le Induction Generators: Principles of Operation- Representation of Steady-State Operation-Power and Losses Generated!-Self- Excited Induction Generator-Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation-Mathematical Description of the Sel-Excitation Process-Interconnected and Stand-alone operation Speed and Voltage Control - Economical Aspects fa LEARNING OsBuECc ES ‘On completion of tis unit, student should be able to understand the following concepts. TF Indvetion generator and it operating principle. 'F Representation of steady state operation. TF Generation of power and associated losses. 'D Self - excited induction generators (SEIGs). ‘F Inerconnected and stand-alone operations. ” D Speed and voltage control. INTRODUCTION 3 ‘Ae induction generator i on ctornating current (AC) electricity generator working on the principle of elec motors ‘frelecromegnatiinducion 1 gnerote sec. tis aholnown ot Atychronous generac has the sane contrary Set of n induction generator with slight enhoncemert in ofcency. The main operational diference is thet he ce “Beedle more then the speed ofthe stator magntc fl rotation ie, synchronous sped in ndction generators Induction generators are main 7 wad i small hydro pewer and wind! power plants for convethg rotary power ry to ‘lecrical power. They can be used both as motors and generators without any internal modification,RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDEI ‘Scanned wih CamScannerUNIT-3 Induction Generators 3.3 we 2, By using a rectifier fed by the distribution network as a Frequency of stator substitute to the battery in the previous method. p~Number of machine poles. 3. A spare charged high - capacity capacitor is to be In induction motors, its value is positive ‘maintained so that it can be used during requirements fs pesiewocn. dels bapa za ARs by discharging it across one of the generator phases, dstion generators, its negative because the rotor speed we ser tan sychronous speed spel) la Bnd gs pd UAE toed condition to facilitate the recomposiion of available ow aa losses generated with Induction residual magnetism to satisfactory levels : QB.” Whyis a brushiess DC (BLDG) called eet Model Papert, atc) 80, even though it is an AC generator ? Thedfferent losses associated with induction generators Answer a. 1, __ Copper losses during the power transformation from mechanical to electric form, tron losses in the stator and the rotor due to hysteresis current (magnetizing) and Foucault current (current induced in the iron) 3. Friction losses and losses due to rotor movernent against si 4 Sparious or G5.” What are the different types of controls used in induction generators ? Answer : Different types of controls are used in induction ‘roerators to control the input shaft power. They are, 1. Mechanical controls 2 Electro-mechanical controls 3__ Electro - electronic controls. 5.” Whats a seif- excited induction generator 7 Answer : ‘An induction generator connected with capacitors to sspply the reactive power required to setup the necessary ‘taznetc field for the conversion of mechanical power to ectical power is called as Self - Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). SEIG’s are used in stand - alone applications where ‘be required power is supplied by.a capacitor bank. SEIG’s are A como in cas of small power ants What is the reason for the collapse of a solf- ‘®xcited inductor generator (SEIG) working in | 8 stant - alone mode ? What are the possible ‘methods to overcome this. Answer : ‘Model Papers Q1(h) Collapse of sef-exeited induction generator in a stand ‘hoe mode occurs due to high load or shor-cireuit current ‘Sahl teminal.SEIG collapse lea o complete loss of Fee Mtn, whic hough eign ii peteon Fequires ing of overall system. To overcome SEA etaon soem inte lowing role : ates Acharg ip create a current surge in one irenenee? ree ree | Cte ‘The brushless DC generator (BLDC) is actually an AC ‘generator. It is called so, though being an AC generator because of the following two reasons, 1. Alternating current has to be variable frequency and hence, obtained from a permanent magnet or DC supply. ‘thas much similar speed versus torque characteristics, like that of an ordinary DC generator with brushes. Q9. Write a short note on doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). Answer : A wound rotor machine in which stator is connected to the grid network and rotor circuit is connected to an external variable voltage and frequency source by means of slip rings is known as Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This ‘generator’s old name was scheribus variable - speed driver. The DFIG is mainly used in high ~ power applications. InDFIGs, the rotor reactance is varied by adjusting some inductors in series with the original rotor reactance and the speed, which generally lies in the range of 2 |, is controlled by modifying the frequency of the external rotor soutce of urea. The DFIG's were rarely used because slp rings require maintenance. But, with advancement in materials, powerful digital controllers and power electronics, they are being extensively used for upto several hundred kilowat ratings What are the advantages and disadvantages of Danish concept? “Answer Advantages i 1. The Danish concept has cheaper control mechanism, 2 Itcan operate effectively under unpredictable wind conditions i, of the wind speed throughout the year Limitations 1, Setup occupies large space. 