. « Natural vibrations do not exist in reality. Forced vibrations 1 page left in chapter 6%¢ It occurs when a periodic disturbing force is applied on a body or system. ¢ The energy supplied by the disturbing force gets supplemented from time to time. ¢ Example- transportation vibration caused by truck engine, springs, road, etc or the vibration of a building during an earthquake. Self excited vibrations It occurs when a steady input in a mechanical system may result in vibration of components with natural frequency. ¢ For example- acoustic vibration results in steady flow of air, simple flow of air over the violin string results in vibration. Both free vibrations and forced vibrations can be either damped vibrations or undamped vibrations. 1 page left in chapter 6%Damped vibrations ¢ When a disturbing force is applied on a body or system, it imparts some energy to the body. ¢ This initial energy gets eventually dissipated in overcoming air and other frictional resistances and thus the vibrations eventually die out. ¢ Such vibrations are termed as Damped vibrations. Undamped vibrations ¢ When an elastic system vibrates due to inherent forces and no external force is applied, it vibrates freely. ¢ If during vibrations there is no loss of energy due to friction or resistance of air or other factors, it is called Undamped vibrations. Forces for Vibration 0 pages left in chapterOccurrence For a vibration to occur the following forces are essential: ¢ Disturbing Force ¢ Restoring Force « Inertia Force Disturbing Force According to Newton's first law of motion, nothing can vibrate on its own. An initial displacement or force may be given to initiate vibration in a system. This force is called disturbing force. Restoring Force The displaced body cannot stay in its new position because of restoring force acting onit. This restoring force is mainly due to elasticity of the body due to which a body tends to return to its original position. Inertia Force This force helps a moving body to move 0 pages left in chapter 9%continuously, unless it is resisted by an external force. Important Definitions Periodic Motion The motion which repeats itself after a regular interval of time is called periodic motion. Frequency The number of cycles completed in a unit time is called frequency. Its unit is Hertz (Hz). Time Period Time taken to complete one cycle is called periodic time. It is represented in seconds/cycle. Amplitude The maximum displacement of a vibrating system or body from the mean equilibrium position is called amplitude. Natural Frequency 0 pages left in chapter 9%When a system executes free vibrations which are undamped, the frequency of such a system is called natural frequency. Resonance When frequency of the exciting force is equal to the natural frequency of the system it is called resonance. The amplitude of vibration at resonance becomes excessive. Simple Harmonic Motion «It is ato and fro periodic motion of a particle. * Acceleration is proportional to the displacement from the mean position. ¢ Acceleration is always directed towards a fixed point which is the mean equilibrium position. «It can be represented by the expression x=Xsin 0 pages left in chapterwt Where, X is the amplitude. Elements of a vibratory system The basic elements of a vibratory system are: « Mass ¢ Spring « Damper « Excitation force 2 pages left in chapter 12%Spring t Damper Escitation force Fo _E Displacement x A Vibratory System Mass (m) ¢ The mass is assumed to be rigid and concentrated at the centre of gravity. * Mass executes vibration and can gain or lose kinetic energy which is proportional to the change in velocity of the body. Spring (k) ¢ The spring element has elasticity and assumed to be of negligible mass. It stores energy when deformed and works as energy restoring element. * The force at spring is given by the 1 page left in chapter 15%relation Where, F = force X = displacement k= stiffness of the spring Damper (c) * The damper is responsible for loss of energy in the system. It converts energy into heat due to friction which may be either sliding friction or viscous friction. ¢ A vibratory system stops vibration because of energy conversion by damper. There are two types of dampers: 1. Viscous Damper- It consists of viscous friction which converts energy into heat. For this damper, force is proportional to the relative velocity. 