BASIC NATURA FLOW AND ARTIFICIAL LIFT PY. INDRILLGO SAKTIPoe era aes Cro gh BHT ESET EG vaeryseey weet atDerivation and Application of the steady: bUatél’riow Equation for Compeessibie Fluid inva! Pipe Sept 4, 1906 Le per y DERIVATION L 2 kK, Beeray In — energy Out + neat added = work done sp-aysten = Accumulation Tho derivation wilt he done for a unit mass. Energy crosses the bcundaries as 1) Kinetic energy - the Ke of a mass “n* moving at velocity wv" is Ye ave, : For a unit mass KE» v2/2 2) Flow energy ~ this is the energy required to push a mass actoss the boundary of a system. The vork.or energy) Fequired to move a mass of Eluid fron one side of the boundary shown below to the other side ig ehe.the force exerted times the distance over which it acta. [Ss] ——F The force which is acting is pressure *e" times area PF PA: The distance over which it acts is the value pecupies by a unit mass (called specific volume, *y) Divided by the area of the pipe “ 50 F.B. = (PAN(y/a) = Py.Page 2 3) Potential energy - A unit mass has potential energy dependent upon its elevation above an arbiteary elevation where Z is defined ¢ 0. The work (energy) required to move a unit mass to another datan is g?- Thus PE = 92. 4) Internal Bnergy ~ this is » form of energy which is stored within a substance ~ ueually in the form of pressure or tomperature. Its aymbol is us For 2 unit mass v2 i snergy In = Lo + Py, + 92, + uy v2 2 Bneray Out = —3- + Pv, + a2, + uy heat adited (per unit mass) = q work done by the system (per unit mass) = w Under steady state conditions there is no accumulations Thecetore the energy equation can be written as v2 vi PHP bot tu ta-we sey egz, eu, (D zt Py tay tu ta “Et Payy tag tyPage 3 Let us define an elemental volume as follows: trae In terms of distance down the pipe, point 1 id att and point 2 is at t+ an. ae Pqustion 1 can be written as follows: a Recalling that, Ne can write the equation in differential form 1 av? (Py) az du we PGE + 460s be gt ge- ”Page 4 The change in internal energy (au) is the sum of all of the changes in energy taking place in the lowing material, This change in energy may take placo as heat effects, compression effects, surface effects, chemical effects, ete. The inccease in internal énorgy due to heat efeects is equal to the heat absorbed From the surroundings and all other energy dissipated into neat effects within the system duo to irreversibilities such as overcoming Eriction occuring in the proces! qtiw lw is the “lost work" which was dissipated due to ieceversibilities. The increase in laternal energy due to compression effects can be expressed as the integral of P with respect to vt Rrcan ‘The increase in internal energy due to gurface effects, chomical effects, etc. is assumed to be negligible. ‘Therefore du = q + aw ~ Pay a Rearranging equation 3 and substituting equation 4 results ins a v2 + vap + pay + gaz tq + lw - Pave g-w oo ae Canceling yields: 2 v2 + vap + gaz = -w -1w oy 1 z If we assume no work is done on or by the flowing Eluid, the w term disappears. The lost energy per unit mass is found Erom the ‘equation: omPage. 5 Substituting equation 7 -nto equation 6 (with the aauiibtion that w= 01, viele: 2 Lay? v2 at Faw?) + vap + gaz = - « YSt w y is defined as 1/p and 1/2 a(v2) = vay. v 1 eB ae er ra wo Tis aleterential equation is Eirst order, nontinear. the nonlinearity stems from both ¥? and being nonlinear Functions: Of P as well as 4. Althcugh sone equations of this type! can be solved analyticaily, it ia usually necessary to enort. te numerical methods. one of these methods is mmerical integration. If ve assume the change in kinetic onergy is negligible (Vav 0), and the flow is vertical (a2/dt = 1), the equation can be written as: 1 gv Sig Pe - RD at «oy ay ‘This equation (or variations of it) can be numerically integrated and the results tabulated. Poottmann did this in 1951 and Sukhar and Cornell integrated another variation in 1955. ‘The result is table(s) of nunbers which may be used to Eind Elowing bottom hole pressure. Another method of numerically solving differential equations is knows as the finite difference technique. The technique whichPage 6 folios is'a vaeLation of the technique which was published in 1960 by Dhilton and Cole. ‘the equation is wettten ost 7 2 o-oo a an, an is found =Pt " Py gy As found by Py yy = Py + CSO Te Is usual in the petroleum producing industry to define tho axis system opposite to the direction of flow. The above equation is based on an axis systom as follows: Zz Y x positive flow is defined as going in the direction of increasing Xe Ye and 2 For oil and gas wells, the axis should be defined as: x Y z (notice the right hand rule still works) and positive Clow should be defined as going in the direction of decreasing x, ys and 2 (i.e. toward the origin) this necessitates altering eq 12 to 2 Pa ar oy) 99 a (eond¥ling the negative sign)Page 7 Remember, 2 (or 1 in this case) increases downward and flow toward the suetace is positive. APPLICATION Tho specific weight (y + pg) of a natural gas can be calculated fron PV = Znkt as = PG 28.97 v= 262497 aay In Cield units ps ys 2.70 8 as) P ~ psta G = gravity, ale = 1 T= oR y= Ube/te3 The velocity in the :ubing steing is the flowrate divides by v= QBs tt yy as) In field units - rz v= .05975 22 @ = yscreo an P= psia d= tn vpsPage 8 Working Eeom the surtace down, the pressure at any point is Py, = Py + (SE yon = Py + EROS «sy ev) oy @ sure oe as) £ ~ mooay von tps >. inches aop/te? ~ piste CALCULATION PROCEDURE J © surface conditions Stop 1 given Py, G Ty, ase, D find 2, ys pr we E Stop 2 ae calculate v, oF step 3 calculate P54, using a at of 1000" + Continue until the bottom of the hole is ceached. ANNULAR FLOW Nany times we are interested in calculating pressures for gas flow in an annulus. To do this we must calculate thepase 9 Significant dimension "Lt for use In the Reynold's number (tig * YEE) and also for use in the head loss equations the significant dlanotor is actually 4 tines the hydraulic radius (R) where R= flow area (A) divided by wetted perimeter (2). or a cixcular pipe aw 20) Ley ay Pew, Pet (ay thie rs Bt" (a) For a tube centered in another tube w0,? 204? ae St aay P a0, + 20; (sy ne} (2s) thoretore b= by = 9 on where © and i rofer to the outer end inner tubes, respectively ‘This value, in appropriate units, is substituted Gor the D in eq 19. To calculate velocity, it must be remembered that V = O/A so the proper substitution for D is 05? - 0,2. The equations becone (1 et 2 sovtdicor) he enPage 10 Qs) v 0) INCLINED PLOW Yo handle inclined flow it is only necessary to renenber that a dz/at term was set equal to 1. IE the equation is re-derived vith the 42/d2 term included, the result is: 2 at. So GE scart) he en tm oil field terms dx is tho difference in true vertical depth (TVD) and dk is the difference in measured depth (HD) « «aay SrATIC "TOM HOLE PRESSURE The static bottom hole pressure is @ trivial form of equation 31. Since V equais 0. he co) ae 4Page 1h ENgeCTION WELLS Since positive flow is defined as flow toward the ocigin, flow (and therefore v2) mst be negative in an injection well, The best way to remember how to properly handle injection wolls Is to determine whether the Exiction term acts in the sane or opposite direction as the head term and make the signs on the appropriate terms positive of negative. INCREASING PRECTSLON Precision can be increased by decreasing the value of ox. Values for at of 1000' are usually sufficient. or low pressures (00 pst) and high Elow rates, it may be necessary to Lake shorter “steps.OPTIMUM LIFT SYSTEM 10 YEAR LIFE 3000 2000 1300} PRODUCTION RATE 8/0 1000} 209] 600 400 200} ELECTRIC suB- GAS LIFT MERSIBLE PUMPS suBs' HYD PUMPS URFACE RAULIC+ ROD PUMPS LIFT DEPTH (1000)Overview of Artificial Lift Systems emit Brown, SU. Tehe Summary “his paper avesgielies w ast inthe section of Teor if cid. The met porn pei esemtion othe flaw ates psi yeah ces Shree ration of psi nt dapems Combing we-iiowperternaee miaunships et ting me cues The ftig he eurve tees Desi owe im the comple ping ser) anor fre gly he pomp med Mary ee (le ome haa fs Such anon, weevaiy by ‘Sie comcen. panifie. sale depron. os punt fed cies nine el selection of itteasipmen. Introduction “Tis paper roids an overview fail yes Ilgucs ucts ewig menor stem ter te eam amir Advanage i advange [Seensamenamples nt elect of i rads. “Fisistepsets the lative staging of i ystems tse owe mamber of fstalsions though the teri) sacked pumping (beam parne). (2) 25 Tin) wesc sobmersle poping, yo finion pr (8 nui mpgs 6 get Eterpocn snd omer meh Tis ier == ‘Snips el sents ‘it syste se ong Sevsope ad sted com viaty The ing heey wou neo ees ‘ust atemn, ad mate desea special for Gir ae being eed Wel oe eho od Indep mien preset specie poems, and suc ‘pic lino tecone ipa. The weal Uf "Rohe tide comiaere efor the wel dtl, ‘treaty ths cea he done on wc wels, Dut frst be dan on a equa evelopment mel THe ting pemsn nt bouts le size ign sng nding aes. On ei ition oii i iain hs ecnie tly of al evs ss whch is {henson apc sing sso an he ob Jee ow rie aed in pari, it the si of Fiveraic gar ih equipment andlor pumping Tren The lion of ait mandrel ha ose iy ia sem ob an asco ne i seous minus as spe vomes Impsed onthe sy wih ie sa valve Alo, he {her jerome etersier of the Tin {G8i- OD rave fest or he poping ser Ihe ser caacy pumps mas we athe sale (snp ates. al soe te abannge of vie “Sw spe lintatinsbeseme a inporan fato. For example lage compressor gv If 0 Brge ens or eects pumpng are anise fr of Shore pionms pve mt be foe tte oa “isipn allow fr bth night an space on he pla fon. Some egies reise opiate abo aru flow inte plant ge a many sans ‘Besa ain ta cl i il ote ead {hg the of el. Thi tens 0 ery por Fan ting. capecally on for fais Thin Gig aie I syaems or wel is recommended tH inaly be eae 3 i ere 2 fouing welts» proucton spt ah soul epee tosce bwin owing 2 IE sEea me: Teac aaa be place tote ome pl, Nore flowing wes wl show ‘ined ow mes when sed on afi “Fe aon fay nial pte roe = et tubing nt estar sath ha he ee Girmayreyond an poi the objective fo re “Te den ta ante of ay fing sero {te in feos omponens. The isis he es Stor eampoent (inom perormaes omhi), nen npn Be wel ype fds Tesecond component ese the ere piping and a Ciel it ymem ‘Ths ices separa we Awtne resins uh at chokee, tbo SE fog ann resting mach eal) aves, an the a {Mel mechan ae Tong nae presses icine cane paced o he ame plo a be TP ‘ine: the mi fors area it meted