Intropdcrion to RES & Wino Power PLants REAR ee Resaath oie ei jon : Renewable Sources of nergy-Crid-Supplied Flectricity-Distributed Generation-Renewable Energy Economic ulation of Hlectrcity Generation Costs ~Demand Side Management Options - Supply Side Management Options-Modem tronic Controls of Power Systems, a Power Plants : Appropriate Location -Evaluation of Wind Intensity -Topography -Purpose ofthe Energy Generated - General cation of Wind Turbines-Rotor Turbines-Maltiple-Blade Turbines - Drag Turbines -Lfting Turbines-Generators and Speed used in Wind Power Energy Analysis of Small Generating Systems. LEARNING OBJEC ES ‘completion of this unit, the student shall be able to understand the following coneépts, Renewable source of energy Grid supplied electricity and distribution generation Economics of renewable energy Demand side management and supply side management options ‘Modern electronic controls of power systems Appropriate location of wind wind power plants Classification of wind turbines Generators and speed control used in wind power energy Analysis of small generating systems. ‘The industrial revolution in Europe made an initial step towards the sobioust te oci 2ole realized thot the housing. and energy are needed forthe development of the Baier a Scanned wth CamSeannerPOINTS TO REMEMBER Introduction to RES Sources of energy which do not extinguish and renew naturally are known as Renewable Energy Sour ‘biomass, geothermal and hydro energies ate examples of renewable energy sources, ‘BY Sources, ‘The primary energy source can be convertéd to grid supplied electricity by using Faraday’s Effect, via a Blectrochemical Effect tae ‘Distributed generation involves use of small generators ae -Anmual running cost is divided into two different costs namely, fuel cost, operation and maintenance cost, S RaicaaenaeaS aa ‘The capital recovery factor ensures that investment cost of a plant at its construction phase is discounted, ‘etl pena ne acpi ane vol eter inrenewable energy can becheaper. > ‘Power electronic technology is a part ‘The different sources of data aes fey ae rs Meteorological maps ‘Scanned wih CamScanner‘Scanned wih CamScannera RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (JNTU.MYDERABAD) QE Discuss briefly about Bete Minit In wind Wurbhi Answer: Model Pavers aN) ‘The maximum achievable rotor efficiency or power eoveficiont oF any’ wind turbines i Known as Het Tint, Hy value i 0.593 oF Equation obtained when exit ‘eon boner ofthe veloolty at the entry ofthe wind turbine, is arnn Hy Maximum power = 49°» Total available power = Mebane (omep av) ‘Seamed!UNIT-1 Introduction to RES & Wind Power Piants 9. Explain what is meant by tip spoed ratio, Answer ! Tip Speed Ratio 5 te “ : Crises ddim Itis given by, ne @xr 7 ‘Where, ‘© ~ Speed of rotation of the blade r-Radivsofrotorofthetubing ‘Speed of the incoming wind, Ane Q10. One et ae sGtasaikionnstarad'ry ‘Scanned wih CamScannerRENEWABL AY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS ws renewable energy sources. Solar, wi nes not extinguish and renews naturally are known as renewal ve ape forageoel yt ‘sources, Earth as a planet receives solar energy inthe of renewable energy iomass, geothermal and hydro enerpies are examples of renewab vies fon of a - the sun To seaiatb of solar energy received is much higher than human kind’s requirement. Various ‘waves occurs due to heat of sun. Plants use rain, snow and clements or events of nature such as rain, wind, snow, rivers and waves occurs soni foe thar growth and the organic matter responsible for plants grow is called as biomass Biomass can be used as g transportation fuel and chemical. Ais, its used to generate electricity, ‘The extraction of hydrogen canbe obtained from various organic compounds like water. As hydrogen is always available “Hydrogen in its free state can be used as a fuel or to generate electricity, in combined stat, itis separated from other elements. Renewable energy sources such as sola, wind, biomass, geothermal and water have been given importance for thousands of ‘year but the technical and economical potential that are identified and exploited are very minimal. Though renewable energy Sources is considered asthe safe clean and cost effective alternative. Development in field of renewable source of energy results in increased employment and dependency of one country on other countries for oil G43. Discuss about planning and development of integrated energy. Answer : ‘Based on statistical data, potential of sola energy is around 90 * 10 Mioe (million tonne oil