0 pages left in chapter 18%Fg=cv Where, C = coefficient of damping V = relative velocity 2. Coulomb's Damper- The dry sliding friction acts as a damper. It is almost a constant force but direction is always opposite to the sliding velocity. Therefore, direction of friction changes due to change in direction of velocity. Excitation force (F) ¢ It supplies energy to the vibratory system. « Energy given by excitation element is stored in the mass and the spring and dissipated in the damper in the form if heat. * It is an active element of vibration system. 0 pages left in chapter 18%Types of Vibratory System Most of the mechanical and structural systems can be described using a finite number of degrees of freedom. On the basis of degree of freedom, most of mechanical systems can be divided into following two categories: * Discrete Systems * Continuous Systems Discrete Systems * Systems which have a finite number of degrees of freedom are known as discrete or lumped parameter systems. * These systems include only finite numbers of elastic members. Continuous Systems « Systems with an infinite number of 0 pages left in chapter 18%degrees of freedom are called continuous or distributed systems. * These systems include continuous numbers of elastic members. «In real, most of mechanical and structural systems are continuous systems. Degree of Freedom Meaning ¢ The number of independent co- ordinates required to completely define the configuration or to determine the position of a mechanical system is called the degree of freedom of the system. ¢ The number of degrees of freedom can vary from zero to infinity. ¢ Vibratory systems can be classified on the basis of degree of freedom they 0 pages left in chapter 18%have into following two types: 1. Single Degree of Freedom 2. Multi-degree of Freedom Single Degree of Freedom ¢ If only one spatial co-ordinate is required to define configuration of the system, it is said to possess one degree of freedom. « Amass supported by a spring and constrained to move in one direction without rotation [Fig (a)] and a pendulum oscillating in one plane [Fig (b)] are some examples of single degree of freedom systems. “ © 1 page left in chapter 21%Single Degree Freedom System Multi-degree of Freedom * The systems having more than one degree of freedom are known as multi- degree of freedom systems. « A two mass, two spring system constrained to move in one direction without rotation has two degree of freedom [Fig (a)] and a body in space has six degrees of freedom, three translational and three rotational [Fig (b)] ct a ® Multi Degree Freedom System 7 pages left in chapter 24%Undamped Free Vibrations Meaning ¢ When no external force is applied on a system and it vibrates by its own because of inherent forces acting on it, then such vibrations are called free vibration. ¢ If during vibrations there is no loss of energy due to absence of friction or resistance, it is called Undamped vibrations. * The Undamped vibrations which take place in the absence of external forces are called Undamped free vibrations. Methodology There are several methods to analyse an undamped system: * Newton's method 7 pages left in chapter 24%¢ D ‘Alembert’s method ¢ Energy method ¢ Rayleigh's method Newton's method According to the Newton's II law, the rate of change of linear momentum is proportional to the force impressed upon it. d 4; (mw) © Net force in direction of the velocity d d dt dx (mx,) = CZF dt where c is constant of proportionality. or mx, =cEF For proper units in a system c= J (mx,) =F The direction of forces MX and F are same. A model which represents undamped single degree of freedom 5 pages left in chapter 29%system shall have two elements, i.e. helical spring and mass. The mass is constrained to move only in one direction as shown in figure given below. ¢ The mass is in static condition in Fig (a). * The free body diagram of the mass is shown in Fig (b). The body is in equilibrium under the action of the two forces. Therefore, ka=mg Eq (i) Here ‘A’ is the extension of the spring after suspension of the mass on the spring. 5 pages left in chapter 29%Undamped Free Vibration Figure (c) represents the dynamic. condition of the body. In this case, the body is moving down with acceleration X also in downward direction. Therefore, MXz = ¥ F in direction of Xp or mx,=mg-—k (x+A) ..Eq(ii) Incorporating Eq(i) in Eq(ii) we get, mx, =-kx or MX, + kx =0 5 pages left in chapter 29%..Eq(iii) D Alembert's method The free body diagram of the mass in dynamic condition can be drawn as follows: k(A+x) mg mx, (inertia force) Free Body Diagram The force equation can be written as follows: mx, + mg = k (x+A) ...Eq(iv) Incorporating Eq(i) in Eq(iv) we get, 4 pages left in chapter 32%MX, + kx =0 This equation is same as we got earlier. Rayleigh’s method It is a modified energy method. It may be noted that in a conservative system potential energy is maximum when kinetic energy is minimum and vice-versa. Therefore, equating maximum kinetic energy with maximum potential energy. 