4 ne Acahols, aldehyde ketone and cabroyylic acids. whichone Has figher boiling point and why? Carboxylic acids nave vigher boiling paints than alebydes. Ketons and Sven Gichohels af cemparable mag. It is duet {ne formation of ‘ntermalecular tt: binding iM Cabranylic Acids. 45a ciation aceurs: Catbaxylic agits has [are Molecular wrelgiat which ptaduces SWON® pond ard vigher baill mig’ points: 0-H 6 ac i ft ONO toh ft N a7 ft ip on ote -0 CHy chy bp= 100-4 bps 6f-9" psn ia wheh a Cabroxylic acid donates Hs Profan. if becomes a negating charged jen ¢RCOO, called carabsxylcte isn: A Carbarylete fon IS much umore Stable than tie Cottespnding Alkaxide (ai becakte of the existance of (Csonance structures for te Carboxylate ian which disperse i1s negative charge. Merefore, bsiling poimt of Carboxic acid requiver the addition of more heat than Ine Corresponding Aicahal, because) if the dimer persists in tne GaHCeusttate ine malecular weight isin effect doubled @) if tre dimer is broken upon tailing, extra energy is tequird 45 beak she {ie hydrogen bande 46 F @) NN ow I ah ae Popienaldchyde oxime © ty "0 || ae () pean Had Lila reduction Benzoicatid (M36) ; Benzyl alcohol (h) OOH t iil ToC Rena No reaction Benzoyl chloride toa gay ‘ Wt ayo on _ Btboxy te acids - -|©. 06 , de + OSE PrN AN tt a ~ butyl acetate Acetyl catoride — “ OManol 43. ay @ Neen oe yt CHC-H MAWRD end cectytide on) hee = NA+ Colts Br TC Hyage = c= cH-Ch3 + NA Br Che bape 3° tne) or, Gugdig C=C- Nel 4 Ck a a —_ ; # hee Aw cl ay CHe mn) a v Ons Cie-C=CH + Cate Hy Br > Gite + Cry Chg Ce Vy br W chy cry CEMGBr 4 tho — scr, we added | a oN SELL + NaBr n- butyl bremide 4-iodabutane | ©/\/*y* (0) Aes h-butyoromide benzene Sodium BromifeY C\NA\ 5 AME ENE Hy Up CEO Clty He Cy cy (We-butynate ian) Cheptyne 1) ; ®) “ 32. (D bovd efiad - structure CEtwhe 3 - axobunoate) Chg- ¢Hy- O- ca Che Go Cy, 9 0 bende structure Bigs YOY 0 0©) condenred structure: (Lok eh CH= City City= Crt che N= ChE Hy Gratt, Bend tine structure! 6 PRE ee (VY) condensed structure: (2- Broinapropanayl bromide) Cri CHa (Br) c (Br) Bond fine structure ® iL SS _ 6r &) contersed structure Cw, ~ Dimethyl formamide) 6 » te HC) Bondtine structure + } ~ eee () Condensed structure Cre Tere | Cokg(e) coos Bandline srracturc Oke \ —————————————= ssTas YW) F LOK 44 4- chisropheny! -3- meiiy! propinsic acid © 4 meting plop-2- one. Bond tine Structure 0 0 W ci Ethyl benzoate 30. @ ci, car (er)ne= ett coon 4 chivo-3-ene-penfanoi( acid @) Cl, Ot= CH Carita) Cry 06 Ht 3- etinyl- 4-ene proponoicacid Y celts-o-{c0)- atts phenyletnanoate @) Wang(™) W-propyt-w- methoxy phenyl anine Colts (Coorg) (ty) (n) 3- methigllontanryl prepanacde ALI_CH, CHt,coo creit, eM (OBS 43 - Lsomers: Same matccular weight uc sierent Gre called (somers- e ia ; different Constibutionat isomers: Lame matecetar Welght a ite tetas siructn Ve Connectivity ef tacir Wonded afr" dre Ces © [sarmeyc. 4 : x LA >on ak n- butans| dert-butinel = N\ Oe a Sec- bufanel fee —bufane|© im) S- © Budanal Cerro, cient) J4. ( igo QW) 2- btancue Cerceertsox)(tw) 2- te (Co u,cHerto] WW) Tetra hydro furan [ (te) e\ o, # 0 e {(Wh) Cotto, CO pentinoie acid [evsenonenten Go o> eC p f o J 2-metiyy-butansic. aetd [ ener, cit (sg) ct3 methyl butanoic acid [ chy CH (anor coon | 0 | i re 3 ,, ; Pei! a eee Lor Haute) “Pn e H W 2.2 dimetiy) propanoic aciel i Che con, \e cot on "G 5O>—py a Halln sg tet (\ 4) eh @O MINOTE 10 Litea [wap 0 oh) - an | vows dost yey C (un) e 7g pep bid (08 ob) Gy, ) rere he or eee 079 jt rs a aay 0 [wom otis J} apeoronjaujeyno «)b -o 9: wr @ “49 @& tHe &Y. gINt ~ \AS/ S— lin 4 hoRo Base) pg- st (alkoxide) ne : (thio late) Mols Gre more Macteophilic tan alechels- Because Nuteteop hilici ty efers ta the ability of n atom to donaie 4 tne pair 0 Gn Clectrophile other faan Ht. Sulfur, being lege Clechromegative thay oxygen - holds on Yo its electrons fess Tiotitly and tans donates its lone pair mare readily. R-H + Br. ent oF] ae Lew re activitg- fics i vi ached lates much rafical High Seleetvita- Re earl Be tcy- —a] pfs ip ds pe + rel Mighreactivity 7.6. Reached early : little radical Lew selectivity characterSelectively MEANS Ihe difference ih rate et aynich the Varians Classes of fice Fadicals Ave farmed In ils attack On Alkane, the broming tom is much more selective than the chlorine atom. Also much lest Teacfive than chlorine atom: Broming atom is more selective than chforine GLOW So that promination Of alkane is preferred comparec fo chlorination ta the Preparatisn of alkal Matcde. © Me electric attraction forces that holds the molecutes 1 gases iy Called vander Waals forces Reason of atising vander Wosls ferces: mole cules: ® duc to the presence Of permanent dipole ia distayt the etectron density W The permanent dpele may of tae other motecuics (ty) Even though wo permanent +1 pate exisr tn matecates - G& farce of attraction may exist in motccule accounting ro condensing to the liquid state at low temperature. Sof > que ett geeienye. 6Drotic solvents: A matccule sf-salvents thar was & H atom attached f6 highly etectyonegative atm. Ex- Myo Nils, Cottcort - Apvotic solvents: A molecule of Sohents that do not dave <- H Aton bonded to highly electronegative atom - Te factor thataffecting nuctesphi ic ty im protic Solvents - ') H-bonding encumbers @nucleaphilic ané hinder HS reactuity 1 H-bonds t smaller nucteophitic is stronger than larger one: . WW) The (arger atams ate less Sslvent than snaalter oe: W) The Larger atoms have greater polaritatit ity bifferent application of inductive effect on the Property of molecules and iéns CD Stavilityof carponine ‘ons _ The stability of carbonium ions increases with Increase ty uumbtr of alkyl Jro4ps duc to their +1 effect. me alkyl 9roups release tlectrens fo carbon bearing positive charge and thus Stabilizer tne jen oh ° K ff i a-¢cO YD 1 Cop dts i iff OO Stability of free radical ct ae 6 cM 4 " SH > Cth-c > Creer y Hee, Cy | { The OF a nn . Stability of fiee radicals tcveases with the iucreare in the num of Alkyl Sto ups: (UY) Stability of catpan tem 4 HW Cry OW 1 1 t ' HC > H-cOs H- CO 7 cy- CO 4 Ct, i { 5 Cty Hs Te stability of carvoniam decreases with increases ih na OF Alkyl Group-The etectran denating alkyl groupe destabilize tHe Carbanions by increasing theetectron density near Carbon Atom « (N) Acidic strengtn of carvoxylit. acids and pherals Tre electron withdrawing Groups C2) CAtverylate for and Mew by Stabil(ZiNg it Hence ine acidic strength increase when al groupe are present: Onthe omer rand, ine electron donating Sroups(a1)e9. Cr, inareases jne etectrendensity of Carboxylate and taus destabilize iti the acidic strgth Ae lrenses- ® H- CoH 7 RCO Formic acid iS Stronger than acetic acid The Cy qronp Oc Stabilite the Carboyylate ien- Y) CRRUOK > CEHCOOHD CEILCOOH > ciQcowlt the acid strength increases with Increase in the no Of eledvon withdrawing fiunrine atom atx-Cc) - Boer Capen» 40) THC Acidic Strength of prenals Incheass When 1 groups Ale prevent gutive ring pe nitro phenels fs stronger acid than phenols GS the N0)- groups i @ ct alepe and Withdraws etectran densi ( ns Where as the Parar crera Weaker Reid than ; F r aay Fa phenol mn cl ramps shows Seteotivity refers fo tae leicht t9 which tne method can be used to determine particular Analy bes in mitires Or matrices Without inichfercaces fram other comporentt of similar behavior. ; Recetivity inthe impulse fre which « cheorical Substeice tindergues @ chemical reactin either by itself OFwith other materials, with Gn overall Vekease of encigy. - Factor (mat affecting hatogenaticn: ) Orientation oftne Substance « 1) Relative reactiveness cf cfkener. ~ W) Esse of abstraction af hycenen atoms : Energy of activation W) Stability of free radical V) Ease of ~ folmaticn of fire tadicate ") Transifion Hate cf the intermediete-