BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M.

BARLAAN

NAME: BARLAAN, RANIELA MARIE R.

YEAR & SECTION: BSN 1 BENNER

BIOCHEM LECTURE

November 8, 2022

DIRECTION: WRITE THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA AND THE FUNCTION OF THE

FOLLOWING AS NECESSARY. (2 POINTS EACH)

AMMONIA

 Ammonia is generated by human activity and occurs naturally. It is a significant supply of

nitrogen, which is essential to both plants and animals. Ammonia can be produced by
intestinal bacteria. The colorless gas known as ammonia has a strong smell. Because
ammonia is a common ingredient in window cleaners, household and industrial cleaners,
and smelling salts, many people are familiar with this odor.

UREA

 Urea is a nitrogenous compound containing a carbonyl group attached to two amine

groups with osmotic diuretic activity. As the byproduct of protein metabolism in vivo, urea
is created in the liver by the urea cycle from ammonia. When urea is administered, blood
plasma osmolality rises, which enhances water transfer from tissues like the brain,
cerebrospinal fluid, and eye into interstitial fluid and plasma. This lowers tissue pressure
and boosts urine output.
 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M. BARLAAN

GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE

 Glutamine synthetase (E.C. 6.3.1.2) - an enzyme catalyzing formation of glutamine from

glutamate and ammonium ion, is one of the most important enzymes in nitrogen
metabolism. Inorganic nitrogen is absorbed into cellular metabolism and utilised in the
creation of a number of crucial metabolites as a result of glutamine synthetase activity.
The review's first section summarizes the extensive work on glutamine synthetase
inhibitors that has been done since the 1949 discovery of methionine sulfoximine.

GLUTAMINE

 Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid. The ammonia on glutamine's side chain can be
used to make purines and urea, which are later excreted by the kidneys (necessary for
the synthesis of nucleic acids). The management of dangerous quantities of ammonia in
the body depends heavily on glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an
ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase).
 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M. BARLAAN

UREA

 Urea is a nitrogenous compound containing a carbonyl group attached to two amine

groups with osmotic diuretic activity. As the byproduct of protein metabolism in vivo, urea
is created in the liver by the urea cycle from ammonia. When urea is administered, blood
plasma osmolality rises, which enhances water transfer from tissues like the brain,
cerebrospinal fluid, and eye into interstitial fluid and plasma. This lowers tissue pressure
and boosts urine output.

GLUTAMATE
 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M. BARLAAN

 Glutamate(1-) is an alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid,

having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group It has a role as a fundamental
metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a glutamic acid. It is a conjugate acid of
glutamate(2-).

ALANINE

 Alanine is a small non-essential amino acid in humans, Alanine is one of the most widely
used for protein construction and is involved in the metabolism of tryptophan and vitamin
pyridoxine. Alanine is an important source of energy for muscles and the central nervous
system, strengthens the immune system, helps in the metabolism of sugars and organic
acids, and displays a cholesterol-reducing effect in animals. (NCI04)

ASPARTATE

 Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid
that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Like all other amino acids, it contains an
amino group and a carboxylic acid. Its α-amino group is in the protonated –NH+3 form
 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M. BARLAAN

under physiological conditions, while its α-carboxylic acid group is deprotonated −COO −
under physiological conditions.

CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE

 Carbamoyl phosphate is an anion of biochemical significance. In land-dwelling animals,

it is an intermediary metabolite in nitrogen disposal through the urea cycle and the
synthesis of pyrimidines. Its enzymatic counterpart, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
(CPS I), interacts with a class of molecules called sirtuins, NAD dependent protein
deacetylases, and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate.

N-ACETYL GLUTAMATE

 N-Acetylglutamic acid (also referred to as N-acetyl glutamate, abbreviated NAG,

chemical formula C 7 H 11 NO 5) is biosynthesized from glutamate and acetylornithine
by ornithine acetyltransferase, and from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme N -
acetyl glutamate synthase.

FUMARATE
 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M. BARLAAN

 Fumarate(2-) is a C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-) It has a

role as a metabolite, a human metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It
is a butenedioate and a C4-dicarboxylate. It is a conjugate base of a fumarate(1-).

ARGININE

 Arginine or 2-amino, 5- guanidinovaleric acid, has a molecular weight 174. 202. It

contains α-amino group and α-carboxylic group and a side chain with 3- carbon aliphatic
chain having guanidino group. Its molecular formula is C6H14N402.

CITRULLINE

 Within the body, citrulline increases the metabolic rate by acting specifically in the liver
where arginine synthesises nitrogen monoxide, which forms citrulline molecules as a by-
product. The chemical formula of Citrulline is C6H13N3O3

II. DIRECTION: GIVE THE NORMAL VALUES OF THE FOLLOWING (BLOOD

CHEMISTRY). 2 POINTS EACH

ALT (ALANINE TRANSAMINASE)

 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE | R.M. BARLAAN

 The normal range for alanine transaminase (ALT) varies from laboratory to laboratory.
One common reference range for an ALT blood test is 7 to 56 U/L (units per liter). ALT
levels are typically higher in people assigned male at birth than in people assigned
female at birth.

7 to 56 U/L
AST (ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE)

 Aspartate transferase (AST) is an enzyme that’s found in your liver, heart, pancreas,
muscles and other tissues in your body. An AST blood test is often included in a liver
panel and comprehensive metabolic panel, and healthcare providers most often use it to
help assess your liver health.

8 to 33 U/L