1 2/1 - 5 M(x, JD HZ kx and = xX 1 a Lo . zm (XW) > kX & or ®=Alm Energy method This method is applicable to only the 3 pages left in chapter 35%conservative systems. In conservative systems there is no loss of energy and therefore total energy remains constant. When a mechanical system is in motion, the total energy of the system is partly kinetic and partly potential. The kinetic energy is due to the mass M and velocity X. The potential energy is due to spring stiffness and relative movement between the two ends of the spring. Energy (E) = T + U = constant C Where, T = Kinetic energy of the system U = Elastic strain energy Since total energy remains constant 2 pages left in chapter 38%elo oe 4 ¢my=0 dt dt ft T= > m(x,) i Spring force Deflection Spring Force - Deflection Diagram The potential energy of the system consists of two points: ¢ Loss/gain in PE of mass, and * Strain energy of spring. Consider an infinitesimal element du at X = U. From above figure, we have Spring force (F,) =k (u + A) 2 pages left in chapter 38%Work done dW = k (u + A) x du x U fan - loss of PE of mass x J k (w+) du-mgx l fi (u+mg) du - mg x [+ A=, 1 or U= > (kx )+mgx-mgx or ues Eq (v) a 1 1 + k =0 ae 2 2 1 1 + mx 2x Xx, + kx Qe +x, =0 or mx, + kx =0 Solution of Differential Equation The differential equation of single degree freedom undamped system is given by MX, + kx =0 1 page left in chapter 41%k or x,+ |x<0 «Eq (vii) When coefficient of acceleration term is unity, the under root of coefficient of x is equal to the natural circular frequency, i.e. Wh k @.= A) m .Eq (viii) Therefore, Eq(vii) becomes, Xq +Wy? X= 0 Eq (ix) The equation is satisfied by functions sin Wp t and COS Wr t. Therefore, solution of Eq(ix) can be written as x=Asinw, t+ Bcosw,t 1 page left in chapter 44%7 EG (x) where A and B are constants. These constants can be determined from initial conditions. The system shown in Fig 2(a) can be disturbed in two ways: (a) By pulling mass by distance X and (b) By hitting mass by means of a fast moving object with velocity V. Considering case (a) t=0,X = Xand xX, =0 X =B andA=0 Therefore, x= Xcos w, t Eq (xi) Considering case (b) t=0,x = Xandx, =V B=0 and A=V/ Wy, 1 page left inc! 44%Therefore, X= (V/w,) SiN w, t ...Eq (xii) Damped Free Vibrations Meaning ¢ When an elastic system vibrates because of inherent forces and no external force in included, it is called free vibration. ¢ If during vibrations there is a loss of energy due to friction or resistance, it is called damped vibrations. ¢ The damped vibrations which occur in absence of external forces are called damped free vibrations. ¢ In undamped free vibrations, two 1 page left in chapter 44%elements (spring and mass) were used but in damped third element which is damper in addition to these are used. The three element model is shown in figure given below enn ul : = a a a « » ® Damped Free Vibration Damping Meaning ¢ An oscillatory motion which has been started by an initial disturbance cannot continue for long. The energy given to the system at the initial stage is dissipated during motion. This resistance encountered by a body to the vibratory motion is called damping. The resistance may be applied by a 2 pages left in chapter 47%liquid or solid, internally or externally. « Examples include viscous drag in mechanical systems, resistance in electronic oscillators, and absorption and scattering of light in optical oscillators. * At the start of the vibration its amplitude is maximum which goes on decreasing and finally is completely lost with the passage of time. The rate of decrement of amplitude depends upon the amount of damping. Types of damping The various types of damping are: ¢ Viscous damping * Coulomb or Dry friction damping * Structural damping ¢ Slip or interfacial damping Viscous damping ¢ The property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to the 1 page left in chapter 50%motion of one layer over the adjacent one, is called viscosity. ¢ When the system is allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium, the damping is called viscous damping. ¢ Viscous damping force is given by, F=cx Where, c=pA/Y = viscous damping coefficient L = Absolute viscosity of the fluid film A = Cross section area y = Thickness of fluid film Coulomb or Dry friction damping * When one body is allowed to slide over the other, one of the bodies offers resistance to the movement of other body on it. This resisting force is called force of friction and damping is called 1 page left in chapter 50%coulomb damping. ¢ Damping resistance is almost constant and does not depend upon the rubbing velocity. ¢ The expression for coulomb damping is given by F=uRy Where, L = Coefficient of friction Ry = Mg = Normal reaction Structural damping * Structural damping is the inherent characteristics of material and the resistance is offered by the elastic properties from within the body. ¢ The movement of the body is opposed by the intermolecular friction in the structure. The magnitude of this damping is very small as compared to 1 page left in chapter 50%other type of dampings. ¢ The energy lost in this damping is proportional to the square of amplitude of vibration and stiffness of the system. The energy loss is given by E=nmkA At Where, A = Amplitude of vibration k = Stiffness of the system A = Dimensionless damping factor Slip or interfacial damping * The machine elements are connected through various types of joint interfaces. These joints when subjected to fluctuating loads, there occurs microscopic slip which causes dissipation of vibration energy and called as interfacial damping. * The amount of damping depends upon the surface roughness of 1 page left inc!contacting parts, contact pressure and the amplitude of vibration. ¢ The energy dissipated per cycle depends upon the coefficient of friction, the pressure at contacting parts and the amplitude. 1 page left inCritical damping coefficient and damping ratio Critical damping coefficient C, is defined as the value of damping coefficient C for which the damping term (c / 2m)? becomes equal to the k / m. In this case, (c,/ 2m)? =k/m Or c./2m=vVk/m Or co= 2mvk/m=2mo, The ratio of damping coefficient C to critical damping coefficient C, is called as damping ratio. It is a dimensionless ratio and indicated by the symbol €. Mathematically, e-c/.c —c/2mo,. (= 1 page left inc!2mw,, ) c/2m=e, Damping of Systems The damping of a system can be described as being one of the following: * Over damped * Critically damped ¢ Under damped Over damped System ¢ The system returns (exponentially decays) to equilibrium without oscillating. ¢ The value of damping ratio is more than unity, i.e. é>1 Critically damped System * The system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without oscillating. 1 page left inc!¢ The value of damping ratio is more than unity, i.e. eed Under damped System * The system oscillates at reduced frequency with the amplitude gradually decreasing to zero. « Almost all the systems are under damped in practice. ¢ The value of damping ratio is more than unity, i.e. é<1 Displacement Time Diagram The above figure represents the time 2 pages left in chapter 56%diagram for the above mentioned three cases. For over damped and critically damped system, mass returns to its original position slowly and there are no vibrations. Vibration occurs only in under damped system. Sound Meaning * Sound may be defined as disturbance or pressure wave that propagates through a physical medium (elastic) at some characteristic speed. «It is the molecular transfer of motional energy which requires medium to possess inertia and elasticity and cannot therefore pass through a vacuum. * The sound propagates as longitudinal waves in which the particles of medium oscillate parallel 2 paggs#iein chapter 56%direction of propagation of the wave. Wavelength of Sound ¢ The wavelength of sound can be defined as the distance between analogous points of two successive waves. «It is the distance between two successive compressions or two successive rarefactions. ¢ If a compression travelling with a uniform velocity v, moves through a distance of one wavelength in time period t, then A=vt=v/f Frequency of Sound ¢ The frequency of an oscillating disturbance is equal to the number of times every second the disturbance passes from one extreme position to other and back to original position. ¢ The frequency is measured in Hertz 1 page left in chapter 59%(Hz). Frequency dependent Human Response to sound Various characteristics associated with frequency of sound and their human response is discussed below: The Audible Frequency Range ¢ The audible frequency range for a normal human being is 20 HZ to 20000 Hz. ¢ Sound frequencies other than this frequency level are