12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical
Education and
Health 4
Quarter 4 – Module 4a(Weeks 1-2)
First Aid Common Emergencies and Safety
Practices in Outdoor Activities
Physical Education and Health 4 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: First Aid Common Emergencies and Safety Practices in
Outdoor Activities
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education Secretary:

Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M.
San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jamaica R. Quisil
Editor: Jaymar R. Kinkito; Sheena Grace B. Alabata; Maria Teresa S. Bernal
Reviewer: Jaymar R. Kinkito
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In previous modules, you were introduced to the different recreational activities and the various benefits it can

In this module, you will be introduced to the safety practices and how to apply first aid in land outdoor recrea

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Observes personal safety protocol to avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypo- and

hyperthermia during MVPA participation.
PEH12FH-Ik-t-10

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

Explain the meaning and importance of first aid;

Identify the common illnesses or sickness experienced in outdoor recreation and what first aid treatment
Analyze the given situations and answer the questions through the knowledge and application of first aid; a
Develop the sense of responsibility to help others especially in times of emergency..

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 What I Know

In the website , “the most effective way to prevent mishaps is to adequately prepare for the trip. Knowledge o
First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured. It includes se

TASK 1: “EMERGENCY! EMERGENCY! WHAT WILL I DO?”

Directions: To become a first aider, one must know how to respond to the different risky
situations. Now, test your skills in applying first aid by writing down your immediate action
to the following situation:

SITUATION IMMEDIATE ACTION TAKEN

1. While trekking, your friend slipped on a sloppy
terrain and twisted his/her ankle.
2. While camping, one of the campers was
attacked and bitten by a snake.
3. Your brother was setting up the tent when cuts
his finger with the pole.
4. Your mother accidentally touches a hot pan.

5. Your friend experiences stroke.

Do you think you did the right action for each situation? Do not worry. As you
go on with this module, you will discover the proper ways of addressing those
situations.

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 What’s In

OUTDOOR RECREATION SAFETY TIPS

As cited in www.fs.fed.us, the most effective way to prevent mishaps is to
adequately prepare for the trip. Knowledge of the area, weather, terrain, limitations of your
body, plus a little common
sense can help to ensure a safe and
enjoyable trip. There are many ways
to make sure your experience is fun
and safe. The cite suggests the
following safety tips:
• Pack a first aid kit. Your
kit can prove invaluable if you or a
member of your group suffers a https://sportsguidemag.com/outdoor-safety-tips-to-remember/

cut, bee sting or allergic reaction. Pack antiseptics for cuts and scrapes, tweezers, insect
repellent, bug spray, a snake bite kit, pain relievers, and sunscreen.
• Bring emergency supplies. In addition to a first aid kit, this includes: a map,
compass, flashlight, knife, waterproof fire starter, personal shelter, whistle, warm clothing,
high energy food, water, and insect protection.
• Learn the ABC's of treating emergencies. Recognizing serious injuries will
enable you to attend to a victim until medical help arrives.
• Before you leave, find out the weather report. When you arrive at the site,
watch the skies for changes and carry a compact weather radio. In inclement weather, find
shelter until the worse passes. Stay dry - wet clothes contribute to heat loss. Also, keep
sleeping bags and important gear, dry at all times.
• Arrive early. Plan your trip so that you arrive at your actual campsite with enough
daylight to check over the entire site and to set-up camp.
• Check for potential hazards. Be sure to check the site thoroughly for glass, sharp
objects, branches, large ant beds, poison ivy, bees, and hazardous terrain.
• Avoid areas of
natural hazards. Check the
contour of the land and look for
potential trouble due to rain.
Areas that could flood or
become extremely muddy can
pose a problem.
• Inspect the site. Look
for a level site with enough
room to spread out all your
https:// gear. Also, a site that has trees
or shrubs on the side of
prevailing winds will help block strong, unexpected gusts.

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• Build fires in a safe area. Your open fires and fuel-burning appliances must be far
enough away from the tent to prevent ignition from sparks, flames, and heat.
Never use a flame or any other
heating device inside a tent. Use a
flashlight or battery- powered
light instead.
• Make sure your fires
are always attended. Be sure
you have an area for a fire that
cannot spread laterally or
vertically - a grill or stone surface
is ideal. When putting
the fire out, drown it with https://www.fox16.com/dl365/holidays/camping-safety-tips/
water, making sure all embers,
coals and sticks are wet. Embers buried deep within the pile have a tendency to reignite later.
• Pitch your tent in a safe spot. Make sure your tent is made of a flame- retardant
fabric and set up far enough away from the campfire. Keep insects out of your tent by closing
the entrance quickly when entering or leaving.
• Dispose of trash properly. Remember to recycle - use the proper recycling bins if
available.
• Be cautious when using a propane stove. Read the instructions that come with
the stove and propane cylinder. Use the stove as a cooking appliance only - never leave it
unattended while it's burning.
• Watch out for bugs. Hornets, bees, wasps, and yellow jackets are a problem at
many campsites. Avoid attracting stinging insects by wearing light-colored clothing and
avoiding perfumes or colognes. Should such an insect approach, do not wave wildly and swat
blindly - instead use a gentle pushing or brushing motion to deter them.
• Beware when encountering wildlife. To ward off bears, keep your campsite
clean, and do not leave food, garbage, coolers, cooking equipment or utensils out in
the open. Remember that bears are
potentially dangerous and unpredictable -
never feed or approach a bear. Use a
flashlight at night - many animals feed at
night and the use of a flashlight may
warn them away.
• Beware of poisonous plants.
Familiarize yourself with any dangerous
plants that are common to the area. If
https://gigacamping.com/top-10-important-camping-health-safety- tips/

you come into contact

with a poisonous plant, immediately rinse the affected area with water and apply a soothing
lotion such as calamine to the affected area.

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• Practice good hygiene. Make sure you wash your hands, particularly after using
the toilet and before handling food, to prevent everyone in your group becoming ill.

www.fs.fed.us provides information on “Pack the Essentials" and be prepared for

minor injuries, sudden weather changes or delays. The following are items you should
include in your pack:

 Candle
 Clothing (always bring something warm, extra socks, and rain gear)
 Compass
 First aid kit
 Food (bring extra)
 Flashlight
 Foil (to use as a cup or
signaling device)
 Hat
 Insect repellent
 Map
 Nylon filament
 Pocket knife
 Pocket mirror (to use as a
signaling device)
 Prescription glasses (an
extra pair)
https://www.bikeradar.com/features/mini-first-aid-kits-for-cycling/
 Prescription medications for
ongoing medical conditions
 Radio with batteries
 Space blanket or a piece of plastic (to use for warmth or shelter)
 Sunglasses
 Sunscreen
 Trash bag (makes an
adequate poncho)
 Water
 Waterproof matches or
matches in a waterproof
tin
 Water purification
tablets
 Whistle (to scare off
animals or to use as a
signaling device)

5
 https://www.keralapool.com/photos/first-aid-in-english-pdf.html

Roles of First Aid

According to John Furst (2013), “an emergency first aider has various roles and
responsibilities. It is important that first aiders take these roles and responsibilities seriously
as first aid is potentially lifesaving in an emergency situation”. The role of a first aider is to
provide immediate, lifesaving, medical care before the arrival of further medical help. This
could include performing procedures such as:

 Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position

 Performing Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 Using an automated external defibrillator (AED)
 Stopping bleeding using pressure
and elevation
 Keeping a fractured limb still
Objectives of First Aid
1. To save lives
2. To prolong life
3. To alleviate suffering
4. To prevent further injury
Characteristics of a Good First Aider

There are several personal qualities

which you should look for when looking
for a first aider. http://www.tutorcare.co.uk/traininghub/first-aid-for-sport-coaches-
1. Gentle-does not cause pain and trainers

panic.
2. Observant-notices all signs.
3. Resourceful-makes the best use of things at hand.
4. Tactful- does not frighten the victim.
5. Sympathetic- comforts and reassures the victim.

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 Principles of First Aid

Daniel Clark (2019) explains that, “the do’s and don’ts of first aid depend on the injury”, but
general tips are:
Do’s in giving First Aid Don’ts in giving First Aid
 Do assure the victim that you are  Don’t move the victim unless it is
a qualified first aider, and that they absolutely necessary.
are in safe hands.
 Call 911 or any emergency number  Don’t forget to remove external
right away if the injury is really hazards.
serious.
 Do visually and verbally assess the
injured person.
 Do practice good personal
hygiene.
 Do try and take the pain off the
patient’s mind by talking to them.

What is It

OUTDOOR RECREATION COMMON FIRST AID INJURIES

According to Jill Tilton (2017), “first aid is required in many ways, shapes and forms.
It is always a good idea to have basic first aid skills just in case you need it yourself, or
someone needs it around you. Below are the lists of common injuries requiring first aid and
what you can do when accidents like this occur”.
Cut/Scrape
Cuts and scrapes happen when your skin is accidentally broken or worn away. This
can be the result of a fall, banging
against a hard object, or being cut by
something sharp.
 If there is bleeding, press firmly
over the site with a clean cloth until it
stops, anywhere from three to 15
minutes.
 Clean with lukewarm running
water and gently pat dry.
https://  If the skin is broken, apply a
thin layer of antibiotic
ointment, then cover with a
bandage or gauze and adhesive tape.
 If you can't control the bleeding after several attempts with direct pressure, call
immediate medical help.

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  Continue utilize antibiotic ointment and apply a new bandage daily (or more often
if necessary) until the cut heals.
 If the wound appears to be forming or draining pus or becomes swollen, tender,
or red, see a doctor right away to treat the infection.
Burn
Burn is damage to the skin or other body
parts caused by extreme heat, flame,
contact with heated objects, or
chemicals.
 Immediately hold injury under
cold running water or apply a
cold, wet towel until the pain
subsides.
 Cover any small blisters with a
loose bandage or gauze and tape.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2020/01/31/cool-
 Call a doctor as soon as possible running-water-is-best-initial---treatment-for-burns-in-children-study-
if burns are on the finds/
face, hands, or genitals, or if they're larger than 1/4 inch anywhere on the body.
 If the injury looks rooted, seek medical help immediately.
 For a burn covering a tenth of the body or more, don't use cold compresses; call
emergency hotline and cover up with a clean sheet or a blanket to prevent
hypothermia until help arrives.
 DO NOT pop any blisters yourself. If the skin breaks, apply antibiotic cream and
cover the area with a bandage or gauze until it's healed.
 Watch for any redness, swelling, tenderness, or discharge for these are all signs of
infection.
Insect Bite/Sting
It is a painful wound caused by the thrust of
an insect’s stinger into skin.
 If the insect left a stinger, gently
scrape the skin with your fingernail
to remove it without breaking it.
 Refrain from using tweezers because
that can squeeze more venom out of
the stinger, causing further injury.
 Call emergency personnel if you
have trouble breathing, coughing, or https://www.towntalkradio.com/10-insect-bites-to-look-out-for-
this-summer-and-how-to-treat-them/
develop a hoarse voice, hives, or
swollen lips or tongue.

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Splinter
Splinters are objects that become embedded under the skin.
 Use soap and water to wash around
the splinter.
 Clean a pair of tweezers with
rubbing alcohol and slowly pull the splinter
out. Rewash the skin.
 If you come across a fragment
that is hard to remove, leave it for a
day or so to see if it will come
https:// out on its own.

Sunburn
Sunburn is the term for red, sometimes swollen, and painful skin caused by overexposure to
ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. Sunburn can vary from mild to severe.

If you feel dizzy, weak, sick to your stomach,
or are spiking a high fever—or if the burn is
severe (oozing blisters form within 48 hours)
and covering a significant portion of your body
—go to the Emergency Room.
 If your only symptoms are discomfort and
redness, apply cold compresses and aloe vera
lotion and take some ibuprofen.
 Avoid creams with petroleum, which can cause
infection, or anything ending in - Caine. When
not administered by a professional, these drugs https:// sunburn-peeling-skin/

may be dangerous.
Nosebleed
A nosebleed is blood loss from the tissue that lines your nose. It can affect both
nostrils, but most often occurs in
only one nostril.
 Sit upright and don't tilt your
head back. Loosen any tight clothing
around your neck.
 Pinch the lower end of the
nose close to the nostrils and lean
forward while you apply constant
https://
pressure for five to ten minutes.
 Don't release and check

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 the nose; it could prolong the bleeding.
 If the nosebleed is the result of trauma, you can reduce swelling by holding an ice
pack against the bridge of the nose after the bleeding slows down.
 If it persists for more than ten minutes or returns later, call medics or seek
medical help in order to check for breakage.
Sprains, Strains, and Tears
A Sprain is an injury to the ligaments or capsule that
holds a joint together. A strain is an injury to a muscle
or to a tendon (tissue that connects muscle to bone). It
is sometimes called a “pulled muscle.” A strain happens
when a muscle or tendon is stretched too far or is
partially torn. Symptoms of a strain are pain, swelling,
and having a problem moving or using the injured
area. The hamstring (thigh muscle), calf muscle, and
Achilles tendon are commonly strained. A tear
often occurs when a joint is forced beyond its normal
range of motion. This can stretch or tear the
ligament, much like the fibers of a rope coming apart.
https://www.webmd.com/first-
aid/understanding-sprains-strains-basics Both surgical and nonsurgical treatment has been used
to recover from a tear.
The most effective treatment is the RICE method. In
the first few days after an injury, you should:
 Rest the area you injured. Your doctor may
recommend crutches if you hurt your knee, foot or
ankle.
 Ice the injury for 20 minutes at a time, several
https://creeksidechiro.com/ankle-sprain
times a day.
 Compress the injury with bandages or a splint
to reduce pain and swelling. Your doctor might also recommend a cast or boot.
 Elevate the injury (arm, leg, elbow, knee, etc.) on a pillow, to reduce swelling.
 A compression wrap is used to prevent swelling, which can help your ankle feel
better. It does not support the ankle or prevent it from moving, so it does not protect
it except by reminding
you to be careful of your ankle.
 Roll up the elastic bandage if it isn't
already rolled up. Hold your ankle at
about a 90-degree angle. Start where
your toes meet the body of your foot.
Hold the loose end of the bandage at
the side of your foot. Wrap the
bandage around the ball of your foot
once, keeping it somewhat taut with a https://slideplayer.com/slide/14440030/
light pull.

1
  After this, slowly start circling your way around the arch of the foot. Pull the bandage
diagonally from the bottom of the toes across the foot's top and circle it around the
ankle. Now bring the bandage diagonally across the top of the foot and under the arch
in a figure-eight pattern.
 When you get to the ankle bone, wrap the bandage around the felt piece so it stays in
place under the ankle bone. Continue around the ankle and foot in a figure eight,
moving toward the heel on the bottom and toward the calf at the top of the eight.
 The wrap should cover the entire foot and end about 7 centimetres above the ankle.
Most compression wraps are self-fastening or come with clip fasteners. If not, use
tape to secure the end. The wrap should be snug but should not cut off circulation to
the foot.

Fractures
Fractures are broken bones, and they can occur as a result
of falls or other harsh impacts.
 Stop Bleeding, if Necessary

 Apply firm pressure to wound with clean cloth

until bleeding stops.
 If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch it or
try to put it back in place.

 Splint the Area, if Possible https://www.academyorthopedics.com/fract

ures-of-the-tibia-orthopedic-surgery-
The purpose of the splint is to hold still and protect a georgia.html/
wounded body part from further damage.

 Cut away clothing if it cannot be removed without moving the injured body part.
 Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler, stick, or a
rolled-up piece of clothing with first aid tape. In general, try to include the joint above
and below the injury in the splint. As much as possible, avoid moving the injured
limb, and never force it or try to twist it back into place.

 Call immediate medical help if:

 The person is seriously injured.

 You suspect injury to the person's head, neck, or back.
 Bone is sticking out of the skin.
 Bleeding doesn't stop after several minutes of firm pressure.
 Blood spurts from the wound.
 Experience loss of feeling at the injured site
 Experience loss of warmth beyond the injured area.

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TASK 2: TELL ME WHY?
Directions: Copy and answer the questions below in your notebook.
1. What should we remember when giving first aid?
_
_
2. Why is it important to understand and follow the basics of first aid?
_
_
3. What is the goal in giving first aid?
_
_
4. What are the roles of a first aider during an emergency?
_
_
5. What should we remember when giving first aid?
_
_

6. Why is it important to understand and follow the basics of first aid?

_
_

What’s More

FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE: WHAT TO DO WHEN BITTEN BY A SNAKE

According to https://www.slideshare.net/quennieciriaco9/bites-first-aid, “snakes are
one of the dangerous animals. They have their salivary glands which produces venom which
is injected through grooved or tubular fangs. If you were attacked by a snake & you didn’t
give yourself a first aid it may cost some complications and at some cases it may lead to
death. If you or someone you are with has been bitten by a snake, you will know
immediately. It’s possible, though, for the bite to happen quickly and for the snake to
disappear”.
Mary Ellen Ellis (2018) suggests that, to identify a snake bite, consider the following
general symptoms:

 two puncture wounds

 swelling and redness around the wounds
 pain at the bite site

1
  difficulty breathing
 vomiting and nausea
 blurred vision
 sweating and salivating
 numbness in the face and limbs

First aid steps you can take after a snake bite occurs include cleaning the wound,
remaining calm, and immobilizing the affected area. However, it’s essential to get to a
medical facility immediately for emergency treatment. If treated in time, the outlook for
recovery is good.

What I Have Learned

TASK 3: COMPLETE ME
Directions: Complete the unfinished statements individually.
I can be a first aider because
_ _
_
I will be a first aider because
_ _
_.
As a first aider, I will
_
_.

Processing Questions:
1. Why is first aid important?

2. Can we help others through our knowledge and skills in first aid? How?

1
 What I Can Do

TASK 4: "IS HE A GOOD FIRST AIDER?”

Directions: Analyze the situations and answer the process questions that follow.
 Student A is very relaxed in controlling the bleeding on her classmate’s finger.
 Student B is insisting that her unconscious sister drink water.
 Student C immediately brings her friend, who fell down the stairs, to the clinic.
 Student D makes use of his clean handkerchief to tie his best friend’s bleeding arm.
 Student E speaks comforting words to her cousin who sprained his ankle while
trekking.

Process Questions:
1. Who among the students are good first aiders? Why?

2. Who among them are not good first aiders? Why?

3. What characteristics should a good first aider possess?

4. If you were a first aider, what would be your goal?

Assessment

TRUE or FALSE. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it is

wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. Before leaving the house for a trek through the wilderness, make sure you’ve
packed a first aid kit to treat future hiking injuries.
2. Treating burns and scalds can be done by putting layers of clothing on the
injured area.
3. First aid steps one can take after a snake bite occurs include sucking and
cutting the wound open.
4. No need to call for emergency if the patient’s blood spurts out of wound.
5. If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the “stop, drop, and roll”
method. Then remove the flamed material from the person. However,

1
 if the clothing sticks to the skin, do not pull it out but cut or tear
around it.
6. It is a common sense to give food and drink to an unconscious person.
7. Emergency personnel must be called immediately if severe bleeding or
bleeding does not stop despite pressure.
8. To treat minor cuts, clean it with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream
then cover with sterile bandage and secure using medical tape.
9. Strains and sprains Grade 1 & 2 may be treated with RICE (rest, ice pack,
compression, and elevation) method.
10. It is a must to always carry a first aid kit whenever you do any sort of
outdoor recreation.

Additional Activities

ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

Directions: For 10 points, read and answer the question and statement below.
SCENARIO: You and your two friends were hiking and along the trail you saw a man
who is unconscious, with blood oozing from his head. How should you deal with this
situation?
1. What is the first thing that you should do?
_
_
_
2. List everything you think you would need to do as the first persons to arrive at the scene.
_
_
_

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 Answer Key

References
Jose P. Doria, Madonna C. Gonzales, Lawrence Jay Sedilla, Janeth Cagulang, Physical
Education & Health-Grade 9: Learner’s Material (Pasig City: Department of Education,
2014), page 324-328.

Tilton, Jill. 2017. “Infection Control & First Aid Blog 8 of the Most Common First Aid
Injuries”. Safetec of America, Inc., Accessed April 14, 2021. https://blog.safetec.com/8-of-
the-most-common-first-aid-injuries

Furst, John. 2013 updated May 15, 2014. “The role and responsibilities of an emergency
first aider”. First Aid for Free. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://www.firstaidforfree.com/the-role-and-responsibilities-of-an-emergency-first- aider/.

1
Clark, Daniel. 2019 reviewed February 11, 2020. “What are the Do’s and Don’ts of First
Aid?”. Engage in Learning a Kallidus Group Company. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://engageinlearning.com/faq/health-safety/first-aid/what-are-the-dos-and- donts-of-first-
aid/

Ellis, Mary Ellen. Updated on 2018. “Snake Bites”. Healthline. Accessed April
14,2021. https://www.healthline.com/health/snake-bites

https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/safety/safety.shtml
https://www.mhealth.org/care/conditions/sprains-strains-andtears https://ritm.gov.ph/first-
aid-for-snake-bite-what-to-do-when-bitten-by-a-snake/ https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-
library/te7620 https://sportsguidemag.com/outdoor-safety-tips-to-remember/
https://www.tropicalbreezesafaris.com/adventure-travel-safety-tips/
https://www.fox16.com/dl365/holidays/camping-safety-tips/ https://gigacamping.com/top-
10-important-camping-health-safety-tips/ https://www.bikeradar.com/features/mini-first-aid-
kits-for-cycling/ http://paulkirtley.co.uk/2011/personal-wilderness-first-aid-kit/
https://www.keralapool.com/photos/first-aid-in-english-pdf.html
http://www.tutorcare.co.uk/traininghub/first-aid-for-sport-coaches-trainers
https://www.cpcmg.net/cuts-scrapes-wise-advice-urban-legends/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2020/01/31/cool-running-water-is-best- initial---
treatment-for-burns-in-children-study-finds/ https://www.towntalkradio.com/10-insect-bites-
to-look-out-for-this-summer-and-how- to-treat-them/
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/splinters/article_em.htm
https://www.prevention.com/health/a27197090/sunburn-peeling-skin/
https://www.insider.com/how-to-stop-a-nosebleed https://creeksidechiro.com/ankle-
sprain https://www.sportsandspinal.net.au/quad-strain-will-you-be-left-kicking-
yourself/ https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/understanding-sprains-strains-basics
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14440030/
https://www.academyorthopedics.com/fractures-of-the-tibia-orthopedic-surgery-
georgia.html/
http://sightdare.com/infographic-snake-bite-first-aid-2/. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/54716531/First-Aid-is-an-immediate-and-temporary- carepptx/.
Accessed April 14, 2021.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Duma
Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
Email Address: Website: lrmds.depednodis.net