equivalent) per year. This potetial is almost 10000 times the total primary energy supply of the world. Inthe same manner, potential of wind energy which ‘can be recovered is almost two times the world’s eletricity requirement in 2020. Faster and wider deployment of renewable So tenes ts, gies epporanis ant ais ned fr ntetion of hve ecnolgiti enity smn (Considerations involved in planning and i ‘ (pacn soliceeeTC oe tiara cx egrted energy are enespy source existence, envionment, red. The extent to which the investment i successful will depend on factors such as, 1. Capacity of grid supply 2. Behaviour of load 3. Sources of dstribvuted generation Each method to control the variables and load to generation, The such as voltage, Ton, Vrous ype of ere 3 oF BERTON is idetied bythe vinaion ey ends On machi | 1. eh, ‘ataton in economic and phy shal aon hoe 4 Base load generation: Nuc| load, i * Nuclear power, large biomass and ‘and large coal Z ‘a ce ‘of base load generation. This type of 01 soo i. MIA, Apo ound tie sue eo Se ‘Scanned wih CemScannerwo kGTA wagcKr~ \ LUNIT-1 Introduction to RES & Wind Power Plants 1.7 J Peaking generation: FucT cells and gas turbines are The ability to make profits due to thermal energy ensures examples ofthis type of generation, This type of load is of CHP. It captures the rejected energy of a process. taser to vary, but expensive Traditionally, the steam obtained from the boiler is used to «standby generation; Fuel ces, gas turbines and | ie power which then bought from the lol tity. Also, diesel engines are examples of standby generation. Itis | thermal energy in the steam is utilized for other purposes. __ easier to vary load in this case Q16. Discuss about renewable energy economics? 44. Intermittent generation: Wind power, solar power | Answer and run-of the aw hydro power are the examples of The demand for wide range of services like industry, intermittent generation, Fuel cells as peaking or standby generation depends on two factors. Firstly, the availability of hydrogen and secondty, maximum power extracted from the cell without aay adjustment on its useful life. The reservoir hydropower is considered as cither base or peaking generation, Also, intermittent generation ensures that load is always equal to generation ‘Q45. Explain about distributed generation (DG)? Answer : Distributed generation involves use of small generators distributed across the system for providing electrical energy to consumers. The capacity of small generators lie between 1 MW tw 10 MW. Current distributed generation power sources consists of photovoltaics, hydropower, gas turbines, wind, dicsel and fuel cells. The DG provides services to: both transmission and distribution systems. The technical abilities of DG are now identified in the field of transmission and guidelines are made sccordingly to participate and provide services in the market, The influence of DG on transmission system depends. on amount of generation with respect to total load on the system. A single 2 MW generator does not show any effect on the ‘operation of transmission system rather shows considerable effec on distribution system. But effect of 2 MW generation on operation of transmission system is undeniable ifthe DG ‘market supplies at Jeast 30% of the total consumer load. ‘The services provided by DG to the dirtibution system ate, 1. Capacity support 2. Contingency capacity support 3. Voltage support " 4. Voltage regulation ie © 5. Loss reduction Fee mata, we §.. Equipment fife extension, welensh Combined heat and power (CHP) is linked with prime mea ee ‘Teciprocating engines and turbines that ‘aled gg PONT 10 the shaft to generators, CHP systems are Syatene, eeterations and main purpose of developing CHP fr ato the buying of power rom service provider sie Gime i transportation, household, and commerce can be fulfilled by ‘energy systems, These energy services are provided by energy supply unit and end-use technology, The supply of electricity in united states, Europe, Russia, and japan consists of larger power units with an average capacity of producing hundreds of megawatts using conventional energy sources. On the contrary, the natural arrangement of renewable energy sources that embedded in distribution network brings the customer closer. Thereby reducing smaller losses. The utilities at power sector have ‘minimum experience in connecting small scale units with distribution networks. The existing electrical infrastructure determine the possibility of renewable penetration. For Example: Power can be generated from large