International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology

Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

Corona Disease Clustering Using Radial Basis Function Classifier

Dr.R.V.S.Lalitha1, Prof.G.Jaya Suma2

1
Professor, Department of C.S.E, Aditya College of Engineering & Technology, Surampalem,
2
Professor & HOD(IT),Department of IT,UCEV-JNTUK, Vizianagaram.
1
rvslalitha@gmail.com, 2gjssuma@gmail.com

Abstract: The Government is putting lot of efforts in tracking corona patients. Because of failure in
signal communication or due to switching of phones it is becoming futile in tracing. The identification of
patients itself became challenging one. The information obtained with the cooperation of patients will
alone be not enough to aggregate corona cases. The trials have been making from long since to stop
transmission of the spread of the disease and link diseased patients. In this paper, patient clusters are
created dynamically using Radial Basis Function classifier. This outlays the functioning of clusters and
assists in restricting the spread of disease.
Keywords: IoT, COVID-19, RBFN, Diabetes, KNN, Uniform Distribution.

I. Introduction
Any object that can be connected to Internet refers to as “Thing” and a Thing can by any sensor
or a smart device. The dynamic conditions of any object can be tracked by embedding an IoT device. This
phenomenon encompasses a thing to fall under IoT[7]. The example devices are smart cards, laptops,
desktops, smart phones, tablets, smart cards, cellular telephones and wearable computers. The limitations
of mobile devices are low bandwidth, power consumption, security standards and transmission
interferences. The full benefit of IoT can be achieved by interconnecting Internet of Things(IoT) with
healthcare. Health care information systems are interoperable and we can increase its efficiency by
interlinking with Internet of Things. The Healthcare IoT involves design and development of IoT devices
to sense health parameters of diseases like diabetics. Automated IoT systems are designed for specific
disease and will monitor the patient’s conditions continuously. These devices assist in analyzing the
conditions of patient precisely and accurately. The IoT systems can be developed with low cost and
increased efficiency. The use of IoT based information systems is the current trend of health diagnostics.
The health care systems are highly influenced by IoT devices as continuous monitoring of health
parameters is being achieved with the integration of appropriate sensors.
As soon as the information is sensed, it is to be analyzed for decision making. The various types
of wireless communications are mobile computing, ubiquitous computing and pervasive computing.
Mobile computing involves communication of mobiles using mobile software like Android, IoS.
Communication is done by establishing ad hoc networks with the mobile devices or any portable devices.
Mobile communications must be Portable as it allows movement of objects, Connectivity to continuously
connect with the mobile nodes, Social Interactivity to be Internet connected with the other users and
Individuality that adapts the technology by the individuals that meets the individual requirement.
Pervasive computing enables everyday objects to communicate effectively in all parts of our life.
Ubiquitous computing is made by IoT to make available everywhere and anywhere. User can interact
with computer either by laptops, tablets or any terminal like fridge or a TV. The IoT technology is widely
used in tele medicine and health care, ever day things home appliances, security aspects like key chains,
embedded mobiles, remote monitoring of home/office automation units, surveillance cameras, power
supply management, retail appliances, M2M wireless networks, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks, Smart
homes and Smart cities. Wireless data communications use Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM). GSM is a digital mobile network standard developed by European Telecommunication Standards
Institute (ETSI). General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) allows continuous connection to Internet. W-
CDMA is a 3G standard uses direct sequence CDMA channel access methods and Frequency Division
Duplexing (FDD) for providing high speed data services. EDGE is faster than GSM and is designed to

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7737

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
 International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

deliver data rates up to 384 kbps. It enables to exchange multimedia data across mobile phones [8]. The
various applications are depicted in Fig.1.

Fig.1.IoT applications.

2. Related Work
The type of diabetes was determined with the help of k-nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm.
Arduino with AD8232 sensor module were used to cardiac patients [1].In most of the cases, diabetes
patients suffer from insulin disorderliness. It has been linked to obesity and cardio problems. Author said
that meditation helps in lowering glucose levels [2,9]. Several techniques were being developed for
detection of breast cancer all over the world. Machine learning algorithms suit well for early detection of
cancer disease. AdaBoost and regression models were applied for the evaluation of breast cancer dataset
[3]. In renewable energy applications forecasting of wind power is critical. The Radial Basis Function
(RBFN) along with neural network model was applied for estimation along with weights. When
comparing regression model with RBFN, author concluded that regression model with RBFN gave good
results [4,10]. COVID-19 time series data was analyzed using ANN architecture. This gave extraordinary
performance than conventional statistics methods for better healthcare management [5,6,7]. Almost all
countries have discovered COVID19 clusters through clinical trials. World Health Organization (WHO)
is continuously broadcasting corona updates, but still there is a lag in identifying most recently infected
corona diseased patients.