2. Sudden interchanging between age and smal generators induces heavy mechanical stresses on the gear box. 3; Lange slip factor is required in large generators for Seamless working. 4. itis suitable only for small wind power unis. a Mode! Papert, a1(h) aaaeeee ee ML AME IMIDMIAL EMD Peineeemiin orunenrre LiMn ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned wih CamScannerLNIT-3 Induction Generators ‘And, stator voltage or internal primary voltage of the or is obtained as, @) Figure: Equivalont Model of the Induction Generator ‘The equivalent model of induction generator shown in igure is known as per-phase equivalent mode! and is valid ‘only for perfect sinusoidal excitation and balanced equations, Rotor current is given as, J, Rotor current Rotor impedence is given by, X.,— Blocked rotor reactance R, Rotor winding resistance From the blocked rotor test, the rotor impedance for ‘ny rotor speed is obtained as follows, 2,2 fps w= % ~ Using equations (3), (4) and (5), Rotor impedance ‘eflected on the primary can be obtained as, 2> ata(%+jXq) 6 Rotor impedance in terms of rotor values referred to ‘lor values, is obtained as, + an he Bm 4) Where, oo Using equation (7) rotor current can be obiained as, 3.5 In electric machines, due to air gap, the magnetic coupling between the primary’and secondary windings makes the B - H characteristic slope under the magnetomotive force (mmf) ‘curve of these machines, tess accentuated than that of a good- ‘quality transformer. This remarkably reduces the saturation of the induction generator, resulting in a much higher necessary ‘magnetizing current compared to that of a transformer, and X,, is much lower than in a transformer. The apparent rotor power can be obtained as, p-E\l, =1 (Rey Xn) (From equations (5) and (6) eee he tion (8)) P= Rt j Xs, From equate Therefore, the rotor power factor of the induction generator depends on the slip factor and the other parameters ‘excluding load. For all the voltages across the output terminals and fixed frequencies, the quadrature leading current component with respect to voltage is almost constant. Hence, an external source like a utility grid consisting of a synchronous generator, ‘ capacitor bank or an electronic power compensator is used to supply the reactive power observed by the circuit. Q13. Write a note on representation of steady state operation in induction generators. ‘Answer A circuit model known as per-phase equivalent ‘model is considered for analysis of an induction machine. This ‘equivalent mode! of circuit of the induction machine is similar to that of transformer model and is valid only for perfect sinusoidal and balanced equations. However, it is required to excite every clement of the induction generator by the ‘grid voltage for a more representative approach, considering, distortions and harmonics. ‘Figure : Equivalent Model of the Induction Generator From the figure, R,—Resistance ofthe stator X,~ Leakage reactance of the stator R, Resistance of the rotor _X, — Reactance of the rotor R, — Equivalent core loss resistance Scanned wth CamSeannerJ enemies 3.6 induction model compared to a transformer model is the dependance of the only equivalent resistance in the rotor model, Ry/s on the fo- ice, on the slip factor. This difference is due to r0- tor vokage being subjected to variable frequency, resulting in variable £., R, and.X,. Moreover, impedance affects the circu- lating current in the rotor. The inductance and resistance of rotor impedance varies slightly due to skin effect. However, it affects the inductance in a more complicated way. The rotor impedance and skin effect inflict air gap power and non = lin- ear torque relationships, for very high slip factors, whereas for small slip factors (+0), the rotor current varies mainly in a linear manner with respect to slip factor as impedance be- comes highly resistive, The slip factor is positive for voltage. excitation below the synchronous speed, whereas the slip factor can either be positive’ or negative for current excitation with vector - controlled drives. For voltage excitation above the ‘synchronous speed, the slip factor is negative and the current /, leads the E, voltage. This phase inversion is due to the reversed telative movement of the rotating magnetic field with respect ‘to the rotor because of change in slip factor when the current, both real and imaginary parts will be reversed. The equivalent per-phase impedance is given as, z-K3j4,+7—7 (1) Ret » z Zaptl de ik Bx i Fads See ‘From equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) 20% ¥ dey as wh ! ere OE Q14. Write brief note on power and losses generated in an induction generator. Answer : ‘The net output power in an induction generator is given as, a RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDERABAD, the rotor equivalent circu However, figure, the resistive losses are, P= 32 R, 6) For an ideal transformer, the rotor power remains equal to that of stator power. Prog = 32 Ry =5 Prog, (Equation (4)) 6) Iron losses are due to hystersis and foucault currents Hysteresis current is the magnetizing current and Foy. ccault current is the current induced in the iron. Iron fosses occur in both stator and rotor. It is difficult t calculate their individual contributions, therefore they are grouped together. (i) ‘The iron core losses are given by, EL Bn 0 ‘There will be friction losses and losses: due to rotor ‘movement against the ait, and spurious losses. The ‘spurious losses can be combined with some other losses, especially high - frequency losses in the siator ‘and rotor dents, primarily through the parasite currents generated by fast flux pulsation during the movement of dents and grooves from their relative positions. The final output power is obtained by subtracting all these losses from input mechanical power during the transfor- ‘mation from mechanical to electrical power. This net power in the shaft is also known as shaft useful power. In the equivalent circuit of the induction generator, the loss resistance R, depict all these losses along with the ‘mechanical losses. With increase in rotary speed, there will bean increase P. (ii) || in friction, windage and also spurious losses. At the same time core losses decrease upto synchronous speed. These losses are together called as rotating losses and are generally considered constant as some of their components are increasing while others are decreasing for an increase in rotational speed ‘The power developed in the shaft for a negative slip factor (5) is the difference between the power going through the 4ir gap and that dissipated in the rotor. This is the mechanical Power converted to electricity and is given by, PT a Dag F saat Pal Copper losses occur during the transformation of ‘mechanical 1 electrical power. In stator windings of the three phases, Pig = 31 R, In rotor, in the secondary part of the circuit shown @ =3p Pag taltis Peeing =38 ae aed, (From equations (5) and (6)) so ) ‘Scanned with CamScannerMB yir:3 induction Generators Mode! Papert, 06 to be externally active power to An induction generators required applied with a considerable amount of te rate the MeceSSary magnetic field for the conversion of mechanical power into lectical power. A synchronn server a capacitor bank or an electronic inverter are vacd, supoly reactive power. Synchronous network i interconnected applications whereas inthe cn applications, it i8 supplied by the load itsel bank is uised in case of se of stand-alone If, by « capacitor Gis. Bolin brety about ited induction gen iy Figure (2): Equivalent Circuit of the Self-excited Induction Gonerator Considering changes ‘in the stator and rotor per unit (Pu) frequencies. Correction for the term R/s in rotor impedance reflected on the Primary, 2, dg( Be jx) a Variation of magnetizing reactance because of ‘magnetic saturation is considered for study of most of the ‘transient ~ model stidies ‘whereas the other parameters are considered constants. Bu, these uncorrected paraeters may result in faculty representation of overall machine performance. Figure (1): Sett-excitation Process of the Induction Generator ‘Based on the primary energy, the instantaneous load ‘4 the magnetization curve ofthe core, a definite capacitance ‘unk is required for each induction generator. Therefore, the vera performance of a power plant is determined by the imeraction ‘ A general form of a stand - alone induction ven in the figure (2). It is obtained Hivalent circuit by including the self-exctation ‘4 the loadin pr unit (4) fequency vals, F, Fe font 8 we Erte Q16. Discuss about magnetizing curves and self excitation in induction generators. ‘Answer : ‘The’ + This magnetization curve is given by a non-linear ora polynomial expression given by, 1,90, 40,V + qV3+ a0 sav, Nini | Magntizing Curve and Satxcitton = Pe Seen current /, is required to represent the operation of the induction a generator function of es ata given frequene: ‘Scanned with CamScanner38 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (JNTI The curve is 0 ‘by feeding the machine as an induction ‘no-load and measuring the current po eee ‘value of residual magnetiam i. vero current proven efong FARINA tage a, in wt ovate ae cof the Veet, i Seles oc iconrean . tive fad |) ofthe induction generator a no-lowd conditions, Athen (along ty eda ankeovenry Far tta bts wren! “(about ‘by which capacitor current ty ron ing ie 90 th ‘Scanned wih CamScannera 3.10 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDERABAD, From equation (8), itis evident that only higher values This is second order equation, For the conditions op ‘of the inductive reactance of the load (L) have considernble effect on Ci whereas lower values of L, does not have considerable effect on the output voltage, Higher values of J ‘approximates the straight line of the eapacitive reactance slope to the nearly linear part of the excitation curve slope or airgaps Vine, Fesulting in the decrease of the terminal. voltage till it collapses completely. At the same time, when load resistance is very small, it provides the advantage of faster discharge of self ~ excitation capacitor thereby, giving natural protection ‘against high currents and short citcuits, On