7ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet sure Sor Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Download text il, Buy PDF, Fork me on Git or Check out FAQ. HhSeSeehes # Contents ToC = { "1. Collections': (List, Dictionary, Set, Tuple, Range, Enumerate, Iterator, Generator], Types": [Type, String, Regular_€xp, Format, Nunbers, Combinatorics, Datetime], syntax [Args, Inline, Closure, Decorator, ‘Class, Duck_Type, Enum, Exception], System’: [Exit, Print, Input, Command_Line’Arguments, Open, Patn, 0S_Commands], Data’ [ISON, Pickle, CSV, SQLite, Bytes, Struct, Array, Menory_View, Deque], Advanced’: [Threading Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine], Libraries': [Progress_8ar, Plot, Table, Curses, Logging, Scraping, Web, Profile, NumPy, Tage, Audio, Games, Data, Cython} # Main if _name_ Fain() main # Runs main() if file wasn't imported. # List = [frominclusive : to_exclusive : #step_size] 1 1 . append() . extend() {] . sort() Treverse() ist» = sorted() = reversed() hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 11597rero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet sun_of_elements elementwise_sun sorted_by_second sum() [sum(pair) for pair in zip(list_a, list_b)] sorted(, key=lambde et: el(1]) sorted_by both = sorted(, key=lambde el: (el[1], el{0])) flatter_list List (itertools. chain. from_iterable()} product_ot_elens = functools.reduce(Lambda out, el: out * el, ) list_of_chars = list() ‘+ Module operator provides functions itemgetter() and mul() that offer the same functionality as lambda expressions above. = ,count(sinsert(inder, sels) # Inserts item at index and moves the rest to the right. Sele = -pop({index}) Removes and returns item at index or from the end. renovelcel>) # Removes first occurrence of iten or raises Valuet*ror. Slistesclear() # Renoves all items, Also works on dictionary and set. # Dictionary eview = .keys() CouL, of keys that reflects changes. ,values() eview> = ,items() Coll. of values that reflects changes. Coll. of key-value tuples that reflects chs. eae value = .get (key, defaut=None) # Returns default if key is missing. value = .setdefault(key, default-None) # Returns and writes default if key is missing. = collections .defaultdict () # Creates a dict with default value of type. = collections ,defaultdict(Lambda: 1) # Creates a dict with default value 1, = dict() # Creates a dict from coll. of key-value pairs. = dict(zip(keys, values)) # Creates a dict from two collections. = dict. fromkeys(keys [, value]) 4# Creates a dict from collection of keys. .update() * h matching keys. value = .pop(key) # Removes item or raises Keyérror. {k for k, v in .items() if v == value) # Returns set of keys that point to the value. {k: v for k, v in ,items() if k in keys} # Returns a dictionary, filtered by keys. Adds itens. Replaces ones wit Counter >>> from collections import Counter pe> colors = ['biue', 'blue', 'blue', ‘red’, ‘red'] >>> counter = Counter(colors) >>> counter[*yeltow"] += 1 Counter({"blue': 3, *red': 2, ‘yellow’: 1}) bee counter.most_common() [0] (‘blue', 3) # Set = set() . add () . update () 1: |= { |= we hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 21897rero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet = .union() # Or: | eset> = , intersection() # Or: & = , difference() # Or: ~ synmetric_difference() # Or: * . issubset() # Or: <= = . issuperset () # Or: >= = .pop() # Raises Keyrror if eupty. . remove() # Raises KeyError if missing. , discard() # Doesn't raise an error. Frozen Set ‘+ Isimmutable and hashable. ‘+ That means it can be used as a key in a dictionary or as an element in a set. = frozenset() # Tuple ‘Tuple is an immutable and hashable list. tuples = () = (, ) stuple> = (cells, [, Named Tuple ‘Tuple's subclass with named elements. oe» from collections import namedtupte pep Point = namedtuple('Point', "x y") >>> p = Point(1, y=2) Point(x=1, y=2) >>> p[0] 1 S5> px 1 pep getattr(p, 2 ee vy) fields # Or: Point, fields y) # Range range> = range(to_exclusive) = range(from_inclusive, to_exclusive) = range(from_inclusive, to_exclusive, +step_size) fron_inclusive to_exclusive .start = .stop hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 1897ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet # Enumerate for i, el in enunerate( [, istart]): # Iterator = iter() = iter( = next( [, default]) = List() Itertoots fron itertools import count, repeat, cycle, = count(start=0, step=1) = repeat( [, tines]) = cycle( = chain( [, -++1) = chain, from_iterable() # “iter()* returns unnodified iterator. # A sequence of return values until 'to_exclusive'. # Raises StopIteration or returns ‘default! on end. # Returns a list of iterator’s remaining clenents. chain, islice Returns updated value endlessly. Accepts floats. Returns element endlessly or ‘times’ times. Repeats the sequence endlessly. # Empties collections in order. # Empties collections inside a collection in order. = islice(, to_exclusive) = islice(, from_inclusive, to_exclusive [, #step_size]) # Generator ‘+ Any function that contains a yield statement returns a generator, ‘+ Generators and iterators are interchangeable. def count(start, step): while True: yield start start += step pee counter = count(10, 2) >>> next(counter), next(counter), next(counter) (10, 12, 14) # Type + Everything is an object. + Every object has a type. + ‘Type and class are synonymous. = type() = isinstance(, ) pep type('a!), 'a'._class_, str # Or: ._class_ # Or: issubclass(type(), ) (, ) hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 41897ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet ‘Some types do not have built-in names, so they must be imported: fron types import FunctionType, MethodType, LanbdaType, GeneratorType Abstract Base Classes Each abstract base class specifies a set of virtual subclasses. These classes are then recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() as subclasses of the ABC, although they are really not. >e> from collections.abe import Sequence, Collection, Iterable >e> isinstance((1, 2, 3], Tterable! ) True Sequence | Collection | Iterable list, range, str ’ ’ : dict, set ’ ’ iter | ’ >>> isinstance(123, Number) >e> from numbers import Integral, Rational, Real, Complex, Number True Integrat | Rationat | Reat | Complex ] Nunber int ’ ’ ’ 2 : fractions. Fraction ’ ’ ’ ’ float ’ 2 Y complex . ’ decimal, Decimal ’ # String = .strip() estr> = ") = .split() = .split(sep-None, maxsplit = , split Lines (keepends=False) = ,join() = in = .startswith() .endswith () . find() , index() = -replace(old, new [, = ,translate() chr() ord() hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! count} ) SeHee sene ne ee Strips all whitespace characters fron both ends. Strips all passed characters from both ends. Splits on one or more whitespace characters. Splits on ‘sep’ str at most ‘maxsplit’ times. Splits on \n,\r,\r\ns Keeps them if *keepends', Joins elements using string as separator. Checks if string contains a substring. Pass tuple of strings for multiple options. Pass tuple of strings for multiple options. Returns start index of first match or ~1. Same but raises ValueError if missing. Replaces ‘old' with ‘new’ at most ‘count’ times. Use “stremaketrans()” to generate table, Converts int to Unicode chars Converts Unicode char to ints e1507ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet * Also: 'lstrip()', 'rstrip()' + Also: "Lower() capitalize()' and 'title()'. Property Methods [C981 | te2a-z) |G ey) (0-9) isprintable() ’ ’ ’ ’ 2 isatnum() ’ : 2 isnumeric() ’ ’ ’ isdigit() ’ ’ isdecimal() 2 + Also: 'isspace()' checks for '[ \t\n\r\f\val # Regex import re = re.sub(, new, text, count=0) # Substitutes all