en te dt ese cos shoul become in he etn of snifcal i epipnent produce characters, Mad roves, be chanclraes, hng-nge recovery plan, sic fits, ction, avaiable per TCores, open poem, cretion pe avoma wos eperang persone, sere. valli. td ‘Soma Toer ang sora he avai [Sue dadtmnges of be pomp! ethos ‘Simoni tnd ‘Liquid Productive Capac ofthe Well “Te dese ete fram trier well he mostssneg omen OSE |Sfton potion veut” mane compos, stays arab paces SSecinpresren Styrene ay eae wen ES" ee So. ce Sommers cath arcs aut i = SRN on gat rg Peon Un Neiman Deen ed my Seog Serene ee a SSS = Regeacretng Seatan to he sient dat 10 consist presi the dys iil pte ae oh mvc teageave ow mics tha the mas imum, Ar econo lint raced when pris des (el tom incase ot provcton ar fe by a "fo compare res of diferent ih meds propery. inocu tocnab toing make uve foreach i ‘Sem fp 2) Tae leno porto ote eterna lm Fat 2 1 when a he bom fhe wl opposite be compton nena The ection of ex uae fre wih the well inflow pertormarce PR) cane Shows he own fora panic Rime Te aes ‘poe ty each metho wil ehange deeming on wel vie, Each web met beveled spaniel, td tmey factors cota he ow mi Forevaple, he le pa im may ected al ther methods eae Net woumee of fe gs mot bul byt pry Ing merbonn, chee elctncl purine may eo er ms fr high peti water wel nd low bit of eee “Te pede or preparation of ese tate ces ha een pete by pens Ash summa) of he Icha of preantion i pete her. Suested ‘Tarte estate cane foray wel wll be prenored ‘Sanne tthe wel wil ow marly Fp. shows {Bartha vel doce Now nanaly 118 ing ike Sune fe atove the IPR curve a noted in Fg 3 be Procedure for Preparation of Tubing nike Cores, “The hing iake sree ppaed independent of be TP cre ne Figs fa dv and 4) To pear thee ues ales fc mist be aroun or srg iru and ming pa ia nk iow sch i sri chkens salty aves. and ‘donno cin must be scouted fo ‘nee durant tion ewes owing wh “The Flowing Well Fig. shows the various in veers ant coreipsdiag prsire twee fort owing mel For Sanfcanan tt ved ms {a an waa segment Forth mpl yom te vaio estsions sachs sartce shoe. fe. may be tinned Nowe tha all Ioues ne alive, bepaing wth ve separie (oe ‘Ett prewure re for mos aplcans). To co (ina hag ini ares fora presare Oow rae ‘Gagran, ii neces fo actune Now ras nd ‘Soermine te comespending wing. ake presi. ‘Teal eals ae shown in Fp "Pc ssuian mde or portion ca be taken anywhere ine sytem Often le when ae ween or Be pura emplanie te eet a nan Sem Se eguem, Fig 6 twwr a welead pres soon which ln ofc of te fowl. Fg? shows Uevotnon utente epumorioemphastae ete Sheep res “Te euror presse tome ncesngy ipo tant fe oie Spe gar alas bese Dee ig 2-Tuong te cone ocatenaaene ee Fg 2-Duat oatA PRESSURE a PRESSURE RATE {Gas-Lin Wel. The partion of ing inte cares items og es. Th bere ‘tem. Fg. and 9 show tpi commas fam seis pla inlsing stn Rawle. "Tot gait wey he oat pow etn ote lyr ten at neo two nes, ono ‘tel orat the op of he wel: Figs 8 and chow te ‘Sis tthe same problem eke st ath ales Te si nen ene nh he el 1 Wa, nd we) ad sein wah wa owngo Peer 2) pressure’ Pressure sTaate Aare Water a PRESSURE | RATE > pie solution pn. Te tabing nae pressure conve represents the etre pps Sysem. nang separ [peer Rowln, yt hong By taking he ston a esac 9) ip ing tystem has been Separate. One ave pees he or my bead, "Aap i well perfomance creo il Now te ‘Thr fil pt rene oropmleation ip 10) For ial aoeainn of eto on elo. pe eorew nce, anpig Satine, The persion of hing fake‘et punping ne ate ret compe, for wel at ‘mum ump pe The muon ey vara oy ‘Sinking fe mp e downdnecongresor pre ‘lenis o emer one prentr nd chuges them tater pressure However, pnp ea ery Poot emresor when sis presen nd wih pic ere Iie” or compres, sion «hgh api (evkpe The poe teres ete conn ho {he pump rn up te ble compared wh bing ot ‘om A piel presue tmvene for pang tsocares ra, tet rt, + ‘sem i shown in Fig. 1 along with he comesponing Ineimate curve the sane a fer gr iff Dw: Ine wel A change in te pang ae wil si De bag For ppg yt handing xt, porn 0 prepare IP crs forte lite Pg) {Gu Production Expected Frm the Wel ‘The amount of gt proficed a, hence, Se peia, 1-Gantnoatomien cine Fp an mare Pe pet nn ae a San ‘ti in sgifcan fr sling te sf it ‘ethod If hips volumes of gama ps hgh ce it hela Fp 12)» auton igi cpa can ‘epee forall pumping systems, nd fi oe ‘ote mos lea! Che. Compe pa ck ny ‘urine pumping steno, tary eve ps ‘cep vlume Bit mast be dace The aby of Some poping systems to bale gs snp le ‘ea pap tt sing ein whe thes gat ppd. Soke rol paps tay gasiock completly Si ih as. predation. Hydaie pon pumps “hou nt ath, bt hey mist ae te a ans fence gd capacity 2 duced. Toe Iie Piston pps ae flected Is ses by a ha ‘ed pumpe The aificlyof vemng gt in otc Tecan tereth the say valve) San eine th pumg'eflectivenes: re uals react he sty of Jeepumps te handle ligs Gs ia plang i ae Siler high GOR wel. ‘The lyse! Hetaoas of ya vening mast be ‘evitwel boougly Cane pasice dont mouse ‘tating ay etre). 2, efor. the pat mrt Se Pol back inthe tess a te well rouion Sr provsion mat be rnd fr' opty Ts ‘ome fdr ow: pose ps pica ose ay Sted andthe veing of ps sno lower pesure "sem maybe mich mre sect, Astor tH tyne ty sid fo tet gu and plunger it Cominoous Now ga i SSady excesne-—Le, tte mec of oon {ic phen the Roving presse pet ne ten get can if wells making sb des a tice Seeman ps ining Anger may een {erconmainbeteoe the gan nr pact in ost eases The volume sd presure ballup oe fasng provides the cesar energy ops he pga teorstrace pesos Depth Liatins and Etectve Lit An fer miindenood term e"eflective i." Foc ex feist pump ay Bete a 12.090 F237. 6 my ae + Pe sn covatryrs tooemcons 0000 ‘ra. 13-4 ec pt pp wa aca amo at a Dnemp 18008 assume tat the pr mat if roms seting ph the Gii'may te seine for peter tosepower tan (ured For exapl, in wel 12,0008 657.6 repr tacs se pec of 3.0 pi 0.68 MPa), PL ie Tatumed coun gus liquid io .20 sto (G35 ud math ween pease 160 pe (110 Aiton compel wah Sos (635-0 ing. tat ed eee i for aie 3.09015 [GIT wr) The Bowing bone res COMP feauies for tne. well te yield ther So 2.oo02)~ 2,00 ps 13.79 MPa}. Te fe. the tif pos tat oh f wch Oe fing BHP ‘Srl surging tease be bing ang Te tc malas fe conelaon hows is 0 Be 5FaVe tase ifn tow or a» Sep of 4.500 Gat rig, 1) There. «pumping ER ee tet Soo mati mand by creig & eta pecsare nth ps, the eect owe Seu‘ cane The dacare head ave te pomp SEER emis of ahead nt pres oss shove 4.500 (1371.6 m, sch as wings, fw ss tenant prea "fc sre ute paping syste is 10.00 8 (9008 er even amon 13,00 3687.6 he {amp ai ety fom te ete pao «30 Rdrtemy Ascher any valine cone pote th pp eet cen Sc reser overome Al pear ass we (peetene pi wich ae Ot he impr rate ne a flee i oe Ie ‘Berea, th ap 1.200 ps (8.27 MO) ie apponiray he sae ean of be pup fositon, elocting any efecto choess cased Oy Tratpuse fw enone Fg 13 cies is Se pomp ot der psions Noe at char freee sae He pp ion Hono Foie A re ATE ecne of tne pt pening te pO Inve Mitten ad fa ola (ol ls fee et) uch ier 401813716‘Tee ae many masons for ating pump ele Indow or ware ect i point, Obonst the pomp shod be shmerge emaph ole sity Kip eney pressure to prevent envio ad to oer ‘Soenel a teparor Submerpenc in het (te) ‘Sete a he fn tevel a he tae ve ere der pering conn The deity of eng ow amp Iai preset ay Pst sme PE ‘yuma and fener re OF thant 300 (ETNA pomp ate pester or tls pp ‘oes tru the pp aes te Jeep ne Deyth Umtatlons. Elecrict Pam. The priscis! {phim or electra pomp inp eas at ‘een etesine tempentue This himtaion ha bee Improved pom, wh some unis how opening a 10°F (17620) However, hone oan sete can fe apace ae temper erease. Deeper Set ‘eps ray be desi limite pring oe En bet loge fe i expected fer femperates Tess tan sr ion2"c) (Ges Lip. Gas ii ite in deh pial by the aisly of ga injection presse wit mele 0 ‘Slo pa 071 2068 MPa) However mow gait Satter by fo" tow arene! ie tapectney 3 ‘ese dove 20 ps (10.34 MPa. operons ‘here of the salve may te fs han opm ‘Sune of wey high done Chrs ory soy ed envy sprigs. However, some gsi vives eg peed secesfly sua presse of 2300 ps (730 MP or ater, For cosines fom, nti Sep ow 12.000 A (G6H.6 wave bem hired. However. ent of the very Np peso Terie yg flow ha teen tied to 2.00 (9487 my atthe atloack lad con cosine most ff the ompial staring slg. When asd conjunction sit pln, rch espe con hate er depbe Jet Pang The et ur i very eft for Ming from et depts. als euraa higherpercenae of ‘erence than do be oe systems Asin [120% rabmemence lene ort apleaon te geste for bene fencer Hower some mp ae et 1,000 133828) nde prods Faate S00 IDR to47 Fi, yee Poon Peping, Te moe sce meth Fail i for wel blow 10.00 9 12,000 8 (Goth 0 367.6) has Bee hye pst pare {np i sah Losin, ever pomp ve eon et elow 12.00 0637.6 mp wih afew 15,000 8 (4572) and 1,00 (5186 4m) They ae holo $00 fo 008 47.7 79 meh aticogh teat ein of fective I was ot speci, Aiea ‘etc ean in Re. Besa fool rac in thn res ee Pu ar eae roc on a schdled as The ait to replace i punp wth very ie doweie makes facie for dese condos. Cae Shoal be etre ahd deep ‘lean soul be mtd to ow Lan oe Beam Pang. Some beam ponying systems or eran ew 12,000 (6876 twee. to deh an oe rm he elective it eh. Very shaw and medior deo wel The lege number ef Sci uns an pr more soecessvel am depths selon 10.00 84, Plager Lt The pangs ba no el dt into, fot ste rescre mus be eta ti sg ‘env ihe panger The ssloion may esp Pemented wit meting Several arene blr Tro 9828, Feat. Fett of Ht methods wo ehaege bie tea wel cing rcs ce pr cali system war designed may change bea of {0} seca nll ruc coed weg the ‘ethodh, cag nceed sate presure sion we now sly (emo hat es noni wel tor Inrmuliphns fw coreaon: and (change the ship flow rt rm san prodcin, ong on eve well orconeraionprsies, (Gas UP. Gus itr wie rang of Rely iin he ate nes opti of prosaig. Tean hole ‘Sowa of bares down to ae bare per dy. Fo ice the egal ejetive mt No. pa i lve ‘hanger we neesy i change ew Be mae rom eam Pong ond Hydrate Pam. For tee pin Sens wheres change in sas pe mie rhe tenis acalsed ealy, exslity rte tine wihin te sei tions, cra! Pap. Unt the recent development ofthe Sarble-fequency cone the cles pry a8 the lent esl ofthe it systems eyeing thin = "ef ped and pe eqn, ssh a 0 (Ges nasa eOeyee power and 2913 pm O08 md) sty gma pms ry ‘ier ge The veney cones efecive o Icing the me dowd oes out eva ie {onal Rosepowes in ihe mole Therefor he mr ft be ovrdngmd oe gad for the annorale condition 1 ican be sowed down ring the Furbo