3. Significance of IoT in Healthcare

Internet of Things(IoT) has extensive applicability to health care units as the health parameters
are transparent to patients. IoT information is very helpful to clinics as the manual testing information can
be compared with the information collected from IoT based automated system. IoT apps are widely used
in health care industry. In the Internet of Things era, plenty of sensors available for sensing patient health
record parameters, e.g. blood Pressure sensor for measuring blood pressure. This is also used to measure
pulse rate. Heart rate sensor is used to measure blood pressure, stress and vascular age. If vascular age is
more than chronological age, there will be and high risk for developing Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD).
The rate of blood vessels will be with that of vascular age not with that of real age. Heart rate sensors are
in built with wrist bands and smart bands. A glucose sensor measures glucose which inserted under the
skin, measures glucose levels for every 10 seconds. It sends information over a cloud to any app or smart
device. The patient data can be made available online through Internet Technologies like Zig Bee, Wi-fi,
and Bluetooth for instant help and guidance from an expert medical doctor. This improves the quality of
the diagnosis as well as provides information for a heuristic search. Health care applications need real
time data analysis for diagnosis. The data collected from various IoT devices is stored in cloud and is
allowed to access by the researchers and doctors. The IoT systems allow users to provide alerts for

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7738

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
 International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

increase in sugar levels, Blood Pressure, pulse rate. This enables users to be cautious in their day to day
activities. The patient data collected from an IoT device is stored in cloud database. This will be used the
track patient in health record historically. Since, the data available is voluminous, it requires large
database for storing. A Big data analytics approach is also required to make timely decisions. Based on
previous health records correct diagnosis will be suggested. This is widely used in North Eastern
countries. Heath records available from cloud database are the prime source for medical research. The
impact of drug composition is decided based on this information. This database is highly useful for fixing
the side effects upon using a specific medicine. People suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD) or asthma need continuous monitoring of heart rate. A finger Pulse Oximeter is a
technology used to detect level of oxygen in blood. The changes that occur in oxygen levels in blood
during its path flow from heart to legs and arms. Omron-7120 BP Monitor is a device used to monitor
blood pressure of the body and heart rate. It checks precisely the irregularities of the heart beat. Accu-
Chek Combo is used to measure Glucose concentration in the body. It keeps track of blood pressure
information. This information is used to observe the impact of medicine. Dr Morepen Glucose Monitor
measures blood sugar level of body. It is equipped with advanced biosensor biotechnology. It takes only
0.5 ml of blood and displays results in just 5 seconds. OneTouch SelectSimple® Strips Box is used to test
blood glucose levels using test strips. The glucose level measurements will be taken from finger tips. This
is intended for single patient use and should not be shared. This kit is used to test sugar levels in blood at
home itself. M3 Heart rate and Blood Pressure Smart Fitness Band is used to measure dynamic heart
rate, blood pressure, step counter, calories burnt etc. These wireless sensor watches are used by diabetic
patients for continuous monitoring of sugar levels and transmits this information over Internet to mobiles
and other devices. The wireless body sensor devices that are available for diabetic patients are illustrated
in Fig.2.

Fig.2.Integrating bio sensors with

IoT Technology. Fig. 3. Types of
Diabetes.

3.1. IoT based Healthcare for Diabetes

Diabetes occurs when level of blood sugar is very high. Blood glucose produces from food we take.
Insulin is a hormone and is produced by pancreas. The insulin released from pancreas gets into blood
cells. Insulin deficiency causes glucose stays in the blood itself and will not reach cells thereby creates
unnecessary health problems. Since diabetes has no cure, it is necessary to proceed with precautionary
measures. Several diseases will occur with the presence of blood sugar. The types of diabetes are Type 1,
Type 2 and gestational diabetes. The various types of diabetes are depicted in Fig.3. With Type 1 diabetes
beta cell produce very little insulin. The immune system destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas.
Type 1 diabetic patients need to take insulin every day. Type 2 diabetes occurs due to complete deficiency
of insulin. Type 2 diabetes cause is based on lifestyle factors and genes. Most of the people suffer from
Type 2 diabetes. This will occur with overweight, obesity and people with inactive type. Gestational
diabetes occurs during pregnancy times. Mostly, this problem goes away after delivery. Sometimes, it