occurrences with 'new'. = re:findall(cregex>, text) # Returns all occurrences as strings. = re-split(, text, maxsplit=0) # Use brackets in regex to include the matches. latch» = ressearch( = resmatch(, ‘text) # Searches only at the beginning of the text. = re:finditer(, text) # Returns all occurrences as match objects. arch( and matcho return None if they can’t find a match, + Argument 'flags=re, IGNORECASE' can be used with all functions. + Argument 'flags=re,MULTILINE' makes "and '$* match the start/end of each line. ‘+ Argument 'flags=re.DOTALL' makes dot also accept the "\n'. + Use r'\1' or '\1' for backreference. + Add '?! after an operator to make it non-greedy. Match Object = datch>.group() # Returns the whole match. Also group(0)- sstr> = Match>.group(1) # Returns part in the first bracket. Stupte> = atch>.groups() # Returns all bracketed parts. = atch>.start() # Returns start index of the match. = Match>-end() # Returns exclusive end index of the maten. Special Sequences + By default digits, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched, unless “Flags=re.ASCIT' argument is used. + Use a capital letter for negation. ‘Nd! == t10-9]' # Matches any digit. ‘Nw! = *[ar2A-20-9.)' # Matches any alphanumeric. Ns) == "1 \t\n\e fv)! # Natches any whitespace, # Format = f'{)! = "{}, J" format (Zel_i>, ) ps9to78 github iclpytnon-cheatshet! oso7ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Attributes >>> from collections import namedtuple >>> Person = nanedtuple("Person*, 'nane height") 35> person = Person(‘Jean-Lue', 187) 55> #{person. height)" “187° 25> “{psheight}' «format (p=person) 7 "18 General Options {:<10} # cele {eel>:*10} #o eels * {:>10} a cel" {:.<10} eee! {eel>:<0} # eels! Strings ‘tr* calls object's repr() method, instead of strQ, to get a string. (‘abede! 17:10) # "abcde" (abcde: # ‘abe . (abede' # tabe! Numbers { 123456:10,} #* 123,456" #* 123/456" #473456" #123456" #123456" # 173456" Floats 210.3} #423 10:31) #1335" 10.3¢) 4 * 1,235ev00" 10:38} #* 123.4568" ‘Comparison of presentation types: | (efloat>y {floats} {Float>se} {floats} 0.000056769 | _'5.6789e-05" 9.000057" | '5.6789006-05' *0.005679%" 800056789 *0.00056789° so.e00568' | *5.6789006-04° 0.056788" 0.0056789 *9.0056789" 9.005679" | '5.6789000-03' 9.567898" 0.056769, *9.056789" ‘0.056789! | '5.6789006-02' 1516789008" 0.56789 *0.56789" +0.567890° | '5.678900e-01' | "56. 7890008" 5.6789 °5,6789° '5,678900' | '5,678900e+00" | 5678900008" 56.789 56.789" +56,7a9000' | '5.678900e-01' | ‘5678. 9000008" 367.89 +567.89" +567,890000' | ‘5.678900e+02' | ‘5679.000000%" hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 1897rero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet | ( int () # Or: math. floor() float () # Or: eteint> = complex(real=0, imag-0) —# Or: + j = fractions.Fraction(@, 1) # Or: Fraction(nunerator=@, denominato: = decimal.Decimal() # Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent)) + Sint()' and 'float() ' raise ValueError on malformed strings. ‘+ Decimal numbers can be represented exactly, unlike floats where '1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3" ‘+ Precision of decimal operations is set with: ‘decimal. getcontext().prec = ' Basic Functions = pow(, ) # Or: er = abs() # = abs() ‘num> = round( [, sndigits]) # “round(126, -1) == 130° Math fron math import e, pi, inf, nan, isinf, isnan fron math import cos, acos,’sin, asin, tan, atan, degrees, radians fron math import log, log10, 1092 Statistics fron statistics import mean, median, variance, stdev, pvariance, pstdev Random fron random import random, randint, choice, shuffle = random() = randint(from_inclusive, to_inclusive) choice() shuffle() hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! aise7ero20 Bin, Hex Ab = int(*z nt(*sebebin>", 0) *[-l@bebin>' = bin() Bitwise Operators int> & | int> * int> = << n_bits - # Combinatorics ‘+ Every funetion returns an iterator. eae ween Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Or: #0xchex> or: int(*schex>', 16) Or: int(*#0xchex>", 0) Or: hex() And or Xor (@ if both bits equal) Shift left (>> for right) Not (also: - - 1) ‘+ Ifyou want to print the iterator, you need to pass it to the list( function first! fron itertools import product, combinations, combinations_with_replacenent, permutations >>> product({®, 1], repeat=3) (0, @, 0) pee product(‘ab', '12') (at, 11), Cat, 12"), (bt, 24), (bY 1297 >>> combinations(‘abc', 2) (Cat, tb), (at, tc), (bt, te!) (, @,'1), (8, 1, ®), (@, 1, 2), +O), (1, @ 1), (1, 1, 0), (2, 2, 2)) >e> combinations with_replacement(‘abc', 2) (at, ta), (lat, tT), (fat, tc), (ibe, bt), (bY, te"), (et) te) >>> permutations(‘abc', 2) (Cat, tb), Cat, tet), (bt, tat), (tbe) tet), (et, tat), (ety tb] # Datetime ‘+ Module ‘datetime’ provides ‘date’ , time’ , ‘datetime’

and ‘timedelta’

classes. All are immutable and hashable. ‘+ Time and datetime objects can be ‘aware’ , meaning they have defined timezone, or ‘naive' , meaning they don't. ‘+ Ifobject is naive, itis presumed to be in the system's timezone. fron datetime import date, time, datetime, timedelta fron dateutil.tz import UTC, tztocal, gettz, resolve_imaginary hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! ise7ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Constructors = date(year, month, day) = time(hour“0, minute=®, second=, microsecond=0, tzinfo-None, fold=0) = datetime(year, month, day, hour=, minute=@, second=@, ...)

= timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, millisecond: minutes=8, hours=0, weeks=0) + Use '<0/DT>.weekday() ' to get the day of the week (Mon == 0). + 'fold=1' means the second pass in case of time jumping back for one hour. + ‘ = resolve_imaginary()' fixes DTs that fall into the missing hour. Now = D/DT. today() # Current local date or naive datetine. DT.utcnow() # Naive datetine from current UTC tine. = DT-now() # Aware datetime from current tz time. ‘+ To extract time use '.time()', '. time()' or '.timetz()' Timezone stzinfo> = UTC # UTC timezone. London without DST. = tztocal() # Local timezone. Also gettz(). = gettz('/") # ‘Continent/City Name! timezone or None. .astimezone() # Datetine, converted to passed timezone. = . replace(tzinfo=) # Unconverted object with new timezone. Encode = D/T/DT. fromisoformat(*') # Object from IS0 string. Raises ValueError. DI.strptime(, '') # Datetime from str, according to format. = D/DT. fromordinal() #D/DTn from days since Christ, at midnight. DT. fromtimestamp() # Local time DTn from seconds Since Epoch. DT. fromtimestamp(, ) # Aware datetime from seconds since Epoch. + 180 strings come in following forms: 'YYYY-HM-DD', 'HH:MM:SS. fff fff [+] ', or both separated by an arbitrary character. Offset is formatted as: 'HH:MM ‘+ Epoch on Unix systems is: '1970-@1-01 00:00 UTC’, ‘1970-01-01 @1:00 CET", Decode estr> = . isofornat (sep='T*) # Also timespec="auto/hours/minutes/seconds'. .strftime('') _ # Custom string representation. . toordinal() # Days since Christ, ignoring time and tz. = .timestanp() # Seconds since Epoch, from DTn in local tz. = .timestamp() # Seconds since Epoch, from DTa. Format >>> from datetime import datetime bo> dt = datetime, strptime('2015~05-14 23:39:00,00 +0200", 'AY-An-Rd SH:AM:4S.8f 42") o> dt.strftime("&A, dth of BB ‘ay, %I:%8K%p 42") “Thursday, 14th of May '15, 11:39PM’ UTC+02:00" ‘+ When parsing, '%2" also accepts '#HH:NM' ‘+ For abbreviated weekday and month use "a" and "sb hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 101597ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Arithmetics = +

# Returned datetine can fall into missing hour.

= ~ # Returns the difference, ignoring time junps. <10> - # Ignores tine junps if they share tzinfo object.