mere efile ange “Fhe J pnp te eave change res, an Sid is ia vey ean bcp ans ‘Tee nger td termine pa th ae Ain" the mater of eyes fous per ny Pangea now inservice a tv from 1.000 {Gast mynd 1s mime Incrinet ps and ‘anger if relent in eng me ower ae {eit of shot 200 BID GER mld). Some cen ‘one hve neared in chamber if, wh ter of 500 {2'500 BD (94910 9539 md). These ee were tenes now sate pres heh product wel ‘ejesmems: downwarrm the maximo fer mo rotem: Surtce Lactlon, Losin becomes re! wah ame [sho platform, aibogh Were we any ne Qallow tnund wuen, sich as Lake Mancate of ‘ew nmin of te sacked pnp Cie 14) has teen conndereé ina few arate Afsca Tit Syren izes» wine pipe, nea of pul ‘mpi ow aero at espn vry le pce “Gu ih clcncal pumping amide pion suming arth sates perl considered ff Shore operons. ‘The ably To vreve gan aves hye pumping isa tc abana. ch {Se bygnalie pomp havng te lowest ppt vlume Tamaton. The ase of poet water eines the fre van te hyo em Te etna pr cu Fen tno conned droped int for Finerable person. athorh afew are nll. If ind when te reenable problems re Temoved, ie ‘eve! pumy wil be om of he mom sera ih ‘nth rao “The lcaton of he sem in oan ae egies proper enconmenta sontemtons, Someone ed for gait ot sorice aces for» ye pomp ‘ames tacine Speci conse ancl Heavy Crude Os, Te iting of more ad mor hey trade ols it tecoming meena” Corey os ld wih he bm pp. The hydra pump oes Seay ean of iting wight power ol wih hey Prodolng cet ete vicoky. Toe seoorics {ie practiairy of is sluion a qusionble A Hp cade mst be aa an eres tion in ‘quali and pice othe ming Spec types of It ave een devied to heny cde shee iar we! Te eiceey of ee ‘Soria pump eee omer aad psi es ‘capper vey cacti. Tae en Pop, toe, ‘Sedimareexensivey amare meted, Ting henwy eraser nels by ue fear ods uies pci nnn very ht de Operating Problems. Opening poblens a diet {orton Ht methods anche nd, arin, se, Fe. tar te pong ‘ormic,enusions, downto temper, a st “Sond, Prosi of snd ates eon probes ea pps earn Hh Cast the aly meted at {Es oo ge ht esd Iden Pd pase ap 1B ing ecto Sana fiup on tp of 2 De tome ump may cause eval preiens Panafin. Acca of parting poront ibe big Ran weed, oe fowie wi exe Setprenue' dt mfscereiiceny Removal [Petenon equied.Sarker ma parpng fas a 9 SSnage over oder Ii meh ince We Rds prove arf pea Hightemperte fod ies Gite canted immediately ia hye yee, Phnger see ss stort pein spe Scale. Deposiinn of ele wll me the 1D of ming ‘thei wil deena effec. Oa if ny 3 fEntte see eporion, Preven by chemical 3 Sines may provide longs pug ie and may main ‘aorta. Png wil kept big leas. Correton, Downs comoton wy bec tse Grobe tween ileem men pee, ys. ov CO: eontn inthe posed fa, hgh saline oma ‘emt + major problem snd wl accelerate socket rd fo tbe arn excavely fe. Ga ing fo ces pss ill with cornicesSamy song Seer 3 seo ord FES ciaracvmury NM oe ned ings n em wi pauls problem i he ijn pas dehydrated rope. Enulion: Anixpsing emsen probes whe pla fing and selecting aia Lit meth ft Emotion case aboomaly igh pressure ses othe ‘BH. Ver bh BHT's wil mace the opengl of sone es fi einen The ne ee {ken hen the tempersare eseedr 20°F (93°C). Tipheos mug ad ses equi nal ei ‘me ding packers, tubing, wellhead eaupen, a owabole hep Suc Cima, xis nse cna conditions nay inven te sceaon of Mh eatery et Sindee pens wh si Sent and socal cooly elee mute pew Vere clas ease fring robles olan nbvitienea of earl concolor ad ‘etn nuh pone Also, ny an expr igh insta cacerace Gamage and bso my case operon probes pring econ ec iy of opera Ske el purpng my fe ss uleome oper. ‘on for field persona than wil ote pes of Uh Engenigsapewson may be reqned or et i With special eperting tts Teed Fv Adal else scbmense pumping Pomp, 2 png SenicerAvioble, One of he impo factor sec {nef an aise ME rts Italy fc [eat sence prone, placement soe Fs cr equips, tn same sens he coe of ess Aa ype UN far been made roly on he ‘alibi’ Seve ponent" Replacement pars Sait iequly as tpt as serie peso! Wliteqoeee canbe emer nd oped ey, sgieaacinncind my edo, tmp fotze and elacement whe oer enn te Scone by witine Hyd puny te cae {odesurace ntourequtng agora winine un, Reative Benois. Secon tors present the ‘mot mponat partes selection f aca ih Sete eaters) ory ‘fering expatica cou nestor) equipment le) amber of wslo be ids) suas eu ‘neo sala and (6) wel ie Esch ofthe afiica if syste Yas economic and erating ations it ela rom Snserson ‘hcranhan operating contin ‘sonoma opening ulin se fy wel ied by exgeenee espeally within» piven et of Wellsetedapesngondons Space Ssh per {once economic omarion ns pape, Example Problems ‘Te problem in Tale 3 mas given by Bown tao iste sevend cer for aca it tem. For tse poten th best pe of st elec. The information nh peal pb se, od changes se made each cramp faethe possiblities Example 1, Gash rao 3,00 ac (S80 P10. an aa flow mte=90 B/D (10d ‘efit etal en aio ge i Beas puping of hyraleprpig may be cn ‘credit prope a enng ca be cconishe. Sa Depth 2.001 (3457 6m FL-=0.1 and ois howe 0D 2180 St The ae pon {es eigen tne tthe eat TS ite=6.000 7D (953.92 mV), P10, nd te tubing Is 4 (1016 em. The che wou be co “ines oa it orl pump. Sine 6.000 BD (85h92' mA) whh's Hof 10 mies 2 Bowing Presse a ony 1.700 pal (11-72 MPa sil hone the bbl poi a oe gas pumped the pam isiien tao eigen ke ‘cold eeqied. et pumping also maybe ans Sere 8 poem fei ps canbe Kee of ifpS.comimaou-ow gus ih would tes goed Sole. itomever, Mone of sme ther noone ‘ater shod be ae Gas if te ony end tthe the wells ot pat hue ie ‘mechan. Elttelsubmenbie td yaa my be ‘Sse Dep 3.000 f (814.4 mp, rte =400 ID (63.39 rmbidh.py=i.200 pea (627 MPa). and PL=1.0 Tis 5 goad cic for team pring ects of Te Shaw depth and he mts of 0081062 59 m1), (No engacesngspevison ir alte fre goog fe dt ideo ye fs 7 Well proces snd. With at sand proto, hechole woud be cenianu Now pe tft A nod com {omping is probaly the best chose, Some operons fave fond tht in higher ae mls the Mowing walltempentures can be ep high coop limite pan Fin forming rwehele Tecan tn pons fon {hing selection for fs If Some pple noua ‘lem pain formation by mang lowaprs or 1D {eoucton nD hhing test of pain frais, Some oper hve ound that parfin sce n ‘resem a ada prmping el ed et fn dou pte ben on be a of eo paral Envemoval alone mg be eae 1 desig aro he funfin by inenarng he veoty fet pa Bor Titmaie daa pp wel er Deph=6.OH fh CADE m), me=10.000 BD (809 4 ma), 2 Oem 130" TT Toe) am falar Dow wn’ PL2iS. Conic flow gue HR e's Fu choca aba pp a 10. Rate=25600 B/D (3514.68 m8), choice of n- tala or tbing low, 9.4 4S. ean in, (io! em) wig, nd PS Comiaouw pt Sreiccnea stele pump aud be chosen Props 900 pul (2.07 MPa), P= O02, and rae ibe manimam possse. Beam pomp oF Fydalic omping arth bes coie, 12. Bp trope 10 pt (049 MDa), PL=0.0), an dali ppg maine the bes cote 15" Oaeshngred percent COR=4 000 st (220d hm), pens pis 0.48 MPa), PL, Strate the mao pos. Phngr i, bens ‘i teih GOR. or beam pain ih nest res MA" Lang 3008 (@1-44-m) peromied ner r=S0 pa (248 MPa) PI=2, tnd mete mae fu possible This is god ean for caer sermoenc exh TS. Opemole compleion 400 (121.92 ml, r= 700 pe (8 Mh), Pe, ad re the a {tum pontis. Tis» goed candle fran ee ‘ppe camer ineminen ari Example? COtshore Wel, Dep is 8.0008 2438-4 m), Ther is Neh procievigy hgh ste prasve,Tow tion (GbR [to st 18 tm! mf wih bate post at Seat MPa. Der to 000 B/D SH 7 ‘n/c be cuined wih owing presse 0 1.00 peti. Staton Qhice, Bec! smerble pune i he ‘et meio bce no fee a8 wil te pred a 1 the of 1CROO BID iS el) candor oy Sr cominvour Row gato ce pop The Tey low Gon mash ctype {E.G erm so fee awe eer ‘oie ie, Mor asi scons ou tous caning Coda foreach em lest geato sh would pre gx ih ote mg rly. Note ag th wel (Gapt on pscaam None mnt beeen 8K, whee saber sect npg ny na ona 75% eyeing on gta efipnen wala ‘hen ping oui), Tie meas hat to pce an {Tene anna oF 10.00 BD C89 #7 m1) on {ren wel ar emer’ thou be dsgnd > prpace aon 1000 B/D (07 1S.) ad ‘Sour Boo) BD Goes 7 ma. This somcimes tres ee wel wl be aed err eld Sr pump any psi Same Offibore Well However for hs problem, om: Sur s GON of 800 stb (ha aly a 5 at poo 1.20 ps (10:3. Secon Chee, Cotianes-fow pas Vi tener ‘Base km ofthre well the evel equipment ‘age very atte and Heese he eli purp ‘iloced handle wme pth ons ig bang pays ocd. Eearpie3 Land, Well Depth £000. 4284 snc peso 120 pu (13.4 Min Pos, bbb Frese 000 psi (0.94 MPa\, GOR=200 scot Gorn mim?) we praces Somer, i = Phin. OD? ditein ID O.Gem OD x6 bem ID) fn ensng em (1.1 om. Toe wel wale ‘roe plateau oud ope floes, 1 sia sik por 00 BID 0184 wih tener no ep nthe) "2 Gonimcue how gait wis rice injection are of 500 (0M hs). 1980 vb esd St) ubig or (114m wold ae 000 BD (smerd} 1 eam pompleg wih» 610 ui, 1.750870 278.23 mid, “Hdmi pumping with 3 age por 1.750 B/D oma me, Je uring Gundling wo fie gs, 2750 BD can wih (63595 m1 cond be made y conc om pat Iinifacange wus made efi, OTe) OD ing. Lower increases were pte fr al romp Sens, sdwoph less Horsepower I egies for De Inert site Final clacton woul ep he yecve Now me (wheer matin oF fs) nd Examples 1 p=] S00 psi (0.6 MPa), dep A en) table pom p= 150 gu (0.8 BID (jel mld), and GOR=AD0 7D (13 2 team pumping. 