offshore wind farms if the required electricity grid system is available. In some locations, to provide high penetration levels of upto 100% electricity new electricity infrastructures have been set up from renewable energy sources. Distributed electricity generation is different from ttaditional model of large power station. Distributed generation is new that introduces economy of numbers by eliminating economy of scale. Transmission and distribution losses along with transmission and distribution costs. are reduced using distributed generation based renewable source of energy. It provides continuous supply to customers, stimulate competition in supply, adjust prices etc, Therefore International energy alternative scenario predicts that 36% of savings in distribution grid and 40% of savings in transmission arid can be achieved due to increased use of DG. Q17, Write about calculation of electricity generation costs in detail. Answer: ‘The distinction between existing plant and potential plant is made prior to the calculation of generation costs. The short term marginal cost or running cost of existing plant is ‘considered only to take economic decisions regarding the generation of electricity in plant. Whereas long term marginal costs are very important for potential plants. Existing Plants Annual running cost is divided into two different costs namely, fuel cost, and operation and maintenance (O and M) cost. Fuel cost depends on fuel price and its efficiency, ‘operation and maintenance cost is the electricity output with full load hours. Therefore, electricity generation costs for existing plants are given by, ‘ C=C, = Gt Coan Ry | ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) ‘Scanned with CamScannerRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDERA\ interest rate {C= generation costs per kilowatt C= taning costs pet energy unit C, =fel costs per energy unit « Operation and maintenance costs per energy unit 1, Revenues gained from purchase of heat P, Fuel price P,~ Heat prive oan systems. | ict ce sci ene ‘ay —Bficieny of electricity generation Depron sey oe lem team ae aa investment costs can also occur within te aes is fein Neds ia hy ‘Scanned wih CamScannerLNIT-1 Introduction to RES & Wind Power Plants “irihe heating sector, the development of renewables re infrastroctures that adopted during the ancient times parts of Europe many buildings are constructed ity oF fossil fuels for heating purposes, equi In several ‘without using electric wpe belp of state-of-the-art renewable heating and cooling applications. As the renewable heating systems are cost effective so hey are installed during the construction of a building otherwise, the heating demands of a building depends on fossil foci or electricity. Therefore itis very important to ensure that renewable hesting systems are installed in all new buildings Renewable heating sources are also used for renewable cooling. AS the demand of electricity in summer has become ‘more essential than winter the need for the development and ‘commercialization of renewable cooling is very high. Biomass heating and cooling in some parts of the world is as good as convention heating due to the development of fuel supply chain. But the existing infrastructure of conventional heating and cooling systems dominate renewable heating in the current ‘Answer: 7 ‘ o ‘i “The industries of renewable energy in Europe achieved a annual tumover of 10 billion Euro and providing ‘employment to 200,000 people. The investments made inthe ‘consumption of The developments in renewable energy technologies is smaller scale than fossil fuels and nuclear project but it cam ‘rough ino onne with les risk in quicker way. Th 19 Ta Europe, renewable energy occupies sigrihicant sare of total energy production. For example - in Germany, within 5 years the renewable Output is increased to twice, ie, 8% of its total electricity ‘produetion. Also, Denmark created an industry Which generates 18% of its electricity from wind energy alone, and created more jobs than electricity sector. Countries like Austria, Sweden and Finland supported forthe development of biomass. Power ad heating industries through synergistic forestry and industrial policies. Fiscal policies, and sustained R and D support. in 1991, Europe and united sates launched a joint project called as Extern E to find the economic costs of externalities nd estimated tht the cos is equal to 1 to 354 of the Europes GDP (gross domestic product). A detailed study was made on this and in July 2001, the Ewropesn ‘commission concluded that