ABCLNL]BFLKGDV UBSB TVK FKIDSFLBN

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn, skg bqudnnbs qud prdmkilgbgtdidgtd dstâg mdstlgbmbs b nb
dmlhlfbflög md nkfbnds mkgmd sd fkidrflbnlzbg cldgds y/k sdrvlflks y qud sd rdbnlzbg skcrd tdrrdgks
fbnlhlfbmks fkg ugb zkglhlfbflög bhég k fkipbtlcnd.

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn sd fnbslhlfbg dg?

b)  Abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk md Fkidrflk Dxfnuslvk.

c)   Abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk md Fkidrflk y ktrks usks. (Tsk Ilxtk)
c)

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn md bfudrmk b su tlpk pkmrâg nndvbrsd b fbck skcrd tdrrdgks
uclfbmks dg sdftkrds md dxpbgslög urcbgb k qud fkgstltuybg lsnbs rustlfbs, fkg suodflög bn
pbrâidtrk dstbcndflmks dg dn fubmrk md rdsuidg md zkglhlfbflög y nbs supkslflkgds mdn pnbg md
mdsbrrknnk urcbgk.

b)   Abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk md Fkidrflk Dxfnuslvk.

b) Dxfnuslvk. -
 - Vkg bqudnnbs fkghkribmbs pkr nktds pbrb
hlgds md dmlhlfbflög md nkfbnds fkidrflbnds: nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb fkidrflk dxfnuslvk gk
dstâg kcnl`bmbs b dgtrbr dg bpkrtds md abclnltbflög urcbgb pudstk qud pkr sus
fbrbftdréstlfbs fkgstltuydg ug dqulpbildgtk urcbgk md nb flumbm.
Dxfdpflkgbnidgtd y sldiprd qud dn pnbg md mdsbrrknnk urcbgk md nb ourlsmlfflög nk
mdtdrilgd, pkmrâg dstbcndfdrsd bpkrtds pbrb pbrquds y sdrvlflks pÿcnlfks
fkipndidgtbrlks. Dg dstd ÿntlik fbsk, fubgmk
fubgmk sd trbtd md abclnltbflkgds
abclnltbflkgds md nktd ÿglf
ÿglfk
k
mdstlgbmbs b fdgtrks fkidrflbnds mdhlglmbs dg nb gkrib B5.05 mlfaks bpkrtds pkmrâg
uclfbrsd fkik pbrtd mdn Unbg Lgtd`rbn md prkydftks k pkmrâg rdmlilrsd dg mlgdrk.

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn dxfnuslvk pudmdg sdr md mks tlpks?

]LUK _KGLHLFBFLKG GLXDN MD ]LUK MD

TSCBGB VDSXLFLK FKIDSFLK
2 F3 - F6 XDFLGBN \ VDF]KSLBN TVK MLBSLK
3 F4  ‖ F0
F4 ‖  F0 ‖  F<
 ‖ F< MLV]SL]BN /LG]DSMLV]SL]BN
/LG]DSMLV]SL]BN @SBG FKIDSFLK
FD
FD ‖  Flg ‖
 ‖ Flg  FL
 ‖ FL ID]SKUKNL]BGK \ SD@LKGBN FKIDSFLK DVUDFLBN

]lpk 2.- 
2.-  fkgstltuydg abclnltbflkgds fkgvdgflkgbnds qud `dgdrbnidgtd fknlgmbg y prkpkrflkgbg
sdrvlflks b nks sdftkrds md flumbm.

]lpk 3.- fkgstltuydg
3.- fkgstltuydg abclnltbflkgds qud tldgd `rbg lipbftk dg dn mdsbrrknnk urcbgk md nb flumbm, pkr
nk qud mdcd dhdftubrsd dstumlks md lipbftk bicldgtbn y/k vlbn, qud mdtdrilgdg nbs fbrbftdréstlfbs
qud mdcd tdgdr nbs vébs flrfugmbgtds.

Md bfudrmk b nbs fbrbftdréstlfbs md nbs kcrbs dxlstdg = tlpks mlhdrdgtds md abclnltbflög md bfudrmk b
nk fkgsl`gbmk dg dn sl`uldgtd fubmrk?
 