200 B/D GL 8 wd). @) Indie fring 0 sb (189m, et poe 1S Bip 0.33mi (acantmens ow ai 165 B/D 2623 mia). (3) mnemaen ow pay, ih wth & ‘Sorter itn, 190 BID 302) m4), as) ‘Ska eters pumping, 2003/0 (8.851978) “Pepi! choce forte ele beam poping. yee punping it aopne venting can beaoro. he ceca papi 00 any ‘Sperone as adits fiery. Te gs veming eatet be had rope achaner ‘craton gui incon weal be 2 god ee ‘on Te opton of running lunes in contin wih {Shame would be anote he nd shu case Conclusions ‘The selection of aici HR mend sould be con ‘idee very carey Tae Taste eps vonage and dadvanages. and ea should be fal The mae cserion ate and is Sou ‘remo in secton., Other eto sc 8 nding {lesion a scoot 1, Sucker a poring the mot wie ed tye of 1 syste Miso, the man advange hs een ‘he mary oft fi to opertgpenonel ‘Ore ot ain inna as been dh ton, However, ngs lod capac unt and highstengh rival preter dep 2.00 38814) 7 Gasifonpares vonbly wih dai pumping in poting he or ene dept and me range lip i alo my be sed ek of wel at Now marly to bck worn abd 0 lead gus rom ga wel The eieabity “alert makes hve ance ayes ek Perit binges can eee. “Hora pumping ray mt be fmt wo det sith potion rom 8.00 (S866. a ra Fle Ryoatc pos ca ero wth ve tings and fas anchor to are GOR pt tot 00st {Taam depending on precy. ST ‘hung sve mut be tale Fe bing a er ‘Sonar space for ern ist cpr mele mica iii a gs cn moni "2'he elects! semble pomp Koray as een sect wit ighotume No! pci, Pa ‘Aoter sige ute of his pup has ben in eresing {he vate a amped water rm formats above ‘rte formation below. The pump et ber 3 fw, aed thn ca be remade wen Be Wel ws tury. The Noepower int st bythe shat size {or cine ital snal-DD howings. ube ‘He pump soa ever be ot blow dey ass 8 ister teed dc fay te me 3 romped meh orig von a ew, Soc eres ele (1.0008 82 8m) mak tre S00 BO G80 Word). wid oer preluig $0 ib G94 me try aa dens. pst ele, powe fi ies ao welds are ‘ries Faliiy be povided wo et. toate ho png ay be wd omni Howng of el bt ora temporary an vy paced ‘nica a mend of it chon, HiphGOR aed low “rome wean bee fra png, “Numere ter methods of ae avalible ad ay fi the eds ora pacar we. Tey shuld ‘comer were apc "i Spcal ton ot pai ose and esi and saiaity of yas std exchange equ A fod aii ft metodean be sled Oy well ‘Eesheng a specs ofan design sv sane References 1 Foal Reims Nh Af eth © Unga ons orratcia AM ‘St Metric Conversion Factors a x 1509 sm nie i x 6 757 teen wrSPE 10337 Selection of Artificial Lift Method 1 Panel Discussion Moderator Bulord Host, Shot! Oi Co. Sucker Rod Pumping Pred Gipson, Conoco Gas Litt ‘ie Clegg, She Oi! Submersible Pumping, Bi Capps, Thame Lang Bosch Co, Hydraulic Pumping PRI Wilson, Kobe In one nbs on poet icestay fa loner in the normal sense. It te ess ar deci sitan nif with be ateeursed Hi'we are in the middle of 2 densely populat jn bn otfanare Stotane wth forty te ca Ieonapsic and onrrammerta cont aeestone :attont enh Section inipenaenly sothored by oP apiing tt pen Sow Wiehe eh ot The" oor mdor 3 Tete fastens thet thouia be ten ney tonranestion to consgnraions tht any be awerrding fetes” Vor tie roles sucker roe ump’ te Sy Tarte mare widely sed “ick area, scien rod puro fay eel ee Itch ania viasle asic of itt trae centered, ieee owe detisson or ort sever thee: ate Mny Cone seston thnk nes fe token’ sat Sctoant heh non the most inortant factors to consider are Tr greasing {ow batblepotnt pressure," curves described by Ya Tonants.are shoun fa Fignte tone types of artt aenloveg Tower prdicingpestie wi depend on and'a producing pressure of 500 pel will be prafucing | 3 tefen ot the marin rate iP the welt oe 8 HcTOM tina praeiet teat ioahi Ote ter hw thractetaties the rererie ties mrt also figtus ness tobe costanreds sorkcin 8 wary ‘theese he praseting scl lauld 49t00 8 very por ter te te ca ‘pinion ae extrone and rong, In soe cases ne gr neat frien cethae ur a erste auipment ay have operated at for, Sr ee reat Seat Eeatige!tn ne hole. "Uo nay Qpraee ficient2 Selection of Arti fetal Lift Method ort wose seyceeaten totter thare tere tects Dar alm sucks herbi uelisnae lest tain id barrels gf Gt he teaining Se oercents abut Eehrecat bre Tsuen ett gutter tes poping yates, tre iteed by 9 lig hed the reaining 0 bercent STV ehuees ible laste oops, tor teh batt Eat beat oped numer lncedcoorationgernne operate ts poet SPartatictat vires tutker im tystens can Sper ifleaty eng 9 rae oe ardee- arte eee, ta este to ie" are Wptetobo rect.” UF the well tluide conta le hpérapen atte she ca eee ote an Te SITIES Seah fron 10,00" ret. attest isting tandarany chk the sehen ro strep ‘hearer! tne prt nt be te Spnst Laredo ae ony-ther feaure tong eqvnent Tie Ay Shgtetee te feeane, iitectvely protect fe spsten eRe agement an raked tates are he gl ttty of sucker rad pnping systems to Tt sana Teint i sneattades Stata StF etal 5 ‘rFlctontty, andthe op nat detlene an {he Sing ATT Sera neticenty ‘igerger itt, cing the gvestienss iy cheese 25 Wanye inefaicen ree Constant flow abe Ct i, ecomented for hgh olan nd Mok sti enttn ole sentre wh wegyrbeapbea el for atanore: ciate, fore Tie good I elang high GOH st when high pressure, Fe anne SRE eoiciaiy atrative com it" rfon jal itt ong the pracuce gts eh aeit> Neen reseey Ghat tae well will *Tloo* mach better “pee me pate sees Eee a Min age Wee ‘iy we et remtranrt fo gis abe ‘Bip veeuce protactian er comares with sme paren retads: savcapitt cert nd operating Eotey"anceeaes sath anit ‘rorya hat are the strength af constant Flow is 11 1. tas 10¢8 Se the bee aritich} Ft 4th ie estate or crooked holes con be g2s tet itn any Shu teesectatly Stank for attire paar wells meh Rrectlonliy settee‘PE 10307 Selec:ion OF Artificial Lift Method 3 1 aathtage protction topping, catty pirat tiny te 5, Mah orton ORs ar hg rather th Siete vomit cherat, ia pegin eth Stood Gus reasces efTiciency drastlealty tes and Tift depths can be achieved with essentially nal’ ciow con ates bo ett accovpishat To Rindle xceadiapy aig tohoes 4 ae te opti eas w SSSR See each 34, Mel ssyetace equpnnt ts rece ne ea roped eee “tifo mur well” wit Se mut ie eciaraniaeita Ry as dn, os tent oh {pecig"ddtgn at su y fon tnd shan aati at re the Hastattons? 1, Selatively bs erin eRe BSE Mota’ pes nd 2 AP OPERSSOT Sie eet oman Mee ry tee 2, 9g Ge fs retasivey fenfictont, ofton re cxpttiog age capes rts 30 eer Feige dara orten tone eee ‘tens. torte in| Bel tere" founs tebe $500 te" S600 persheraponer for Uyprcet and fcation and $08 to 000 pe hors over for‘offstore packages, The covoresto> presets Ration. "Alto, thelcott of the eistityton syster| Snchore ey be'signticat,""Teeeneed ax iat 3150 mpstecee ie She of Foe Toe nd Sept ee wens a Sen rather tifelantad.ynnagollon, tere mst be Pang ges fr enny stare 4, eration and maintenance of comprare can regi el a ae are ES tae asl aati ater us {nee tha Ba fn 23/0 60 tah be ake me, ftaors to be cnsdered in seesting otentiaY oroblens: tac must be resolves, og and deste probe Eargng yet candtins, epeioty dene charge prastues ttn Internitant tas Lift wena! BRC protic tw volumes af Held” dlls ter | Gharsetertzeie of {1)" high PE ond iow BF (2) low SCTE Han i. ‘Te"ute tone fron kooen maior ere pees or bre alls gh Tet 0 Hatively bation, high 608, low" Ft or Toe BH well eter eee ENERO sete ee ceria ci ey sevens 1, ntermitunt gas sft ne a stgnticany tower rotcing bi than the Eomrane Flow netsSelection of Artificial Litt Nethod SPE 10337 ane welts. "For enargte an 8,600 foot well with 2 ‘Belt Heater peti peste mon al ‘Bo sige anatier stars oF tubing have even a Toser 2, The average raeucing presse of cate HeinyetMacticoarty sated to mgn Sty tw 8 wes Whe ete rin She lope tnercases eh Sei obey ot the NT pte een re onto o Mes Shit Stine tare the proete snd Peek des SRO STA e tion probleres ei ee we ce ee pret Sat det Fi tor nigh naine welts or fat Shue Soe eli and there a Tete etton oul Wik an br ane to ich off eile niga? wie ran get wets or et fig ngection ae aban Sele eoeraton suoneas ‘run Lang vaca Cngany was ford Hori) 865 ct the Ea were Lent oon Beachy Calteor- hon to the astecton of oe te ekonmical method ot fife are ‘Adaptable to Nighy deviates wells = up 2 00°. esotaie to ocaee seoface we theads Perit ue of minimum sce for subtrfuce con wn oege ty mini pratt ostly pulling goeraione to correct dowtote ‘Site (on Unite on DHF there ts 21055 of pragction list ah fe foe oy ein eer tet srtctoy arabe to Yow otnes = Tess shoenes of ty tuners system are There tava been Trereening the fotlere rate ftom ehigh oF 7 pers ont Gtaber 193 (425 wea) ep an average of ‘Boor monte 90) (Sn wee} Tae roravemts SaMtd state controls Aigia cbte manutactoriag and testing specifi ion tency tye atime babe facclis' tn he Ranger Tone (40507 H.0.) which a5 | HE he Sel oetaling tabersiies. BN Ree en sro aR As 1/0 presest gross proguction at Thins Long Beach” intr” rome pn ADS ct eine of ore ies coe Ross "the poastive gplacenent pone couiets af 2 ecioea ig ‘singers as shown foSPE 10337 Selection of Artificial Lift Method 5 va A amen gon oe Sede aloe ahs poner” fhe prose ‘there the pressure ena Ut te greducton tt te Shoat of Ce pap A ilar thy eons the wel and Sze the re eeray ts converted ta velocity ‘94 Open Poor U0 systors. Pig. further classi Beate Feat tel esataiion ich gs pete Ore fnersars_ Hoth (pen re used with posite taplace™ aie Sestees"can actenogne snterchaogat ity det Fros'ané pot tive aispacemnt puss fig, 6 stove» pative dsplacenent pnp In 4 Ces Bae Gh Peingeons hae teal setion "caure the det Pap mnt Coming the (area Pause Fake pos” ingests feta cea ean igerted tr fon bed pumping. "aber the punp Ys tn heel of rematry IE gTareitey che nrfcy oy hm thd ie iets leaning systen and a pus Tae Rost cnman cloning eee as eae {slrenve slias tron Oe power Taide ne Surface pans are mst comonly. triplex olumer hee are gesnipen, lage brs "bo. it 51" Hasina capacities an 168 capebt les for rorttive dpioeesne par are om emu FLUO xan re see eve fe ushscee, 800 oo so 7000 Ia to eh foo to 1700 80 &8 1S fone cuping string.” Sea! collars ts the bottom Wole {Shey Zonet ui sree rl ap an eth an i een Se a cae ea he dha ne usm paooxcrion 0 ze ow Fife: 0 SNe to Et ye nf one are 17,000 4/6.""Evan torgee powps con be made, Roxinim ing dit for J Pn tpl RH 00Ft Foie "the nuxiun cooscieien iste ave. con be. ob- {Sled ony tavabatat-cnd fet. fen dt hind sd sd proper en can'hae Fig leans ef lanees ‘pein Ted apne are for nigh vere det ores ses Ff hydrate pom oro 1, FREE pu = Beng able te eireatate, the pup On Spe autor the WenP ds the'met soraus tnd st 9n- Trea tenure ot hysstic iret apedeietiton stretore xtlnsy poutated sre 2 ey tin dees a Serna ats Tfnited ta around 9000 Feet, Eifars prawetlon con oe sie fom Toe ‘Sin speed range 15-20 t0 88 percent of rated 4 samen ratte gy pet sesh aaa og Soon pr, cn hfe sbed and OUcr solids aa, 7 eae sce ala ran contsion contrat 1 fower uid Cleaning ~ Renovo soli from theaarocts atis'Sedeeelon at te euallty of ones fot Sein Te tise's eactor det Pompey om Str han have sry ling pag Tire been 2. detente Peau = wre only dena, reser att has cont Sets en, ECAC TR.EO fet ana aorenintety 360 FE when seal eerett Nee te Tas Paani anata ah ed ernst aon ree sean enn te ama SEGRE? We SaL Sim if tne fest (omen) EAa gi SNP Garten ‘Ho. 3 above). "te set freee F100ertH, 1000 Feet 6 x 80 rar 335.800 x Fe 86 x BPD x (FG x DP * Py, ~ PIP EFFICIENCY © 100 HHP/INPUT HE EXAMPLE: ols Fer ony re iors verse S aoe Bowee tare fff = te 50 = aie neeae srs; 7 mp 2B Aes et PRES pn F + peerage Reservole restore = pia Http} pi jj} i tt} Fig, 2~ Pumping case1000 Feet erm, hue = eFFIcH ExPu 97 x ReSSURE, 10051 nim ma i 56 x 8P0 KAP 135.800 x Fo 86 x OPD x (FG XDI + Pigs ~ 135.800 x Fo ENCY = 100 x HHP INPUT HP f. Woo x (42 x 6000 + 100 ~ 9 135.800 x 42 HHP © 12.7 HORSEPOWER BFE, = 100 x 11.77/50" = 23]08 “%_assues 