1] Data ?

Data is the information which has been translated into a form that is
more convenient to process or move.

2] Data base ?
The collection of related data is termed as Database which is
organized in such a way that it can be easily retrieved & managed.

3] Purpose of Data base ?

• To store the data permanently.
• To manage the data significantly.
• To support front end activity.

4]Data Base Management System (DBMS) ?

Data base management is a system software which mange a data, it
can perform various task like creation ,retrival insertion,modification
& deleiation on data to manage it in a systematic way as per
requirement.

5] Charateristics of Data Base ?

• DB should be able to store every real world value.
• DB should also support ACID properties.
• DB must support multiple view to the user.
• DB must offer security.
• Multiple user can assess same DB without affecting the other
user.
 • There should not be any repetition of data in DB.
• Data & application should be isolated.
• DB should be able to relate the entitles or tables.

6] File System ?
• The traditional filing system (TFS) is a method of storing and
arranging computer files and the information in the file (data).
• Basically it organizes these files into a database for the storage,
organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computer's
operating system.

7] Disadvanages of traditional file process-

ing system ?

• Data Redundancy.
• Data Inconsistency.
• Limited Data Sharing.
• Data Dependence.
• Poor Data Control.
• Problem of Security.
• Concurrency Problem.
• Data Isolation.
• Integrity Problem.
• Atomicity Problem.
8]Advantages of DBMS over file processing
system ?
• Controlling Data Redundancy.
• Data Consistency.
• Sharing of Data.
• Data Independence.
• Data Control.
• Security.
• Control over Concurrency.
• Data Modeling of Real World.

9] Types of a data base ?

10] Disadvantages of database system ?
i] Incresing Cost.
ii] Complexity.
iii] Size.
iv] Frequen up grade.
v] Higher empect of failure.

11] Component of data base ?

1] Hardware.
2] Software.
3] people == i] DB admistator.(DBA)
ii] Application of program.
iii] End user.
4] Procedure.

12] Data base product ?

• Microsoft SQL Server.
• MySQL.
• SQLite.
• DB2.
• TeamSQL.
• PostgreSQL.
• Oracle Database 12c
13]Data base application ?
• Telecom.
• Banking.
• Industry.
• E-Commerce.
• Airline.
• Education System.
• Railway Reservation System.
• Library Management System.
• Social Media Site.

14] Abstraction ?
To provide some specific data to user & hide a data is called as
Abstraction.

15] Level of abstraction ?

There are three types of level abstraction:-
i] Physical Level :
• It is lowest level.
• It shows how data is actually stored in the physical memory.
• Physical memory may be hard disk, magnetic tapes.
• Hashing technique used for organization purpose.
• Developer should know the requirement ,size & accessing
frequency of record.
 ii] Logical Level :
• This is the next higher level of abstraction.
• This also shows that what data stored & relation between among
data item.
• The involment of data structure does not aware about
complexity.
• DBA use logical level of abstraction to decide what information
to keep in a database.

iii] View Level:

• Usually developer work at this level because they have
knowledge of such things.
• End user interact with system with the help of GUI.
• End User enter the detail at the screen at view level.
• User is not aware of how data is stored & what data is stored.
These details are hidden from the user.

16] Data base languages ?

a)Data Definition Languages.(DDL)
b)Data Manipulation Languages.(DML)
c)Data Control Languages.(DCL)

17] Data independence ?

The ability to modify schema definition in one level without affecting
schema definition in the next higher level is called data Independence.
18] Data integrity ?
There are three types of data integrity:-
i] Entity Integrity:
• All primary key entries must be unique & null value are not
allow in any part of a primary key.
• Null Value means absence of value.
• Each row will have a unique identity.
• Foreign key value can properly reference primary key value.

ii] Referential Integrity:

• A foreign key may have either a null entry as long as it is not a
part of its tables primary key.
• Entry that matches the primary key value in a table to which it is
related.
• It is possible for an attribute NOT to have a corresponding
value.
• The enforcement of the referential integrity rule makes has
mandatory matching foreign key value.

iii] Domain Integrity:

• This states that all column in relational database should be in a
defined domain.

19] Three Tier Architecture ?

• The Three tier architecture is most widely used architecture in
todays world.
• In this architecture the user layer ,business layer & data layer are
implemented independently by three different application.
• The data required by the business logic exists in database server.
• In three tier architecture all layers interact with each other
independently.