]LUK FBN_BMBV BFDSBV B@TB MDVB@TD DGDS@LB ]DNÌHKGK

(ULV]BV) (XDSDMBV) UK]BCND DNDF]SLFB
B FKGFSD]K FKGFSD]K FKGDQLÖG FKGDQLÖG UTCNLFB \ UTCNLFK
VLIUND MKILFLNLBSLB MKILFLNLBSLB MKILFLNLBSLB MKILFLNLBSLK
C BVHBN]K FKGFSD]K MKGDQLÖG FKGDQLÖG UTCNLFB \ UTCNLFK

F BVHBN]K VLIUND
BVHBN]K MKILFLNLBSLB
FKGDQLÖG MKILFLNLBSLB
FKGDQLÖG MKILFLNLBSLB
UTCNLFB \ MKILFLNLBSLK
UßCNLFK
FKG MKILFLNLBSLB MKILFLNLBSLB MKILFLNLBSLB
VBSMLGDN
M VTDNK VTDNK FKGDQLÖG FKGDQLÖG UßCNLFB \ UßCNLFK
DV]BCLNL_BMK DV]BCLNL_BMK MKILFLNLBSLB MKILFLNLBSLB FKILFLNLBSLB
FKG
VBSMLGDN

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk md fkidrflk dxfnuslvk ]lpk 2, md bfudrmk b nbs fbrbftdréstlfbs urcbgbs
md nb nkfbnlmbm dg qud sd uclfbg pkmrâg sdr mdn tlpk M bn B, y sdrâg fkipbtlcnd fkg nks sdftkrds
fknlgmbgtds. Dg fbsk md fdgtrk fkidrflbnds mdhlglmks dg nb gkrib B.5.05 nb dodfuflög md kcrbs
mdcdrâ sdr ]lpk B k C.

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn md ]lpk 3, md bfudrmk b nbs fbrbftdréstlfbs urcbgbs md nb
nkfbnlmbm dg qud sd uclfbg mdcdrâg sdr mdn tlpk C k B, mdcldgmk sdr fkipbtlcnds fkg nks sdftkrds
fknlgmbgtds y rdspkgmbg b nb lgtdgslmbm md usk md nbs fbnzbmbs fkghkrid b nbs fkgfnuslkgds y
rdfkidgmbflkgds md nks dstumlks md lipbftk bicldgtbn
bi cldgtbn y/k vlbn.

c)   Abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn y ktrks usks ‖

c) usks  ‖ ilxtk.
 ilxtk. - Dstd
- Dstd tlpk md abclnltbflkgds skg
bqudnnbs fkghkribmbs pkr nktds pbrb hlgds md dmlhlfbflög md nkfbnds fkidrflbnds y md usks
fkipbtlcnds fkik vlvldgmb. Xlvldgmb  ‖
 ‖   tbnndr k lgmustrlb, fkg suodflög b nks pbrâidtrks
dstbcndflmks dg dn fubmrk rdsuidg md zkglhlfbflög y nbs mlspkslflkgds mdn pnbg md mdsbrrknnk
urcbgk.

Nbs abclnltbflkgds pbrb usk fkidrflbn fkg ktrks usks ‖

usks ‖ usk
 usk ilxtk pudmdg sdr md fubtrk tlpks.

]LUK TVK ILQ]K _KGLHLFBFLKG GLXDN MD SBG@K MDN

FKIUB]LCND TSCBGB VDSXLFLK FKIDSFLK
6 XLXLDGMB F3
F3 ‖  ‖  F6 XDFLGBN \ VDF]KSLBN TVK MLBSLK
= XLXLDGMB F4  ‖ F0
F4 ‖  F0 ‖  F<
 ‖ F< MLV]SL]BN / LG]DSMLV]SL]B
LG]DSMLV]SL]BNN @SBG FKIDSFLK
FD
FD ‖  Flg ‖
 ‖ Flg  FL
 ‖ FL ID]SKUKNL]BGK \ SD@LKGBN FKIDSFLK DVUDFLBN
4 LGMTV]SLB F3
F3 ‖  ‖  F6 XDFLGBN \ VDF]KSLBN TVK MLBSLK
8 LGMTV]SLB F4  ‖ F0
F4 ‖  F0 ‖  F<
 ‖ F< MLV]SL]BN/LG]DSMLV]SL]BN @SBG FKIDSFLK
FD
FD ‖  Flg - FL
 ‖ Flg ID]SKUKNL]BGK \ SD@LKGBN FKIDSFLK DVUDFLBN
 

]lpk 6.- 
6.-  fkgstltuydg abc
abclnltbflkgds
lnltbflkgds fkgvdgflkgbnds
fkgvdgflkgbnds qud `dgdrbnidgtd
`dgdrbnidgtd fknlgmbg y prkpkrflkgbg
sdrvlflks b nks sdftkrds rdslmdgflbnds md nb flumbm, bmdiâs md bncdr`ud vlvldgmbs.

]lpk =.- 
=.-  Fkgstltuydg abclnl
abclnltbflkgds
tbflkgds qud tldgdg `rbg lipbftk
lipbftk dg dn mdsbrrknnk urcbgk md nb flumbm,
flumbm,
mkgmd sd idzfnb nks usks fkg nb bftlvlmbm rdslmdgflbn md bntb mdgslmbm pkr nk qud mdcd dhdftubrsd
dstumlks md lipbftk bicldgtbn y / vlbn.

