TOPIC 3: CURRENT AND EMERGING TRENDS ensure solid economic performance today and in

the future.
Current and Emerging Trends The World Economic Forum’s annual Global
• Global Trend Competitiveness Report 2008 - 2009 ranked the
• Local Trends Philippines at 71 out of 134 countries.
• Environmental Management Competitiveness is defined as the set of
institutions, policies and factors that determine the
Global Trends level of productivity of a country. The level of
productivity sets the natural level of productivity
1. Global Competitiveness
of a country. The level of productivity sets the
2. Global Warming
sustainable level of prosperity that can be earned
3. Sustainable Development
by an economy. More competitive economies tend
4. Green Consumerism
to be able to produce higher levels of income for
1. Global Competitiveness their citizens. The productivity level also
determines the rate of return obtained by
• Increased productivity
investments in an economy.
• Improved product quality
• Cost effectiveness In a smaller scale, a company must be able
• Safety to increase productivity, lower cost and ensure
• Environment friendly high quality and safety products to be able to
• Social Conscience compete in the market. Certifications such as ISO
(e.g., ISO 9000, 14000, 22000), HACCP, HALAL
Globalization – refers to the process of global
and Social Accountability 8000 can add to the
integration of the economics of nations by
competitiveness of a company especially if their
allowing the unrestricted flow of goods, services,
clients/ market requires them to have
investments and currencies between countries
certifications.
Globalization phenomenon is happening
2. Global Warming
because of:
Global Warming is a concern of everyone.
1. Technological revolution in transportation,
telecommunication and information For over the past 200 years, the burning of
technology. fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and deforestation
2. Revolution in IT has reduced the time of have caused the concentrations of heat trapping
introducing new products to the market. “greenhouse gases” to increase significantly in our
Before it is “big eats small” but now “fast atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from
eats slow” (Moore’s Law). escaping to space. As the concentration of these
3. World Trade Organizations (WTO) move gases continue to increase in the atmosphere, the
towards liberalization. earth’s temperature is climbing above past levels
4. Transnational companies need to maximize causing climate change and rising sea level.
their presence in every market and
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
minimize cost by constantly improving
Change (IPCC, 2007) concluded that: Human
supply chain meeting through just in time
beings are exposed to climate change through
global sourcing and improved productivity
changing weather patterns. One major move to
within the value chain.
address global warming/climate change is Kyoto
Global Competitiveness Protocol, which contains legally binding emission
targets for developed countries for the post 2000
The global economy is facing rising food
period. They have committed to reduce their
and energy prices, a major international financial
collective emissions of six key greenhouse gases
crisis and the slowdown in the world’s leading
by at least 5%. The Clean Development
economies. These challenges require each
Mechanism under this protocol enables the
economy to increase its global competitiveness to
industrialized countries to finance emission
reduction projects in developing countries and
receive credit for doing so.
Global Warming Fingerprints:
1. Heat waves and periods of unusually warm
weather
2. Ocean warming, sea level rise, coastal
flooding
3. Glacier’s melting
4. Arctic and Antarctic warming
5. Spreading Disease
6. Earlier spring arrival
7. Plant and animal range shifts and
population change
8. Coral reef bleaching
9. Downpours, heavy snowfalls and flooding
10. Droughts and fires
Local Scenarios due to Global Warming
1. Increasing cases of dengue fever, typhoid
fever and cholera
2. Stronger Typhoons (e.g. Milenyo, Frank)
3. Coral bleaching
4. Hotter summer days
5. Rising sea level
Earth Hour – an international event created by
the WWF, held on the last Sunday of March that
asks households and businesses to turn off their
essential lights and electrical appliances for one
hour to raise awareness towards the need to take
action on global warming.
production, processing, manufacturing,
preparation and use of food to ensure that
food is safe when consumed.
7 Principles of HACCP
1. Conduct a hazard analysis
2. Identify critical control points
3. Establish critical limits for each critical
control point.
4. Establish critical control point
monitoring requirements.
5. Establish corrective actions.
6. Establish procedures for ensuring the
HACCP system is working as intended.
7. Establish record keeping procedures.
• ISO 22000 - specifies the requirements
for a food safety management system that
involves the following elements:
1. interactive communication
2. system management
3. prerequisite programs
4. HACCP principles
2. Energy Conservation
• Why do we need to conserve energy?
1. High Cost of Electricity
2. Low/diminishing supply of fossil fuel
3. Environmental Impacts (e.g., Air
Pollution, Global Warming)
Energy Management - steps taken to minimize
energy that is used and wasted.