= ~ # Convert DTs to UTC to get the actual delta. # Arguments Inside Function Call () # £(0, 0) () # F020, x0) (, ) # f(0, y=0) Inside Function Definition def f(): # def T(x, y) def f() # def f( def f(, ): # def f(x, # Splat Operator Inside Function Call Splat expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat expands a dictionary into keyword arguments. args = (1, 2) kwargs = (1x4 3, ‘y's 4, ‘24: 5} funclxargs, sekwargs) Is the same as: func(1, 2, 1 y=4y Inside Function Definition Splat combines zero or more positional arguments into a tuple, while splatty-splat combines zero or more keyword arguments into a dictionary. def add(a): return sum(a) bem add(1, 2, 3) 6 Legal argument combinations: def f(x, y, 2): def f(x, x, y, 2) def f(x, *, y, 2) def f(x, y, *, 2) ) | FL, 2, 253) | FL, 2, 3) saan | f(, 2, 2=3) hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 1897rero20 def def def def f(4args): f(x, xargs (args, 2): f(x, xargs, 2): saae def def def F(4erkwargs) : (x, erkwargs): f(r) x, etkwargs) wae def def def def f(4args, ++kwargs): f(x, sargs, e*kwargs) frargs, y, ekwargs) f(x, args, 2, #kwargs): Other Uses = [# [, = {# [, etuple> = (#ecollection>, [+ = {weedict> [, .1.]) head, +body, tail = Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet (1, ye2, 253) f(1, y=2, 23) | £1, 2, 263) | £1, 2, 3) fa, 14) 2) 3) | 4) 2, 3) ra, f(1, ye2, 253) | £1, 2, 253) # Inline Lambda = lambda: = lambda , : Comprehensions = [141 for i in range(10)) = {i for i in range(18) if i > 5} = (145 for i in range(10)) = {i: #2 for 1 in range(10)) out = [isj for i in range(1@) for j in range(10)] Is the same as: out = for i in range(10): for j in range(10): out append(i-j) fron functools import reduce = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10)) = filter(Lambde x: x > 5, range(10)) = reduce(Lambda out, x: out + x, range(10)) hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! #1, 2, very 10] #{6, 7, 8 9} # (5, 6, ws.) 14) #0! 0, 12, .. 18) # (1, 2, se, 18) # (6, 7, 8 9) #45, 121897ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Any, All = any() # False if enpty. = all(et(1] for el in ) # True if enpty. If Else = if else boo [a if a else ‘zero for a in (0, 1, 2, 3)] ('zero", 1, 2, 3] Namedtuple, Enum, Dataclass fron collections import nanedtuple Point nanedtupte( "Point", "x y*) point Point(®, 0) from enun import Enum Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n es w') direction = Direction.n fron dataclasses import make_dataclass Creature = make_dataclass( ‘Creature’, [‘location', ‘direction’ ]) creature = Creature(Point(®, 0), Directionsn) # Closure ‘We have a closure in Python when: ‘+ Anested function references a value ofits enclosing function and then ‘+ the enclosing function returns the nested function. def get_multiplier(a) def out(b): return a + b return out pep multiply_by_3 = get_multiplier(3) >>> multiply_by_3(10) 30 ‘+ If multiple nested functions within enclosing function reference the same value, that value gets shared. ‘+ To dynamically access function's first free variable use ‘.__closure__[0].cell_contents’. Partial from functools import partial = partial( [, , , «+.1) hitpsgt078 thu iopython-ce tsheot! 