the cost of producing electricity fom oil or coal would increase to twice of its inital cost and the cost of producing electricity from gas would increase by 50% of its intial cost if extemal costs like environmental damage and health issues are considered. G21. Discuss modern electronic controls of power systems that covers the entire power engineering. ic, from generation to transmission, and distribution to transportation, ‘storage and domestic services. The developments in the field ‘photovoltaic cells produce power that varies on hourly, daily, and seasonal basis due to change in the direction of sun and ‘| tack of availability of wind. This variatioa leads to inconsistent ‘of power availability. i<., Sometimes when power is required it may not be available or otherwise there can. be excess availability of power. Therefore, power conditioning and ‘control equipment i used to transform the output into a form, ie, (voltage, curent etc) Such thatthe electrical appliances ‘Scanned with CamScanner1.10 1.2 — RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDERABAD ‘Wino Power PLanrs : Arraorriate Location, Evatuarion or Wino Intensity, Te Ponmoce or Tne Enenoy GENERATE, GENERAL CLASSIFICATION oF Wino TURBINES, Torsines, Murine Buaoe Turoines, Drxc Tunsives, Lirrino Tunoines, Generators ‘Speen Conrro. Used In Wino Power, Eneroy Anacysis or Swat. Generarinc Systeus 022. What are the main characteristics in selecting a site for wind generator. ay Model Paper.cay | ost important aspect, when considered with respect to the generation of $0 these machines shoud and feeding of power into a conventional electric grid. The wind power increases with the speed Selection of site for wind generators is a located in areas, where winds are strong and persistent ions in selecting a site for wind generators are discussed below, 10. 12, 13. Some of the main considera Hiigh Annual Average Speed “The power inthe wind mainly depends on the velocity of the wind and is given by, PW Where, P,~ Power inthe wind 7 —Wind velocity & ~ Constant Availability of Anemometry Data ‘The another factor is to measure the speed of wind without any errors, in order to ensure efficient operation. The anemometry ata over a certain time period at the precise spot, where WECS is to be built, is necessary. Availabilty of Wind at the Proposed Site ‘Maximum energy in the wind is known withthe help of F,, curve, which predicts the electrical output and henice, revenue retum of the WECS machine. ‘Wind Structure atthe Proposed Site It is necessary to know th structure ofthe wind and is defined by V, curve: Altitude of the Proposed Site The winds velocity changes according to the altitudes i.e, the winds have higher velocities at higher altitudes, which in tum produces more power. és p Terrain and its Aerodynamic ‘ ‘tis important to know about terrain of the site to be chosen, as it is preferrable that, the wind must flow in horizontal Local Ecology Local ecology should also be considered while choosing the site. Ifthe surface of the ground is bare rock, then the lower ‘ul height i sufficient, but if it contains grass the hub height should be high, as the grass destructure the wind. Distance to Roads or Railways : ‘Transportation of machinery to the site should also be considered. iN ‘Nearness of Site to Local Centre or Users Distance between the users and the site, where electricity is generated, should also considered. If the distance betwee ‘them is short, then transmission length, losses and costs are minimized, ‘Nature of Ground ‘The wind machines are erected from ground. So WECS are secured, if ground surface is rigid or stable, Favourable Land Cost mehgiies Land cost should be low, as it contributes to the total WECS cost, i ue Other Conditions Other conditions such as ici which aft te proms of icing, blowing dust, etc, should not be present at the site, may: , 5 Purpose of energy generation ' 4 “ The site location changes based on the purpose of energy generation like electric power generation, water pumping serinding of grains ete, Electrical power eet wind aay ox highest place, wie ‘water pumping site is restricted by the water a ). OT WARMING: xewPheiiyog tees CRMNAL so ond uty LABEL puntos ND Scanned wth CamSeanner‘Scanned wih CamScannersancincsiy engadget th Se he raps. Though these maps imporage eee dequnte enough fra complete analy regarding wind potenti for energy generation. Fortis adlitional data io ay following standard selection procedures, obtained |“HBL vat oe ‘The Rayleigh repent ey ey ‘Scanned with CamScannerone @ Fag ‘The branches