Local Trends Energy Efficiency - conservation and use of

energy; a measure of the productivity per unit of
1. Food Safety energy consumed; employs devices which results
2. Energy Conservation in less energy being used for the same task and
3. Environmental Issues function.
4. Health and Safety
5. Community Issues Energy Conservation - saving energy by any
means including energy efficiency and adopting
1. Food Safety practices to reduce energy consumption.
• Current Good Manufacturing Practices Improved energy efficiency and conservation
(cGMP) - sets of sanitation guidelines for - provide the greatest scope for reducing energy
the food handlers in a food processing plant requirements and its negative impact to the
or establishment to ensure safe wholesome environment.
and quality products.
• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Energy Audit - critical assessment of an energy
Points (HACCP) - a scientific, rational and consuming facility; an effective energy
systematic approach to identification, management tool.
assessment and control of hazards during
National Energy Efficiency and Conservation 4. Health and Safety
Program (NEECP) - declared policy of the
• Work Force Issues
government to promote the judicious conservation
a. Healthy and safe work environment
and efficient utilization of energy resources
b. Health insurance premiums
through adoption of the cost-effective options
• Occupational Injury - any injury which
toward the efficient use of energy to minimize
results from a work accident or from
environmental impact.
exposure in the work environment.
3. Environmental Issues Typical Occupational Injuries
1. Cuts, Lacerations, Punctures, Avulsions
Environmental Laws and Regulations
2. Contusions, Bruises, Hematoma,
1. RA 6969 (Toxic Substance and Abrasions
Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Act) – 3. Strains, Sprains, Dislocations,
an act to control toxic substances and Fractures
hazardous and nuclear wastes, providing 4. Burns & Scalds (Thermal, Chemical)
penalties for violations thereof, and for 5. Crushing, Spinal, Cranial Injuries
other purposes. 6. Amputations, Loss of Body Parts
2. DAO 92-29 - implementing rules and 7. Foreign Body in the Eye
regulations of Republic Act 6969. 8. Electrocution, Electric Shock
3. RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste 9. Asphyxiation, Poisoning
Management Act) - an act providing for • Occupational Illness - any abnormal
an ecological solid waste management condition or disorder other than resulting
program, creating the necessary from an occupational injury, caused by
institutional mechanisms and incentives, exposure to environmental factors
declaring certain acts prohibited and associated with employment.
providing penalties, appropriating funds PD 442 (Labor Code of the Philippines
therefor, and for other purposes. Article 162)
4. RA 8749 (Clean Air Act) - an act - decree instituting a labor code thereby
providing for a comprehensive air pollution revising and consolidating labor and social
control policy and for other purposes. laws to afford protection to labor, promote
5. DAO 2000-81 - IRR for RA 8749 employment and human resources
6. RA 9275 (Clean Water Act) - An act development and insure industrial peace
providing for a comprehensive water based on social justice.
quality management and for other - provides the establishment of OSH
purposes. Standards (Occupational Safety and Health
7. DAO 05-10 - IRR for RA 9275 Standards).
8. PD 586 (Environmental Impact
5. Community Issues
Assessment System) - Amending
Republic Act no. 6372 entitled: "An act 1. Right-to-know
creating the municipality of dupax del sur 2. NIMBY syndrome
from the municipality of dupax in the 3. NIMTO
province of Nueva Vizcaya," inserting new 4. Waste Segregation
sections therein, providing for 5. Participatory
implementation thereof.
NIMBY (Not – In – My – Back - Yard) - reflects
9. DAO 96-37 - IRR for EIS
the propensity of local citizens and officials to
10. RA 9367 (Biofuels Act) - An act to direct
insist on siting unwanted but necessary facilities
the use of biofuels, establishing for this
anywhere but in their own community.
purpose the biofuel program, appropriating
funds therefor, and for other purposes.
NIMTO (Not – In – My – Term in - Office) - no
politicians will risk any challenging decisions if
his/her community does not want any facilities to
be built in their area.
Minamata Disease - neurological syndrome
caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms
include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet,
general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of
vision and damage to hearing and speech. In
extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma, and
death follow within weeks of the onset of
symptoms. A congenital form of the disease can
also affect fetuses in the womb.
Minamata Bay Tragedy - From 1932 to 1968,
Chisso Corporation, a company located in
Kumamoto Japan, dumped an estimated 27 tons
of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay.
Bhopal Disaster
• A gas leak incident in India, considered one
of the world's worst industrial
catastrophes.
• It occurred on the night of December 2–3,
1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited
(UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India.
• A leak of methyl isocyanate (42 tons) gas
and other chemicals from the plant resulted
in the exposure of hundreds of thousands
of people.
Marcopper Tragedy
• Philippines' biggest industrial accident.
• March 24 ,1996, a tunnel in Marcopper
Mining Corporation’s Tapian Pit collapse
and spilled 1.6 million cubic meters of mine
sludge and causing biologic death of the
Boac River, the biggest and longest
waterway on Marinduque island.
• The toxic spills immediately caused flash
floods which isolated five villages. Their
sources of drinking water were
contaminated while fish, freshwater shrimp
and pigs were killed.
TOPIC 4: CLEANER PRODUCTION
Multimedia Transfer of Pollution
Pollution
• US EPA - Pollution is defined as any
undesirable change in the chemical or
biological characteristics of air, water or
land that may or will harmfully affect
human life or that of other undesirable
species, our processes, living conditions or
cultural assets or that may or will waste or
deteriorate material resources.
• PD 984 - Pollution is any alteration of the
physical, chemical and biological
properties of any water, air and or land
resources of the Philippines or any
discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or
solid wastes will or is likely to create or to
render such water, air and land
resources harmful, detrimental or
injurious to public health, safety or welfare
or which will adversely affect their
utilization for domestic, commercial,
industrial, agricultural, recreational or
other legitimate purposes.
Application of pollution control techniques
(end-of-pipe treatment)
• After employing end-of pipe treatment
technologies, the pollutant may still
contaminate environment and pose health
hazards since technologies like air pollution
control devices (APCD) and wastewater
treatment plants (WWTP or WTP) often
times have high capital investments and
are expensive to operate.
• Increase of wastes is associated with the
depletion of most of the non-renewable
resources. The energy required to
transform and upgrade these wastes is
 proportional to the quantities being treated
and rises exponentially with increasing
dilution of the waste. Total cost of
collections for collection, segregation,
intermediate storage, transport, treatment
and final storage makes pollution
prevention economically attractive.
Pollution Prevention
• It is the use of materials, processes, or
processes that reduce or eliminate the
creation of pollutants or wastes as the
sources. It includes practices that reduce
the use of hazardous and non-hazardous
material, energy, water or other resources
as well as those that protect natural
resources through conservation or more.
• LCA studies are conducted for the purpose
of answering certain questions, and those
questions drive the design of the LCA
study. Ex: How does the potential
environmental impact of a new product
compare to that of products that are
already on the market?
• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is also known
as eco-balance, cradle to grave analysis,
resource analysis, environmental impact
analysis.
• LCA is an analysis of a product or service
system throughout all stages of the life
cycle raw materials acquisition,
manufacturing, transportation,
use/reuse/maintenance recycling waste
management, and the relevant energy
supply systems.
Materials Cycle
Trend:
1. Comply with regulations through the
construction or installation of wastewater
treatment plants or air pollution control
devices.
2. Environment, health and safety (EHS) were
performed by staff designated for these
responsibilities. Company personnel act as
EHS officer or coordinators because the law
simply requires then to.
Today, more and more companies have realized
the advantages of preventing pollution before they
occur. Products are being viewed from the
customer side, design, manufacture, transport,
use and final disposal. EHS are now facets of a
company's operation.
Compliance Prevention
“End-of-Pipe” Life cycle approach
EHS functional Multi-function
Isolation integration