200 1 \ Sat using 250 nce°D 1d, BAS, Fig, 3—Gastttaesionyy yr iy caste any 4N0 annd auveado NI dwn 430 LHS‘The prediction of flow rate from an oll or gas reservoir is ‘one of the most common problens encountered in petroleum engi~ neering. The information is used in sizing artificial Litt oguipment, sizing suefaco equipment, performing economic ana~ lyses, and a myriad of other uses. from a theoretical point of view, predicting flow rates is colatively simple. flow in the reservoir follows D'arcy's Law (or a variation of it).Por an artificially Lifted well, the wellbore pressure is usually specified, and it is only necessary to solve D'Arcy's law for a declining reservoir pressure. In a Flowing well, the equation describing flow through the tubing, then combined with D'Arcy's Law, allows us to simultaneously solve for flow rate and bottom hole pressure. Normally, these two equations are solved graphically. ‘This technique can be applied to single phase Liquid, single phase gas, and multipha low. Single Phase Liquid Flow Plow in the Roservoix ‘this is the simplest of the cases to be studied. The tech- niques used, however, are equally applicable to gas and multi- phage flow. For @ single phase radial system in steady state flow Diarey's Law can be written in field units as -00708 kh) (P-Pye) where 0 = flow rate, BeD permeability, md = height of formation, ft Py = presaure at drainage radius, psiPyg = wellbore pressure, psi a= viscosity, ep B= formation voluae factor, Res Bb1s/ST0 ke = Fadial distance to drainage radius, ft ry = wellbore radius, &t (© can be expressed a a function of Pyp if all of tho rest of the values are known. In practice, a well test is usually performed in which the pressure in the wellbore is measured at various flow rates and Q is plotted as a function of Pye. For a single phase Liquid system, this plot will be a straight line with the equation 0 = 3 = Py ‘The constant *J" is referred to as “Productivity Index" and is sometimes written as PI. Therefore, 9 apr = 2p. BPD/psi ‘the value of PI ranges fron .01 to 50. Figure 1 is a plot of 0 vs Pye for various reservoir pressures in a hypothetical reser- voir. “the fluid properties used to construct the plot cane from 2 Minnelusa well in Wyoming. This accounts for the PI changing a6 reservoir pressure decreases. Table 1 contains the Eluid properties used. Table 2 shows PI as a function of average re- servoir pressure, Notice that assuming a PF of 2.00 throughout the 1i€e of the reservoir would lead to a maximum flow rate of 44000 BPD st 2000 psi reservoir pressure instead of the actual value of 5,550 BPD. For any given reservoir pressure the PT can be found from a static pressure measurement and one flowing pres~ sure. Constant PI's are valid only for single phase liguid flowin the Tubing ‘The equation for Clow in a tube is the familiar Bernoulli ‘equation venere the Eluia lows from 1 to 2 P= pressure, 1b¢/tt? y= specific wty 1o¢/ee? 2 = elevation above an arbitrary datum, ft y= velocity, fp a= acceleration of gravity, ft/sec? Bp head added by a pump, ft hy = head loss to friction, tt ‘The head loss is expressed as 2 eke mM os fg a where £ = Woody triction factor length of pipe, fe Glaneter of pipe, tt € is a function of Reynold's number (tig) and relative roughness (4/0). Reynold's number is a dimensionless number whee p= density, stugs/te? = absolute viscosity, slugs/ft-secViscosity is commorly expréssed in vejs unies "tw the petroleum industry. The unite are gn/ea-sec which is called a poise. Typically we work in cintipaise (ep: ipoise/i00). To convert fron cp to sluge/ft-sec ultiply! by. Shi 1 2.009 x 1075 —stues/etase The value of absolute roughness for oflweli tubing is around 40006 inches. The friction factor refedeéd to above is the Hoody Eviction factor, not the Panainy frictiéi“factor.. Remenber that Hoody = 4 tines Panning. aoe The Bernoullt equation is written in toras of hoad. tn order to convert to prosure, hoad aust be:muitipiies by the spe- cific weight of the fluid (y). Pressure is‘usually expressed as Abe/in? so it is necessary to divide Lb¢/tt? by 144 Solving for Pye and 9 eee Winon the reservoir equation and tubing flow equations ae plotted on the same grach aa shown if Figura.2, the, botton hole Howing pressure and flor rate can be determines. ‘By using arapts of this nature, te effect of different tubing sizes, wellhead pressures, etc. can be investigated; xan Fluid properties shown in Table 2 Reservoir Flow Pug = 8000 psia ato = 0 BPD. Pye = 4000 psia at 9 = 9000, 80 (data from test) ‘Tubing Conditions 10,000 fe of 2-7/3" 6.5 # BUE tbg Wellhead prescure 1000 psia Tomperature sane as ceservoic temperature so that fluid properties aoply. Specific vt of Fluid at 4000 psi = 58 lbg/tt3Plot reservoir flow curve on Pigire 3. Asoume flow rate = 10,000 BPD Use fluid properties at 4000 psi 2 10,000 BOE + sons $+ uetabll Shag ee SEG = 20 pe Badd (58 20 (2484) (588) My az) (sar 1.096 * 2.089 x 10> f= 016 40000207 ny + 016 JOR gly = 990 fe aaa 2, we (244) 1900, + sieoe 10,000 + 4890, Pye * 6907 psia Plot this point on graph Assume other values for Q and calculate Pye5000 1.685 onoo 3.285, 018 +016 1375 4090 Pye 5028 5502 6997 Plot these pointe. Where the two curves cross is the bottom hole pressure and flow rate (5950 psia and 4900 BPD). The maximum flow rate from this well with a 1000 psi wellhead pressure would be $900 BPD (assuming no friction loss).1000" 2000 4090 6000 8000 Pressure 2000 6000 4000 2000 aeaaz Leizo 1.096 1-083, 1.070 ‘TABLE 1 1472 1943 1.086 1.229 asm * Buppie Point, ABLE 2 Snax 16,000 13,226 9,860 5,55) 10- 987 1.087 1-190 1-331 1.467 Pr 2.00 2.20 2.46 2.78Flowing and Gas-Lift Well Performance Ww. € Guserr aasraact ‘The poper dates the hwsnphove vertical fone: on, explains the hydrvticn of nturl fe IReprodvced by permasion fom AP Drilng and Production Proce 11954)Flowing and Gas-lift Well Performance! WE, Gnper* “The poet describes the two-phase veteaift function, evplana the tyerulien of natal 8, Inethoda fr entinating individual well capil, ht incladesspproninalions fr aoltion of natra. ‘ow nnd geo-iitproslens or tang of the Lt, oo, 2206, 2.675 and 3.50n, APL aes, and (hate ola inthe ernity range Wom 25 to 40 API ernooucrion Advances in tnonledge of he dierent lilting seeude dono lend shemeelven te evlontion quiche Iyer ie single ccowomie teens. Inthe agregse, However, they eonatitte the neceasery basis or improved lifting paicien and. prouabilities, wher ver lia rinea Predecton by natrnl fom righ top the lat of lifing methode, insamuch au i producen more oi than all other methods combines: ‘th ium coat i relative a ‘alte, end i relinquished boally tn an atmanphere ‘harged with reget, and saperehrged with expe ives iateeded to forify the concluion the the ‘tloppage isan reverse act of Providence. Never rodetion nen have been baonted Tor yeore by the thengit thet # more deiote knonledge of I sopgent mean of renee panes, permit more el jimere appropiate Rowesrng revert icone the pro™ evelopment of argsized information on vertical fom ban Bera ao fart matter of slow gromthe A per tion in 1890 ofthe basic theory by the Tate Proteecor Doctor J. Verslaye® pronéed an nti or cuvent developments, hut hes been af iy tos limited extent becnone of practical (ibeatien fo eval the Versys diferente [An inereotng atcngt i» solve the probien af tmosihace vertical hf by tating Hom through sort (Grrl) tation me reported in 5OH by Te Vs Noore fll, Dy ilae? Fasore thin project to peovie the desired generalization seems aributable to vse tl tae lenge to sort that representative cond nee nt sind. hemler and Poole it 0p per ah homing elle presenedUefoe tbe Arerieon Peveloum lente in 1906, developed Vinited ‘crlaton between gas-liquid ratio ané pressure rapper eit of tbing lengthy and explained wet ‘oc ef entiating Rowing ie. The work of CJ. May te Ar Laied"* reaate in vertical ponerse ‘ell edopied to pric renltn itn a re sicied rane af conditions. The interesting paper by Poctinan and Cupester! appeared subsegsent te the time of cesivetion sf the nalesial ere pre= memes nd Practcen™ by S. Fe Shan? the pioneer eanestant on vertieal Bom, p> an interesting inconaton af gall Rstory lin nethode with caneltion which though Kinited Grscope, weve mone the lenn sell, Shaw's obae= “alsin foe econ yb apie ao Tit imake promeren na’ given liquid prodetion fetes, ha been sned ere. ‘The excellent paper by tC: Dabson' added com: sideaiy to knowlege of vertical Hom, putes Ie the roage for gerliged ration gpoaer thas 2. Met pee BL: To sarge eatem the presen paper is ol reviening Dabeos' data ane mort ater erable ford of epteprensure ile ine involving garliqid ration eon ther 20 Net fer An, Thus, Shan, Habeon, andthe Iwe EB. Merl mentioned by Gaon, povided the pir ork Insinly ned inthe appended carelations al vera fom 1 will be noted that no distinction is made hese betwren gest and natural fom. In the gem sone covered ft How and onnalr fom predomiate aod nopercepublediferencen ae 10 be Cipected Hhere foun fon aint, one would be fed “Gumi Principles Reprodnced by permsion from APL Dring and Predation Prac (194).FLOWING AND GASLIFT WELL PERFORMANCE, ow than for gamle withthe aan ttl gee iguid ratio, becwune for natwel fom mote ofthe ‘hatte gen eletion cold be on epercahl pa the tte erilables In aby cane tty only be ‘aid that no em diferencen between pail and tworphane naira Bom have bean obecrvrd an the fenulta here presented involving foun fow ore ‘ved fom flowing mall dtaand mould tele tend to reprenet four fo os Feqiremene conserve tee "The present purposes are to eaplain Boning end gorlit nell performance nthe Ligh of shat ie noe Ercwe of vertical fom, aed to provide procecires “circa cowelatina which have been oneal over a pried sf years in olution of pe ‘lel problema Ie in believes thatthe graphical pro Cedar suggested we wicely adele, The te dient da heal be weed with ewe and te fered inthe hope sas they may cncoerage de- elupment of mare apecihe deta in fama reeily sedapable to fle use ‘A PRIMARY DISTINCTION Fo develop ‘an anderntandng ofthe behavior of Aentig eid goollt nella, it ie eosenial fet to setoghtt tl theve i ane ast esditon ectng, Aw of fondu nixtare it Stialy aiecet et ‘tear om he TMT EEEalecing ow thro beane a the sur ata Mesa derigmate the fatwa "nfm perform Net the a Tie peomence,”™ Ae ih ind we “hee promance.” «knee of ial we ifon perfomance ean eeceanty fn-agsipping and operating o ‘rele ag esiour pro aadee oy wet of Angoned ‘oadiions Prllgceen deereintion