are lee barriers whereas the trunks are static in their original position. (it) Lie down Permanent deformations are observed in trunks and branches, the wind is strong (iv) Shear Ifbranches break away as in a uniform cu, the wind is always strong in such regions () Rug of trees If the growth of trees winds are very strong in such regions. Forsimall wind power installations, an adaption ofthe Beaufort table is sed for the visual estimation of wind speeds ang limited to only certain height, say some inches above the soil, such that i looks like a rug, th is givenas, Degree | _ Classification Effects of the Wind on Nature ‘Speed (mis) 0 Calm Everyting is still. Smole goes up vertically. 0.00 - 0.30 1 ‘Almost calm ‘Smoke is dispersed. Weather vanes are still. Wind js felt on the face. | 0.30 - 1.40 Poa 2 Breeze ‘Wind is felt on the face. The noise of leaves agitated by the wind is | 1.40 - 3.00 heard, Weather vanes move. 3. Fresh wind ‘Leaves and small branches of trees are agitated constantly. Flags are | 3.00 - 5.50 stretched out 4 Moderate wind ‘The wind lifts dust and paper from the ground. Small tree branches | 5.50 - 8.00 are agitated. [5 Regular wind ‘Small trees with leaves begin to balance. 8.00 - 11.00 6 Wind mildly sirong | Large branches move, electrical lines whistle. It begins to be dificult | 11.00 - 14.00 to walk against the wind. 7. Strong wind Entire trees are agitated. It is definitely difficult to walk against the | 14.00 - 17.00 wind, &___| Verystrong Branches of trees break. It requires a great effort to walk. 17.00 - 21.00 3. Windstorm Tiles ae lifted. 21,00 25.00 10. | Gale ‘Trees are tom down, There is construction damamge, 2500-2800 | 1 | Storm The wind assumes characteristics of huricane (rarely happens far | 28.00 -33.00 away from coasts) 12. ‘| Hurricane ‘The air is full of solid particles and drops of water. The sea is en- | 33,00 - 36.00 tirely whitish, * 4. Technique of the Balloon This isa very simple method of measuring wind Velocity. in this, the tite required fora freely moving belloon to move from one point to another at @ reasonable distance in a horizontal line is noted to calculate the wind speed, Q25. Estimate the actual wind power per unit area that can be extracted after wind power corrections. Answer ‘The power co-efficient (C, is the maximum possible percentage of power that can be extracted from the total amount of ‘power available in the wind. Maximum limit of C, iftoow a Bets limit end taal of 0593 Th rio mechanical power is given as, ns B= }c,p AP Wat ai wl) Gtomesotii ea A~ Swept area 3 a V—Wind speed B : p— Density of air maria pe 3 vu WARNING: XecuPttocopig of hs bois CRIMNAL stot und guy ABLE ft LEAL proces Scanned with C3Sea level standard atmosphereie vk pressure [Sa level standard emperatire | Earth uricegaviatina a = ee es a an ‘Scanned wih CamScannerPr 1.18 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (JNTU-HYDERARAp, aaGt THorizontal Axis Wind Mills Ine horizonal axis wind turbine the axis ofthe rotors The important horizontal axis wind tubions i rotation is parallel to the wind stream and the ground. Itis built | fotjows, « ‘witha propeller type rotor ona horizontal axis i.e, ahorizotal Tninshah Hina betwo orythre bladed (cr) move blades. The | 1, Horizontal axis using two aerodynamic blades rotor convert linear motion of the wind into rotational energy that is used to drive a generator. In this type of design, rotor drives a generator through 8 Step up gear box. The blade rotor is usually designed to be oriented downwind of the tower. The components are mounted ‘on a bed plate which is attached on a pintle atthe top of the tower. The rotor blades are continuously bent by unsteady ‘aerodynamic, gravitational and inertia loads, when the machine {sin operation, Ifthe blades are made of metal, flexing reduces their fatigue lite with rotor, the tower is also subjected to above Toads, which may cause serious damage. Ifthe vibrational modes ‘of the rotor happen to coincide with one ofthe natural mode of the vibration ofthe tower, the system may shake itself to pieces. Because ofthe high cost ofthe blade rotors with more than two blades are not recommended. Rotors with more than two, say 3 ‘or 4 blades would have slightly higher power coeficient. i Phummer Block Binge ‘wih Bearing Brake In this design the parts of the windmill ae placed o te bed plate which is fastened to pnt on the top oft tower. A step up gearbox is used to drive the generat The aerodynamic blades are generally positioneg downwind of the tower. During the working ofthe ‘windmill, the