Source: LaGrega et al., Hazardous Waste
management (1994)
Cleaner Production – refers to a mentality of
how goods and services are produces with the
minimum environmental impact under present
technological and economic limits.
CP is a “win-win” strategy. It protects the
environment, the consumer and the worker while
improving industrial efficiency, profitability and
competitiveness.
Other related terms to CP are:
• Pollution prevention
• Waste minimization
• Eco-profitability
• Green productivity
• Low and non-waste technologies
• Zero waste emission
The key difference between pollution control (PC)
and CP is one of timing. PC is an after-the-event,
‘react and treat’ approach. CP is a forward-looking,
anticipate and prevent philosophy.
• CP can be applied to processes used in any
industry, to products themselves and to
various services provided in society.
• For production processes, CP results
from one or combination of conserving raw
materials, water, energy; eliminating toxic
raw materials; and reducing the quantity
and toxicity of all emissions and wastes at
source during the production process.
• For products, CP aims to reduce the
environmental health and safety impacts of
products over their life cycles, from raw
material extraction, through manufacturing
and use, to its "ultimate disposal of
products.
• For services, CP implies incorporating
environmental concerns into design.
Benefits of CP
1. Increased plant productivity thru more
efficient use of raw materials due to
improve processes and operations
2. Reduced operating costs by adapting
production and - packaging procedures
that consume fewer resources, thereby
creating less wastes. As wastes are
reduced, the percentage of raw materials
converted to finished products increases,
with a proportional decrease in material
costs. Other operating costs involved like
waste management may also be reduced.
3. Public health and Environmental benefits -
CP reduces the generation of wastes at the
source, or results in less hazardous waste,
and thus assures improved public health
and environmental protection. Likewise,
the consumption of less raw materials
rebounds to the conservation of natural
and mineral resources.
4. Work Health and Safety – By reducing or
eliminating toxic substance use, the safety
of the work environment can be improved
and personal protective equipment
requirement decreased, Also, reducing the
likelihood of leaks, spills and releases can
decrease worker, visitor, and contractor
exposure.
5. Reduced Risk of Liability – CP can reduce
regulatory exposure, and in some cases,
may eliminate the need for permits,
manifesting, monitoring and reporting. CP
can help reduce long term liability by
reducing the amount and the hazard of
waste generated.
6. Improve Corporate Image and Improved
Global Competitiveness. Practicing CP can
enhance the company’s public image and
may also increase the acceptance of its
product globally.
Business definition of waste – anything other
than the minimum amount of equipment,
materials, parts and worker’s time which is
absolutely essential to add value to product. – 3M
Waste Management Hierarchy
1. Source reduction
2. Recycling
3. Treatment
4. Disposal
Source reduction involves product or process 4. Changes in process conditions, such as flow
changes that reduce pollution at source. rates, temperatures, pressures and
residence times.
1. Product Changes
c. Improved Operating Practices
Product changes in the composition or use of the
intermediate or end products are performed by the 1. Operating/Maintenance Procedures
manufacturer with the purpose of reducing waste 2. Management Practices
from the manufacture, use or ultimate disposal of 3. Materials handling Improvements
the products. 4. Inventory Control
5. Production Scheduling
Product changes include:
6. Stream segregation
1. Changes in quality standards 7. Waste Segregation
2. Changes in product composition 8. Training
3. Increase in product durability
Many of these measures are used in industry
4. Product substitution
largely as efficiency improvements and good
Product changes can lead to changes in design management practices. Good operating practices
and composition. The new product can thus have can often be implemented with little cost. These
less environmental impacts throughout its life practices can be implemented in all areas of the
cycle; from raw material extraction to final plant, including production, maintenance
disposal. operations and in raw material and product
storage.
2. Process Changes
Management and personnel practices:
Includes employee training, incentives and
bonuses, and other programs that encourage
employees to conscientiously strive to reduce
waste and emission.