]lpk 4.- 
4.-  fkgstltuydg abclnl
abclnltbflkgds
tbflkgds fkgvdgflkgbnds
fkgvdgflkgbnds qud `dgdrbnidgtd
`dgdrbnidgtd fknlgmbg y prkpkrfl
prkpkrflkgbg
kgbg
sdrvlflks b nks sdftkrds rdslmdgflbnds md nb flumbm, bmdiâs md bncdr`br lgmustrlbs md tlpk dndidgtbn
y fkipndidgtbrlb.

]lpk 8.- fkgstltuydg
8.- fkgstltuydg abclnltbflkgds qud tldgd `rbg lipbftk fkg dn mdsbrrknnk urcbgk md nb flumbm
mkgmd sd idzfnb nks usks fkidrflbnds fkg nb bftlvlmbm lgmustrlbn md tlpk dndidgtbn y fkipndidgtbrlb
pkr nk qud mdcd dhdftubrsd dstumlks md lipbftk bicldgtbn y/k vlbn.

nbs md tlpk = y 8, md bfudrmk b nbs fbrbftdréstlfbs urcbgbs md nb nkfbnlmbm dg qud sd uclfbg dg pkmrâg
sdr mdn tlpk C bn B, mdcldgmk sdr fkipbtlcnd fkg nks sdftkrds fknlgmbgtds y nb lgtdgslmbm md usk md
vébs qud fkgfnuyb dn dstumlk md lipbftk bicldgtbn y/k vlbn.

Mdpdgmldgmk md nb fnbsd md nb fnbsd md abclnltbflög pbrb usk fkidrflbn fkg ktrks usks
usks ‖  ilxtk mdcdrâ
 ‖ ilxtk
fuipnlrsd fkg dhdftubr bpkrtds pbrb hlgds dspdféhlfks, qud skg nks sl`uldgtds?

-  Vdrvlflks Uÿcnlfks Fkipndidgtbrlks y

-  Ubrquds zkgbnds.

Fubgmk sd trbtd md abclnltbflkgds md nktd ÿglfk mdstlgbmbs b fdgtrks fkidrflbnds mdhlglmbs dg nb

gkrib B.5.05 fkg ktrks usks  ‖ ilxtk, mlfaks bpkrtds pkmrâg uclfbrsd fkik pbrtd mdn pnbg lgtd`rbn
 ‖ ilxtk,
mdn prkydftk k pkmrâg rdmlilrsd dg mlgdrk.

Nks bpkrtds md abclnltbflög urcbgb dg nks tlpks 6 y =, sd abrâg dg hugflög md nb mdgslmbm rdslmdgflbn.
Nks bpkrtds md abclnltbflög urcbgb dg nks tlpks 4 y 8, sd abrâg md bfudrmk b nk dstbcndflmk pbrb nbs
abclnltbflkgds pbrb fkidrflk dxfnuslvk.

Mdhlglflkgds.

LVNBV STV]LFBV. - Dn

- Dn Unbg md Mdsbrrknnk Idtrkpknltbgk pkgd fkik ârdbs md dxpbgslög urcbgb bqudnnbs?

-  Nkfbnlzbmks dg sudnks drlbzks, md nks fubnds nb ibykréb md dnnks dstâg lgfursk dg prkfdsk md kfupbflög
k lgvbslög gk fkgsknlmbm pkr nb dmlhlfbflög.
-  Vudnks b`réfknbs slg dicbr`k dstbs tldgdg qud fuipnlr fkg nb sl`uldgtd fkgmlflög?
Ârdbs b`réfknbs fkgtlgubs b vébs.
Ârdbs b`réfknbs qud abg qudmbmk dgfdrrbmbs dg dn mdsbrrknnk urcbgk, ds mdflr nbs mdgkilgbmbs lsnbs
urcbgbs.

VDSXLFLKV UTCNLFKV FKIUNDIDG]BSLKV. -  -  Vl`glhlfbmk md sdrvlflks pÿcnlfks fkipndidgtbrlks

fkipndidgtbrlks dg dn
dn
fkgtdxtk mdn mdrdfak nkfbn pdrubgk? Ds nb mktbflög md sdrvlflks pbrb btdgmdr nbs gdfdslmbmds dmufbtlvbs, md
sbnucrlmbm, md fkiuglfbflög, md sd`urlmbm lgtdrlkr, md dgdr`éb, rdnl`lksbs, rdfrdbflkgbnds y skflbnds.

DMLHLFBFLKGDV \ DRTLUBILDG]KV TSCBGKV. - Vkg cldgds pÿcnlfks k prlvbmks, md utlnlmbm pÿcnlfb,

mdstlgbmks b prdstbflög md sdrvlflks gdfdsbrlks bn hugflkgbildgtk md nb flumbm, lipnbgtbmks idmlbgtd
butkrlzbflög mdn pkmdr pÿcnlfk, dspbflks pÿcnlfks y prlvbmks.