rotor blades are always bent due tothe aerodynamic structure, inertia and gravitational loads, ‘The bending (lexing) is more if the blades are made of metal, This decreases the fatigue life and causes damage to the windmill. The cost ofthe blades is so high Rotor —+||--— Wind Wind mill head 145 vane ) @ ) ‘Two blade profile Schematic of a horizontal ‘axis type wind mills Figure (1): Hoiontl Axi Two Aeodyoonic (Blades Wind 2 Horizontal Axis Propeller Type using Single Blades ‘Working: The basic principle is that the flow of air is 1 air is parallel It consists of a single blade of long | is tothe rotational axis ofthe urine blades The wind ee eee both sures of he lade skoal eee below 60m. This blade is placed on a rigid hub. the air foi. The dame pies ‘The tower shadow, gravity and the changes in the sac sain adam The eft rokaual wind directions might be factors causing the bending Eee ‘moments ifthe length ofthe blade is above 60m. In order 0 he hub, x to balance the long length blade centrifugally, counter pearl vee eokatga net on ‘weight is used. Using the counter weight of less cost will x , ‘decrease the overall cost ofthe windmill. (77 WARMING xeouPttcnyin isois a CRMNAL a jon fi yi ABLE ace LEGAL oceans ND Scanned wth CamSeanner - uN‘Scanned wih CamScanneren Y SOURCES [JNT! Type 2s, Elin Wy ao avon bee This windmill was invented recently. Cloth, plastic and blades wath 3, turbines with odd numba nylon are the materials used forthe blade s he ades with at least three blades over " Rion! number of blades in case of Windmill. The arrangement of the blades resemt fietaree 'arGe wing and pole or the sail wings. Answer : In case of large wind turbines, odd number o are preferred over even number of blades because with old number of blades have ond sya at torque compared to even number of blades. A rotor hang least three number of blades can be approximated as ant plate while calculating the dynamic properties ofthe macht The poor stability in case of rotor with an even sumberg blades to occurs at the moment when the uppermost Bade igure (5): Blades of Sail-Type Subjected to maximum wind velocity and hence wind poe, In such case, uppermost blade bends backwards and at ty 27. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages Of | same time, the lowermost blade receiving lowest wind sped, horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. passes into the wind shade. In case of rotor with odd number nice of blades, this phenomenon is minimized, Advantages of Horizontal-axis Wind Mills One — blade wind turbines are not extensively because |. Orientation of blades, helps in maintaining stability. | the above phenomenon affects iteven more seriously compared 2. Tall tower allows access to stronger wind, thereby | to two-blade turbine rotors, Moreover, they require a counter increasing the power generation capacity. ‘weight for balancing the rotor which adds additional weight to Tall tower allows placement on uneven land or in | the generating system without generating any power. One- offshore locations. blade turbines have high rotational speed, noise and visual 4. Itcan be installed in forests, above tree line apse x ‘These wind mills are self-starting. ” Two-blade wind turbines | have an advantage of cost and 6. It is cheaper per unit of output, because of higher | Weight of one blade in three-blade turbines but blade base production volume and larger size. ela ae ee ee és of are required to rotate at higher speeds, Disadvantages of Horizontal-axis Wind Mills hae Aldo BABE ae cee aac 1. Hs dificult wo operat at low heights and 30-6850 O€| vial itrpicn, In order to avoid heny shocks fa the wind ‘turbulent winds. 5 shade region of the turbine. The rotor of one-blade and two- 2, The tall towers and long blades are difficult to transport blade machines should be flexible enough to allow tlt. For this, con the sea and on land. persis tice ee eee eee 3. of these wind mills is less as | shaft. However this setup should be installed with ne S ‘than the demand, to avid te input ft as wih Beton 4. Ithas more environmental impacts. To overcome the above shortcomings, most of the f ed ae ind side of the tower, with electrical 1, Easier to maintain, because most of their moving parts | present on the front or wind Xs ae located nea the ground. CEL SG Seer erm a ‘ for power conversion. This design is called classical Danis 2. _Asthe rotor blades are vertical, yaw control is not needed, 4 ‘wind turbine and is ich tees tie é concept, first introduced with Gedser + other desi 3. These have a higher aeofoil pitch angle, thus, leading | Samat for comparing other Sesigns__~ to reduced drag at low and high pressures. | @9,_ Write a note on rotor turbines. It can operate at low heights, OR]: by ; uci : _ st nd a "Rotor turbines generally have high otaing peed a Disadvantages of Vertical-axis Wind Mills fe high ficiency, Rotating sped "i ae 1. They possess low efficiency comparatively, ‘res hve ule wes nd a 8 2. Height and sweep area ofthe wind mil are limited. Agi netnalst Or t B Se ee ee ee Toads and indirect action on bine incase of higher as (CURR png icin tk i we i a pa wt ps ED Scanned wth CamSeannerigpalisagh. seater ans | th Scanned wth Can1.22 ; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNT! Giromill Turbine 4 eed Multipliers ‘The blades of this turbine are vertical, straight and Totates around its shaft. They are employed for large ~ scale systems. These turbines system generate only a few hundreds ‘of watts, Therefore they are considered as low load systems and employed for large-scale systems. These turbines are installed with automatic mechanism to change the pitch angle oF angle of attack according to wind direction for effective power extraction, YDERABAD) Gearboxes of parallel or perpendicular (Smaller lossy) shafts are used for speed multiplication in turbines so tha ‘generating speed can be reached. Belt system can also be used for this purpose, The cost of the multiplier varies with the ‘multiplication rate. A lower rotational speed requires increased number of poles or turns per coil resulting in an increased cost of the generator. Therefore, speed multiplication rate and the ‘number of poles should be balanced to achieve an optimum cost of multiplication speed multiplication results” in considerable losses of energy which may reach about 20% of the total losses in case of very small systems, 5. Braking System Braking system is required for safety as well as for ‘maintenance purpose as turbines have mechanical speed limitations. The various types of braking system used are hydraulic, electro ~ magnetic or mechanical braking systems. ‘The type of system used depends on te size ofthe turbines. 6. Generation System ‘The electrical power generated can either be supplied to the grid or stored in batteries. For stand-alone applications Darrieus ~ Troposkien turbine. upto 10 kW capacity, itis suggested to use induction generator Answer t as there will be large variations in wind speed. For this self = ‘ADarrieus ~Troposkien turbine is the most extensively | ©xcited: capacitors are used. Large generators are used to used vertical axis wind turbine for electrical power generation. | ‘itectly supply the electricity to the grid system. thas curved blades connecting from top to bottom of the shaft. | Q33. Briefly explain the concept of TARP - WARP iin the shape of a troposkien similar to the shape formed by a ‘system in wind turbines. skippi This shape minimizes the stresses generated in oun a Answer : Model Papert, Q2(0) The Different parts associated with Darrieus — Toroidial Accelerator Rotor Platform (TARP) is a new ‘Troposkien turbines are, | proposed technology of wind power generation which 1. Starting System combines generation and transmission. This concept is This turbine requires a special starting system with | designed based on the wind Amplified Rotor Platform power supply by gither an electric motor connected to the grid | (WARP), hence the name TARP ~ WARP system. or a DC motor conneeted to the batteries ‘recharged by a In this technology small wind turbines are installed on generator connected to the turbine itself or to an auxiliary | opposite sides at 180° from each other in each TARP ‘bia, windframe, These TARPS are stacked one over the other in As an example, a Savonius turbine can be coupled to | required numbers. The working principle of the TARP is the the shaft ofa small ~ load Darrieus turbine, toroidal from of TARP windirame or aerodynamic turbine 2 Rotor * housing through which when wind pass gets accelerated, The rotor of the Dartieus ~ Troposkien turbine has | leading to more kinetic energy, resulting in an increase in the curved blades with seetion glides of aerodynamic profile | available wind energy, thereby rotating the two small wind connecting the extreme ends ofthe rotor. The different blade | Power rotors. i materials used are fiberglass, aluminium, steel, ot wood. To ical di improve the aerodynamics the rotor shaft may eter have a | They Sa aa Seek ae Fa ‘ubular structure Or aa external cover, brakes without any speed multiplication gear box, Fora change 3. Lifting * in