inaudible to humans. * The sounds at frequency above 20000 HZ are called Ultrasonic sound and below 20 HZ are called infrasonic sound. Frequency based Hearing Sensitivity 0 pages left in chapter 62%¢ The sensitivity of human ears is quite good in the frequency range 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz. ¢ It has been found by experiments that resonance occurs in human ear at about 3000 Hz frequency. Threshold of Hearing * When there is no ambient sound in the room, the lowest sound intensity that can barely be detected at any particular frequency is known as Threshold of Hearing or Audibility. «It is a measure to assess the sensitivity of human ears. Frequency Range for Human Voice « Human voice has a frequency range of 80 Hz to 8000 Hz. * Human frequency above 8000 Hz 0 pages left in chapter 62%and below 80 Hz in not common in practice. Decibel Scale ¢ The range of audible sound pressures to which ear is likely to be subjected is from 0.00002 to 200 N/m? Similarly, the sound intensities associated with the acoustic environment range from 1 072010 W/m?. * Due to such wide range of sound pressures and intensities, it is necessary to describe these quantities through the use of logarithmic scale. This scale is known as Decibel Scale. * The sound intensity is measured in decibel (dB) which is the tenth part of 0 pages left in chapter 62%the larger unit Bell named after Alexander Graham Bell. * One dB is equal to the smallest change in sound intensity which a human ear can differentiate. ¢ The decibel is the ratio of sound intensity to be measured to the reference intensity. ¢ Mathematically, Intensity measured (I) dB = 10 log,, Reference intensity (I,) Quantification of Sound Sound Pressure Level * This is the most common decibel scale used. ¢ Sound level meters which read a time averaged pressure, i.e. the root mean 0 pages left in chapter 62%square pressure are used for direct measurement of sound pressure level. ¢ The decibel for sound pressure level is given by Lp = 10 logio (p* / pO?) = 20 logio (Pp / pO) Where, P =rm.s. sound pressure in N/m? Po = reference r.m.s. pressure = 2 x 10° N/m Sound Power Level * The total sound energy emitted by a source per unit time is the sound power, W, which is measured in watts. ¢ It is defined as the total sound energy radiated by the source in the specified frequency band over a certain time 2 pages left in chapter 65%interval divided by the interval. ¢ Thus, in general the power, W, radiated by any acoustic source is W=f,alndA ¢ For a sound source producing uniformly spherical waves, a spherical surface is most convenient, and the above equation leads to the following expression W=4nr'l ¢ The sound power level is given by Lw = 10 logyg (W / Wo) Where, Wz sound power of given source Wo = reference power = 1 ov? w Sound Intensity Level 1 page left in chapter 68%¢ The sound intensity at a given point in a sound field is defined as the average sound power passing through an area of 1 m? perpendicular to the given direction at that point. ¢ The sound intensity for a plane and spherical sound wave, propagating in a free field, along the direction of wave propagation is given by |= pims/ pc Where, p = Density of air (kg/m3) C = Speed of sound (m/sec) ¢ The decibel for sound intensity level is defined as L = 10 logo (I/ Io) Where, |= sound intensity in W/m? Ip = reference sound intensity = 10” 1 page left inc! 68%12 W/m2 * At threshold of hearing i.e. at | = Ip = 10°72 W/m?, sound intensity level, L, = 10 logy) (1072 / 10°12) = 0 dB Octave Bands Analyzing a source on a frequency by frequency basis is time consuming. Therefore, the whole frequency range is divided into set of frequencies called bands. Each band covers a specific range of frequencies. For this reason, a scale of octave bands and one-third octave bands has been developed. Octave Band ¢ An octave band is defined as a range of frequencies in which highest frequency within the range is twice the 1 page left inc! 68%lowest frequency within the range. Single octave band filters are used for a coarser but more rapid measurement. One-third Octave Band ¢ One-third Octave Band Filters are very similar in nature to the Single Octave Band filters. « The difference is that each of the Octave Bands is split into three, giving a more detailed description of the frequency content of the noise. * One-third octaves are useful in many environmental, building acoustics and noise control applications. 