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The Relationship Between Interpersonal Perception and Psychologic
The Relationship Between Interpersonal Perception and Psychologic
ScholarWorks at WMU
12-1978
Part of the Counseling Commons, and the Student Counseling and Personnel Services Commons
Recommended Citation
Dambach, Barbara A., "The Relationship between Interpersonal Perception and Psychological Adjustment"
(1978). Dissertations. 2765.
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/2765
by
Barbara A. Dambach
A Dissertation
Submitted to the
Faculty of The Graduate College
in partial fulfillment
of the
Degree of Doctor of Education
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
study. Many times these students went above and beyond ful
iii
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Finally, I w ant to express my sincere appreciation
Barbara A. Dambach
iv .
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79D79G1 I
DAMBACH, BARBARA ANM
THE RELATI ONSHI P BETWEEN I NTERPERSONAL
PERCEPTION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUS THENT.
University
Micrdfilms
IntematkXWlI 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106
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This study is dedicated
to the m e mory
of
William D. Martinson
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
C HAPTER PAGE
II M E T H O D ......................................... 55
P r o c e d u r e s .................................. 64
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Statistical Hypotheses .................... 70
Hypothesis O n e ........................... 71
Hypothesis T w o ........................... 71
III R E S U L T S ........................................ 74
Hypothesis O n e ........................... 75
Hypothesis T w o ........................... 76
D i s c u s s i o n ................. . . . . . . . . . 87
IV S U M M A R Y .......................................... 110
R E F E R E N C E S ................................................... 121
APPENDIX
Vi
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LIST OF TABLES
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10. Two-Sample t Tests of Change Scores on the
Affective Sensitivity Scale, Selected Scales of
the California Psychological Inventory, and
Multiple Affect Adjective Check List for the
Experimental, Non e x p e r i m e n t a l , and Control
Groups ............................................
viii
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CHAPTER I
logical adjustment.
how human beings think about and perceive the world around
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being; that emotional, or psychological, disturbance is
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experienced by an individual, whether or not these experi
subsequent perception.
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4
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5
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They did not, like immature people, show a "catastrophic
(p. 206).
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7
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kind of cues in the environment w hich guide individuals in
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generally, that personality orientation is related to charac
logical adjustment.
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10
accurately.
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11
logical adjustment.
separately.
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world.
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In the studies of Witkin and his colleagues, there has
the Rod and Frame Test, the Tilted Room-Tilted Chair Test,
that the latter type of perceiver was better able than the
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19
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in children, and considered field independence related to
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judge the size of each one. Af t e r five squares had been pre
pace with the changes and judged the sizes of the squares
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inflexible.
the Color Word Test were less able than those with flexible
control to see both the sheep and the trees of the landscape
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to the task and tend to ignore those which are less appropri
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to perceptual flexibility.
for this reason, Ludwig (1975) and Neale and Cromwell (1969)
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Yates and Korboot (1970) and Korboot and Yates (1973) have
impaired.
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trusted, that the external social world is very dangerous.
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adjustment.
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like, what women are like, what redheads are like, and so
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tually organized.
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of the process. First, such spontaneous "sorting" of other
ou r s elves.
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research effort since the early 1900's has been to study pos
offered.
persons good at judging others and those who are good self
selves well are more socially inclined; those who are good
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being judged. Estes also found that judges who have strong
must be questioned.
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little need to project his own traits and values onto others"
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ment. Burke (1966) and Jacoby (1971) both found that LD's,
Test, and are thus judged as open, flexible, and not unduly
way high and low Machs perceive others outweigh the differ
ences .
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dependent (FD) perceivers more accurate in 1 study, and mixed
FI subjects.
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control.
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accuracy.
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found that psychopathic individuals showed a significant
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investigated the effects of emotional arousal on interper
interpersonal perception.
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50
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of good judges.
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perception.
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CHAPTER II
Method
of college majors.
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Random Assignment
study.
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(Appendix I ) .
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Criteria Instruments
ment.
University.
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& K a g a n , 1971).
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lations on all six scales range between .61 and .87. Excep
which the Flexibility scale was rated .49 and the Femininity
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62
tions on "masculinity."
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MAACL is a list of 132 adjectives that describe different
tions between affect ratings and MAACL scales range from .44
Criteria Measurements
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64
ciency Test.
Procedures
kept not only for purposes of the study but to enable the
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material to improve perceptual accuracy. The eighth and
with the subjects the purpose of the study and its rationale,
Treatment Conditions
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66
jects did not learn, they w ould not meet the experimental
Training Program
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units in the book and each unit deals with one such principle
them, and then how to identify them. Session four dealt with
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68
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was that the latter was held within a 2-week time period,
the sessions being held three times a week rather than once
Research Design
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Table 1.
Table 1
1
Ti' V T3
XI
V V t3
2
T1' V T3
X2
V V T3
X2 = No treatment.
Statistical Hypotheses
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71
eses are formulated from this basic question and are pre
ceptual accuracy and the group which did not improve inter
logical Inventory.
Statistical Analysis
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and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List for class groups
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CHAPTER III
Results
in this chapter.
