Maxwell’s equations

Maxwell’s equations are four vector equations:

1.Gauss’s law for electric fields,
2.Gauss’s law for magnetic fields,
3. Faraday’s law,
4. Ampère–Maxwell law.
Each of these equations may be written in integral
or differential form.
The integral forms describe the behavior of
electric and magnetic fields over surfaces or
around paths,
The differential forms apply to specific locations.
∇◦ (“del dot”) appearing before vector A is
defined in Cartesian coordinates as
∇ ◦A = ∂Ax/∂x+ ∂Ay/∂y+ ∂Az/∂z

∇ ×(“del cross”). When these appear before a

vector,the operation is defined in Cartesian
coordinates as
1.Gauss’s law for electric fields

II) Gauss’s law for magnetic fields:

III) Faraday’s law:

IV) Ampère–Maxwell law:

The Continuity Equation
Maxwell's Equations - the continuity equation -
which can be derived from Gauss'
Law and Ampere's Law.
The left side of the equation is the divergence of
the Electric Current Density (J). This is a measure of
whether current is flowing into a volume (i.e. the
divergence of J is positive if more current leaves the
volume than enters).

the right side is a measure of - how much electric charge

is accumulating or leaving in a volume. Hence, the
continuity equation is about continuity - if there is a net
electric current is flowing out of a region, then the charge
in that region must be decreasing. If there is more electric
current flowing into a given volume than exiting, than the
amount of electric charge must be increasing.