the contrary, heavy iron saturation restricts the increase of the self-excitation capacitance forthe point of intersection on the straight line of the capacitive reactance erossing into the saturation portion ‘of the machine characteristic for current values past tKe rated ‘current value of the generator. The winding gets heated up ‘ery fast and can result in permanent damage inthe isolations ‘nd in the magnetic properties ofthe iron The only power entering the circuit is from the ‘primary machine inthe from of active power which is balanced by the reactive power, and is given by, DP BRIS A(R + Ry) + Groff <0 (9) Vin Vn VA VR von eT 09 X,-0,L, ‘ Bonet oo hte aioe From figure (2), Peli Bf acer Sin og slBenfsmorenrfbe-o Ma [Bre aact[4 +R] +P GP =o | (13) ofl) sing equation (12), sshd alae i primary power and load, Keeping the other parameter const oun be given as, 2K Dh ~ Rou 8 Ray, APC AA) The radical in the dinominator would always by negative because for very small X, +X, the load Rg, would have negligible effeet on s, which is not practical, Therefor, ‘equation (12) is approximated as, R, Ry (Rn + Rig) 1 Mas Bike ks RRs ‘The voltage regulation depends on the X, variations, which ‘can be obtained by solving equation (10) as, a (16) LE Efficiency pf the energy conversion is given as, Pare n= i= Aa fa (1) Prag Pig Pig ‘But, P,o sR Lt wi, Pans” 3(R + Ry) + =p Thea, ' 4 Pag ERAGE 38 (R + Ry) + ay, Pyne ae (18) Substituting equation (18) in equation (17) and simplifying, Dividing the numerator and dinominator by J,? and [Bea] = ‘Scanned wih CamScannerBy varying. th ve power supplied by an induction erative action occurs. However, no energy is.| regul sr stribution network. The power can be | fo the Tond inthe same way as synchronous generators and fay when the rotors demagnetizing effect current | i related to the regulation of mechanies! PRY power. For avrg by a stator component which can cover for its | stand-alone. operation, the self = excitation procs supplies Jin addition supply power to the external load. | the magnetizing current, The generator supplies a capacitiv’ current as the current J is leading V, because the mechanical energy of rotation affects only the active current with no effect on the reactive current and as @ result, no reactive current is generated by the squirrel - cage rotor. Because of the requirements of the magnetizing current in the main field ditection (I...) for maintaining this flux, it becomes obligatory for another reactive current for maintaining: ‘the dispersion flux. ‘These currents are supplied by a current which is # head of the stator current. ‘The excitation for an induction generator in parallel with a synchronous machine affected by their relative speed. ‘Therefore, the supplied: short-circuit current is ‘on the voltage drop across the terminals of the synchronous generator. But, for very short duration, a highly intense short- circuit transient current is generated. ‘The steady - state short- ‘circuit current becomes zero when the voltage across the terminals becomes zero. ‘When partial short - circuit occurs, a small magnitude of currentiis supplied. It is because, maximum power supplied by induction generator is proportional to the square of the voltage across its terminals when slip factor and frequency are o. kept constant. The likely damage by electrical and mechanical stresses is decreased by the incapacity of sustaining the short- ‘circuits, resulting in the availability of lower short - circuit power and lower rating protection circuit at comparatively a lesser costs when compared to synchronous generators. © “When not operating. at synchronous speed, the induction generator dampens the oscillations. In a similar like that of a synchronous generator, speed variation for interconnection with or disconnection from the jsribtion network, there would be rotation interval ‘pe synchronous speed with very low efficiency. This ‘pecause of the fixed losses associated with the low segerated power and torque at such low speeds which ri ee ‘me some 1500 2000 2500 sEO0 9500 4000 4600 _ For design and performance prediction of induction ‘generators associated with wind, diesel or hydro turbines, en aqugsan be used. The overall system can be improved by parameters like high slip factor, torque curve, winding sized to support higher oa ae Se sae j on ‘ ‘Speed and voltage What se are the different types of controls used In induction generators ? Explain briefly. Answer “Mode! Papert, Q7 ‘induction generators, different types of controls are used to control the input shaft power. They ae, ‘Scanned wih CamScanner‘Scanned wih CamScannerEe: nir-3 Induction Generators 3.13 Bg otor voltage of ¥/s 2p is introduced for a voltage source’, 20 for ive chaige in the con ats Of Pulse - width modulation (PWM) control. By varying rotor voltage RIG), the rotor Guten and tangas Faun Possible. From the equivalent mode of wound rotor inition war -[ " —* a) (4 ; sh Q) +o} (ly + Ly) There will be an increase in the power and ot ir ~ and output torque with increase in the stator voltage. These three variables are stot drely Proportional teach other and tothe rotor speed. shown in figuee VG). Similar relationship is seen for the: i bower