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logical Inventory (Sa, Wb, Re, To, Fx, Fe) and the Multiple
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Table 2
Instrument Mean SD r
California Psychological
Inventory
Sa scale 22.463 3. 389 .011
Wb scale 32.536 5.529 .150
Re scale 25.463 4.948 .205*
To scale 18.705 4.926 .181
Fx scale 11.568 3.456 .093
Fe scale 21.705 4.488 .151
Note. n = 95.
*p<.05.
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groups.
Table 3
an = 19.
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Table 4
an = 19.
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Table 5
the control group may be considered the group which did not
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Table 6
Note. df = 56.
*£< .01 .
Table 7.
tivity Scale and on the Re, Fx, and Fe scales of the Calif
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Table 7
Two-Sample t Tests of Change Scores on the Selected Scales of the California P s ycho
logical Inventory and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List for Experimental and
Control Groups
Note. df = 56.
*p <.01.
CO
82
Table 8
Sa -0.946 -0.448
Wb .359 -0.784
Re 2.100* -2.330*
To .850 -0.677
Fx 2.587** -1.902
Fe 2.927** -2.965**
1.864 .725
Mi
M2 1. 390 .136
m 3 1.062 .925
*p < .05
* *p< .01
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83
Additional Analyses
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Table 9
Note. df = 91.
NS p > .05.
*p <.05.
**p <.01.
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Table 10
Note. df = 91.
*p <.05.
* * p < .01.
00
Cn
Correlated t tests were computed to determine the sig
Table 11
Variable t Values
ASS 2.130*
Sa .064
Wb -0.803
Re 1.479
To 1.246
Fx -0.770
Fe -1.193
Mi -1.552
m 2 -3.364**
m 3 -1.174
*p < .05.
**p <.01.
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87
Discussion
not be rejected.
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California Psychological Inventory (i.e., Re, Fe, and F x ) .
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as defined by Gough.
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psychologically adjusted.
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in a conscientious and sympathetic way" (p. 11). His
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94
their conclusions.
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95
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adjustment.
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during the same semester and were administered pre- and post
ity that for all subjects, the passing of time from the
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98
ment. This would be just the time that one might expect the
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p redictions.
jects' thinking rather than the way they felt. The affective
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100
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est accuracy score is the one who most accurately judges the
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102
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103
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improvement of their levels of psychological adjustment.
clear that the experimental group changed the most, the con
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105
mental group and the control group. This trend alters con
nonexperimental group.
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Implications
psychological adjustment.
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psychological adjustment.
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CHAPTER IV
Summary
human beings think about and perceive the w orld around them
environment.
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Ill
accuracy of perception.
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112
psychological adjustment.
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of others.
(i.e., Sa, Wb, Re, To, Fx, and F e ) ; and (2) there would be
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114
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within groups.
mental and control groups' change scores on the Re, Fe, and
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second analysis.
who are low scorers. The results suggest that the training
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psychological adjustment.
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su b j e c t s .
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
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AP P ENDIX I
Analysis of Randomness
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Analysis of Randomness
atypically low.
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Table A
Note. df = 92.
NS p > .05.
*p <.05.
136
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Table B
Note. df = 92.
*p <.05.
**p <.01.
137
138
they faced the academic demands of the new semester than did
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139
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APPENDIX II
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INFORMED CONSENT
TREATMENT GROUP
Dear Student:
Thank you.
Barbara Dambach
Doctoral Intern
Signature
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142
INFORMED CONSENT
CONTROLS
Dear Student:
Thank you.
Barbara Dambach
Doctoral Intern
Date Signature
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143
A P P E N D I X III
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HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
Course O b j e c t i v e s :
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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Apr. 11 Review.
Administration of Affective Sensitivity Scale.
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APPENDIX IV
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2. Thinking processes.
3. Selectivity of stimuli.
4. "Set"— expectations.
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148
a) Distortion.
b) Inadequate intelligence.
c) Implicit personality theory.
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1. Brainstorm Stereotypes
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e . g . , Motivation
Selfishness/Unselfishness
Trustworthiness
Stinginess/Generosity
Assignment
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151
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1. Rate on scale of 1 to 5:
Deference Achievement
Order Heterosexuality
Autonomy Exhibition
Affiliation Change
Dominance Nurturance
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II. Emotions.
1. Facial expressions.
2. Body Gestures.
4. Verbal content.
D. Specific emotions.
1. Goal attainment
2. Good - Bad.
3. People-directed.
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a) Hate a) Pride
b) Anger b) Guilt
c) Frustration c) Jealousy
d) Joy d) Envy
e) Sadness e) Jealousy-anger
f) Anxiety f) Anxiety-excitement
g) Fear g) Anxiety-guilt
h) Love h) Anger-fear
i) Shame
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Assignment
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I. Hidden Meaning.
II. Anxiety.
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E. Projection— Identification.
V. Unacceptable Self-Perceptions.
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Assignment
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3. Propose:
a) Role-playing.
b) Issues— e . g . ,
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I. Review Emotions
— Anger — Fear
— Guilt — Anxiety
— Shame — Hate
— Joy — Envy
— Love — Jealousy
— Rationalization
— Compensation
— Reaction-formation
— Projection
— Identification
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APPENDIX V
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tory, and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List for class
and Table F.
class experience.
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Variable Source df MS F
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Table D
Variable Source df MS F
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Table E
Variable Source df MS F
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Table F
Variable Source df MS F
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