2 pages left in chapterOctaves Bands Frequency Analysis Three frequencies are of importance for each octave band: * The Upper frequency (ft) * The central frequency (f,) * The Lower frequency (f,) In order to establish the distribution of energy, as a function of frequency, the measuring instruments needs to filter the acoustic energy into contiguous bands. For each frequency band, the overall sound pressure level of the filtered sound within the band is measured. This overall 2 pages left in chapter 71%SPL of the band is then plotted against the central frequency of the band. The central frequency () for a given range is defined to be arithmetic mean of upper frequency (f,,) and lower frequency (fi) Le. fp=vf, f, wEq(i) For one octave band f,=2f, weEQ(ii) Equa (i) can be written as, f,=V2f or fg = fy / V2 In general, the upper and lower frequencies are related as, fy = 2" f) ..Eq(iii) Where, 74%= 1/3, for one-third octave band General expression for central frequency is, f, = 2/2 f, ...Eq(iv) The bandwidth for an M-octave band is given by, B=fy- f/=2™-1)f ...Eq(v) since f, = 2°”? fyand fy = 2™ f, = 22 £, therefore Equa (v) can be written as, B=fy- f= (22-2) f, Bf, Where, B = 0.707, for one octave band = 0.231 for one-third octave band Loudness 0 pages left in chapter 76%« Loudness is an auditory impression or sensation of an observers’ ear about the strength of sound. « Loudness is an attribute of sound that determines the magnitude of the auditory sensation produced and primarily depends on the amplitude of the sound wave involved. ¢ It depends upon frequency and intensity of sound. « Loudness of a sound is subjective characteristic. Units of loudness measurement * Phons «Sone Phones ¢ Loudness of a particular sound in phons is equal to sound pressure level of a 1000 Hz sound which is equal to the loudness of sound being rated. ¢ Loudness level in phons does not 0 pages left in chaptergive a value directly proportional to the loudness of sound. Sones « Loudness level in sones is approximately directly proportional to the loudness level of sound. ¢ The sone has not been used in the practice of noise evaluation and control. Evaluation of Loudness Two most widely used methods for the purpose of evaluation of loudness are: Steven's Method ¢ Zwicker’s method Steven's Method This method requires frequency band analysis of sound. For this, frequency analyzers which are able to measure the 0 pages left in chapter 76%SPL in each octave or one-third octave band are used. This enables us to draw spectrum of noise which shows how much energy lies in the various frequency bands across the audible frequency range. It includes following steps: * Step 71 - Establish octave band sound pressure levels of the concerned sound. * Step 2 - Find the loudness index value (I) from the figure given below for sound pressure level of each octave band including I,,, the largest of all loudness indices. 2 pages left in chapterSones - Phons Loudness scof10 Index ‘eo Band Pressure Level Frequency in Hz * Step 3 - The total loudness in sones can then be determined by following empirical formula: S= In (1 ~—kK)+K yin |i Where, |; = Loudness index for ith band K = Weighting factor = 0.3 for one octave band 2 pages left in chapter 79%= 0.15 for one-third octave band This method is based upon the fact that higher loudness sound masks the lower loudness sound. Zwicker'’s method It is a graphical method which uses one- third octave band analysis. This method allows for symmetry in masking which makes the importance of higher frequencies than those of masking noise less than that of the lower frequencies. This method gives loudness levels higher than those given by Steven method by about 5 dB. Noise ¢ Unpleasant, unwanted, disturbing sound is generally treated as Noise. * When sound waves are non-periodic, irregular and of short duration, they 1 page left in chapter 82%produce a displeasing effect. This displeasing effect is called noise. 