input tite or wit ent stage which is shown in figure (3) (b) For Variation in roto ae with an inerease in rotor external source voltage toward left, lower rotor speeds, inthe torque versus speed i impedance equal . speed characteristic, For source impedance equal tothe load impedarice, ‘be maximum power transfer from the induction generator tothe load occurs. Raye ap Substituting equation (3) and ¥:= 0 in (2); = VE VRE+ (GFX $ ‘ TR V0 + GFP el Lyf a Higher rotor voltages yield wider changes, For the variation of phase angle @ in between the stator voltage and rotor voltage, the pull-out torque shifts towards the left more appreciably and this is shown in figure (3) (ce). * -@) ‘During load operation, range of rotor speed changes is based onthe closeness ofthe torque curve slope tothe synchronous speed. Intersection of synchronous speed point by a stecper torque leads to stiffer system, resulting ina limited speed regulation, \With increase in the rotor resistance in the torque characteristics, the steepness of torque curve increases to the left. However, this as very little influence on the pull-out torque magnitude and this i shown it figure (3) (4). In large machines, slip factor is limited by the heat generated inthe rotor sped stillness because of smal slip factor, the ‘sal contol is replaced with fast pitch control, x % ‘Variation of rotor reactance can be achieved by rotor frequency contro, rotor design, or external insertion of modulated "aves of inductance. The effects ofthis variation onthe torque versus speed characteristics can be seen in figure (3) (e). Because of the dependance ofresistanceon the slip factor, different angular frequencies of rotor are seen. However, the changes in. ‘ave limited influence on the rotor losses unlike actual rotor resistance changes. Unwanted resonant and anti - resonant effects caused due to the interaction between fequencies of rotor and stator because of too much Variation af rotor frequency. ‘Variation of stator frequency is an efficient way of changing the synchronous speed cf the induction generator. As stv in pre) (fh ted eben eal proportalGiget elued inthe bed igarncy andthe nc ootene et "or speed, Changing the ‘machine poles is one of the ways of changing the grid speed ranges of the induction generators. The ln of ab aber ep GT eat AME ats MUOH ne de ile into) pes procera {Tes Poe mumber variation has the most influence on pullout torque compared tothe ther variables as shown in fgwe (3) inthe rotor and star parameters grey at he cresoer fhe h | ‘I a rae ra el eae pws)| cc | Figure : The Danish concept a2, Discuss about Speed grid connecti in induction generators, ea Answer Model Papers, a7 In induction generators, to endure large variations in the primary energy or the generator, load like wind intent, slip factor control is required, Slip factor control becomes possible by varying rotor resistance to facilitate wider variation of rotor speed.-In large. or high capacity generators. Variable - speed grid connection systems can operate effectively. by using low cost AC - AC power converters. These converters maintain the wind turbine leads and power fluctustions within’ timitsy:they:also, Mostly ordinary speed control or pitch control is used to prevent power dissipation in the rotor circuit ofthe Very large turbines. The rotor resistance increases only during ‘transient peaks of load or wind intensity. During normal operation, for the programming of experimental circuit of ‘ound rotor induction generator (WRIG), stator and rotor sonverters are required. Such converters ate:maintained 'y & Wind speed monitoring contro! system. In case of low-power turbines, castaded back’ - to’ back conivertors | © used for the decoupling between rotor’ speed and AC ‘ystem. An intermediate DC - DC converter is operated in the cascaded convertor », This system. is similar, t, ‘concept. The Aifference is et power fifa is used in place of sma #eterator, This system is also kno ‘iw ia hronous Static Kraemer System. During low (2% the generator functions as a squirrel-cage rotor ; At skstonie power eireuit which isa substitté of stall Sceo, is switched off. When wind speedsvare in the bre ese od tron pete me fay ag oe ints te tee needunat ne nivieutart: oes 8 Expl nomic a induction lain the economic as} in Senerators in wind and hydraulic power Projects, fe ? high wind ‘Speeds, the pitch 3.15 Answer : In a wind powe wer Proje Magnetizing curves and Self excitation Mathematical representation of the self - Excitation process leu ae ems le, ) Ans: Refer Q10. important Questor Q7. Explain the principles of operation of induction generators. Ans: Refer QI2. Important Questor Q8. Explain briefly about self - excited induction generators. Ans: Refer QIS. Important Questor Q9. Write a note on the mathematical description of the self - excitation process in induction generators. Ans: Refer Q17. important Quesdoo Ame: ReferQI7. teat aston Q10. Write a note on frequency, speed and voltage control. ‘Ans: Refer 019. moran nator QI1. Discuss about variable - speed grid connection in induction generators. | Ans: Refer Q22. Important Questo 2 WHAM temic of boos CRIMINAL a. Any ound guts ABLE fore LEGAL prcedigs | Scanned wth CamSeanner