wind direction as shown in figure from direction (a) 0 A tower and guy wites keep up the rotor. The tower | direction (b, rotating wheel housing or TARP windirame get. supports the rotor by means of bearings and rollers, and houses | acted upon by a torque tll italigns with the new wind direction. different parts like gearbox, generators or pumps. One end of | ‘The TARP windframe also supports protects and houses the the guy wires is connected to the upper part ofthe rotor shaft | turbine control and other intemal subsystems. This setup bby means of bearings while the other end is tied to the ground. | differs form a conventional single rotor turbine setup, A TARE The guy wires are mostly used in case of small - scale turbines | — WARP system is claimed to give higher efficiency compared towers. to conventional single rotor wind turbines, (PP WARNING: Xeexotacprn oti tok is CRMAMAL act Anon un puts ABLE to face LEGAL proceeds ill Scanned with C3‘Scanned wih CamScannerRENEWABLE ENERGY SOUR! “Salar Wind Generators Toc ae special alia equipment consisting of black surfaces protected against convection eects 10 sie e eat warms the ait! iio though te turine while ascending the tower Os y a ing st of 3 atari ome x Th ni i anes ros earch of owes in this way, power is generated. Scanned wth CaUNIT-1 Introduction to RES & Wind Power Plants In the second band, there will be normal operation with optimi band has high - wind speeds and the speed control is done to achieve a maximum possible ad In the fourth band, at velocities of around 25 im/s which is the speed limit or cut-off direction of the wind is done to prevent damage of the electrical generator. ‘A wind turbine operated without any control forms has a constant operating, the wind turbine to the grid system, operating ata fixed frequency it will obtain In this manner power generation cannot be controlled because it is altered by the total wind energy can be converted during very high wind speeds and sizing wind speeds isnot feasible, Some amount of contro s required in a wind power for reducing the effect of dynamic loads. Moreover, controlling by sp point and reduction of projects safety margins. : Pitch angle control or contol of the angle of attack of control for wind generators connected directly to the grid driven by turbines having blades with fixed angles of Inthismethod, load flow and ths, turbine age bale ‘Seamed!ame RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDERp Write in dotall about analysis of fing syst Van tS eae am feng ae ork > I a ie eee ‘Scanned wih CamScannerUNIT-1 ain ass Wi PRES indy ‘Scanned with CamScannerWind Power Plants (Cran fw General classificati RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDERABAp) ropriate location graphy ose of energy generation ete v_| oo Lift turbines —> Horizontal axis WTs Vertical axis WTs Drag turbines Rotor turbines Multiple-blade turbines, Page stl elton | Active stall cont +H PT la pene Pichon I systems [Energy analysis of small generating ide) av ie Qt. What are the types of renewable energy Q10. Write an essay on supply-side management sources? options? Ans: Refer QI Important Question | Ans: Refer Q20. Important Sunston 2, Write generation cost formulae for existing | Q11. What are the main characteristics in selecting plant and new plant? re ~_asite for wind generator. Ans: Refer Q3 tporantuesion | Ans Refer Q22. Important Questor Q3. _ List the considerations in selection of a for wind | Q12.What’are the different sources of data used power turbines. to support the analysis of the wind potential Ans: Refer Q5 Salil totes Explain? Ans: Refer Q24.- Important Qveston and vertical axis wind turbine. Ans: Refer 8. important Question Q6. What are vertical-axis wind turbines? Classify them. Ans: Refer QI! Q7. Discuss about grid supplied electricity? Ans: Refer Q14 porint Coote Q8. Explain about distributed generation (0G)? Ans: Refer QI. Important Question 9. Wirlte about calculation of lctilty generation costs in detall. Important Question Q13. Estimate the actual wind power per unit area that can be extracted after wind power corrections. Ans: Refer (25. Important Questor Q14. Describe horizontal axis type aero generators. Ans: Refer Q26. important Questor a5, Write a note on savonius turbine. aS Q16. Describe in detail about generators and speed control used in wind power energy. . RATED nosh —|__ Qty. ‘Write in detail about analysis of small generating ‘systems. Ans: Refer Q37. Important Question Ans: Refer QI7. aun, casing th ts CRMNAL Apne py ABLE is ECL pcos Scanned wth CamScanner