1 page left in chapter 85%Noise interferes with human communication, comfort and health and thus treated as pollution just like chemical waste or smoke. ¢ Noise adversely affects the feeling of well being and poses threat to health of people. Types of Noise Depending upon the path taken by noise it may be classified as: * Air-borne Noise * Structure-borne Noise Air-borne Noise * When the medium in which the noise starts spreading from the source which is air, the noise is called airborne noise. «It is caused by the sources that radiate directly to the air such as traffic noise or music sound etc. Structure-borne Noise 1 page left in chapter 85%¢ When noise starts with the vibrations within a structure, it is called structure borne noise. ¢ It originates in the vibrations of wall, floor or any building element having direct mechanical contact with the source such as mechanical equipment or footsteps. Effects of Noise The effects of noise are given below: * Hearing loss « Annoyance, feeling of displeasure or irritation ¢ Interference in sleep « Interference in communication ¢ Effects on working efficiency ¢ Effects on health Auditory effects of Noise Noise induced hearing loss may be either temporary or permanent in nature 1 page left in chapter 85%depending on the severity of noise exposure. Temporary hearing loss ¢ It may last from a few seconds to a few days. ¢ Dullness of hearing accompanied by a ringing sensation in ears is a symptom of temporary hearing loss. Permanent hearing loss It becomes significant for steady state noise of above 85 dB (A), and above level of 90 dB (A) it may result in severe damage. * Excessive and prolonged noise can permanently damage the inner ear. In general, a person should not be exposed to A-weighted sound level in excess of 80 dB (A) for more than 8 hours. 1 page left in chapter 88%Sources of Noise Sources of noise may be either natural or manmade. Natural sources include thunderstorm, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes etc. But the main sources of noise are manmade. These sources can be divided into following categories: ¢ Traffic noise « Industrial noise « Noise due to constructional equipments ¢ Noise due to domestic appliances Traffic noise This includes noise from automobiles, rail, aircrafts etc. It also includes noise produced by automobile engines, exhaust, horns, sirens etc. Traffic noise, actually is 1 page left in chapter 88%the main menace of noise. Industrial noise In industries noise is the by-product of energy conversion. Noise of high intensity is produced by many machines which are used for manufacturing various items. Noise due to constructional equipments Heavy constructional equipments used for infrastructure development such as construction of roads, buildings, bridges etc produce a heavy noise. These equipments include compressors, welding machines, tower cranes, 3D machines etc. Noise due to domestic appliances Anumber of domestic appliances like food mixers, electric drill machine, lawn mowers, vacuum cleaners, washing machines also produce noise. They are capable of generating noise levels from 77 GB to 91 dB. 0 pages left in chapter 91%Controlling of Noise It may not be possible to completely eliminate the noise pollution. However, their effects can be minimized by reduction of noise at source. Following measures may be taken for effective control of noise pollution: + Using ear protection aids ¢ Proper designing of doors and windows Proper treatment of walls, floors and ceilings ¢ Improvement in working methods while working on noisy machines. + Plantation of trees ¢ Rational town planning * Providing enclosures at sources of noise 0 pages left in chapter 91%¢ Using noise absorption silencers ¢ Damping of vibrations Noise Problem System Anise problem system consists of three parts: * Source «Path « Receiver Source « Any machine component or mechanism from which the acoustic energy originates is called the source. «A machine or moving parts like a gear, a fan, pump-impeller or a stationary component like an arc furnace may constitute a source. ¢ Identification of source helps to 0 pages left in chapter 91%eliminate troublesome vibrations and noise. Path ¢ The path implies course or direction taken by the sound waves to reach the listener which may be direct or indirect. ¢ Various properties associated with path are attenuation, radiation, frequency and absorption. * By modifying the path along which the sound is transmitted, the noise nuisance can be reduced at the receiver end. ¢ A typical path followed by noise in an industry reaching a nearby resident is shown below. Receiver ¢ The destination where sound waves finally reach is called the receiver. «In summer, the house and factory 1 page left in chapter 94%windows are open and a direct path is available to noise to propagate as airborne noise directly from source to receiver. ¢ The receiver is the complainant who may be the person that feels the noise is interfering with his/her routine activities. é Structure Machine ONT tit of Factory ONT celt 7 + House Resident Walls A typical path followed by a noise in an industry for reaching nearby resident is shown in the above figure. 1 page left in book 97%