121597rero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet >>> import operator as op >>> multiply by 3 = partial(op.mul, 3) >e> multiply_by_3(10) 30 ‘+ Partial is also useful in cases when function needs to be passed as an argument, because enables us to set its arguments beforehand, ‘+ A few examples being: ‘defaultdict()', ‘iter(, ‘to_exclusive) ' and dataclass's ' field (default_factory=) '. Non-Local If variable is being assigned to anywhere in the scope, it is regarded as a local variable, unless itis declared as a ‘global’ or a ‘nonlocal’ def get_counter() i=e def out() nonlocal 4 ied return i return out >>> counter = get_counter() >>> counter(), counter(), counter() (1, 2, 3) # Decorator ‘A decorator takes a function, adds some functionality and returns it. @decorator_name def function_that_gets_passed_to_decorator(): Debugger Example Decorator that prints function’s name every time it gets called. from functools import wraps def debug( func): @uraps( func) def out(*args, ++kwargs): print (func. _nane_) return func(wargs, *#kwargs) return out @debug def add(x, y) return x+y ‘+ Wraps is a helper decorator that copies the metadata of the passed function (func) to the function it is wrapping (out). ‘© Without it ‘add. _name__' would return ‘out. hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! aise7ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet LRU Cache Decorator that caches function's return values. All function's arguments must be hashable. fron functools import Lru_cache @lru_cache(maxsize-None) def Fib(n return n if n <2 else fib(n-2) + fib(n=1) ‘+ CPython interpreter limits recursion depth to 1000 by default. To increase it use ‘sys. setrecursionlimit () Parametrized Decorator ‘A decorator that accepts arguments and returns a normal decorator that accepts a function. fron functools import wraps def debug(print_resutt= def decorator( func): @wraps( func) def out(xargs, xskwargs): result = func(xargs, #kwargs) print (func. _nane_, result if print_result else * return resutt return out return decorator tse) @debug(print_result=True) def add(x, y) returr x + y # Class class : def _init_(setf, a): Selfia=a def _repr_(self): Tlass_fame = self._class_._name_ return f*{class_nane}({self.alr})" def _str_(self) Feturn str(self.a) @classmethod def get_class_name(cls): return cls.__name_ ‘= Return value of repr() should be unambiguous and of str( readable. + Ionly repr() is defined, it will also be used for str, Str() use cases: print () print (f* (}") raise Exception() Loguru. Logger. debug () csv.writer() .writerow( (]) hitpsgt078 thu iopython-ce tsheot! 161597ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Repr() use cases: print ([]) print (f* (!r}*) bo> Loguru. logger. exception() Z = dataclasses.nake_dataclass(*Z', ['a"]); print(Z(: def _init_(setf, a-None): Self.asa Inheritance class Person: def _init_(self, nane, age) Self name = none self.age = age class Employee(Person): def _init_(self, name, age, staff_oum): Super()._init_ (name, age) self-staff_num = staff_num Multiple Inheritance class A: pass class B: pass class C(A, B): pass ‘MRO determines the order in which parent classes are traversed when searching for a method: >>> C.mro() [, , , ] Property Pythonic way of implementing getters and setters. class MyClass ‘@property def a(setf): return self._a @a,setter def a(self, value): self._a = value bee el = MyClass() pop el.a = 123 >>> eli 123 hitpsigto76.gthubiopython-cheatsheet! 161597ero20 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet Dataclass Decorator that automatically generates init(, repr and eqQ special methods. fron dataclasses import dataclass, field Ise, frozen=False) @dataclass (orde class : : : = : list/dict/set = field(default_factory=List/dict/set) ‘+ Objects can be made sortable with ‘order=True' and/or immutable and hashable with “frozen=True'. ‘+ Function field( is needed because ' = make_dataclass('', ) = make_dataclass('", ) = (‘', [, ]) Slots ‘Mechanism that restricts objects to attributes listed in ‘slots’ and significantly reduces their ‘memory footprint, class MyClassWithSlots: —slot: [lat] def _init_(sett): Selfia ed Copy fron copy import copy, deepcopy