othe iow prlamance tall lg 1 Measacement of the ‘atthe moist of the producing itera 2 Menwarement ofthe mane tte of inflow of Aid phaoe-coected auch of a venice Imenored ibe midpoint etentely, nach detailed deter fczeanuy, bt on or wore very complete determign: ‘Hous ia patcalr Bld can prove beol in de bore Hale, ane ing whet i ly preticable. frensare lin poondn per square inch) and masima Info rote nhen the increment sf intow per uit a rennre or productivity index (Pl menaured in ba ele pet ay per pound per square ich) is a com ants The pas liquid ratio (CLI me sand eabie fect pe brell may Be foves, contents Under auch imple ‘eslormance can be depicted 1 ladivideel-nelliatow pelomance depicted an shone in Figs DThis ipoph in enna! tm predicting both the tning nd Chotecter a lilling chungen neeced to maintle fre Suction and inplenent the local reservoir poly. ‘The relation between the midplstpresure an the lighidinlow rate infor peslornance telaionbi oriPH, ae rentioned lat) isnot almaya stright Tine ae abown in Fig. I, bot may be concave to the yon ip Fig. 3: Even if tia evar is tuned, i i posible by sty of group of auch Carve fhm piven eld ip develop locllyspri= ‘able method af predicting the IPH fromthe wel's ‘nasic prenmure and «ingle enmdonn determina er. as-igud ratio control (a « piscipal factor ie evelopment of reser policy. Hation in practice ite afected by cumulated withlcae'=y andr t ay ne stage of tithirenal, they are fected By pro ‘retin atom, an hus been plated out by He J Sallivan’ Generally, af all factors beating spor {ature well performance, th gawliguid rao i the Ieaat predicate,1 wee GILBERT of matencot curve abana in Figs 1 keer faten mater in predominantly fon Tewereneere errcey avd the co curve in Figs 3 a jeominesiy hghyrensee source. Usteumelor trellinocn vale f et fan net well electing the best operating ort tate oe a iret wall i sometines help 0 pla primate wate IPH trom the oan IPM and two arthvee cath au indicated in ig However, Wopecal esta are necessary fr hia purpoaei ie fenrete to remeber tha tenporcy one of abnor ally hgh iow vacen cam Induce 8 permanent i Figs 2-Groph of ndivdoalwallItowperormance “Tends hares tion inte. commende OFT ene a, iy one Reet ae some inet eae eel at ll po iS cana vu won we Tuer can be a uaefl agent ina oll reseroits bt on reaching te tovmisinize towing lit, teeal pros. The operator in forte prodstion cap be ecanomicaly exe s tpn a qwNacers.| | Scania ze T | | 1. gentle formation dips, and edge water u wt) at rn eu FPerovailitien to venieal permeabilities 1 fare ra ineton though the beer betwezn podocing Tapers takes place dating ay aebsequet periods of shutdown onless «stable mod oe potted te the ‘odener she more depleted i ayer daring len period. snd wih permanent inary tn Re lan fo efecive ol permeabilities. Alter log peePLOWING AND GASLIFT WELL PERFORMANCE inde of fos, a twee or threeneck shetdonn can aune fem 20 te 40 percent pemanent redaction of the inflow enpacity af + well tapping » delet type tescreir even if the mater Ca {ha 6 percent Then, diferent deplete ter rouringsloog comtideraion tm many falda if isonet in operating wel tobe Foe “enerly, the rte of liquid iow inreesen ax the operating prenere in well a reduced and the ‘sclte warinum gud iow would reel if zero Setnlate peacure could be muniained tthe bot fom ofthe well. Thin condition, of couse, camot be etained, and leant of all in'»Soming wll be- hate preamare drop in tre bing rm the bottom ow. lage preseue ot the bation of a well fteilitates vertical outfow but cincourages lateral iow: fete re requironenta for jam and then for vertical it ae oppned ta 80 ben an fective ‘oy einai of jor mt seane: For ny steely io, the mam of 1 the eBective pew tice dp from the devinage raion to the bore, 2, the presnare top in the vertical colina, aa, the preente op nctons the bean (or oie) at be war {ace in aubatetaly equal to the silference between the wel attic presoure andthe Rowling reaeare “Il me need know abont twephane vertical fom te Lilt be well gi a given roe Irom a give depth mith gi ten garliquid ratio though tubing of « fives mize. ‘Thi problem in note complicated then the protien of inglephase fom in a iecnune tre are dealing with the ow of giqaidwinare, the input preonure ove he aeficient rercome How rsisance inthe ype aed Tn addition be sole Uciet to eapor the tte weight othe compress ible mistre inthe pipe, In ingle-phese baton the total prensure drop for «given fow rate can be represented {ch por thoueand feet of length. No such canner foot yardtich can be wsed for vertical tnephane flow beceone the presaure erop per uit of Tonio eentant, bot increases mth depth For thie proceeding to ayatemalize eld infor on vertical Bow or preseres leas an the 19 eptcpesnure gradient foreach sine of pipe, eHeh tate a igi Bam, and each purlighd rio” Depigreonie rade "The deptirpeeneure radient isthe base anit of tere vertial Bow and solution of individual Sell probleme in largely a mater af having wi rng oui ranges of tabing nen rae of Lgl lows and gutliqat ation Te wre no concerned herewith any detailed nal= ‘couse the irom pst fal eld Infomation. However, iti of interest to now that nngle gradient corve r sqence al diferent typen of fom. The tbe per en al a graient ke that for 200 pee ly fo Lavine teing with Ll Nef per bl geo Iigid ett, av shonn a hie Fig. 8, mint Bow wl predominate atthe leat pea ly by an vpwardly moving il Bln which in thickuenn with depth Toie Alm, combined with Iniat fom inthe center of the pipe, han Bees der ‘ered x asl fom An else depth jcrene, {be fm Becomen se thst and wavy thet Ht oe onaly bridges. crona the section, resltog ie Slop lms Atel preter cepiha,alng dom merge Teta loum Gow, and tha Bolly merge ito single ‘de presnue beyond mich all of the Fig. §illsreten the ane of « radient curve ia Aetemining the cabing ressre fom the intake pres fury ethe intake yrensre om the abig prestre, Tere given production ate ad rai fore well of ary depts Por fatance, an abowe a is Fig. 8 5,000 Welle with 2 arsine ang pecdacing 200 bl per Alp with LOM pr bl wil have an itn poste Talo 0 pal tbe tubing prensre at the surface ia ove stmoaphere lero gore prenute aad, a2 how oC. they wil have an inte pressure of hour 1750 pet ifthe tubing pensar ta 800 psi ‘an hows a Din Fig. 8, a9 000+ well condition having intahe pressure ot0 wee omsent Fig. 5-Use of Gradient Corser 2.300 ps ill have wtubig rennure of 200 px, Thue by ening the grace fore deseed proecton rate fg then oecenemy, ne sy ‘le tubing preaware or the inte Presnre n'a wel of wey pth when one of ewe Preseares fo nome Enpiiea gradient curves for 2575 ‘2 through 2.4" an Noreen for 1 661.607 2395 and 3.50- Iirange: Errore atbatabe tothe 2875. curve for 100,200, 400; and 600 Bb per day abla wat ex ceed 18 percent. The gradients fr 50 tbl per dey Ie the 28%finsalze ana for 30, 100,200,400, and (00 bb per day inthe other aizen we bene wpon Taloration which infor leas complete. Homever, they we ofered i the belie! thet they relialy “iene the telative hazacterinicn ofeach ize an feerat likly to lend to mieeplications i conser ‘ave employed. Further, they teprenent fir cola te information reeily avail (Feeton ‘utined Uaing the 17, the twonphone lanction fr any pastes depth fd tobingcoutlet prennre may be conatocted. For ‘uaple, conning etestion to 8.000 wel, 2875. inc tabing and zero gage tubing presse, the fue ony be ropeeanted iter in tame of Intak Dronere aed qurliqid rua, au shown a A in Fig Gy in tere of Intake pressure and production eae. fs ohows at D in Fig ori term of intake pres Sore podection rate und prsiqudeati ae show SUC Fig 6 Al tree graph represent equivalent inlemations AU A Bao: the fom filtration in intrenting ber faose the ordinates and abcianac we the same a2 those forthe iefam perfomance LPH) ef «well and the tn iypen of se may then be superinpored ‘They we considered allowing in conection i ineten of the duration of foning Iie. Several Charcteriticn of tworphare veteal Row je abuerved aC in Fig In pasiclar, 1, For any const: goiqu ratio thee is of fom sich requtts minimum intake precewe ‘Noo hin ate of Faw for minima restr ad hi misieum preasire steel bth Toga ate in decrees 2 of fom, there is « gam Ligue etta whieh provides minimum Intake pres sure This minimus intake pressure i directly ed o she vae of fom, while the porighd ato, for minimum ina pressre is inversely related to the rte of Bow indented by eurve 2, (These om | Sevasiona are of interest In conection with gs (which parata cont of gavligeld ton) The fom af the twophane fonction in largely te Se peesoore, being the feel of the weight af the Shue in greteet at lew geeliguid rtf. How Chart iale abou that forFLOMING AND GAS-LIFT WELL PERFORMANCE Fig, 6-The Twerphove Vertes Fonction fr 2.575:1n Ting Set ot €,000 F ren Zero Pai Gop) (Taking PranaFor the render she fndn ificly with shin net st fats, the folowing explanation may prove help fat ‘ Imegne for thie perpons 2,000 length of 2.75 APL tating mounts vertically onthe luce ofa precipice i the Hacky Movniaoa sith 1 Sindswep plato a te npr nd where the panp ation at ie lover ted eupatie of tom Tineeely injecting oil of anys 0.88 povy and fe with « constant rat Hd Mel per a 'b.Taling the initial rate a 0.01 bl per dey of et wits the L2 el per BA ratio, the liu lve Toul ype at te upper plato ier beat 115 dye (2,000 O10) 1727~ Ns). Out of the il clue the abverver would wee gon bb (0,200 0.01 1,720" 14» 60 = 620; and |RE pusp atthe lomer end auld be fn inpot pressor epposinaing he ligeid ge Sent prevute, amounting to 736 pai (2.000 0.483 0.85 ~ 7561). Mont ofthe gen pumped into the ting dring the 115-ay period moe ave lipped oot ofthe calunn by the tine the level ofthe mitre reached the sbuervtion pl [Nomi pamping of he mane mitare were maine ned at 400 Bal per day, becevee the quid lone would Gll the pipe i Ieee then 48 min, (2.000 440 + 40 x 172.7 = 41.78, there soela be very litle time lor slippage fe Tbrough the oll and the 460 Belper sy ofa (G00 1.2 = 480) seconpanying the il mee W215 volumes per volone (48,000/400 © 3.610. The topo prenmure would be aboot 150 4. Las, with an injection ete af 4,000 bY pet ty, slippage mold be obrited by extreme fore Baleace’ are the input pressor inerenaed by o> Sinileriy, Wwe hal ube ligne cee co inereate the gerliged ratios the intake presure decreane, fon nation point with sre gum whee {he premure inthe nm ofthe Liquid weigh and te ligtd fow resistance, ts misimany eed toes fe lense seuly for greter ion doe to ierenaiog faslotance aeconpasying higher fod velocten, ‘he observations sumrized in Pas} and op ply in gener ta trorphaae venical how fom soy Fg. 7=Conporsen of Tsing Sites fr Vor ‘om 5800 Ft with Ze “The relative 7 Unbich wan conatveed fra Fig. 2328, 30593). Ingenta. {Se amaler bog siees afer the advantages lower ‘hd therefore tend to prong the towing lie of low fuiqud ratio nelle Tae aller ise, boneven Fimit ries of Bom, eapecially for te higher pom. "Annaler fow in not ented here, However, it may be meatoned thet the poorer an sons ie ta os section for singlephave ow, the more fective willbe lor terphete flow in mitiaing ge lipage fed ia improving lization in the elippage Fnge as coupuree wth acituls fom sng of ust "Bene" inthe wileousty tem or the orice weed fn the tobing allt to saul the production rte ofa foming well Production mes we sesuatowes toFLOWING AND GASLIFT WELL PERFORMANCE a foe putcula nella on « tnceerter bani aed no cortelation or worphan om Throgh beans hae Bees generally apple “he flloming pproximtion te derved fom ro: lacy repre gulyinivdua wall prodacion dete sein oo herein rs tebing outlet penne, in pag 1S gandiqaid ration Bel per bal Be gens igs, i bl per ay SS = Been size, insxt-ourhe ofan inch ‘Approsinate actions lor ay one he fot var- lables when the other tree are Know, ey be me By soe of Fig. 28. Directions foe ane ol thie chat ste with beaae of the typee shown ia Fig. 9, the feulta of one nanpling om the Tea Section Field cing shown in Fig 8 ero of 810 20 perce {be aeareat 50 or 100 x pe bl ance feqeese 1y didicel to determine becnsae of fuctotions ich occur in many nella. Spot readings of prem, fre a bending wella we aot eprenenitve of dy ‘verges: Fotreaaoos of hie ied 9 rma could bevenpected to mate « 100 percet cone aponde fice with obverved data at inivdeal elle even ‘ght eavectlycorelated the vsille involved le interpreting the Toray the per ins ialeagthieitentreted bean site can efeet Fla: Rindieated Renge of Acsumey of encpettermancs Formal (en Section Det i i Fg. -Pattermance af urn Mare then 30 Prcent Gr Leediline Posture far Tabing in Fig. 9. In the type of forma ued, i ie assumed the ting outlet poeance vas penne oe the upstream aide ofthe bets). Tho, the fn spplien for tebing pe se fadieatee by th lormele ill be tos ye given eondiions: Ro sad bas been finde of torphone bean peclormance lor ting pe tire inthe range om sero to 70 pereet pester, thas line prensore Field men ually ty te sed tion fn this range becesne Baceatous of line Flowing-nel Perfomance Individen! well poblens fe stir! fow may be alyzed quite simply by paphiea! messy, «form Shick bea genera 10, In thie figure, carve Arepresene the fafom per fomaace ofa well mith tsbinpintake pressures plowed against liuid prednction rate The pre fat curven B for 2.0 Nel per tb. geoligud fatto 0,30, 100,200, and 400 Whi ‘ntblish the ting presnren waichthe wel will Ststnin, andthe tabiapoulet pecfrmance my een be"plotied ae stows by cere Gr The, dep ver proteus dingen of Figs 10 i4 played by qradicnte in foning-nellpeclornance, eure Cay be abtined sively Irom perlrmance cove D for Tle tht the well shonlé fom at abou 9¢ Bb pee ey with tubing peesore of about 650 poi Com ‘crim bean, we oom Vering curves © il be oven that Fig: 10-Diogrom of Flewing-wall Pefemence pointe, Land 2 Intersection 1 provides « atable it tendency develops fe lacreare the fow rate, te bean inpoaen wore preeere esintance has the well can austin mad Te tendency develope tore rte, the pecenore thes the temperey Ssoatele eqliviom poist becwuse any temporary facenent brings ilo wction « preenre difer fa wbich increnec the Guoplucemest, and cance te wel ether to bow later of to ie, Sepending pee the direction of the tata aplacement. Th nite eplannion seromes + content gaa ligid ‘at the Hl (a tome wel on show in i. 10) satin, Both the tubing outlet curve © ud the bean ture D change with each change inthe goetiquid lve the sans shown at Bin Fig, 12, bot for tech catio there sn table eglieiam p "The relaonahip between bean size and produc ran nol the ype abonn wt Ai Fig 12. Tmo ler curves derived fom ella where several enn sizee wore ened over # short period ef tne (G onthe or Tees) ce shows in Fi. de Delther of thee wells could be expected to maintain ateedy flow a vate of lens then 30 th por uy, aibough they both would podace watalactoiy at gher fiee. The ean for tha lniation Lin ia the fat thatthe diferent preecure,avalale to increase bprodactioe wirn the ate of fow temparsly rope elew the stale eguilitiom rate progressively dininahes oo the bean sie in tedreed below the Irae ae mich provides mesinur thing pressure: ‘Thao, corsdering the beamperorance interne tioan vith the ting prenere curve for 1.500 es ft per BU at D in Pigs 12, 0 Mein. bean provides “Pree 177 © | aa Ue Poe Exum[FLOWING AND GA-LIFT WELL PERFORMANCE us tates, Needless ‘ot Bow wi he ining ting ine Tato ‘ecbaneal i Aether er nt the he beat pre ‘cedure epende apon the wel’s flare capabilitie 1 juiged from te umieried inthe frm indica chin Fig. FLOWING LIFE. tue IPH's entimated fom # raph auch a Fig. Zar plotted for aaccensive stage of oll mith srawal na shown in Figs If, and curves auch ae sown al D in Fig, 6 we auperimpoves, ae ‘tetinale can be made of Nowing lle. A precede for hin purpose wan developed by Hel-oodward.™ nd bean pon | In Fig. 18, prepred by Mec Roodvard, the IPRs the eft side of the aon Production ond ‘Sher maximum tabing presets: and fr ama bean al presnren re availa to statleed inereaes of production {ered availble faced. For «he ermance cirven nearly coincice nd feactions in| (thown a0 aight lines tate of fom canst be prevesteg: hia nae al bean | we) andthe Reoiguid rato aginat coma aL rs thewellworta | ithdrmale (howe at A inthe Ogee) provide the "Flow ewe, elon th practical ata A numberof curves forthe i Fig. 1B-Relationship 8. bing tie, em ely be macau: until with 200 (4 by ave af enaller ting, or by Boning the well : Ti “ST | Fla: UeProdeton of Flewiag Liteverted ino the bing ced becouse ne fut Observations: Fig: 1S-Unetedy Natural FlowFLOWING AND GASLIPT WELL, PERFORMANCE, m ing Cr: "AI the er ofthe Nowing prid, the tubing ix opened bythe rising cosinggressute which cctotes the meter vole, The column of got which hes clleted inthe wfger patel the tubing pedeced, end the consequent reduction ol pessureeniies few el the fuid mistrein the ting below tis gos ta 1 2. The bing pessure dot of he cael, and thn Ey othe tebing 4 When the cosing pressure reoches the pedetreined. minimum, the mer valve closes the ting euler, bet fw into the wel entinues mith very litle decrease. inFtey bath gs ond liguid owing io the errvln. Tabing pressures contin Yavise, The casing pressure, which When the casing pressure pening he meer valve. Obreranon By vegslorizing fow, oxingactsted inrmiters con be ‘he Rowing lle a wes when they rech the heading som Intermiters ore ot a be recommended lar wells which will reduce mare on the pum, but they ore teow wes wellh with water rd wells ih would not low without om interme roves exceeding 500 bl per doy. Inermitiers have been mizap- ss exceeding 80 percent lied, ond mostly by ieapet selection of bean site ond casing pressure ranges, The bean should pele Shi be as Toige os necossory to anaure «continous sop of caning pressure during the enperiod( to end 13) and ne larger Tho coning-pessue enge mest be lrge anaigh to entre a fi of gon ord the fear ol the tubing. signal Trees: A anger tanga In unencevnery ord ten andes bl Fig, b-lntemitr Contra of Netwral Flowretin emia grap fr tbe ting "fncluded thot tie mel would Bow 120000 ih ane of 3.54 atin 1.370 tire in tubing site elec plications af thie procedore. rn mith Homing ile i may be mere eo of decline daring nord ily unelihle ae indice ofthe decline creel flow capacitien. Conquest, winapi Caioes cen real fom sasoning that owing de Uline in repeenetative af the decline tobe expected mechanical lt. "The reason for tie lie inthe eet that Bowing in hiperate ling method and equines ease ling premoren ax taten te Fe Maced Examples con eamly be dana fom practice Tlewever in the hypothetical ens of Fig. Tit mill be been ba the wall aarte ou Sowing abou 7 per eat (625 1100/1100) of ie intial masimemrate Copuciys and the nd of Re fowing ile, i uly prodecig about 16 pereem (1 » 100/540) of ita Feidual meximenrrate eopeity. UNSTEADY FLO nawledge of wnateedy Gow fs @nee> ovary tol a waisaining desired production exten sparicaleey ty ow Ta he ing tree gen trom 4, aap Guid Colume, and 2, wexregstion of ged atthe tubing intake. Fernation heeding, mhich in evient Field, Venetia, ey be excloded fa 0 tiseraton inasmuch mo it ennot acca vlene tbe Heading of the fem type in obervable even sculed pumping well operating with owliqe olumeterpunp efiencim and ie elatvely ur een ively smal, La Pex les GILBERT ending of the second type (aometines called an healing") eccra wes I, babe of fee sith he liquid eneing the intake and 2, 6 uvlgai ratio. mately smaller (on the Row AiR ptimum forthe mnrage producing tte of te tell Figc Ib proven dagme slosraing heading Si tie types and Fig. 16 iluatraten the cond function of on interiter fo thin connection. “Thin type of intermiting dove produce oil em the well ood by "erk,”"bt it repearsee iow: te with sltble edjustmen, i seduces Ihe range velocities though the lier wzreen an compare ilk wueguloted heeding, A normaly lowed notor ale in preferable for apeatingt well low pe Cenuage oie fall owing capecy aad a somelly pes valve should be uued fr maaiwun-rte ope CCasing-tobing packers obviate annoloe heading \tiyutlleda the ita, bot donot serve the fone> tion ef an intrstar in reglaizing production at "slow the sininam atablefow tte) ard wot ing the well by Kling st mith md ot water {ovlonall pecker may mae alerontive ue of > invermitter ware, atrctive. Incidentally, the oaly Feection of «pecker inthis can ito gue bubbles Into the tinge nbich fact ey sugpeat vem Toons ‘thick sve equllysBective and ll permit ren Teen of calling to kill the wel, sl necenoay, without movieg the tabig CCASING AND TUBING PRESSURES buble ae large enought escape > ith Kg entering the tabig, the enna Teo ilo ith aw and the casing pressure become t eeaoitive indenter of flowing performance. An ene Pisin formal freatinating intake pressures frm Canig preeeres give ia Fig 17, Buble sives at We inne, of couse, camnt be meoseed dive However, an eopinets ted wih simultaneous me fremento of caning tad intake presouen ean easily {Etemine hehe or not the caningrensares of he Sella in ki wren are enefal inemtimaiogncke res Nee Goo patients ae most Likely to exit mee sligid ration ar a the high ade aad prodacivic [co we email, Twosphane gradient are beptl te tiie conoestion, bt are olen lene accurate then cause they depend up‘FLOWING AND GASLIFT WELL PERFORMANCE 19 anita Tut Comer End ofthe Tabing In many Geld the IPH ofa ell may be eotimated leom teonleige of iin str pressure plone torte sentative caning pressure andthe eorerparding Iigoiepredaction rate, an indieated in Fig beading wells, the verage sing press sted: Eatinate of hin type weiner Servtve aide i the son conti {be tre IPH ill be lager than the extinaed IPH, ‘Thunif casing pressuren and tte pense have Generally, tubing end easing peesouree net tetio bth om engi NS ee lethed of Estimating IPRs hom the Static Prasaura and @ Caving Pressure ft there in mach tm be nal in Tovar of esate Feponting and conta of bean snes Wange-indicntig pressure poten ort besining 19 be unetully applies the thrash being thet Homing selln do wot require gaging rather inivienl te ‘Eaton except when a change neers inthe oom siren Hage teodinga are alten conelanive an ices or opeating some, ned apo reading are ESTARTING SATURAL FLOR Flowing. wells we not inproves by periods of shuidonnt ond when they die, they are candidates for inmedine sienton, ven though loving te longer he optinun method, iia rometinen desta toventrt sell ras protective messere ul baal Tit equipment in ready fr apertion ‘Seong highpreesve higprodectivty walle re: stant ben the Bam valves opened; and atthe ether thd af the ale, there are meek well hich con nly be vested by a procedure tllored tothe re- {utemenia ofthe inividal nll ad spied Sst unncceaeay lose of tine Te connection with restarting, she folloning Fa require tno or three daya of epration for fll de- ‘lopment alter remartiog ender shat se ronditions uid produced ine the well bore Trequenilyinvedes the more active geerpredion layers and temoraily reduces efetive gas pet mealies. 1 Fee wells without tabiogreasing packers, i ie sully necessry to Bl the annul mith kas a the gesires inate presnure before stable Bow can be reestablished 3. il the well dics as arent of heading ection, eiay may tininish the ponsibility of successfol ing. Also, in eel canes, ose of smaller tubing or use of a easing pressureactated stem Imiter may be neceanary iti dered the wells owing ie ‘Sealbing is debnitely iferi to ace of & conpressor for dial rstrtng js because. ith srabbing, the ell ordinarily Fesarte with cone ‘rale clam of Liga tll sing eter, sod by the line the production grew: hae ‘oved (o-anciher location, bypansing of fem Post the intake Toade the tbiog mith a heavy misare Irom the anlun andthe well det. nsientally, ‘sell declines eduction ofthe bea atte iu see Sanary to mainien atable Bom. However, changes10 we Gisent ‘eune foreach increane in nt {computed etre quantity of gan vt be stored in Che tanton before the well" fall ponte ratio an beaectve inthe bing for iting athe lower fee Invorenee of thie feck and Lach ale teeily [Ainguinhinent of ara Hews many a GAS-LIFT APPLICATIONS Ive mill go tht wo one method i ill poe vide optimum reece inal walle, aad doe procene Strang nelle nd wethode will almaye be den ‘hie to maintain the pot margin Ing demand for oi Gan lie in prinrily highrate method and can eve Bras method lo welle tapping tong mater Give reservoir, an illunenied by experience In foe Loviniae Sela Iam have useful applicee ieee wien alloted saten are materially aller than lation capacities, Une of gan ee aneune of Ligeia me beck se againa the formation, even when packers id even when atending valves sie ov secenie induction tuber art woe Bat it tet aloo be sbeereed tht fomaton beck renee Ue olen sravoialle with the other fore of lift (ive tapecilly when pi accomparien the (teed: For the reanon peo lift can be expected nd applications where the bore ofthe well iw #0 tall an to prevent elective peanchor econ lao applicable whew depth linte the rl Chgacten of other method ‘Te entnate the masinunrrate puri posible ole ell with s given IPL atm given tobi litle always stended by impontion sf Fig, 20-Us8 of Leg he ntoke Paper for Exwapoetins of prenare, it ia oily necennry to plot the intake Preeare french of setos of rator-n each cae {Tart om the optimum praien ihe one gradient {lech graph marked wrth an arom in Fig 2-28, 20- SHvathe given tubing pressure, measure dowa fom sth othe well aed yond the inte Dprentre, Au shown in Fig 19, the revolting cove, Aout the higheetvate naw lit poestle with the piven tubing eine, tubing preaare, ana depth ted the lntrection of thie core ith he IPH piven Ue bight rot sed lomewt Snake pressure ata thle ander the gives conditions in the particular Trl By plowing the ganligaia ratio er each grr {ies a etinate Bf the required total geoliuie {atloVe obtained fom vaich the well’e roligid sirting Some Flow and GesslitFLOWING AND GAG-LIFT WELL PERFORMANCE mw ra, Both marinerate caren, Such ao An Fie 1D, and eptiom peiqua ree Crrves auch an he oe then the faremay he dered to be staph lien ov log paper when enapalations are neceneay, as stone in Fig. 2. Tin obecvation deve aol held fr eter nd their atin an of cure, ayo Sl enpiial tia mst he mae vac Fig. 21 iluntemten same of the sy gamit and 5m alteratven adapta tom piven well and Feuoduced rational the type of gaphicel ‘Secha ell wih «fll Ateing of 2.875 in tebing wold be wearing the end St in fowing lie, a» indicted by tbe sealer of {he toe tabingpreaaure carve ingaph Cot weld How srongly with ve of s fall ssing af 1.6 tubing ening « eomprenser lor starting mation ‘ate goof perforauce witha ull sag of each of tree aizen in ala ahowa in graph Cane orem Pending goa reqivenenin ae abowa i graph. The Iepatebaag reese lor gas il om 5000 would ire ee pws (ressart shows: The wells maa 1 4004 atrng of 1S. tainginsie 30751 {abing in shown in opt B. Graph A thowe 2.675 in gradients for OMe pr bl. Slaton of ml rblemm ing combination stings can be made by tdding prodienn, ning the sume fat for ncaa Som erga it through the fers ‘leh a jonctre between sizen ten place, beyond the intended acope of thie paper. Flow valves fo lle They ae Indipesaable fr atsting again {he high well pensure end for auomatie estartig Intemiter typee with landing valves buve beet ed Te maintaining higher rates of flo tha those possible with atsigh ge lil in paticaler nelle ‘The pedicuablityof gon lilt with Bow valves in ast solely the responiility af the valve masalectarr, uc depende geet upon the deference the epertot | es pai te determining well data ofthe type in cated ia Fig, 2 Honever, an beter radiest data become avaiable, inprovenente may be mage ie Fopertion of tial borecpower needed for starting fro be reduced. Inigentely. i seems likely thet, sith uae of improved gradient data, + denand wil Sevelop fr accurate deterination of pesnae tiroogh Bow valve ofthe iferet types; andthe cscuplary date provided by dow af goa trough rrlae be ‘rly wilhst wodilaton to siber typer of eribces hed in «ting ving a oder to compare, {ue ia pater ens Ae] Toking k= 1.25 for wat got, this formula may be the ikconsry engieee PY, wena "= eharain Ms Mel per doy ot V7 pl ti here su te thet this 0 the Horsepower spon which que inion shouldbe bored with the given Ty pressure 2, iopat gon tempertue: ond 3, ingot pe rd oy be from 20 te 40 perce ess than Inenlecurars Wokechosepower fringe depending Spon the devition fom Boyle's low, the ovale ‘ed, nd he verll plan aiiony etcinad Gerharssponer Ragelromant fr Gat Litingponer requirement ven in\Fipy 22 can be adapted to thin porpo Grier cversinplifction, they slo may be inclined {2 ager tht some sinpifcaion would perve Yo p= trate coupresace sale Tor gas it im competition ‘ith other lilting means. "Tbe temperature af power im, becevee of ita low apecibe heat, fe susaly ‘Sonrolled by wal onperatres at point of ation, and acelly be goat requirement ie eae “The matsalpreented here a fered a iter = han been accorded in Ts is desired te theak the Shell Oil Com pany for making the presentation posible, and pax ically since thie ellie man completed dating (he weiter’ aay fe their Califeria wee REFERENCES “vat 2, hathanatie Develepen a Tiewy REE iain tt mn Ama 1G. Sheldon (the hie Os! Company Lon Ange leslwstens The author ban grepared aver vel tool for the waletian of problem velative to ow of trl gan and water ina sabing ning, Ie i lice onemated ep grap. Th alte e “The ol indsty in accustomed to thinking of com seration in term of berrcleof Tiguis or aterial onal enrgy iv equally inpertant. The es ‘sl esergy leaia tn a conservation of peslen| ed recovery, Therefore, the seanervation nergy im producing il becomes a ir he une of the “in "The eetbor briefly men fom perfrmance reluionabip,” or IPKy which cor reqponde te the well-known “peodetivity inex” OFF To etal practice, the moos rate of iow of Sesh pheoe do erelly placed by the Pl. This be fv god eppokimation where the water eatin aot Troe (lam thn 25 percent) or the gael rate i exceasve, fat consttten as encensive rie for calelations in which Pie suoetitted depen pon temperature, pressure, and faid ebarcterie ‘ee. Cenaily, PLie measiaglets for ealelations involving reuogrede eondesnate nelle which make ipifeantvoluses of water. ‘One question which occured tone i: That eect ee vieceeity onthe celatonships developed? I sealiaed the Te Section Fi ity in the range of 0 to § cemipoises with {ie lating depending epon tenperatire ted mponition. thou lke to sak the nthor i he ienny date showing the elec of viscosity onthe chovte prepare. Rha eBect does vseosty have 96 the equation lr the bean sie-pressurecelation? Uoald the rpid change f slope inthe vincoity- vty of Row volane te shang in be there prosares? Peshapa the oniasion of = viee ‘ovtyTention in he been sivenpreseure eget Srould explain the athor's pois atthe equation Chamot be sed wt pressure Teo thon 70 percent fgreter then line prenswres, It will be rocopsed {har thi tthe remove reoge whore boar teeta toe criealna aight evar alten eel i ily he well “he author states“. rater of decline during etre low ae wavy nelle a indices ofthe ‘eelne of well inflow capaci.” ‘Thin diieley tney be overcome by shservieg the decline i poten Ul or preuctive emacity mith tne ‘Sdenta f thn problem will peor wih the a thet thi ee phan of prokscton apeatione de serving wider nventon then than been accorded {he pant” Thie paper repeesnte« prieeworthy uit te the inate