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7739

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
 International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

may be continued as Type 2 diabetes. Monogenic diabetes is also a type of diabetes which occurs with
heredity. Gestational diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin.
The symptoms of diabetes include thirst, hunger, blurred vision and fatigue. Symptoms of Type 1
diabetes starts quickly and Type 2 diabetes develop slowly and sometimes with no symptoms. The IoT
Health care system can be designed using IoT software and Hardware as illustrated in Fig.4. The
frequently used wearable sensors available in the market are BP monitors, Wearable sensor watch,
Glucose monitors, Heart rate monitors etc.

Fig.4. Software and Hardware components required for IoT based Health Care System

3.2. Dynamic cluster formation using RBFN

Fig.5. Cluster formation using RBF classifier

The corona disease spreads through person to person contacts. The fever, dry cough and tiredness are the
primary symptoms of the disease. The recovery time of patients with mild disease is 2 weeks and patients
with severe disease is 6 weeks, it is the need of hour to obtain the patient activities before the disease

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7740

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
 International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

attacked and during. Loss of smell and taste are the recent severe symptoms observed in corona infected
patients. In order to identify the problem space the solution is organized in the following way. The people
to be tested are stored in the database. This will be input to neurons. The neurons contain prototype which
outputs 0 for uninfected and 1 for infected. The prototype works on the principle of multilayer perceptron
to confirm disease based on the symptoms. Each symptom is assigned with weight to assess the severity.
Based on the score of all the symptoms, the prototype determines whether the particular person is infected
or not. The neuron output is called the activation value. The multilayer perceptron model used in RBF
neuron is as shown in Fig.5. The Gaussian probability distribution function f(x)=(1/2)e–(x-)2/22 is
used for determining the chances of occurring corona disease. This is depicted in Fig.6,7 and 8.

Fig.6.Gaussian Fig.8.Gaussian distribution of

Fig.7.Gaussian
distribution of cold and flu pneumonia and cold
distribution of flu and
pneumonia

There are deviations from mean with the occurrences of flu and pneumonia. It is observed that people die
of corona would be suffering from flu and pneumonia. To restrict the spread of the disease, the disease
clustering is incorporated. The classification of affected and unaffected corona people is performed using
Radial Basis Function in neural network. In this network, the public are represented as input vector. Each
input is assigned with some weight to determine the level of classification. Individual weights are the
outputs from Gaussian probability function. The weights represent the intensity of getting classified.
RBFN is then used to classify the people in two categories affected and unaffected. The clustering is then
performed based on these two classifications as obtained in Fig.9, 10 and 11. With the computational
values, it is observed that cluster formation using pneumonia is close to people infected with corona.

Fig.9. Formation of Fig.10. Formation of Fig.11. Formation of

cluster based on cold
cluster based on flu cluster based on
pneumonia

3.3. Clustering of diseased using Near Field Communication (NFC)

NFC is a short distance wireless technology operates in the distance of 20 cm radius. It enables
data communication between proximity cards and other IoT devices. NFC is mainly used for mobile or
hand held devices. Near field communication is based on inductive coupling. E.g. Electronic keys,

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7741

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
 International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

biometric reader etc. NFC communication operates on two modes, Active and Passive. In active mode of
communication, both the devices generates magnetic field. In Passive mode of communication only one
device generates magnetic field and the other uses that magnetic field to communicate with other devices.
Though many people developed apps for sensing body temperature and other parameters,
detection information is not transparent to the people surrounded by. If a diseased person is identified by
the authorized, he/she should wear Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) card. NFC enables us to
operate in 3 modes: 1. Read/Write mode is either for read or writes from NFC. 2. P2P mode is for to
communicate with other peers in NFC. and 3. Card emulation mode enables other NFC tags to access data
from it. To stop spread of the infectious disease like, it is essential to make RFID tags work in Card
emulation mode. Since the disease symptoms are not permanent in nature, the patient may recover after
undergone treatment. The data read in Card emulation mode is dynamically updated by local web server.
In most cases the chip will communicate over network securely. NdefMessage is immutable and is used
securely in maintaining patient information. NfcEvent is fires whenever other matching tag is discovered.
NfcManager tracks all NfcAdapter events through web server and populates the information in the web
server. This intact identifies all the infectious people with the help of chip embedded with necessary
sensory values. Card emulation mode allows NFC enabled mobile users to form clusters themselves when
they approach each other.