Materials handling and inventory practices:

a. Input Material Changes in raw materials
accomplish CP by reducing or eliminating the
hazardous materials that enter the production
process. Also, changes in input materials can be
made to avoid the generation of hazardous wastes
within the production process. Input material
changes include material substitution.
b. Technology Changes are oriented towards
process and equipment modifications to reduce
waste and emissions, preliminary in a production
setting. Technology changes can range from minor
changes that can be implemented in a matter of
days at low cost to the replacement of processes
involving large capital cost.
Technology changes include the ff:
1. Changes in the production process
2. Modification of equipment, layout or piping
3. Use of automation
Includes programs to reduce loss of input
materials due to mishandling, expired shelf life of
time-sensitive materials and proper storage
conditions.
Production scheduling: By analyzing these
factors, the departments or groups that generate
wastes and emissions become more aware of the
effects of their treatment and disposal practices,
and have a financial incentive to minimize their
wastes and emissions. By judicious scheduling of
batch production runs, the frequency of
equipment cleaning and the resulting wastes and
emissions can be reduced.
Waste segregation and stream segregation:
these practices reduce the volume of hazardous
materials/wastes by hazardous materials/wastes.

• Treated, semi-treated or untreated wastes
Reuse - A material is being reuse if it serves the
same purpose and objective as its previous usage.
chemical oxygen demand (COD) are
treated prior t discharge in bodies of water;
go to the sanitary landfills or hazardous
landfills. A secure landfill is a carefully
engineered depression in the ground into
which wastes are put. The aim is to avoid
any hydraulic (water related) connection
between the wastes and the surrounding
environment particularly groundwater.

Use means reutilization of a material in an

environmentally sound manner that will not result
in a hazard to human health or the environment.
A material is reuse if it is either:

1. Employed as an ingredient, including use

as an intermediate industrial process to
make a product
2. Used in particular function or application as
an effective substitute for a commercial
product.

Recycling

Reclaim: A material is reclaimed if it is processes

to recover a usable product or if it is regenerated.

Recycling can either be accomplished within the

same manufacturing process by methods such as
distilling a spent solvent for reuse. Or it may
involve sending waste materials off-site for
recycling if the company is unable to reuse the
material on-site, as in the case of spent lead-acid
batteries. Part of recycling is the need to close the
4 critical elements in a secure landfill:
recycling loop by emphasizing the use of recycled
material wherever feasible. 1. Bottom liner
2. Leachate collection
Treatment and Disposal
3. Cover
• Treatment of waste can include 4. Natural hydrogeologic setting.
incineration, neutralization, precipitation,
The natural setting can be selected to minimize the
or other chemical or physical methods to
possibility of wastes escaping to ground water
prepare a waste for release to the
beneath a landfill.
environment by making it less hazardous.
• Most common treatment technology
present in almost all industry is the
wastewater treatment, plant/facility
(WWTP) where wastewater with high
biological oxygen demand (BOD) and
General steps in establishing the CP Program

CP program overview

1. Top management commitment- Getting top

management support is necessary to have
an effective CP program.
2. Planning and Organizing – Organizing a CP
begins by naming the CP task force,
formulating the CP goals and identifying
driving and restraining forces in
implementing CP.
3. Assessment- Conducting a detailed CP
assessment on the facility and generating
options.
4. Feasibility analysis – Evaluating CP options
to determine which are technically,
economically and environmentally feasible.
5. Implementation – Selecting projects.
Obtaining funds and installing of the
selected projects for implementation
6. Monitoring and evaluation- Monitoring of
the implemented projects and evaluating
economic and environmental performance.
7. Maintaining and sustaining CP program for
continued growth and continued benefits to
the company.