Conclusion
In real the clusters formed are highly dynamic. Because, the people may be recovered and get
back to their normal state. Hence, the clusters need to be dynamically updated time to time. The back
propagation algorithm needs to be applied to verify the error node those participate in giving wrong
labels. Hopfield network is a recurrent neural network, in which binary classification is done using
iterative approach. This iterative approach accurately classifies whether people effected from corona or
not. As disease cannot be estimated with one or two symptoms, classification using Ridge regression will
help in assessment of the disease.

References
[1] Ehsan Moghadas, Javad Rezazadeh, Reza Farahbakhsh, An IoT patient monitoring based on fog
computing and data mining: Cardiac arrhythmia usecase, Internet of Things, Volume
11, September 2020, 100251.
[2] Chih Yuan Wang, David Neil, Philip Home, 2020 vision An overview of prospects for diabetes
management and prevention in the next decade, June 2018, Diabetes Research and Clinical
Practice,143, DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.007.
[3] Habib Dhahri,Ines Rahmany, Awais Mahmood, Eslam Al Maghayreh,and Wail Elkilani, Tabu
Search and Machine-Learning Classification of Benign and Malignant Proliferative Breast
Lesions, BioMed Research International Volume 2020, Article ID 4671349, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4671349.
[4] Jyothi Varanasi & M.M.Tripathi, A hybrid model of generalized regression neural network and
radial basis function neural network for wind power forecasting in Indian wind farms, Journal of
Statistics and Management Systems, 23:1,49-63, DOI:10.1080/09720510.2020.1721598,2020.
[5] Najmul Hasan, A Methodological Approach for Predicting COVID-19 Epidemic Using EEMD-
ANN Hybrid Model, Internet of Things, Volume 11, September 2020, 100228.
[6] Jan-M.Brandt, Márton Benedek, Jeffrey S.Guerin, JörgFliege, Reliability-as-a-Service for bearing
risk assessment investigated with advanced mathematical models, Internet of Things, Volume
11, September 2020, 100178.
[7] Dr. Mohammed N. Abdulrazaq, Nurul Aslamiah Hazairin, Halimatuz Zuhriyah, Eddy Yusuf,
Salah Salman Al-Zubaidi, Sairah ABDUL Karim, Safinaz Mustapha, 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Disease (Covid-19): Detection and Diagnosis System Using IoT Based Smart Glasses,

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7742

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
 International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No.4, (2020), pp.7737 - 7743

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol. 29, No. 7s, (2020), pp. 954-960,
April 2020
[8] Sobin, C.C. A Survey on Architecture, Protocols and Challenges in IoT. Wireless Pers Commun
112, 1383-1429(2020).
[9] Franciso Valenzuela, Armando Garcia, Erica Ruiz, Mabel Vazquez, Joaquin Cortez, Adolfo
Espinoza, An IoT based Glucose Monitoring Algorithm to prevent Diabetes Complications,
Applied Sciences, Volume 10, Issue 3, 2020.
[10] Dongmei Zhou, Xuemei Li , Epilepsy EEG Signal Classification Algorithm based on Improved
RBF, Frontiers in Neuroscience, June 2020.
[11] Arepalli Peda Gopi, R. Naga Sravana Jyothi, V. Lakshman Narayana, K.Satya Sandeep,
Classification of tweets data based on polarity using improved RBF Kernel of SVM, International
Journal of Information Technology, 2020.
[12] Davila Patricia Ferreira Cruz, Renato Dourado Maia, Leandro Augusto da Silva, Leandro Nunes
de Castro, A Bee inspired Data Clustering Approach to Design RBF Neural Network Classifiers,
Distributing Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 11th International Conference, pp 545-552.

AUTHORS

Dr.R.V.S.Lalitha received her Ph.D. from JNTUK, Kakinada. Her

research includes Data Mining, Mobile Computing and Soft Computing. She is
working as Professor in the Department of CSE, at Aditya College of Engineering
& Technology, Surampalem.

Prof. G.Jaya Suma is Professor & H.O.D (I.T.) of UCEV, JNTUK, Vizianagaram.
She is guiding several students and some of them are already awarded with Ph.D.
Her research includes Soft computing, Data mining and Machine learning.

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 7743

Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC