Blackbook Manual

Function 1
1
FUNCTION
Exercise-1 : Single Choice Problems
1. f( x) = log 2 (2 - 2 log 2
(16 sin 2 x + 1))
0 £ log 2
(16 sin 2 x + 1) £ log 2 17 Þ 2 - 2 log 2 17 £ 2 - 2 log 2
(16 sin 2 x + 1) £ 2
Þ 0 < 2 - 2 log 2
(16 sin 2 x + 1) £ 2 Þ f( x) £ 1
2. For any b Î R e| x -b| is

e|x–b|
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1
|
b
min
–2
|e|x -b| - a| has four distinct solutions a > 3 so a Î (3 , ¥)
3. Domain = [-1, 1] and both are increasing functions.
\ x = -1, we get minimum value & x = 1, we get maximum value.
é p p p pù é p pù
êë - 4 - 4 , 4 + 4 úû = êë - 2 , 2 úû
2 2 2 2 2
4. æç 2 2 x + 2 y - 2 2 x + 2 y ö÷ = 1 - 2 2 x + 2 y + 2 x + 2 y +1 ³ 0
è ø
2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö
Þ çx + ÷ +çy + ÷ £0
è 2ø è 2ø
2 Solution of Advanced Problems in Mathematics for JEE
5. O
x
(0,–a)
æ 5 2 ö
7. sec -1 ç - + ÷ x2 + 2 ³ 2
ç 2 2( x 2 + 2) ÷
è ø
æ 5 1 ö æ 1 1ö
= sec -1 ç - + ÷ ç 2 £ ÷
ç 2 ( x 2 + 2) ÷ è x +2 2 ø
è ø
æ 5 1 5 1 ö
£ sec -1 ( -2) = p - sec -1 (2) ç- + 2 £ - + = -2 ÷
è 2 x +2 2 2 ø
2p
=
3
8. f ¢( x) = x 2 + ax + b is injective if D £ 0
a 2 - 4b £ 0
If a = 1, b = 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Number of pair = 5
a = 2 , b = 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Number of pair = 5
a = 3, b = 3, 4, 5 Number of pair = 3
a = 4, b = 4, 5 Number of pair = 2
a =5 b has no value
9. f( x) = log x [ x] Þ f( x) Î [0 , 1]
g( x) =|sin x| + |cos x|
Þ g( x) Î [1, 2 ]
10. f( x) = 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 6
f ¢( x) = 6 x 2 - 6 x ³ 0 Þ x Î [1, ¥)
and f( x) Î [5, ¥)
11. 0 £ { x} < 1
{ x}({ x} - 1)({ x} + 2) ³ 0
Þ { x} = 0 Þ x Î z
14. 1 + sin 2 x Î [1, 2]
1 é1 ù
Î ê , 1ú
2
1 + sin x ë 2 û
æ 1 ö ép pù
sin -1 ç ÷Îê , ú
2
è 1 + sin x ø ë 6 2 û
Function 3
Kp é p p ù
Îê , ú K Î[1, 3]
6 ë6 2 û
15. f( x - y) = f( x) f( y) - f( a - x) f( a + y)
Put x = y = 0
f(0) = [ f(0)]2 - f( a) f( a)
Þ f( a) = 0 [Q f(0) = 1]
Put x = a and y = x
f( a - x) = f( a) f( x) - f(0) f( a + x)
Þ - f ( a - x) = f ( a + x) Þ f (2 a - x) = - f ( x)
18. f( x) = 4 x - x 2 = y
x2 - 4x + y = 0
f -1 ( x) = 2 - 4 - x
19. [5 sin x] + [cos x] = -6
Þ -1 £ cos x < 0 and -5 £ 5 sin x < -4
4
-1 £ sin x < -
5
20. f( x) = ax + cos x
f ¢( x) = a - sin x
if f( x) is invertible, then
f ¢( x) ³ 0 or f ¢( x) £ 0
Þ a ³ 1 or a £ -1
é xù é xù é xù
21. f( x) = [1 + sin x] + ê2 + sin ú + ê3 + sin ú +¼ + ên + sin ú
ë 2û ë 3û ë nû
é xù é xù é xù
= (1 + 2 + 3 +¼ + n) + [sin x] + êsin ú + êsin ú +¼ + êsin ú
ë 2 û ë 3 û ë n û
x 2 + ax + 1
22. y =
x2 + x + 1
( y - 1) x 2 + ( y - a) x + ( y - 1) = 0
D³0
( y - a) 2 - 4( y - 1) 2 ³ 0
-3 y 2 + y(8 - 2 a) + a 2 - 4 ³ 0 " y Î R
Not possible
23. f( x) = [ x] + [- x]
f( x) = ìí 0 x Î I
î-1 x Ï I
g( x) = { x}
h( x) = f[ g( x)] = f({ x}) { x} = 0 xÎI
{ x} = { x} xÏI
f ( 0) xÎI
h( x) = ìí Þ h( x) = ìí 0 xÎI
î f({ x}) xÏI î-1 xÏI
Hence, the option (b).
é x ù é 15 ù
24. f( x) = ê ú ê - ú x Î(0 , 90)
ë 15 û ë x û
0 £ x < 15 f( x) = 0
15 £ x < 30 f( x) = -1
30 £ x < 45 f( x) = -2
45 £ x < 60 f( x) = -3
60 £ x < 75 f( x) = -4
75 £ x < 90 f( x) = -5
Total integers in range f( x) = {0 , - 1, - 2 , - 3 , - 4 , - 5}
1
25. g( x) =
f(| x|)
g( x) Þ even functions Þ symmetric about y-axis
Þ x ® ¥ f( x) ® 0
at x = x 1 f( x) = 0 Þ g( x 1 ) ® ¥
26. Homogeneous function Þ f(tx , ty) = t n f( x , y)
2x + 3 x £ 1
27. f( x) = é 2
êë a x + 1 x > 1
For x £ 1 f( x) £ 5
So for range of f( x) to be R.
Þ a 2 + 1 £ 5 and a ¹ 0
Þ a Î [-2 , 2]
Hence, a = {-2 , - 1, 1, 2}
28. log 1/ 3 (log 4 ( x - 5)) > 0
0 < log 4 ( x - 5) < 1
1< x - 5 < 4
6< x<9
æ 4 ö
29. f( x) = log 2 ç ÷;-2 £ x £ 2
è 2+x + 2-xø
Function 5
2+x + 2-x =y
4 + 2 4 - x2 = y2
y Î[2 , 2 2 ]
é 4 4ù
Range f( x) = êlog 2 , log 2 ú
ë 2 2 2û
é1 ù
f( x) lies between ê , 1ú
ë2 û
30. | x 2 + 5 x| + | x - x 2| =|6 x| Þ | x 2 + 5 x| + | x - x 2| =|( x 2 + 5 x) + ( x - x 2 )|
|a| + |b| =|a + b| Þ ab ³ 0
( x 2 + 5 x)( x - x 2 ) ³ 0
x( x + 5) × x( x - 1) £ 0 Þ -5 £ x £ 1
æ 1ö æ 1ö
31. f( x) + f ç ÷ = f( x) f ç ÷
x
è ø è xø
Þ f( x) = 1 ± x n
f(2) = 33 Þ n = 5
Hence, f( x) = 1 + x 5
Here, f ( x ) + f ( - x ) ¹ 0.
Hence not an odd function.
sin x + sin 7 x 2 sin 4 x cos 3 x
32. g( x) = + |sin x| = + |sin x|
cos x + cos 7 x 2 cos 4 x cos 3 x
= tan 4 x + |sin x|
g( x) period = p
éx -1
ê x = odd
33. f( x) = ê 2 f( x) : N ® Z
x
ê - x = even
ë 2
Let x = odd = (2n + 1); n > 0
2n + 1 - 1
f( x) = = n Þ +ve integer
2
Let x = even = 2m ; m > 0
2m
f( x) = - = -m Þ –ve integer
2
Þ Range = codomains Þ onto and clearly f( x) is one-one function.
Hence, bijective.
2 x + 1 - 2 1- x 2 2 x +1 - 2
34. y = =
2 x + 2 -x 2 2x + 1
y(2 2 x + 1) = (2 2 x - 1) 2
2 2x × y + y = 2 2x × 2 - 2
2 2 x ( y - 2) = - ( 2 + y )
( y + 2)
2 2x =
(2 - y)
(2 + y)
2 x = log 2
(2 - y)
1 (2 + y)
x= log 2
2 (2 - y)
1 (2 + x)
f -1 ( x) = log 2
2 (2 - x)
35. | y| = x (Q x > 0)
2
Þ | y| = x
Þ y = x2 y³0
2
y = -x y<0
36. f( x) = log [ x] (9 - x 2 )
Domains = 9 - x2 > 0 ü
Þ x Î[2 , 3) Þ f( x) = log 2 (9 - x 2 )
[ x] > 0 and [ x] ¹ 1ýþ
Range = ( -¥, log 2 5]
37. Gives e x + e f( x) = e
e f( x) = e - e x
Þ f( x) = log e ( e - e x )
Domain e - e x > 0
x < 1 Þ x Î ( -¥, 1)
Range ( -¥, 1)
38. Gives y + | y| = x + | x|
If x > 0, y > 0 Þ 2 y = 2 x Þ y = x
x < 0, y > 0 Þ 2 y = 0 Þ y = 0
x > 0, y < 0 Þ 0 = 2 x Þ x = 0
x < 0, y < 0 Þ 0 = 0 Þ whole region of III quadrant.
For person to be safe there should not be point common to the given curves and the voltage
field graph. Only y = m +| x| does not have any point of intersection with the curve.
39. Gives | f( x) + 6 - x 2| =| f( x)| + |4 - x 2| + 2
Þ | f( x) + 2 + ( 4 - x 2 )| =| f( x)| + |4 - x 2| + 2
Function 7
Since |a + b + c| =|a| + |b| + |c|

If a ³ 0 , b ³ 0 , c ³ 0 or a £ 0 , b £ 0 , c £ 0
Þ f( x) ³ 0 and 4 - x 2 ³ 0 Þ -2 £ x £ 2 and f( x) ³ 0
40. f( x) = cos px + sin x
æ 2p 2p ö
Period : L.C.M. of çç , ÷÷
è p 1 ø
For period to exist p should be a rational number.
41. y = f( e x ) + f(ln| x|)
Domain f( x) = (0 , 1)
Þ 0 < ex < 1 Þ x<0 …(1)
and 0 < ln| x|< 1 Þ 1 < | x| < e Þ x Î ( -e, - 1) È (1, e) …(2)
Taking intersection x Î ( -e, - 1)
42. Givens f(1) = 2 , f(2) = 3 , f(3) = 4 , f( 4) = 1, g(1) = 3 and f [ g( x)] = g [ f( x)]
at x = 1 f [ g(1)] = g [ f(1)] Þ f(3) = g(2) Þ g(2) = 4
at x = 2 f [ g(2)] = g [ f(2)] Þ f( 4) = g(3) Þ g(3) = 1
at x = 3 f [ g(3)] = g [ f(3)] Þ f(1) = g( 4) Þ g( 4) = 2
43. Gives [ y + [ y]] = 2 cos x Þ [ y] + [ y] = 2 cos x Þ 2 [ y] = 2 cos x; [ y] = cos x …(1)
1
where y = [sin x + [sin x + [sin x]]]
3
1
y = [sin x + [sin x] + [sin x]]
3
1
y = (3 [sin x])
3
y = [sin x] …(2)
From eqn. (1) & (2),
[sin x] = cos x
Þ cos x = 0 , 1, - 1
Hence, no solution.
é 1 -
1 ù
x 2n êex - e x ú
44. f( x) = ê ú x ¹ 0 and f(0) = 1
( x 2n sgn x) 2n +1 ê 1 -
1
ú
ëe + e x
x
û
é 1 -
1 ù
2n
(x ) êex - e x ú
when f( x) = ê 1 ú; x>0
( x 2n ) 2n +1 ê x -
1
ú
ëe + e x û
é 1 -
1 ù
2n
x êe - e x
x ú
f( x) = ê 1 ú; x<0
- ( x 2n ) 2n +1 ê x -
1
ú
e + e x
ë û
Clearly, f( x) = f( - x). Hence, f( x) is even function.
45. f(n) = 2( f(1) + f(2) ¼¼ + f(n - 1))
f(2) = 2 f(1)
é f ( 2) ù
f(3) = 2 [ f(1) + f(2)] = 2 ê + f ( 2) ú = 3 f ( 2)
ë 2 û
é f ( 3) ù
f( 4) = 2 [ f(1) + f(2) + f(3)] = 2 ê + f ( 3) ú = 3 f ( 3) = 3 2 f ( 2)
ë 2 û
M
M
m
å f( r) = f(1) + f(2)¼¼ + f(m) = f(1) + f(2) + 3 f(2)¼¼ +
r =1
= f(1) + f(2)[1 + 3 + 3 2 ¼¼ 3 m -2 ]
(3 m -1 - 1)
= f(1) + 2 × = 3 m -1
(3 - 1)
x
46. Gives f( x) =
1+ x2
x
f( f( x)) =
1 + 2x2
x
f( f( f( x))) =
1 + 3x2
M
M
x x
fofo¼¼ fof( x) = =
1442443
1 + nx 2 æ n ö
n times
1 + ç 1÷ x 2
å
ç ÷
è r =1 ø
47. f( x) = 2 x + |cos x|
Range f( x) = R = codomain Þ onto.
Clearly, f( x) is increasing function Þ one-one function.
48. Gives f( x) = x 3 + x 2 + 3 x + sin x
Since, f( x) is continuous function.
and f( x) = ¥ as x ® ¥
f( x) = -¥ as x ® -¥
Function 9
Range f( x) = R = codomains Þ onto function

2
æ 1ö 8
and f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 3 + cos x = 3 ç x + ÷ + + cos x Þ f ¢( x) > 0
è 3ø 3
Hence, f( x) is one-one.
49. f( x) = { x} + { x + 1} +¼ { x + 99}
Since { x} = { x + I } where I = integer
f( x) = { x} + { x} ¼ { x}
1442443
100 times
f( x) = 100{ x} Þ f( 2 ) = 100{ 2 } = 100 ´ 0.414 = 41.4

[ f( 2 )] = 41
50. |cot x + cosec x| =|cot x| + |cosec x|; x Î [0 , 2p]
Þ cot x ³ 0 and cosec x ³ 0 Þ 1st quadrant
or cot x £ 0 and cosec x £ 0 Þ 4 th quadrant
æ p ù é3p ö
Hence, x Î ç 0, ú È ê , 2p ÷
è 2û ë 2 ø
51. If f( 4 + x) = f( 4 - x)
Þ f( x) is symmetric about x = 4.
Roots of f( x) = 0 are of the form
4 - a , 4 + a , 4 - b, 4 + b, 4 - g , 4 + g , 4 - d, 4 + d
52. f( x) + x - 6 = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4)( x - 5)
Þ f(6) = 120
53. f( x) = x - 2 + 4 - x
f(x)
2
2
x
1 2 3 4
éxù é x ù
54. ê ú = ê ú
ë 9 û ë 11û
x Î [1, 9) È [11, 18) È [22 , 27) È [33 , 36) È [44 , 45)
55. log é 1ù (2 x 2 + x - 1)
êx+ 2ú
ë û
é 1ù é 1ù 2
êë x + 2 úû > 0 , êë x + 2 úû ¹ 1 & 2 x + x - 1 > 0
1
Þ x+ ³ 2 & (2 x - 1)( x + 1) > 0
2
3 æ1 ö
x ³ & x( -¥, - 1) È ç , ¥ ÷
2 è2 ø
é3 ö
Þ x Î ê , ¥÷
ë2 ø
56. [ x 2 ] + [ x] - 2 = 0
Let [ x] = t
Þ t2 + t -2 =0
Þ (t + 2)(t - 1) = 0
Þ t = -2 or t = 1
Þ [ x] = -2 or [ x] = 1
Þ x Î [-2 , - 1) È [1, 2)
58. f( x) is many one function.
59. f( f( x)) = 2 + f( x) f( x) ³ 0
= 2 - f( x) f( x) < 0
f( f( x)) = 4 + x x³0
= 4 - ( x) x<0
2
7(3 x - 2 x + 3)
60. f ¢( x) = > 0 Þ f( x)
(3 + 3 x - 4 x 2 ) 2
y
61. O
x
62.
x
–2 a –1 3b4
[a ] = -2
[b] = 3
Function 11
63. f( x) = sin(log 7 (cos(sin x)))

cos(sin x) £ 1 Þ cos(sin x) = 1 Þ f( x) = 0
64. - 3 £|[ x]| £ 2 Þ - 2 £ [ x] £ 2 Þ -2 £ x < 3
p
65. f( x) = + cot -1 {- x}
2
p p
0 £ {- x} < 1 Þ < cot -1 {- x} £
4 2
66. f( f( x)) = x
3x + 5 2x2 + 5
f2008 ( x) + f2009 ( x) = x + f( x) = x + =
2x - 3 2x - 3
æ 1 öæ 1 ö 1 1
67. f( x) = ç x + + 1÷ ç x 2 + 2
÷ ; x + 2 ³ 2 ; x + + 1 ³ 3 Þ f( x) ³ 6
x 2 x
è øè x ø x
3
-3 x 2 -9 x + 2
68. f( x) = e x
3
-3 x 2 -9 x + 2)
f ¢( x) = e( x 3 ( x - 3)( x + 1)
Þ f( x) is many one.
at x = -1, f( x) = e7
at x ® -¥, f( x) ® 0
Range of f( x) is (0 , e7 ].
69. D f : ( -2 , 1)
æ 4 - x2 ö
-¥ < log ç ÷<¥
ç 1- x ÷
è ø
æ æ 4 - x2 öö
-1 £ sin ç log ç ÷÷ £ 1
ç ç 1- x ÷÷
è è øø
70. f ¢( x) ³ 0 " x Î R Þ 3 x 2 + 2 ( a + 2) x + 3 a ³ 0 " x Î R
Þ D£0
Þ 4 ( a + 2) 2 - 4 × 9 a £ 0
Þ a 2 - 5a + 4 £ 0 Þ ( a - 1)( a - 4) £ 0
Þ a Î[1, 4]
2
71. Min. value of 3 x + bx + c = 0
Þ D =0
p
72. f( x) = sin -1 x - cos -1 x = 2 sin -1 x -
2
3p/2
p/2
x
–1 1
73. is one-one when
2 3 = ln 1 + b 2 - 3 b + 10
8
Þ b2 - 3b + 2 = 0
Þ b = 1, 2 x=1
–1
80. We have, [ x]2 - 7 [ x] + 10 < 0

Þ ([ x] - 5)([ x] - 2) < 0
Þ 2 < [ x] < 5
Þ [ x] = 3 or 4
Þ x Î[3 , 5)
and 4[ y]2 - 16 [ y] + 7 < 0
(2 [ y] - 7)(2 [ y] - 1) < 0
1 7
Þ < [ y] <
2 2
Þ [ y] = 1 or 2 or 3
Þ y Î[1, 4)
Therefore, x + y Î[4 , 9)
[ x + y ] Î { 4 , 5, 6 , 7 , 8}
Hence, [ x + y] cannot be 9.
e| x| - e - x
81. f : R ® R f( x) = y
e x + e-x 1
ì e x - e-x
ï x if x ³ 0
ï -x
f( x) = í e- x + e - x x
ïe - e if x < 0
O
ïî e x + e - x
Many one into function.
Function 13
82. f( x) such f(1 - x) + 2 f( x) = 3 x " x Î R

æ1 ö
x ® ç + x÷
è 2 ø
æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö
f ç - x÷ + 2 f ç + x÷ =3ç + x÷ …(1)
è2 ø è2 ø è2 ø
æ1 ö
x ® ç - x÷
è 2 ø
f ç + x÷ + 2 f ç - x÷ =3ç - x÷ …(2)
(1) + (2)
æ æ1 ö æ1 öö æ1 ö æ1 ö
3ç f ç + x÷ + f ç - x÷÷ = 3 ; f ç - x÷ = 1 - f ç + x÷
è è 2 ø è 2 øø è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ1 ö 3 æ1 ö 1
1 + f ç + x÷ = + 3x ; f ç + x÷ = + 3x
è 2 ø 2 è 2 ø 2
1 1 3
x = - Þ f(0) = - = -1
2 2 2
83. f : [0 , 5] ® [0 , 5]
f( x) = ax 2 + bx + c a , b, c Î R , abc ¹ 0
or
0 5 0 5
c¹0
25a + 5b + c = 0
f(5) = 0
c
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a ) = 5 ´b
a
æ 1ö 1
cx 2 + bx + a = 0 ç ÷ b=
èaø a
æ 1ö
So, roots are ç a, ÷ .
è 5ø
84. f( x) = x 2 + lx + m cos x
f( x) = x
85. f( k) = odd
f( k + 1) = even k = 1, 2 , 3
f(1) Þ odd ü
f(2) Þ even ï
f(3) Þ odd ý Hence , 4 functions.
ï
f( 4) Þ even þ
f(1) Þ even ü
f(2) Þ odd ï
f(3) Þ even ý Hence , 4 functions.
ï
f( 4) Þ odd þ
f(1) Þ odd ü
f(2) Þ even ï
f(3) Þ even ý Hence , 4 functions.
ï
f( 4) Þ odd þ
86. y = tan(sin x).
Here function is continuous and differentiable and y max = tan(1); y min = - tan 1.
2x
87. f( x) = y
x -1 (0,2) (1,2)
2
y =2 + x
( x - 1) (1,0)
( y - 2)( x - 1) = 2
88. R f = [-2 , 4]
R g = [-1, 2]
1
89. f( x) = ( x 4 + 1) +
2
x + x +1
y
90. 0 £ f( x) £ 1
0 £ 7 f( x) £ 7 1
-1 £ sin(7 f( x)) £ 1 x
O 1 2 3
91. ln|ln| x|| ³ 0 Ç | x|2 - 7| x| + 10 £ 0

|ln| x|| ³ 1 (| x| - 2)(| x| - 5) £ 0
ln| x|Î ( -¥, - 1) È [1, ¥) 2 £ | x| £ 5
æ 1ù
| x|Î ç 0 , ú È [e, ¥) x Î ( -5, - 2] È [2 , 5]
è eû
é 1 ö æ 1ù
x Î ( -¥, - e] È ê - , 0 ÷ È ç 0 , ú È [e, ¥)
ë e ø è eû
Function 15
ææ 2
5ö 3ö
92. log [ x] + 3{ x} ç ç [ x] - ÷ + ÷ ³ 0 Þ [ x] + 3 { x} > 1
çè 2ø 4÷
è ø
93. x - 3 = X | X | + |Y | = 5
y -1=Y
x + y -4=X +Y |X + Y|= 5
number of pairs of ( x , y) = 12
(0, 5)
(5, 0)
(–5, 0) |x+y| = 5
|x| + |y| = 5
(0, –5)
f(1) = 1
95. f(2) = 3 f(2) = 4

f(4) = 2
f(3) = 4
f(3) = 2 f(3) = 3
f(4) = 3 f(4) = 2
96. x 2 - x ¹ 0 Þ x ¹ 0 , 1
97. Total one-one function – (at least one get right place) + (at least two get right place)
– (at least three get right place) + (at least four get right place)
= 6 C 4 ´ 4 ! - 4 C 1 ´ 5 C 3 ´ 3 ! + 4 C 2 ´ 4 C 2 ´ 2 ! - 4 C 3 ´ 3 C 1 + 4 C 4 = 181
98. f( x) = x 2 - 2 x - 3
g( x) = f -1 ( x) = 1 + x+4 x ³ -4
f( x) = g( x) = f -1 ( x) Þ f( x) = x
3 + 21
Þ x2 - 3x - 3 = 0 Þx=
2
Exercise-2 : One or More than One Answer is/are Correct
1. f( -4) = f( 4) = 40
f( -13) = f(13) = f(3) = 19
f( -11) = f(11) = f(1) = 2
2. 2
1
x
0 1 2 3 4
æ 1 - tan 2 ( x 2) ö
3. f( x) = cos -1 ç ÷ is defined when
ç 1 + tan 2 ( x 2) ÷
è ø
x p
¹ (2n - 1)
2 2
Þ x ¹ (2n - 1)p
Domain = R - {(2n - 1)p : n Î I }
\ Range = [0 , p)
f( x) = cos -1 (cos x)
f( x) is even function.
when x Î( p , 2 p), then f( x) = 2p - x is differentiable.
2
4.
–e2 –1 1 e2
0 < |k - 1| - 3 < 2
Þ k Î ( -4 , - 2) È ( 4 , 6)
5. (a) D f Î R
(b) D f Î R
Function 17
1
(c) f( x) = 2 cos 2 x + cos x +
8
Df ÎR
(d) ln(1 + | x|) ³ 0
ì(2n + 1) p ü
Df Îí ý
î 2 þ
3
æ ö 9
6. f ç ÷ =
è2ø 4
æ æ 3 öö 3
f ç f ç ÷÷ =
è è 2 øø 2
æ æ æ 3 ö öù 9
f çç f ç f ç ÷ ÷ ú =
è è è 2 ø øû 4
æ 5ö
f ç ÷ =2
è2ø
æ æ 5 öö
f ç f ç ÷÷ = 1
è è 2 øø
æ æ æ 5 ööö
f çç f ç f ç ÷ ÷ ÷÷ = 1
è è è 2 øøø
8. f -1 ( f( x)) = f( f -1 ( x)) = x
if f( f -1 ( x)) = f -1 ( x) Þ x = f -1 ( x)
if f( f -1 ( x)) = f -1 ( x) Þ f( f -1 ( f( x))) = f -1 ( f( x)) Þ f( x) = f -1 ( f( x)) = x
æx 3 × 1- x2 ö
9. f( x) = cos -1 x + cos -1 ç + ÷
ç2 2 ÷
è ø
Let x = cos q
æ1 3 ö
f( x) = cos -1 (cos q) + cos -1 çç cos q + sin q ÷÷
è2 2 ø
æ æ p öö
= cos -1 (cos q) + cos -1 ç cos ç q - ÷ ÷
è è 3 øø
p p
= 0£q£
3 3
p p
= 2q - <q£ p
3 3
10. f( x) = cos -1 ( - {- x})

ép ö
- {- x} Î ( -1, 0] Þ cos -1 ( - {- x}) Î ê , p ÷
ë2 ø
12. h( x) = [ln x - 1] + [1 - ln x]
-1, ln x - 1 Ï I
Þ h( x) = é
êë 0 , ln x - 1 Î I
1
14. f( x) = , f( x) is periodic & constant function.
2
e-x
16. f( x) =
1+ x
- e - x ( x + 2) 1
f ¢( x) =
(1 + x) 2 –2
–e–2
2 x{ x} 2{ x}([ x] + { x})
17. [ x] = =
x + { x} [ x] + 2 { x}
Þ [ x ] 2 = 2{ x } 2
1
Þ x =1+ (Q x Î R + )
2
18. || x - 1| + a| = 4
if a > 0 if a < 0
y y
–a
a
x x
1 1
(a) if eq. has three distinct real root then a < 0 and a = -4
(b) 4 distinct roots for a Î ( -¥, - 4)
(c) if -4 < a < 4 , there are two distinct real roots
(d) if a > 4, no real root.
19. (a) f2 ( x) = (sin x) 1/ 2 + (cos x) 1/ 2
sin x > sin 2 x; cos x > cos 2 x Þ sin x + cos x > 1
1/ 2 1/ 2
(b) f2 ( x) = (sin x) + (cos x) Þ f2 ( x) = 1 at x = 2 kp
(c) f2 ( x) = (sin x) 1/ 2 + (cos x) 1/ 2 ; f3 ( x) = (sin x) 1/ 3 + (cos x) 1/ 3
if x Î (2 kp , 2 kp + p / 2) 0 < sin x < 1 and 0 < cos x < 1
As power increases, value of function decreases.
Function 19
Þ f2 ( x) < f3 ( x)
(d) f3 ( x) = (sin x) 1/ 3 + (cos x) 1/ 3
f5 ( x) = (sin x) 1/ 5 + (cos x) 1/ 5
Þ f3 ( x) < f5 ( x)
æ x2 ö 2
20. -1 £ log 3 ç ÷£1 Þ 1£ x £3
ç 3 ÷ 3 3
è ø
Range is [0 , 1].
3x - 1
21. =n
2
é 4n + 5 ù é 4n + 5 1 ù
êë 9 úû + êë 9 + 2 úû = n
n =2 ü
M ï
ý
M ï
n = 10 þ
22. sin 6 q + cos 6 q = 1 - 3 sin 2 q cos 2 q
3 æ 1 - cos 4q ö 5 3
=1- ç ÷ = + cos( 4q)
4è 2 ø 8 8
5 3
= + cos( x)
8 8
23. (a) g( f( x)) = ln(sin x)
(b) x 2 + ( a - 1) x + 9 > 0 " x Î R
( a - 1) 2 - 36 < 0 Þ -5 < a < 7
(c) f( f( x)) = (2011 - (2011 - x 2012 )) 1 2012 = x
é 1 150 ù é 1 151 ù é 1 199 ù
24. ê + ú +ê + ú +¼ + ê + = 50
ë 4 200 û ë 4 200 û ë 4 200 úû
Exercise-3 : Comprehension Type Problems
Paragraph for Question Nos. 4 to 6

Sol. f( x) = qx 2 - 2 (q 2 - 3) x - 12q
g( x) = ln( x 2 - 49)
if domain of f + g is same as domain of g. Then
qx 2 - 2 (q 2 - 3) x - 12q ³ 0 " x Î ( -¥, - 7) È (7 , ¥)
é6 7 ù
Þ qÎ ê , ú
ë7 2 û
éq ù
h(q) = ln ê 4 cos 2 t dt - q 2 ú = ln[2q + sin 2q - q 2 ]
ò
êë 0 úû

7. For x Î[5 4 , 5 5 ]
é x ù
f( x) = a 4 ê2 - -3 ú
4
ë 5 û
a =2
f( x) max = 32
8. a = 5
é x ù
f( x) = 5 4 ê2 - -3 ú
4
ë 5 û
é 2007 ù
f(2007) = 5 4 ê2 - + 3 ú = 1118
ë 625 û

x 0£x£2
9. f(x)
–x –2 £ x < 0
f ( x ) = f ( x + 4)
{ f(5.12)} = { f(1.12)} = 0.12
{ f(7.88)} = { f(3.88)} = { f( -0.12)} = 0.12
10.
2
–2p –6 –4 –p –2 O p/2 2 p 4 6 2p

13. f( x) = 3
3 + ln b1 , 3 + ln b2 , 3 + ln b3 are in A.P.
14. y = 3 x 2
Let slope of tangent be m.
Function 21
Þ y = m( x - 2)
Þ m( x 1 - 2) = 3 x 12
Also, m = 6 x1
Þ 6 x 1 ( x 1 - 2) = 3 x 12
x1 = 4
m = 24
4
-4 x 2
15. y = 2 x Þ x 4 - 4 x 2 = log 2 y
4 + 16 - 4 log 2 y
x2 = Þ x = 2 + 4 - log 2 y
2
6
16. g( x) = 1 + Þ Range [-5, - 2]
sin x - 2
Exercise-4 : Matching Type Problems
1. [ x] + { x} + [ y] + {z } = 12.7 …(i)
[ x] + { y} + [z ] + {z } = 4.1 …(ii)
{ x } + [ y ] + { y } + [z ] = 2 …(iii)
Adding (i), (ii) & (iii),
Þ [ x] + { x} + [ y] + { y} + [z ] + {z } = 9.4
Þ { y} + [z ] = -3.3, { x} + [ y] = 5.3, [ x] + {z } = 7.4
Þ { y} = 0.7, [z ] = -4 , { x} = 0.3, [ y] = 5
[ x] = 7 , {z } = 0.4
4. (A) f( x) = sin 2 2 x - 2 sin 2 x = 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
Function is even, hence many one, function is also periodic.
2
1 æ 1ö
f( x) = (1 - cos 2 x) cos 2 x = - ç cos 2 x - ÷
4 è 2ø
é 1ù
Range of function is ê -2 , ú .
ë 4 û
(B) f( x) = 4 x
(C) f( x) = ln(cos(sin x))
ln(cos(sin x)) ³ 0
Þ cos(sin x) = 1
Þ f( x) = 0
æ x2 + 1 ö
(D) f( x) = tan -1 ç ÷
ç x2 + 3 ÷
è ø
f( x) is even & hence many one.
ép p ö
Range is ê , ÷.
ë6 4 ø
7. (A) Domain of g( x) is [0, 3].
(B) Range of g( x) is [0, 3].
(C) f( f( f(2))) = 1
f( f( f(3))) = 2
(D) m = 3
Exercise-5 : Subjective Type Problems
1. f( x) - 2 x + 1 = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4)( x - 5)(2009 x - a )

2. f( x) = x 3 - 3 x + 1
f( f( x)) = 0
(0,3)
Let f( x) = t
(0,1)
Þ f (t ) = 0 b
Þ t = a ,b, g –2 a 0 1 g 2
–1
Þ f( x) = a , a Î ( -2 , - 1)
No. of solution = 1 –1
f( x) = b , b Î (0 , 1)
No. of solution = 3
f( x) = g , g Î (1, 2)
No. of solution = 3
3. Put x = y = 0 f(1) = 4
Put x = 0 , y = 1 f(2) = 9
2x -3 3
4. -1 £ £1 Þ £ x£
3 2 2
27
12 - 3 x - ³ 0 Þ (3 x - 3)(3 x - 9) £ 0 Þ 1 £ x £ 2
x
3
4
5. sin (0) + cos -1 ( -1) = p
-1
0 £ x2 <
9
-1 -1 4 2 13
sin (1) + cos (0) = p £x <
9 9
Function 23
8. Let P( x) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + 2
P(1) = a + b + c + d + 2 = 5 …(1)
P( -1) = a - b + c - d + 2 = 5 …(2)
Þ b + d = 0 and a + c = 3
P(2) = 16 a + 8 b + 4 c + 2 d + 2 = 2 …(3)
P( -2) = 16 a - 8 b + 4 c - 2 d + 2 = 2 …(4)
Þ 4 a + c = 0 and 4 b + d = 0
Þ b= d =0 and a = -1, c = 4
Þ P( x ) = - x 4 + 4 x 2 + 2
9. ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 = 1 (Q y > 0) y
x + y =k
k+1 x
(–2,0) (–1,0) 0
<1
2
- 2 - 1< k < 2 - 1
Þ 0 < k< 2 -1 (Q k > 0)
éxù éxù
10. [ x] + ê ú + ê ú = 3
ë2 û ë3 û
éxù éxù
\ when ê ú is an integer then definitely [ x] + ê ú is also an integer.
3
ë û ë2 û
éxù éxù
So, [ x] + ê ú = 2 and ê ú = 1 (and check like this)
ë2 û ë3 û
éxù éxù
[ x] + ê ú = 4 , ê ú = 1 Þ x Î[3 , 6)
2
ë û ë3 û
when x Î[3 , 4)
éxù
[ x] = 3 , ê ú = 1
ë2 û
So, x Î[3 , 4) satisfies.
éxù éxù
when x Î [4 , 5) [ x] = 4 ê ú = 2 Þ [ x] + ê ú = 6 ¹ 4 not satisfies, similarly on checking all
ë2 û ë2 û
possibilities we have only x Î[3 , 4).
\ a = 3, b = 4
2011
1 1 - x 2011
11. f( f( x)) = =
1 -x
2011 1 -
1 - x 2011
æ -1 ö -x
2011 ç 1 - ÷
2011 2011
è 1- x ø 1 - x 2011
f( f( f( x))) = = =x
-1 -1
2011 2011
1 - x 2011 1 - x 2011
\ f2013 ( x) = x = {- x}
12. f( x) = 0 0< x<6
= -1 6 £ x < 12
= -2 12 £ x < 18
= -3 18 £ x < 24
= -4 24 £ x < 30
= -5 x = 30
1
13. ( f( x , y)) 2 - ( g( x , y)) 2 =
2
3
f( x , y) × g( x , y) =
4
3
Þ f( x , y) = x 2 - y 2 = ±
2
1
g( x , y) = 2 xy = ±
2
x +5
14. f( x) =
x2 + 1
y
26
5
1
x
–5 1/5
–1
æ 1ù
15. f( x) is injective for x Î ç -¥, ú
è 5û
é 1ù
[l] = ê ú = 0
ë5û
x3
16. f : R ® R f( x) = + (m - 1) x 2 + (m + 5) x + n
3
f ¢( x) = x 2 + 2(m - 1) x + (m + 5) ³ 0
D£0
Function 25
4(m - 1) 2 - 4(m + 5) £ 0
m 2 - 3m - 4 £ 0
(m - 4)(m + 1) £ 0
-1 £ m £ 4
( x - 1)( x - 3)
17. f( x) = - ex
( x - 2)( x - 4)
f( x) = 0 has three solutions.
y
1
x
0 1 2 3 4
( x + 1)( x + 3)
f( - x) = - e - x = 0 has three solutions.
( x + 2)( x + 4)
x 3 = cos x
one solution
–p/2 0 p/2
there are total 7 solutions.

æ 2 ö
18. cos -1 ç - 1÷ = p (1 - { x}) y
ç (1 + x) 2 ÷
è ø
there are total 76 solutions. p
x
0 1 2 3 4
p1
19. f( x) = x 2 - bx + c = 0
p2
p1 + p 2 = b (odd no.)
Þ p1 = 2
p1 p 2 = c
b + c = ( p 2 + 2) + 2 p 2 = 35
Þ p 2 = 11
Þ f( x) = x 2 - 13 x + 22
81
l = f( x) min = -
4
æ xö
f( x) - f ç ÷
è7ø 1
20. f ¢( x) = lim =
x ®0 x 6
x-
7
x
Þ f( x) = + 1 Þ f( 42) = 8
6
1
21. g( x) = f( x) 0£ x< y
2 2
1 1
= £ x£1
4 2 1
=3 - x 1< x £ 2 1/4
x
0 1/2 1
100
10 æ 1 1 ö 10 æ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ö
22. x = å ç - ÷= ç1 + + + -
4 r =3 è r - 2 r + 2 ø 4 è
- - - ÷
2 3 4 102 101 100 99 ø
æ 1 1 1 1 ö
= 5 ´ 49 ç + + + ÷
è 99 200 303 408 ø
[ x] = 5
23. f( x) = x has two real roots.
7
cx 2 + ( d - a) x - b = 0
11
a-d -b
= 18 and = 77
c c
if f( f( x)) = x " x Î R Þ ( ac + cd) x 2 + ( d 2 - a 2 ) x - ( a + d)b = 0
Þ a + d = 0 Þ a = -d
a
f( x) will not attain the value = 9.
c
24. A = (1, 3)
p £ -2 1-1 , p £ -2 1-3
1 - 2( p + 7) + 5 £ 0 and 9 - 6 ( p + 7) + 5 £ 0 Þ p Î [-4 , - 1]
Function 27
1
x-
x 1
25. y = Let t = x - > 0 for x > 1
1 x
x3 - +2
x3
t 1
y= x3 - = t(t 2 + 3)
2 3
t(t + 3) + 2 x
t
=
3
t + 3t + 2
æ 2 2 2 1 1
1 ç t + =t + + ³ 3
= ç t t t
2 2 2 2
çç\t + + 3 ³ 6 ( AM ³ GM)
t + +3
t è t
1 1
y max = =
æ 2 2 ö 6
çt + + 3÷
è t ø min
p = 1, q = 6
28. a + ar + ar 2 = 1
a 2 r + a 2 r 2 + a 2 r 3 = b = ar ( a + ar + ar 2 ) = ar
a 3 r 3 = -g
29. m = 6 C 4 ´ 1 = 15
6! 6!
n= ´ 4 !+ ´ 4 ! = 1560
3 !1!1!1!3 ! (2 !) 4
n
30. å[log 2 r] = 0 + 1 + 1 + (2 + 2 + 2 + 2) + (13 4
+ 3 +¼ + 3) +¼
42443
r =1 8 times
= 2 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 8 × 3 +¼ +
32. 3
|( x - 2 y)( y + x)( x + 3 y)| = f( x , y)
No rain, then f( x , y) = 0 hence 3 lines.
33. Cubic = ( x 2 - 5 x + 6)( x + a ) + 2 ( Bx + 100 - 4a )
( x 2 - 5 x + 4)( x + a ) + Bx + 100 - 4a
Both identical B = -2
a = 50
2
Cubic = ( x - 5 x + 6)( x + 50) - 4 x - 200
34. f(q) = 0 Þ q = -5 ± 5
Þ f( f( f( x))) = -5 ± 5
Since f( x) = ( x + 5) 2 - 5
f( f( f( x))) = -5 ± 5
(( f( f( f( x)))) + 5) 2 = -5 ± 5
( f( f ) + 5) 2 = 5
f ( f ) + 5 = ± 51/ 4
f( f ) = -5 ± 51/ 4
( f + 5) 2 - 5 = -5 ± 51/ 4
( f + 5) 2 = 51/ 4
f + 5 = ± 51/ 8
35. Let ln x = t
2t 2 + 3t + 3
y= Þ ( y - 2) t 2 + ( 2 y - 3) t + ( 2 y - 3) > 0
2
t + 2t + 2
3 5
D ³ 0 Þ (2 y - 3)(2 y - 5) £ 0 Þ £ y<
2 2
36. P( x) = ( x - 3)Q 1 ( x) + 6 Þ P(3) = 6 …(1)
P( x) = ( x 2 - 9) Q ( x) + ( ax + b)
P ( 3) = 3 a + b = 6
If equation of odd degree polynomial, then b = 0 , a = 2.
37. f( x) = 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 + P
1
f ¢( x) = 6 x 2 - 6 x = 6 x( x - 1) 0
x
f(0) ³ 0 Ç f(1) £ 0
Þ P ³ 0 Ç P - 1£ 0
1
38. f( x) =
ln(cos -1 x)
ln(cos -1 x) > 0 Þ cos -1 x > 1
❑❑❑
Limit 29
2
LIMIT
æ x - tan x ö æ tan x + x ö
2 sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø ´ æ x - tan x ö æ x + tan x ö ´ 1
1. lim ç ÷ç ÷
x ®0 æ x - tan x ö æ tan x + x ö è x3 øè x ø 4
ç ÷ç ÷
è 2 øè 2 ø
1 æ 1ö 1
= ´ ç - ÷ ×2 = - (use expansions)
2 è 3ø 3
æ ln(1 + cos 2 x - 1) ö (cos 2 x - 1) 2
3. a = lim ç ÷ =-
x ®0 è cos 2 x - 1 2 3
ø 3x
æ sin 2 2 x ö 4x2
b = lim ç ÷ = -4
x ®0 ç 4 x 2 ÷ x
è ø x 2 æç 1 - e ö
÷
ç x ÷
è ø
x (1 - x) -1
c = lim =
x ®1 æ ln(1 +x - 1) ö 2
ç ÷ ( x - 1)( x + 1)
è x -1 ø
p
4. f( x) = - 3 tan -1 x
2
g( x) = 2 tan -1 x
f( x) - f( a) f ¢( a) 3
lim = =-
x ®0 g( x) - g( a) g¢( a) 2
æ æ ln(1 + x ) ö ö
4 4 ç 2 çè x -1 ÷ø ÷
lim çe -1 ÷
æ 2 ln (1+ x ) - 2 ö sin x x ® 0 sin x ç ÷
5. lim çex ÷ = e è ø
x ®0 ç ÷
è ø
æ 2 é ln (1 + x ) -1 ù ö
ç ê ú ÷
4 çe ë x û -1
÷ ´ 2 é ln(1+ x ) -1ù
lim
x ® 0 sin x ç æ ln(1+ x ) ö ÷ êë x úû
ç 2ç -1 ÷ ÷
è è x ø ø
= e
æ 2 ö
ç x- x +¼ ÷
2 1
lim 8 ç -1 ÷´
x ®0 ç x ÷ sin x
ç ÷
= e è ø
8
-
=e 2 = e -4
3 æ x ì x üö 3 3
6. lim ç - í ý÷ = - 0 =
x ®¥ x çè 4 î 4 þ ÷ø 4 4
Þ p + q=7
æ n
æ p ö ö÷
x ç1 + ç ÷
ç è 3 x ø ÷ø p
7. f( x) = lim è = x; x >
n ®¥ n -1 3
æ p ö
1+ ç ÷
è 3x ø
n
p æç æ 3 x ö ö
ç ÷ + 1÷
3 çè p ø ÷
= lim è ø = p;x< p
n ®¥ æ n -1 ö 3 3 x
ç æç 3 x ö÷ + 1÷ p/3
çè p ø ÷
è ø
p p p/3
= x=
3 3
p
\ f( x) = x ; x ³
3
p p
= ; x<
3 3
\ Option (d) is wrong.
2
sin( p - p cos 2 (tan(sin x)) sin[p sin 2 (tan(sin x))] æ sin(tan(sin x)) ö
8. lim = lim ´ pç ÷ =p
x ®0 x2 x ®0 p sin 2 (tan(sin x)) è x ø
( x + 3) x
(27) 27 -9 1 - cos( x - 3)
9. lim f( x) = lim f( x) Þ lim = lim l
x
x ®3 -
x ®3 +
x ®3 -
3 - 27 x ®3 +
( x - 3) 2
Limit 31
æ x 2+ 3 x ö
-2
2ç 9
÷
3 ç3 - 1÷
ç ÷ l
Þ lim è ø=
x ® 3- 3 x -3 2
3 (3 - 1)
1 x 2 + 3 x - 18 l 1 l 2
Þ lim = Þ ×9 = Þ l=
x ®3 3 9( x - 3) 2 27 2 3
æp ö æp ö æp ö æp ö
ç - x÷ ç - x÷ ç - x÷ ç - x÷
2 sin ç 3 ÷ cos ç 3 ÷ sin ç 3 ÷ cos ç 3 ÷
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
10. lim è ø è ø = lim è ø è ø
x®
p æ p ö x®
p æ p ö æ p ö
3 2 ç cos x - cos ÷ 3 ç - x÷ ç + x÷
è 3 ø 2 sin ç 3 ÷ sin ç 3 ÷
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è ø è ø
1 1 1
= =
2 3 3
2
p
sin
sin x 2 = 1 =2
11. lim Þ
p cos -1 [sin 3 x ] -1
cos (0) p 2 p
x®
2
e{ x} - { x} - 1
13. lim { x} = lim x - [ x] = 1 ; lim = e -2
x ®I - x ®I - x ®I - { x} 2
é c ù
5c -1 æ 7 2 ö
16. lim x ê x ç1 + + ÷ - 1ú = l
x ®¥ ê è x x5 ø úû
ë
Case-I: 5c - 1 > 0 , then l ® ¥
Case-II: 5c - 1 < 0 , then l ® -¥
1
Since limit is finite and non-zero so 5c - 1 = 0 Þ c =
5
éæ 1/ 5 ù
7 2 ö
\ l = lim x êç 1 + + ÷ - 1ú
x ®¥ êè x x5 ø úû
ë
é æ 1öæ 7 2 ö ù
= lim x ê1 + ç ÷ ç + ÷ +¼¼ - 1ú (by binomial approximation)
5
x ®¥ ë è 5øè x x ø û
7
=
5
cos x - 1 æç cos x - 1 ( e x - 1) ö÷
17. lim - = 0 Þ n = 1, 2 , 3
x ®0 x 2 çè x n -2 x n -2 ÷ø
1 æ sin x - x ö
lim ç ÷
¥
18. 1 (form) = e x ® 0 1- cos x è x ø = e 2 ´ -1/ 6 = e -1/ 3
19. lim [ x 2 - x + 1 - ( ax + b)] = 0
x ®¥
So a > 0, on rationalizing
é( x 2 - x + 1) - [a 2 x 2 + b 2 + (2 ab) x] ù
lim ê ú =0
x ®¥ ê
ë x 2 - x + 1 + ax + b úû
So, 1 - a 2 = 0 -1 - 2 ab = 0
a =1
2
lim sec [k ! p( - 1 2)] = 1 = a
n ®¥
20. f( x + T ) = f( x + 2T ) = ¼¼ = f( x + nT ) = f( x)
æ n(n + 1) ö
nç ÷
nf( x)(1 + 2 + 3 +¼ + n) è 2 ø =3
lim = lim
n ®¥ f ( x )(1 + 2 2 + 3 2 +¼ + n 2 ) n ®¥ n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 2
6
é ù
ê ú
h2 + 3 3 53 ´ 3
21. 265 ê lim ú = -265 ´ =-
ê h ® 0 æ f(1 - h) - f(1) ö æ sin 5h ö ú f ¢(1) × 5 f ¢(1)
ê ç ÷ç ÷ú
ë è - h øè h øû
53 ´ 3
=- [Q f ¢(1) = -53]
-53
=3
2
cos x - 1
22. lim
x ® 0 cos x × x 2 × ( x + 1)
æ sin 2 x ö -1
lim - ç ÷ = -1
ç 2 ÷
x ®0
è x ø cos x( x + 1)
23. f( x + y) = f( x) × f( y)
f( x + h) - f( x) f( x) f( h) - f( x) æ f( h) - 1 ö
f ¢( x) = lim = lim = f( x) ç lim ÷
h ®0 h h ®0 h è h ®0 h ø
hP( h) + h 2 Q ( h)
If f( h) = 1 + hP( h) + h 2 Q ( h) Þ f ¢( x) = f( x) lim = P ( 0) f ( x )
h ®0 h
Limit 33
æ xö
ç 1 - tan ÷ (1 - sin x)
2
24. lim è ø
pæ x
x ® ç 1 + tan ö 3
2 ÷ ( p - 2 x)
è 2ø
æ p x öæ æp öö
tan ç - ÷ çç 1 - cos ç - x ÷ ÷÷
è 4 2 øè è 2 øø
= lim
p 3
x® ( p - 2 x)
2
p
Let x = +h
2
æ hö
tan ç - ÷ (1 - cos h)
lim è 2ø =
1
x ®0 3 32
( -2 h)
x æ -5 ö
lim x ç ÷
æ x -3 ö
25. lim ç ÷ =e
x ®¥ è x + 2 ø
= e -5
x ®¥ è x + 2 ø
27. ln c = I , (I Î integer)
I
Þ c=e
c is rational when I = 0
1/ x 1 é a sin bx ù
lim ê1+ cos x -1úû
æ a sin bx ö
28. lim ç 1 + ÷ = e x ®0 x ë = e ab
x ®0 è cos x ø
æ x 1 ö x2 -1 x + 1 x -1
30. a = lim ç - ÷ = lim = lim × =2
x ®1 è ln x x ln x ø x ®1 x ln x x ®1 x ln x
b = -4 , c = 1, d = -2
32. f( x) = x 2 -1 < x < 0
=1 x =0
1
= 0< x<1
x2
lim { f( x)} + lim { f( x)} + lim { f( x)} = 0
x ® 0- x ®1- x ®-1-
33. Let sin -1 x = q

p
2q -
cos -1 sin 2q 2
Þ lim = lim =2 2
p+ p p+ æ pö æ pö
q® sin q - sin q® çq - ÷ çq + ÷
4 4 4 4 4÷
2 sin ç ÷ cos ç
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è ø è ø
cos -1 sin 2q
lim = -2 2
p- p
q® sin q - sin
4 4
n n
æ p p ö æ p p ö
34. lim
n ®¥
å ç sin
è 2k
- sin ÷ + lim å
ç cos
2( k + 2) ø n ®¥ k =1 è 2( k + 2)
- cos ÷
2k ø
k =1
æ p p p p p p p p ö
= lim ç sin - sin + sin - sin + sin - sin +¼ + sin - sin ÷
n ®¥ è 2 6 4 8 6 10 2n 2(n + 2) ø
æ p p p p p p p p ö
+ lim ç cos - cos + cos - cos + cos - cos +¼ + cos - cos ÷
n ®¥ è 6 2 8 4 10 6 2(n + 2) 2n ø
1 1
=1+ +2- =3
2 2
1 1
-
1 1 æ 2 xöm n
- ç 1 - 2 sin ÷ -1
(cos x) m n -1 è 2ø
36. lim = lim
x ®0 x2 x ®0 x2
x
sin 2
æ 1 1ö 2 = m -n
= lim - 2 ç - ÷
2
x ®0 èm nø x 2mn
x + xa cos x - b sin x
37. lim =1
x ®0 x3
Using expansion,
æ x 2 ö÷ æ x 3 ö÷ ax 3 bx 3
x + xa ç 1 - - bç x - x + ax - - bx +
ç 2 ! ÷ ç 3 ! ÷
Þ lim è ø è ø Þ lim 2! 3!
x ®0 3 x 0 3
x ® x
Clearly, 1 + a - b = 0 for limit to be finite …(1)
3
æ b aöx b a
Þ lim ç - ÷ = 1 Þ - = 1 Þ b - 3a = 6 …(2)
2 !ø x 3
x ®0 è 3 ! 6 2
5 3
Þ From (1) and (2), a = - , b = -
2 2
e x (cos x - sin x)
a cos ax -
38. lim e x × cos x =
1
x ®0 sin bx + bx × cos bx 2
cos 2 x - cos x + sin x 1
Þ lim = (Q a = 1)
x ® 0 cos x (sin bx + bx cos bx ) 2
2
æ n(n + 1) ö n (2n + 1)(n + 1)
ç ÷ -
( 13 + 2 3 + 3 3 ¼ + n 3 ) - ( 12 + 2 2 ¼ + n 2 ) 2 6
39. a = lim = lim è ø
n ®¥ 4 n ®¥ 4
n n
Limit 35
é1æ 2
1ö (2n + 1)(n + 1) ù 1
Þlim ê ç 1 + ÷ - ú=
n ®¥ ê 4 è nø 3
ë 6 n úû 4
æ sin x + x ö æ x - sin x ö
cos(sin x) - cos x è 2 ø è 2 ø
40. lim Þ lim
x® 0 4 x 0 4
x ® x
2 (sin x + x) ( x - sin x) ì sin x + x x - sin x ü
Þ lim
4
× íQ ® 0; ® 0ý
x® 0 x 2 2 î 2 2 þ
1æ sin x ö æ x - sin x ö 1
Þ lim ç1 + ÷ç ÷Þ
x® 0 2 è x øè x 3 6
ø
1 2 3 n
42. un = + + ¼+ …(1)
2 22 23 2n
1 1 2 n -1 n
u n =¼ + + ¼+ + …(2)
2 3 n
2 2 2 2 2 +1
n
Substracting equation (1) and (2),

1æ 1 ö
ç1 - ÷
un 1 1 1 1 n un 2 è 2n ø n
= + + +¼ + - Þ = -
2 3 n
2 2 2 2 2 2 +1
n 2 æ 1ö 2 +1
n
ç1 - ÷
è 2ø
æ 1 ö n
Þ un = 2 ç 1 - ÷- ; lim u = 2
n n +1 n ® 0 n
è 2 ø 2
sin 2 x tan -1 3 x
lim
(cos x -1) ×2x + 6x × + 3x2
sin 2 x 2 x 3 x 1
43. e x ®0 + lim = +2
x ® 0 ln(1 + 3 x + sin 2 x ) e
2 x
× (3 x + sin x) + xe
3 x + sin 2 x
x
44. tan (1 + sec x) = tan x
2
x
fn ( x) = tan (1 + sec x)(1 + sec 2 x) ¼(1 + sec 2 n x) = tan 2 n x
2
1 1
ln (tan x ) ln (tan x )
45. lim (1 + [ x]) = lim (1) =1
p p
x® x®
4 4
{( a - n) nx - tan x} sin nx
46. lim xn = 0
x ®0 x2 nx
1
Þ {( a - n) n - 1}n = 0 Þ a = n +
n
3n 3 + 4
æ n ! ö 4n 4 -1
47. y = lim ç ÷
n ®¥ è n n ø
n 1
3n 3 + 4
æ ö r 3 -3
ln y = lim å ln ç ÷ = ò ln x dx = Þ y = e -3/ 4
4
n ®¥ 4n - 1 ènø 4 r =1 0
4
2
ax + bx + c ax + b + ( c x) æa bö
48. lim = lim = lim ç x + ÷
x ®¥ dx + e x ®¥ d + ( e x) x ®¥ èd dø
æ aö
= + ¥ if ç ÷ is positive.
è dø
æ aö
= -¥ if ç ÷ is negative.
è dø
Alternate solution :
ax 2 + bx + c a + ( b x) + ( c x 2 )
lim = lim
x ®¥ dx + e x ®¥ ( d x ) + ( e x 2 )
e d
Here << . Therefore,
2 x
x
ax 2 + bx + c a
lim = lim
x ®¥ dx + e x ®¥ d x
ì a ì+ ¥ if a > 0 and d > 0
ïï + if d > 0 í -¥ if
î a < 0 and d > 0
= í0
a ì -¥ if a > 0 and d < 0
ï if d < 0 í+ ¥ if
ïî 0 - î a < 0 and d < 0
æ 2 ö
ç æ x ö ÷
ç sin ÷ 2
æ x ö -1 ç 2n ÷ × x ÷
49. f( x) = lim tan -1 ç 4n 2 × 2 sin 2 2
÷ = lim tan ç 8n ç
-1 2
÷ = tan (2 x )
n ®¥ è 2n ø n ®¥ ç x ÷ 4n 2
çç ç ÷ ÷÷
è è 2n ø ø
æ æ 2x öö
ç ln ç 1 + cos 2 - 1÷ ÷
n2 ç è n ø ÷ æ cos 2 x - 1ö = x 2
g( x) = lim
n ®¥ 2 ç 2 2x ÷ çè n
÷
ø
ç cos - 1 ÷
è n ø
sin 2 x 1
50. lim = Þ f( x) = x 2 ( ax + 3) ; a ¹ 0
x ® 0 f( x) 3
(2 e 2 sin x - e sin x - 1) (2 e sin x + 1)( e sin x - 1) 3
51. lim = lim =
x ®0 2 sin x x ®0 sin x 2
( x + 2 x) e x ( x + 2) e
Limit 37
52. x n + ax + b = ( x - x 1 )( x - x 2 )( x - x 3 ) ¼( x - x n )
x n + ax + b
lim = ( x 1 - x 2 )( x 1 - x 3 ) ¼( x 1 - x n )
x ® x1 x - x1
æ 1 2 ö æ 1 ö
ç 1 + sin x +¼ ÷ - ç 1 - (2 tan x) +¼ ÷
è 3 ø è 4 ø 1
53. lim =
x ®0 2 2
sin x + tan x
2 sin x
cos x tan x
x 1 2 0
f( x)
54. lim = lim 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 = -1
x ®0 x 2 x ®0
1 2 1
1 2 1

1
lim ( p tan qx 2 - 3 cos2 x + 3)
x ®0 3 x 2
1. e
pq 3 (1- cos2 x )
lim +
e x ®0 3 3x2
pq 5
Þ + 1= ; pq = 2
3 3
3. a ³ e > 2
1/ x
æ x x
æ2ö æ eö ö
(a) L = a lim ç 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ ÷
x ®¥ ç è aø è a ø ÷ø
è
æ2ö æ eö 1
\ x ® a, ç ÷ ® 0 , ç ÷ ® 0 , ® 0
è aø è aø x
So, L = a
(b) If a = 2 e > 2
1/ x
x x x 1/ x
éæ 1 ö x x
æ 1ö ù
L = lim (2 + (2 e) + e ) = 2 e lim êç ÷ + 1 + ç ÷ ú = 2 e(1) = 2 e
x ®¥ x ®¥ êè e ø è 2 ø úû
ë
(c) If 0 < a £ e
æ 1/ x ö
ç ææ 2 ö x æ a ö x ö ÷
ç
L = e ç lim ç ÷ + ç ÷ + 1 ÷
÷=e
ç x ®¥ çè è e ø è eø ÷
ø ÷
è ø
e
(d) a > >1
2
1/ x 1/ x
é x ù ææ 1ö x æ 1ö x æ e ö x ö
æ 2a ö
L = lim ê2 x + ç x
÷ +e ú = 2 a lim ç ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ ÷ =0
x ®¥ ê è 2 ø úû x ®¥ ç è a ø è 2ø è 2a ø ÷
ë è ø
5. f( x) = cos(sin x)
Range is [cos 1, 1].
æ3 3 ö
8. f( x) = x ç + [cos x]÷
è2 2 ø
1 1
9. If x ¹ then f( x) = 0 but if x = then lim f( x) = lim ( -1) n , hence does not exist.
2n 2n x ®0 n ®¥
2 2
1 1
Also, if x = then 2 x ¹ Þ f (2 x) = 0
2n n
2 22
æ sin -1 2 x - x 2 ö
ç ÷ 2 x - x 2 × sin -1 (1 - x)
ç ÷
cos -1 (1 - x) sin -1 (1 - x) è 2x - x2 ø p
11. lim = lim =
x ® 0+ 2 x (1 - x) x ® 0+ 2 x (1 - x) 2
cos -1 ( - x) sin -1 ( - x) p
lim =
-
x ®0 2( x + 1) ( - x) 2 2
æ sin x - x ö æ sin x + x ö
2 sin ç ÷ × cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø = -1
12. lim
x ®0 3 5 12
ax + bx + c
æ æ sin x - x ö ö
ç sin ç ÷÷
ç è 2 ø ÷ æ sin x - x ö × cos æ sin x + x ö
2
ç sin x - x ÷ çè 2
÷
ø
ç
è 2
÷
ø
ç ÷
2 -1
lim è ø =
x ®0 3 5 12
ax + bx + c
æ pö
14. cos 2 ç np + ÷
è 3ø
sin b 1
15. sin a + sin b = - Þ sin a = sin b = -
sin a 2
16. lim [5 - 2 x] = 0
x ® 2+
lim [| x - 2| + a 2 - 6 a + 9] = 0 Þ ( a - 3) 2 < 1
x ® 2-
Limit 39

1. S 1 = 1, S 2 = 7 , S 3 = 19
Þ S n = 1 + 3n(n - 1)
S
lim n = 3
n ®¥ n 2
1 1
2. r1 = 1, r2 = , r3 =
3 5
1
or rn =
2n - 1
1 1
lim n ´ =
n ®¥ 2n - 1 2
3. x > 0, x < tan x
x < 0, x > tan x Þ x - tan x > 0
\ [ x - tan x] = 0
\ lim f([ x - tan x]) = f(0) = 4
x ® 0-
4. x > 0 x < tan x

x
<1
tan x
ì x ü x
lim í ý= ® 1-
+ tan x
x ®0 î þ tan x
æ ì x üö æ x ö -
\ lim çç f í ý ÷÷ = lim+ f ç ÷ = f (1 ) = 2 + 5 = 7
x ® 0 è îtan x þ ø x ® 0
+
è tan x ø
5. f( x) = 1 -| x - 2|
x ® 2 + , f( x) ® 1- and x ® 2 - , f( x) ® 1-
1 f ( x )-1
lim
æ px ö x ® 2+ æ px ö
sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
R.H.L. = lim ( f( x)) è 2 ø =e è 2 ø
x ® 2+
1-( x - 2)-1
lim
x ® 2+ sin p æ 1- x ö lim
ç ÷ ( x - 2) p
=e è 2ø +
= e x ®2 ´ (2 - x)
æ p ö 2
ç sin (2 - x) ÷
ç 2 ÷
ç p ÷
ç (2 - x) ÷
è 2 ø
= e 2/p
1 f ( x ) -1
lim
æ px ö x ® 2- sin æ px ö
sin xç ÷ ç ÷
L.H.L. = lim ( f( x)) è 2 ø =e è 2 ø
x ® 2-
lim lim
- 1 + ( x - 2) - 1 - x -2
= e x ®2 = e x ®2
p p
sin (2 - x) (2 - x)
2 2
= e -2/p
\ Limit does not exist.
6. [1, 3]
as f(3 x) = af( x)
x Î[1, 3] ; f( x) Î [0 , 1] 1
3 x Î[3 , 9] ; f(3 x) = af( x) Î [0 , a ]
9 x Î[9 , 27] ; f(9 x) = af(3 x) Î [0 , a 2 ]
1 3 9
1
area between [1, 3] is D 1 = ´2 ´1=1
2
1
area between [3 , 9] is D 2 = ´ 6 ´ a = 3a
2
1
area between [9 , 27] is D 3 = ´ 18 ´ a 2 = 9a 2
2
æ 1 1ö
\ 1, 3a , 9a 2 , ¼¼ is converges when (g.p.) |3a| < 1 a Î ç - , ÷
è 3 3ø
æ x x 2 x 3 ö÷
(1 + bx) - (1 + ax) ç 1 + - +
[(1 + bx) - (1 + ax) 1 + x ] ç 2 8 16 ÷ø
7. lim = lim è
x ®0 x3 x ®0 x3
x x2 x3 ax 2 ax 3
bx - + - - ax - +
= lim 2 8 16 2 8
x ®0 x3
Limit 41
1 a 1
Þ coefficient of x and x 2 = 0 Þ b - a = and =
2 2 8
1 3
Þ a= ,b=
4 4
8. a + b = 1
1 3
9. l = - ; b=
32 4
Sol. sin x + sin y = 1
- cos x
y¢ =
2 sin x - sin 2 x
sin 2 x - sin x + 1
Þ y ¢¢ =
(2 sin x - sin 2 x) 3/ 2
æp ö éæ 1 - tan bx ö ù
ln tan ç - bx ÷ ln êçç - 1÷÷ + 1ú
1. lim - è4 ø = - lim ëè 1 + tan bx ø û
x ®0 tan ax x ®0 tan ax
æ bö
= -1ç -2 ÷ = 1
è aø
a
Þ =2
b
3. a( x 3 - 1) + ( x - 1) = 0
( x - 1)( ax 2 + ax + a + 1) = 0
a , b ¹ 1 so, a , b are roots of ax 2 + ax + a + 1 = 0
a+1
a + b = -1, ab =
a
(1 + a) x 3 - x 2 - a ( x 3 - x 2 ) + a( x 3 - 1)
lim = lim
x®
1 ( e1-ax - 1)( x - 1) x®
1 ( e1-ax - 1)( x - 1)
a a
[ x 2 + a( x 2 + x + 1)] (1 + a) x 2 + ax + a
= lim = lim
x®
1 ( e1-ax - 1) x®
1 æ e1-ax - 1 ö
a a ç ÷ (1 - ax)
ç 1 - ax ÷
è ø
éæ 1 + a ö 2 ù
êç a ÷ x + (1) x + 1ú 2
= lim a ë
è ø û = lim a (abx - (a + b) x + 1)
x®
1 (1 - ax) x®
1 (1 - ax)
a a
(1 - (a ) x)(1 - (b) x) a(a - b)
= lim a =
x®
1 (1 - ax) a
a
x x x
(4 - 1)(5 - 1)(7 - 1)
4. lim = 2 ln 2 ln 5 ln 7
x ®0 2
x sin x
ax cos x + b sin x 1
5. lim =
x ®0 2 3
x sin x
æ x 2 x 4 ö÷ æ x 3 x 5 ö÷
ax ç 1 - + ¼ + bç x - + ¼
ç 2! 4 ! ÷ø ç 3! 5 ! ÷ø 1
lim è è =
x ®0 x 2 sin x 3
a b 1
a + b = 0 and - - =
2 6 3
Þ b = 1, a = -1
é sin x ù
7. lim ê =0
+ x - 1ú
x ®a ë û
x
y=
1
x–
y=
0 1 a2 3 p
❑❑❑
Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation 43
3
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY
AND DIFFERENTIATION
f( x + h) - f( x) f( x) + f( h) + 3 hx( h + x) - f( x)
1. f ¢( x) = lim = lim
h ®0 h h ®0 h
f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + f ¢(0) Þ f ¢¢( x) = 6 x
2. 0 1
–2 –1 2
–1
f( x) is non-differentiable at five points.

x
3. is integer at 21 points in [0 , 100]
5
x
is integer at 51 points in [0 , 100]
2
\ But when x is a multiple of 10 then f( x) is continuous.
So that respective points should be subtract from both i . e. , multiple of 10 are 11 points in
[0 , 100].
21 + 51 - 11 - 11 = 72 - 22 = 50
4. f( x) has isolated point of discontinuity but| f( x)|is continuous at
x =a
So, lim f( x) and f( a) has opposite sign, with same magnitude.
x ®a
So, lim f( x) = - f( a)
x ®a
lim f( x) + f( a) = 0
x ®a
f ( 4 x) - 3 f (3 x) + 3 f (2 x) - f ( x)
5. lim = 12
x® 0 x3
4 f ¢( 4 x) - 9 f ¢(3 x) + 6 f ¢(2 x) - f ¢( x)
lim = 12
x® 0 3x2
4 2 f ¢¢( 4 x) - 27 f ¢¢(3 x) + 12 f ¢¢(2 x) - f ¢¢( x)
lim = 12
x® 0 6x
4 3 f ¢¢¢( 4 x) - 81 f ¢¢¢(3 x) + 24 f ¢¢¢(2 x) - f ¢¢¢( x)
lim = 12
x® 0 6
\ ( 4 3 - 81 + 24 - 1) f ¢¢¢(0) = 12 ´ 6
6 f ¢¢¢(0) = 12 ´ 6
f ¢¢¢(0) = 12
1 1
6. y = +
sin q - cos q cot q - cos q cos q - sin q
1 + (tan q) + (tan q) 1 + (tan q) + (tan q) cot q - sin q
1
+
1 + (tan q) cos q - cot q + (tan q) sin q - cot q
(tan q) cos q (tan q) sin q
y= +
(tan q) cos q + (tan q) sin q + (tan q) cot q (tan q) cos q + (tan q) sin q + (tan q) cot q
(tan q) cot q
+
(tan q) cos q + (tan q) sin q + (tan q) cot q
y =1
dy
=0
dx 0 = p/ 3
7. f ¢( x) = sin( x 2 )
y = f( x 2 + 1)
dy
= f ¢( x 2 + 1)2 x
dx
dy
= 2 × f ¢(2) = 2 sin 4
dx x =1
7p
8. Clearly sin x , cos x are negative at x =
6
So, f( x) = - (sin x + cos x)
f ¢( x) = (sin x - cos x)
9. 2 sin x cos y = 1
cos x cos y - sin x sin y × y ¢ = 0 Þ y (¢ p/ 4, p/ 4) = 1
y ¢ = cot x cot y
y ¢¢ = - cot x cosec 2 y ´ y ¢ - cot y cosec 2 x
y (¢¢p/ 4, p/ 4) = - (1 ´ 2 ´ 1) - (1 ´ 2) = 0
dx dy
10. = 2t f ¢(t 2 ), = 3t 2 f ¢(t 3 )
dt dt
dy 3 tf ¢(t 3 )
=
dx 2 f ¢(t 2 )
d2 y 3 æç f ¢(t 2 )( f ¢(t 3 ) + 3t 3 f ¢¢(t 3 )) - 2t 2 f ¢(t 3 ) × f ¢¢(t 2 ) ö÷ dt

=
dx 2 2 çè ( f ¢(t 2 )) 2 ÷ dx
ø
d2 y 3 æç f ¢(1)( f ¢(1) + 3 f ¢¢(1)) - 2 f ¢(1) × f ¢¢(1) ö÷ 1 3 æ f ¢¢(1) + f ¢(1) ö÷
= = ç
2 2è ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
dx t =1
( f ¢(1)) ø 2 f ¢(1) 4 è ( f ¢(1)) ø
11. L.H.L. = a + 1
R.H.L. = b + 1
\ they are continuous L.H.L. = R.H.L.
1 b g
12. y = + x x + x2
1 1 1 1 1 1
- a æç - a ö÷ æç - b ö÷ æç - a ö÷ æç - b ö÷ æç - g ö÷
x èx øè x ø èx øè x øè x ø
1 g 1
2 2
= x + x = x3
æ1 öæ 1 ö æ1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö æ1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö
ç - a ÷ç -b÷ ç - a ÷ç -b÷ç - g÷ ç - a ÷ç -b÷ç - g÷
è x øè x ø è x øè x øè x ø è x øè x øè x ø
log y = -3 ln x - ln ç - a ÷ - ln ç - b ÷ - ln ç - g ÷
èx ø èx ø èx ø
1 1 1
1 -3 2 2 2
y¢ = + x + x + x
y x æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö
ç - a ÷ ç -b÷ ç - g÷
è x ø è x ø è x ø
æ 1 1 1 ö÷
ç
y x x x
y ¢ = ç -3 + + + ÷
xç æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö÷
ç ç - a ÷ ç -b÷ ç - g÷ ÷
è èx ø èx ø èx øø
yæ a b g ö
y¢ = ç + + ÷
x çè 1 x - a 1 x - b 1 x - g ÷ø
1 + sin -1 x
13. f( x) =
1 - tan -1 x
1
ln f( x) = [ln(1 + sin -1 x) - ln(1 - tan -1 x)]
2
f ¢( x) 1 é 1 1 ù
= ê + ú
f( x) 2 ê(1 + sin -1 x) 1 - x 2 (1 - tan -1 x)(1 + x 2 ) ú
ë û
\ f ¢(0) = 1
14. sin x = - sin 2 x Þ 2 sin 2 x = 0 Þ x = np
2
tan x tan x < cot x

15. f(x)
cot x
tan x ³ cot x
p 3 p 5p 7 p
Points of non-derivability = , , ,
4 4 4 4
16. g( x) =||| x - 1| - 1| - 1|
= x -3 x>3
= - ( x - 3) 2< x<3
d2 x 1 d2 y
18. =-
dy 2 æ dy ö
3
dx 2
ç ÷
è dx ø
dy d2 y
=1+ ex , = ex
dx dx 2
dy d2 y
at x = ln 2 , = 3, =2
dx dx 2
d2 x -2
=
2 27
dy
1
19. g¢( f( x)) =
f ¢( x)
f( x) = -4 at x = -2
1 1
Þ g¢( -4) = =
f ¢( -2) 2
20. f( x) = 2 - x x³1
=x 0£ x<1
= -x -1 £ x < 0
=x +2 x < -1
21. f( x) = cos x 2
f ¢( x) = -2 x sin x 2
1
22. f( g( x)) = x Þ f ¢( g( x)) g¢( x) = 1 Þ g¢( x) = = 1 + ( g( x)) 5
f ¢( g( x))
g¢¢( x) = 5( g( x)) 4 g¢( x)
23. f( x) = x 2 x³1
=x 0£ x£1
= 2x -1 £ x £ 0
= x -1 x £ -1
Clearly it is non-differentiable at x = 0 , - 1 and 1.
æ x x x x ö sin x sin x
24. f( x) = lim ç cos × cos × cos ¼¼ cos ÷ = lim =
2 3
n ®¥ è 2 2 2 2 n ø n ®¥ æ x ö x
2 n sin ç ÷
n
è2 ø
æ p- ö æ p+ ö
25. f ç ÷ = f æç p ö÷ = fç ÷
ç 4 ÷ è4ø ç 4 ÷
è ø è ø
æp ö
tan ç - x ÷ × (1 + tan x)
æ 1 - tan x ö è 4 ø 1
lim ç ÷ = lim =-
x® è 4 x - p ø x® pö 2
p p æ
4 4 4ç x - ÷
è 4ø
1
-
h2 1
e sin
f(0 + h) - f(0) h
26. f ¢(0) = lim = lim
h ®0 h h ®0 h
dy
27. = 2 y + 10
dx
dy
òy +5
= 2 dx ò
ln( y + 5) = 2 x + c
y = 5 ( e 2 x - 1) (Q c = ln 5)
f( x) + 5 sec 2 x = 0 Þ e 2 x + tan 2 x = 0
æ p- ö
28. f ç ÷ = lim sin{cos x} = lim sin(cos x) = -1
ç 2 ÷ - p p- p
è ø x® p x- x® x-
2 2 2 2
æ p+ ö
fç ÷ = lim sin{cos x} = lim sin(cos x + 1)
ç 2 ÷ + p p+ p
è ø x® p x- x® x-
2 2 2 2
29. Let g( x) = f( e x )
g¢( x) = f ¢( e x ) × e x
g¢¢( x) = f ¢¢( e x ) × e 2 x + f ¢( e x )e x
x
30. e f ( x ) = ln x Þ f( x) = ln(ln x) Þ g( x) = f -1 ( x) = e e
x x
g¢( x) = e e × e x = e e +x
32. ln f( x) = 4 ln( x - 1) + 3 ln( x - 2) + 2 ln( x - 3)

f ¢( x) 4 3 2
= + +
f( x) x - 1 x - 2 x - 3
æ 4 3 2 ö
f ¢( x) = f( x) ç + + ÷
è x -1 x -2 x -3ø
34. f(2 + ) = 0 Þ c = 0
b sin{- x}
f (2 - ) = = f (2 + ) = 0 Þ b = 0
{- x }
e tan x - e x + ln(sec x + tan x) - x
35. f(0) = lim
x® 0 tan x - x
( e tan x - x - 1) ln(sec x + tan x) - x sec x - 1 1 3
= lim e x + lim = 1 + lim =1+ =
x® 0 tan x - x x 0 tan x - x x 0 2 2 2
® ® sec x - 1
36. f(0 - ) = e a
f ( 0) = b
c =1
2 2
f(0 + ) = Þ b = ea =
3 3
37. x+ y+ y - x =5
x + y =5 - y-x
Sq. both sides,
Þ x + y = 25 + y - x - 10 y - x
Þ 25 - 2 x = 10 y - x
10 ( y ¢ - 1)
Þ -2 =
2 y-x
Þ -2 y - x = 5 ( y ¢ - 1)
æ 2x ö
Þ -ç5 - ÷ = 5 ( y ¢ - 1)
è 5 ø
2x
-5 + = 5 ( y ¢ - 1)
5
2
Þ y ¢¢ =
25
38. g( x) = f -1 ( x)
Þ f( g( x)) = x
Þ f ¢( g( x)) g¢( x) = 1
1
Þ g¢(2) =
f ¢( g(2))
f(1) = 2
Þ g(2) = 1
1
Þ g¢(2) =
f ¢(1)
1
f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 +
x
f ¢(1) = 8
1
Þ g¢(2) =
8
39. f( x) =| x| x Î ( -¥, - 1)
2
=x x Î [-1, 1)
= 2x - 1 x Î [1, ¥)
Function is not differentiable at x = -1.
40. g( x) = ( f( x)) 2 + ( f ¢( x)) 2 Þ g¢( x) = 2 f( x) f ¢( x) + 2 f ¢( x) f ¢¢( x)
or g¢( x) = 2 f( x) f ¢( x) - 2 f( x) f ¢( x) = 0 Þ g( x) = c Þ g(8) = 8
æ æ a ö ö
ç fç ÷-1 ÷
xø ÷
lim ç è
x ®¥ ç 1 ÷
x çç ÷÷
æ æ a öö è x ø
41. l = lim çç f çç ÷÷ ÷÷ = e
x ®¥ è è x øø
Using L’ Hospital’s rule, we get
a2 a2
f ¢¢( 0) -
l= e2 =e 2
d d d
42. fn ( x) = e fn-1 ( x ) fn -1 ( x) = fn ( x) fn -1 ( x)
dx dx dx
= fn ( x) fn -1 ( x) ¼¼ f2 ( x) f1 ( x)
-1
43. y = tan ( x 1/ 3 ) - tan -1 ( a 1/ 3 )
4k - 1 4k + 1
44. f( x) is continuous at x = 0 then =
3 5
q
45. Put x = sin q then y = tan -1 tan
2
e x cos x - ln(1 + x) - 1
46. lim
x ®0 x
( e x - 1) ln(1 + x) æ cos x - 1 ö
lim cos x - +ç ÷ =0
x ®0 x x è x ø
y = 1–cos x
2
y = cos x
1
47. y = sin x
p/2 p 3p/2 2p
Clearly 3 sharp points.

48. g( x) = f -1 ( x) f( 4) = 2 Þ g(2) = 4
1 1
G( x) = f ¢( 4) = Þ g¢(2) = 16
g( x) 16
-1 -1 -1
G ¢( x) = × g¢( x) Þ G ¢(2) = × g¢(2) = × 16 = -1
2 2 16
( g( x)) ( g( x))
y
49. 1/81
x
O 1 1
9
æ 1ö 1 1
f( x) = maximum ç x 4 , x 2 , ÷ = x£
è 81 ø 81 9
1
= x2 < x<1
9
= x4 x³1
1
f( x) is non-differentiable at x = , 1
9
ln( f(2 + h 2 )) - ln( f(2 - h 2 ))
50. lim
h ®0 h2
Apply L’ Hospital rule,
2 hf ¢(2 + h 2 ) 2 hf ¢(2 - h 2 )
+
f (2 + h 2 ) f (2 - h 2 )
lim =4
h ®0 2h
æ pö
51. f( x) = ( x 2 - 3 x + 2)|( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)| + sin ç x + ÷
è 4ø
3p 7p
Not differentiable at x = 3 , ,
4 4
52. h( x) = f(2 x g( x) + cos px - 3)
h¢( x) = f ¢(2 x g( x) + cos px - 3)[2 g( x) + 2 xg¢( x) - p sin px]
h¢(1) = f ¢(2 g(1) - 4)[2 g(1) + 2 g¢(1)] = 32
( x + 1) 7 1 + x 2
53. f( x) = ( f(0) = 1)
( x 2 - x + 1) 6
1
ln(1 + x 2 ) - 6 ln( x 2 - x + 1)
ln f( x) = 7 ln(1 + x) +
2
f ¢( x) 7 x 6 (2 x - 1)
= + -
2
f( x) 1 + x 1 + x x2 - x + 1
f ¢(0) = 13
ì
ï - sin 2 x ; x>1
ï
54. f( x) í ln(1 + x) ; x<1 ; f(1+ ) ¹ f(1- ) ¹ f(1)
ïln 2 - sin 2
ïî ; x =1
2
f( x) ; if f( x) is rational
55. f( f( x)) é
ëê1 - f( x) ; if f( x) is irrational
é x; if x is rational
f( f( x))
êë1 - (1 - x) ; if x is irrational
x ; if x is rational
f( f( x)) é
êë x ; if x is irrational
y = |x2–x–2|
y = x2–3x
56.
0 1 2 3
y = ln(–x)
y = ex
a
1
So, graph of f( x) is
2
ln(–x) ex
a
1 2
Clearly, 3 non-differentiability points.

57. g( f( x)) = x
ln(2 - cos 2 x) e sin 2 x - 1
58. lim = K = lim
ln 2 (1 + sin 3 x)
x ® 0- x ® 0+ ln(1 + tan 9 x )
1 - cos 2 x sin 2 x
lim = K = lim
-
x ® 0 sin 3 x2 x ®0 + tan 9 x
dx 3 2 -3 - 2t
59. =- - =
dt t4 t3 t4
dy -3 2 -3 - 2t
= - =
dt t 3 t 2 t3
dy
=t
dx
3
dy æ dy ö æ1+ t ö 3
- xç ÷ =t -ç ÷ × t = -1
dx è ødx è t3 ø
2
60. - y ¢ = 2 2( -2 sin 2 x)
y3
2
( y ¢) 2 2
æ 1 ö
= 8 - (2 2 cos x) = 8 - ç - 1÷
y6 ç y2 ÷
è ø
( y ¢) 2 8 y 2 - (1 - y 2 ) 2
=
y6 y4
( y ¢) 2 = 8 y 4 - y 2 (1 - y 2 ) 2 then diff.
61. f( x) = x satisfy the equation.
\ f(5) = 5
é x x£0
62. f( x) ê x 2 0< x<1
ê2 x - 1 x³1
ë
é1 x£0
f ¢( x) ê2 x 0 < x < 1
êë 2 x³1
f( x) is not derivable at x = 0.
63. y = ( x + 1 + x 2 ) n
dy ny
=
dx 1+ x2
é 2 yx ù
2 ê 1 + x y¢ - ú 2
d y 1+ x2 ú Þ (1 + x 2 ) d y + x dy = n 2 y
=nê
2 2
dx ê 1+ x ú dx 2 dx
ê ú
ë û
æ ö æ 2ö æ 2 ö
x ÷ = ç 1 - æç x - 1 - x 2 ö÷ ÷ × ç x + 1 - x ÷
64. g¢( x) = f ¢( x - 1 - x 2 ) × ç 1 +
ç ÷ ç è ø ÷ø ç ÷
è 1- x2 ø è è 1- x2 ø
= 2 x æç x + 1 - x 2 ö÷
è ø
f( x + h) - f( x) æ f( h) - 1 ö
66. f ¢( x) = lim = lim f( x) ç ÷ = f( x) × f ¢(0) = 3 f( x) (Q f ¢(0) = 3)
h ®0 h h ®0 è h ø
log e (2 + x) - x 2n sin x
67. f( x) = lim
n ®¥ 1 + x 2n
ìln(2 + x) | x|< 1
ï- sin x | x|> 1
ïïln 3 - sin 1
f( x) = í x =1
ï 2
ïsin 1 x = -1
ïî 2
x - e x + 1 - {1 - cos 2 x} x - e x + 1 - 1 + cos 2 x
68. lim Þ lim
x® 0 x2 x® 0 x2
x - e x + cos 2 x 1+ x - ex (cos 2 x - 1) 5
Þ lim = lim + =-
x® 0 2 x® 0 2 2 2
x x x
69.
y = |x2–10x+21|
(0,21)
(0,4)
x
0 (3,0) (7,0)
71. xy = const.
y
y + xy ¢ = 0 Þ y ¢ = -
x
72. f( x) = -1 + | x - 2| is a continuous function.
g( x) = 1 -| x| is a continuous function.
Þ f( g( x)) is a continuous function.
f( k + h) - f( k)
73. f ¢( K + ) = lim
h ®0 h
K tan( pk + ph) - k tan kp
= lim
h ®0 h
æ tan ph ö
= lim k ç ÷ = kp
h ®0 è h ø
ae sin x + be - sin x - c
74. lim =2
x ®0 x2
a + b- c =0 …(1)
Applying L Hospital Rule,
ae sin x × cos x - be - sin x × cos x
lim =2 Þ a = b
x ®0 2x
75. tan x = sec a × tan y
sec 2 x = sec a × sec 2 y × y ¢
æp pö
y ¢ = 1 at ç , ÷
è4 4ø
2 sec 2 x tan x = sec a (sec 2 y × y ¢¢ + 2 sec 2 y × tan y × ( y ¢) 2 ) Þ y ¢¢ = 0
76. We gave, y = ( x 2 - 9)( x 2 - 4)( x 2 - 1) x
= { x 6 - 14 x 4 + x 2 ( 49) - 36} x
= x 7 - 14 x 5 + 49 x 3 - 36 x
dy
Therefore, = 7 x 5 - 70 x 4 + 147 x 2 - 36
dx
d2 y
Thus, = 42 x 5 - 280 x 3 + 294 x
2
dx
2
d y
= 42 - 280 + 294 = 56
dx 2 x =1
f( x + h) - f( x) f( x) f( h) - f( x) æ f( h) - 1 ö
77. f ¢( x) = lim = lim = lim f( x) ç ÷
h ®0 h h ®0 h h ®0 è h ø
Þ f ¢( x) = f ¢(0), f( x) Þ f( x) = e kx (where k = f ¢(0))
1 1
78. f( g( x)) = x ; f ¢( g( x)) g¢( x) = 1 Þ g¢(6) = =
f ¢( g(6)) f ¢(0)
dy dy dx f ¢( x)
79. = =
dz dz dx g¢( x)
d æ dy ö
2 ç ÷
d y d æ dy ö dx è dz ø g¢f ¢¢ - f ¢g¢¢
= ç ÷ = =
dz 2 dz è dz ø dz ( g¢) 3
dx
f(x)
80.
ì f( x) + 1 = x + 2 , x Î ( -¥, - 1) x = -1, 1non differentiable

ï
g( f( x)) = í( f( x) - 1) 2 = ( x + 1 - 1) 2 = x 2 , x Î ( -1, 0)
ï 2
î(| x - 1| - 1) , x ³ 0
81. f( x) = [sin x] + [cos x]
O p/2 p 3p/2 2p
ìcos x , x Î [0 , p]
82. g( x) = í
îsin x - 1 , x > p
g( p - ) = g( p) = g( p + ) = -1
but not differentiable at x = p.
¥
f r (0) f(0) f ¢(0) f ¢¢(0)
83. å r!
=
0!
+
1!
+
2!
+¼
r =0
n × 4 n -1 n(n - 1) × 4 n -2
= 4n + + +¼
1! 2!
= n C 0 4 n + n C 1 4 n -1 + n C 2 4 n -2 +¼
= ( 4 + 1) n = 5 n
x
84. f( x) = x £ -1
1- x
x
= -1 < x < 0
1+ x
x
= 0£ x<1
1- x
x
= x³1
1+ x
Function is discontinuous at x = -1, 1
f( x) is not differentiable at x = -1, 1
85. f( g( x)) = x
æ -7 ö 1 1
f ¢( g( x)) g¢( x) = 1 Þ g¢ ç ÷= =
è 6 ø æ æ -7 ö ö f ¢(1)
f ¢ç gç ÷÷
è è 6 øø
86. f( x) = 0 x³0
2 2
= 4 x (1 - 2 x) x<0
Differentiable everywhere.
88. f( x) is discontinuous at x = 1, 2
x=1
Þ g( x) = x 2 - ax + b = 0
x=2
89. f -1 ( f( x)) = x
( f -1 ( f( x))) ¢ f ¢( x) = 1
( f -1 ( f(9))) ¢ f ¢( g) = 1
1 1
( f -1 (3)) ¢ = =
f ( 9) 5
¢
1
90. f(0 + ) = lim h n sin =0 Þ n > 0
h ®0 h
æ 1ö
f(0 - ) = lim ( -h) n sin ç - ÷ = 0 Þ n > 0
h ®0 è hø
1 1
f ¢( x) = n × x n -1 × sin - x n -2 × cos = finite Þ n = 2
x x
1. f( x) has exactly one point of discontinuity so that sgn ( x 2 - lx + 1) is equal to zero for some
values of l.
\ D =0
2
Þ l - 4 =0
Þ l = ±2
2. Answer from the graph.
y
2–x x–2
–1
x
1 2
2(x+1)
x(3 e1/ x + 4) æ4ö

3. (a) L.H.L. = lim =0ç ÷ =0
1/ x
x ® 0- 2-e è2ø
x(3 e1/ x + 4) æ 3 + 4 e -1/ x ö
÷ = 0 æç 3 ö÷ = 0
R.H.L. = lim = lim x ç
x ® 0+ 2 - e 1/ x + ç -1 / x
- 1 ÷ø è -1 ø
x ®0 è 2e
f(0) = 0
\ f( x) is continuous at x = 0.
æ 3 e 1/ x + 4 ö
ç ÷
f ( x ) - f ( 0) ç 2 - e 1/ x ÷
+ è ø
(b) f ¢(0 ) = lim = lim x
x ®0 + x - 0 x ®0 + x
3 + 4 e -1/ x
= lim = -3
x ® 0+ 2 e -1/ x - 1
f ( x ) - f ( 0) 3 e 1/ x + 4 4
f ¢(0 - ) = lim = lim = =2
x ® 0- x -0 x ® 0- 2 - e 1/ x 2
f ¢(0 + ) ¹ f ¢(0 - )
(c) f ¢(0 + ) = -3
(d) f ¢(0 - ) = 2 exist
4. Given | f( x)| £ sin 2 x
Clearly | f(0)| £ 0 Þ f(0) = 0
lim | f( x)| = lim f( x) = 0

x® 0 x® 0
f ( x ) - f ( 0) f( x)
| f ¢(0)| = lim = lim £0
x® 0 x x ® 0 x
é æ x 3 ö÷ ù æ x 2 x 4 ö÷
a ê1 - x ç x - ¼ ú + bç 1 - + ¼ +5
ç 3 ! ÷ ç 2 ! 4 ! ÷
ê
ë è ø ú
û è ø
5. f(0 - ) = lim = f ( 0)
- 2
x® 0 x
æ bö
( a + b + 5) - ç a + ÷ x 2 +¼
è 2ø
= lim =3
- 2
x® 0 x
a + b+ 5 =0 …(1)
æ bö
-ç a + ÷ = 3
è 2ø
2a + b = 6 …(2)
On solving (1) and (2),
a + b+ 5 =0
2a + b + 6 = 0
– – –
-a -1=0
a = -1
b = -4
\ a + b = -5
+
f ¢(0 ) is exist when c = 0
lim (1 + dx) 1/ x = 3
x® 0
1
lim ( dx )
x®0 x
e =3
d
Þ e =3
d = ln 3
2
7. (a) f( x) = 3 x | x| - 1 -| x|
But x 2| x| =| x|3
So, f( x) =| x| - 1 -| x| = -1 is every where differentiable.
So, no where non-differentiable.
(b) lim [ x(tan -1 ( x + 1) - x tan -1 ( x + 1))] + [5 tan -1 ( x + 1) - tan -1 ( x + 1)]

x ®¥
æpö
= lim 4 tan -1 ( x + 1) = 4 ç ÷ = 2 p
x ®¥ è2ø
æ 1 ö
(c) f( - x) = sin æç ln æç - x + x 2 + 1 ö÷ ö÷ = sin ç ln ÷
è è øø ç 2 ÷
è x + x + 1ø
= sin æç - ln æç x + x 2 + 1 ö÷ ö÷ = - sin æç ln æç x + x 2 + 1 ö÷ ö÷
è è øø è è øø
= - f( x)
So, f( x) is an odd function.
4 - x2
(d) f( x) = is discontinuous at where denominator is zero, 4 x - x 3 = 0
4x - x3
Þ x = 0, x = ± 2
\ a, b, c only correct.
8. g¢( x) = ae ax + f ¢( x) Þ g¢(0) = a - 5
g¢¢( x) = a 2 e ax + f ¢¢( x)
g¢¢(0) = a 2 + 3
Þ a 2 + a - 2 = 0 ; a = -2 , 1
10. f(0 + ) = f(0) = f(0 - ) = 0
11. ò f ¢( x) dx = ò f ¢( - x) dx
Þ f( x) + f( - x) = c
12. | f( x)| £ x 4n
Þ f(0) = 0
lim ( -h 4n ) £ lim f(0 + h) £ lim ( h) 4n Þ f(0 + h) = 0
h® 0 h® 0 h® 0
lim ( - ( -h) 4n ) £ lim f(0 - h) £ lim ( -h) 4n Þ f(0 - h) = 0

h® 0 h® 0 h® 0
Þ f( x) is continuous at x = 0.
f(0 + h) - f(0) é -h 4 n f(0 + h) - f(0) h 4n ù
f ¢(0 + ) = lim =0 ê lim £ lim £ lim ú
h® 0 h ëh ® 0 h h® 0 h h® 0 h
û
Þ f( x) is differentiable at x = 0.
13. g( x) = 0 xÎI
2
=x xÏI
gof( x) = 0 for x Î R
14. If f( x) is continuous at x = 2 then 3 p + 10 q = 4

f( x) is differentiable at x = 2 then 2 p + 11q = 4
16. f( x) = x 2 -2 £ x £ 0
=x 0< x<1
3
=x 1£ x £ 2
f( x + h)
-1
f( x + h) - f( x) f( x)
17. f ¢( x) = lim = f( x) lim
h® 0 h h® 0 h
æ hö
f ç1 + ÷ - 1
è xø
= f( x) lim
h® 0 h
f( x)
So, f ¢( x) = × f ¢(1)
x
ln( f( x)) = 3 ln x + ln c
f( x) = cx 3
f(1) = 1 so c = 1
f( x) = x 3
So, we can check options.
18. f( x) = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x + 1)( x + 2) = ( x 2 - 1)( x 2 - 4)
f ¢( x) = ( x 2 - 1) 2 x + ( x 2 - 4)(2 x) = 2 x(2 x 2 - 5) = 0
5
x = 0, ±
2
19. If f( x) is continuous at x = 2 then 3 p + 10 q = 4
f( x) is differentiable at x = 2 then 2 p + 11q = 4
3
20. y = e x sin x + e x ln (tan x )
dy 3 æ 1 ö
= e x sin( x ) [ x cos( x 3 )3 x 2 + sin( x 3 )] + e x ln(tan x ) ç ln(tan x) + x sec 2 x ÷
dx è tan x ø
3
y ¢ = e x sin( x ) [3 x 3 cos( x 3 ) + sin( x 3 )] + (tan x) x (ln(tan x) + 2 x cosec 2 x)
21. f( x) = 1 - (1 - x) + (1 - x) x 2 + (1 - x)(1 - x 2 ) x 3 +¼ + (1 - x)(1 - x 2 )¼(1 - x n -1 ) x n
n
= 1 - (1 - x)(1 - x 2 )(1 - x 3 ) ¼(1 - x n ) = 1 - Õ(1 - x r )
r =1
n
( f( x) - 1) = - Õ(1 - x r )
r =1
22. \ f and g must be continuous.

1+ a =2 + b
Þ a =1+ b
3 + b = 1 Þ b = -2
a = -1
ax3+b ; 0£x£1
23. f(x)
2cos px + tan–1x ; 1<x£2
is must be continuous and differentiable at x = 1.
p
\ a + b = -2 + …(1) (continuity)
4
1
3a = 0 + …(2) (By differentiable)
2
We get, a and b
24. f( f( x)) = 2 + x 0£ x£1
=2 - x 1< x £ 2
=4-x 2< x£3
25. ln( f( x)) = ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 2) +¼¼ + ln( x + 100)
f ¢( x) 1 1 1
= + +¼¼ +
f( x) x + 1 x + 2 x + 100
f( x) f ¢¢( x) - ( f ¢( x)) 2 æ 1 1 1 1 ö
= -ç + + +¼¼ + ÷
( f( x)) 2 ç ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 100) 2 ÷
è ø
if g( x) = f( x) f ¢¢( x) - ( f ¢( x)) 2 = 0
1 1 1
Þ + +¼¼ + =0
2 2
( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 100) 2
Þ g( x) = 0 has no solution.
26. h( x) = -1 x<1
=| x - 2| + a + 2 -| x| 1£ x < 2
=| x - 2| + a + 1 - b x³2
if h( x) is continuous at x = 1, then a = -3
if h( x) is continuous at x = 2, then b = 1
27. lim f( x) = 1 = lim f( x)
x ® 0- x ® 0+
Clearly, C = 1 and use L’ Hospital’s rule.
28. Differentiable w.r.t. ‘ x’
2 f( x) f ¢( x) + 2 y = 2 f( x + y) f ¢( x + y)
put x = 0
k + y = f ¢( y) f( y)
integrate on both sides,
y2 f 2 ( y)
ky + = +c …(1)
2 2
put x = y = 0 in given equation, we get
f 2 ( 0) = 2
f(0) = 2 as ( f( x) > 0)
put y = 0 in (1)
1 + c = 0 Þ c = -1
also put y = 2
4
k 2 + 1= -1
2
k 2 =0
k =0
2
y f 2 ( y)
\ = -1
2 2
f 2 ( y) = y 2 + 2
f( y) = y2 + 2
f( x) = x 2 + 2
Hence, we can answer.
f( x + h) - f( x) f( x + h) - f( x)
30. f ¢( x) = lim = lim
h ®0 h h ® 0 h
f( h)
= lim + x = x + f ¢(0) ; f ¢( x) = x 2 - 1
2 2
h ®0 h
1
32. f(1- ) = f(1+ ) = f(1) =
2
f ¢( x) = x 0£ x<1
= 4x - 3 1£ x £ 2
f ¢¢( x) = 1 0£ x<1
=4 1£ x £ 2
34. gof( x) = 0
fog( x) = 0 xÎI
2
= [x ] xÏI
35. f( g( x)) = x
f ¢( g( x)) g¢( x) = 1
1
g¢( x) =
f ¢( g( x))
1 1 1
g¢( e) = = =
f ¢( g( e)) f ¢(1) e + 1
-1
g¢¢( x) = f ¢¢( g( x)) × g¢( x)
( f ¢( g( x))) 2
-1
g¢¢( e) = f ¢¢(1) × g¢( e)
( f ¢(1)) 2
36. f(2 + ) = lim [ x - 1] = 1
x ® 2+
3x - x2
f(2 - ) = lim =1
x ® 2- 2
f(3 - ) = lim [ x - 1] = 1
x ® 3-
f(3 ) = lim ( x 2 - 8 x + 17) = 2

+
x ® 3+

2
tan(ln(sec( x n))) (ln(sec( x n) - 1) + 1) sec( x n) - 1 æ x ö
2. f( x) = lim n 2 ´ ´ ´ç ÷
n ®¥ ln(sec( x n)) sec( x n) - 1 ( x n) 2 ènø
x2
f( x) =
2
1
|
||||
g(x)
|||
|||| ||
||||||||||||||||
–1 1 2

4. f ¢( x) = 2 x + g¢(1)
f ¢¢( x) = 2 g¢(1) = 2 f(1) + 2 + f ¢(1)
f ¢(1) = 2 - 3 = -1 Þ f(1) = -2
f( x) = x 2 - 3 x g¢¢(2) = 2( -2) + 2(2) = 0

-2 = 1 + g¢(1)
2
g( x) = -2 x + x(2 x - 3) + 2 g¢(1) = -3
= -3 x + 2
f(1) + g( -1) = -2 + (3 + 2) = 3

5. Clearly, 3 is non-repeated root where as 1 is repeats and also ( x - 2) 1/ 3 is not diff. at x = 2.
\ at 3, 2 is non-diff. and sum is 5.
6. h( x) is continuous.
x -1= x2 - x -2
x2 - 2x - 1 = 0
( x - 1) 2 = 2
x =1± 2
3p æpö
tan = 1 + 2 , tan ç ÷ = 2 - 1
8 è8ø
7p
tan =1- 2
8
2 - 1 is not differentiable.
Sol.
–2 –1 1 2
10. 0
x
p/2 p 3p/2 2p
–1

é 0 0£ x<1
ê x 1£ x < 2
11. f( x) = 2( x - 1) 2 £ x < 3
ê
êë3( x - 1) x =3
No. of values where f( x) is discontinuous = 2
12. f( x) is non-differentiable at x = 1, 2 , 3.
13. No. of integers in the range of f( x) = 5

f( x) f( h) - f( x)
Sol. f ¢( x) = lim = f ¢(0) f( x)
h® 0 h
Þ f( x) = e 2 x ( f ¢(0) = 2)
2
g( x) = x

(1 - cos x)(l - f( x))
Sol. g¢( x) = l sec 2 x + (1 - l) cos x - 1 =
f( x)

x2
Sol. f( x) = x<0 f(x)
x2 + 1 2
=1 x =0 1
x
=2 x>0 0

Sol. f( x) = g¢(1) sin x + ( g¢¢(2) - 1) x
æpö
Þ f ¢( x) = g¢(1) cos x + g¢¢(2) - 1 Þ f ¢ ç ÷ = g¢¢(2) - 1
è2ø
æpö
f ¢¢( x) = - g¢(1) sin x Þ f ¢¢ ç ÷ = - g¢(1)
è2ø
æpö æ pö æpö
g( x) = x 2 - f ¢ ç ÷ × x + f ¢¢ ç - ÷ Þ g¢( x) = 2 x - f ¢ ç ÷
è2ø è 2ø è2ø
g¢¢( x) = 2 Þ g¢¢(2) = 2
2
f( x) = sin x + x and g( x) = x - x + 1

f( x) + f( h)
- f( x)
f( x + h) - f( x) 1 + f( x) f( h)
Sol. f ( x) = lim
¢ = lim
h ®0 h h ®0 h
(1 - ( f( x)) 2 )
f ¢( x) = lim f( h)
h ®0 h
f ¢( x) = lim f ¢(0)(1 - f( x) 2 ) ( f ( 0) = 0)
h ®0
e2x - 1
Þ f( x) =
e2x + 1
f ¢( x) ³ 0 " x Î R
-2 x
lim
x x ® 0 ( e 2x + 1 )
lim ( f( x)) = e =1
x ®0

Sol. f( x) = 3( x + 6)( x + 1)( x - 2)( x - 3) + x 2 + 1 then k why!
3( x + 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x + 6) 6!
27. lim =-
x ®-6 x +6 2
1
28. g( x) =
-3( x + 6)( x + 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)

Sol. f( x) = g( x)
x ln x = e 2 x
(ln x) 2 = 2 + ln x
1
x = a = , b = e2
e
f( x) - cb f ¢( x)
29. lim = =4
x ® e g( x ) - b 2
2 g¢( x)
c = e2
g(a ) f ¢(a ) - g¢(a ) f(a ) e( -2 e 2 ) - e 2 - e
30. h¢(a ) = = = -3e
g 2 (a ) ( e) 2

p
log(sin x)
1. (A) Let I = ò dx
0 cos 2 x
p/ 2 é p/ 2 ù é p/ 2 ù
log(sin x) 2 p/ 2 cos x
=2 ò dx = 2 ê log(sin x) sec x dx ú = 2 êlog(sin x) tan x|0 -
ò ò tan x dx ú
0 cos 2 x êë 0 úû êë 0
sin x úû
p/ 2
æpö
= 2(0 - 0) - 2 ò dx = 0 - 2 çè 2 ÷ø = -p = -k
0
Þ k=p
3k
\ = 3 > 0 , 1, 2
p
(B) e x + y + e y - x = 1
e x + e-x = e-y
e x - e - x = e - y ( - y ¢)
e x + e - x = e - y ( - y ¢¢) + e - y ( y ¢) 2
e - y = e - y ( - y ¢¢) + e - y ( y ¢) 2 Þ y ¢ - ( y ¢) 2 + 1 = 0
\ k =1
-1
(C) Let f =g
g{ f( x)} = x Þ ( g¢f( x)) f ¢( x) = 1
g¢(2 ln 2) f ¢(2) = 1
1
g¢2(ln 2) =
1 + ln 2
2
2( f -1 ) ¢(ln 4) = > 0, 1
1 + ln 2
1
2
(D) l = lim ( x ln x) x +1
x® ¥
1 1 1
+ ×
ln x + ln(ln x)
ln l = lim = lim x ln x x = 0
x® ¥ x2 + 1 x® ¥ 2x
ln(l) = 0 Þ l = 1
sec 2, –2 £ x < –1
2. g(f(x)) sec 1, –1 £ x < 0
sec x, 0£x£2
f(g(x)) 2
–4p/3 –p –2p/3 –p/3 p/3 2p/3 p 4p/3

–1
–2
3. (A) f(1+ ) = f(1- ) = -1

3 3 3
æ x2 ö -3
(B) ò ([ x] × { x} -| x|) × dx = (2( x - 2) - x) dx = ç
ò - 4x÷ =
ç 2 ÷
2 2 è ø2 2
(C) [ x] × { x} = -1 x£0
1 1
x = -3 + , - 2 +
3 2
(D) l = lim f( x) = lim ([ x]{ x} -| x|) = -4
x ® 4+ x ® 4+
2 x +1
æ x 2 + 2 x - 1 ö 2 x -1 1
4. (A) lim ç ÷ =
x ®¥ ç 2 x 2 - 3 x - 2 ÷ 2
è ø
2
log sec x / 2 cos x æ ln cos x ö
(B) lim = lim (log x cos x) 2 = lim çç ÷ =2
x ®0 x x ®0 sec x ® 0è ln sec x / 2 ÷
ø
log sec x cos 2
2
p 3p/2
(C) x
0 p/2
1 2 3
(D) sin x ¹ , ,
3 3 3
5. f(1+ ) = f(1- ) = f(1) Þ b = 0
f ( 3 - ) = f ( 3 + ) = f ( 3)
3 = 9 p + 3q + 2 Þ 3 p + q = 0
f ¢( x) = 2 ax - a x<1
=1 1£ x < 3
= 2 px + q x > 3
f ¢(3 + ) = f ¢(3 - ) = f ¢(3)

1
6p + q = 1 Þ p = , q = -1
3
f ¢(1+ ) ¹ f ¢(1- )
a¹1
1. f( x) is discontinuous at x = 1,| f( x)| is diff. every where

f(1) = - f(1+ ) = - f(1- )
Þ 3 = - (0 + b)
Þ b = -3
f ¢(1+ ) = - f ¢(1- ) (as | f( x)| is differentiable every where)
\ 1 = - (2 a - a) Þ a = -1
Continuous at x = 3,
So, 5 = 9 p + 3q + 2
Þ 3p + q = 1 …(1)
f ¢( x) is continuous at x = 3
So, f ¢(3 - ) = f ¢(3 + )
Þ 6p + q = 1 …(2)
On solving (1) & (2) we get, p = 0 , q = 1
So, |a + b + p + q| =|- 1 - 3 + 0 + 1| = 3
2. sin -1 y = 8 sin -1 x
y¢ 8
=
2
1- y 1- x2
(1 - x 2 )( y ¢) 2 = 64(1 - y 2 )
(1 - x 2 ) y ¢¢ - xy ¢ = -64 y
3. yy ¢ = 4 a
( y ¢) 2 + yy ¢¢ = 0
4. f( x) is discontinuous at x = - 3 , - 2 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
sin px = 0 at x = -2 , - 1, 0 , 1, 2 , 3
So, continuous at these points.
5. Let f ¢( x) = K
Þ f( x) = Kx + c
Þ f(9) - f( -3) = 12 K
Maximum value of f(9) - f( -3) = 96
6. g( x) = sin x 3 - x 3 + 1 x³1
3 3
= sin x + x - 1 0£ x<1
= - sin x 3 - x 3 - 1 -1 £ x < 0
3 3
= - sin x + x + 1 x £ -1
Function is not differentiable at x = -1, 1
7. F ( x) = g( x) x>1
f( x) + g( x)
= x =1
2
= f( x) -1 < x < 1
f( x) + g( x)
= x = -1
2
= g( x) x < -1
If F ( x) is continuous at x = 1
F (1+ ) = F (1) = F (1- )
b=a+3
If F ( x) is continuous at x = -1
F ( -1- ) = F ( -1) = F ( -1+ )
a + b=5
8. f -1 ( x) = 2 - x 2£ x£5
=2 + x -2 < x < 2
9. f( x) + 2 f(1 - x) = x 2 + 2
( x - 2) 2
f (1 - x) + 2 f ( x) = (1 - x) 2 + 2 Þ f ( x) =
3
10. g( x) = x( x - 3)( x - 7)
f( g( x)) = sgn( x( x - 3)( x - 7))
d2
11. (sin 2 x - sin x + 1) = -4 sin 2 x + sin x + 2
dx 2
12. f( x) = a cos( px) + b
f ¢( x) = -ap sin( px)
3/ 2
2a 2
ò f( x) dx = -
p
+ b = + 1 Þ a = -1, b = 1
p
1/ 2
13. a ¢( x) = f ¢( x) - 2 f ¢(2 x) ; b ¢( x) = f ¢( x) - 4 f ¢( 4 x)
a ¢(1) = f ¢(1) - 2 f ¢(2) = 5
a ¢(2) = f ¢(2) - 2 f ¢( 4) = 7
b ¢(1) = f ¢(1) - 4 f ¢( 4) = a ¢(1) + 2a ¢(2) = 5 + (2 ´ 7) = 19
b ¢(1) - 10 = 19 - 10 = 9
14. g( f( x)) = x
g¢( f( x)) f ¢( x) = 1
f(1) = - 7 6
\ x =1
æ 7ö
g¢ ç - ÷ f ¢(1) = 1
è 6ø
æ 7ö 1
g¢ ç - ÷ =
è 6 ø f ¢(1)
1- x
2 æ 1ö 2
f ¢( x) = -4 × e ç- ÷ + x + x + 1
è 2ø
f ¢(1) = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5
5 1
-
h( x) = ax 4 + bx 4
-9 -3
5a 4 b 4
h¢( x) = - x + x
4 4
5a -9/ 4 b -3/ 4
h¢(5) = 0 Þ - ×5 + ×5 =0
4 4
Þ 5a × 5 -3/ 2 = b
a
Þ = 51/ 2
b
2
æ aö
ç ÷ =5
è bø
a2 5
= =5
2 æ -7 ö 1
5b g ç
¢ ÷ 5 ´
è 6 ø 5
æ x ö
16. Let lim ç f( x) + ò f(t) dt ÷÷ = l …(1)
x® ¥ ç
è 0 ø
æ x ö
ç e x f(t ) dt ÷
ç ò ÷
è 0 ø
lim =l
x® ¥ x
(e )
x
ex ò f(t) dt
0
Þ lim =l
x® ¥ ex
x
Þ lim ò f(t) dt = l …(2)
x® ¥
0
From (1) and (2) we get, lim f( x) = 0

x® ¥
17. f(0) = 0 , f ¢(0) = 1, f ¢¢(0) = 1, f ¢¢¢(0) = 2

g( f( x)) = x Þ g¢( f( x)) f ¢( x) = 1
- f ¢¢( x)
Þ g¢¢( f( x)) =
( f ¢( x)) 3
é( f ¢( x)) 3 × f ¢¢¢( x) - 3 ( f ¢¢( x)) 2 ( f ¢( x)) 2 ù
Þ g¢¢¢( f( x)) f ¢( x) = - ê ú
êë ( f ¢( x)) 6 úû
Put x = 0
é 1 ´ 2 - 3 ´ 1ù
g¢¢¢(0) 1 = - ê úû = 1
ë 1
æ æ h öö
f ç x ç 1 + ÷ ÷ - f( x)
f( x + h) - f( x) è è x øø
19. f ¢( x) = lim = lim
h ®0 h h ®0 h
æ hö
f ç1 + ÷
f( x) è xø æ hö æ hö
+ - f( x) f( x) ç - ÷ f ç 1 + ÷
1+ h x x è x ø è xø
= lim = lim +
h ®0 h h ®0 æ hö hx
hç1 + ÷
è x ø
æ hö
f ç 1 + ÷ - f(1)
- f( x) è xø
= + lim (as f(1) = 0)
x h ®0 2æ h ö
x ç ÷
è xø
- f( x) f ¢(1)
f ¢( x) = +
x x2
1
xf ¢( x) + f( x) =
x
d 1
( xf( x)) =
dx x
1
xf( x) = ò dx
x
xf( x) = ln x + k
Put x = 1, we get k = 0
ln x
\ f( x) =
x
1 x
H( x) = =
f( x) ln x
ln x × 1 - 1 – +
H ¢( x) = H( x) ³ e
2 0 e
(ln x)
H( e) = e
é 1 ù
\ lim ê ú =2
x ® e ë f( x) û
2x2
21. f ¢( x) = tan -1 ( x 2 ) + + 4x3
4
1+ x
æ (1 + x 4 ) × 2 x - x 2 ( 4 x 3 ) ö
2x
+ 2ç
f ¢¢( x) = ÷ + 12 x 2
1+ x4 ç ( 1 + x 4 2
) ÷
è ø
dy dy dq 3
22. = = -3 sin q cos q = - sin 2q
dx dx dq 2
d2 y -3 cos 2q
=
2 sin q
dx
t 2 + 16 + 8t t 2 + 16 - 8t |t + 4| + |t - 4|
23. Let 8 x - 16 = t 2 Þ + =
8 8 2 2
24. f( x) = [ x] 0< x<1
5
= { x} 1£ x <
4
3 5
= x- £ x<2
2 4
No. of points where f( x) is non-differentiable are three.
5 3
x = 1, ,
4 2
❑❑❑
4
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. Maximum value of f( x) = 3
Minimum value of f( x) = -1
2. f ¢¢( x) = 6 x - 6
f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 - 6 x + 3 (Q f ¢(2) = 3)
f( x) = x 3 - 3 x 2 + 3 x - 1 (Q f(2) = 1)
4 4
5. V = p(10 + T ) 3 - p(10) 3
3 3
dV dT
= 4 p(10 + T ) 2
dt dt
dT 1
Þ = (QT = 5 cm)
dt 18p
(| x| - 1)(| x| - 2)
6. g( x) =
(| x| - 3)(| x| - 4)
g( x) is an even function so there is an extrema at x = 0.
Also number of extrema for x > 0 will be equal to number of extrema for x < 0
for x > 0
( x - 1)( x - 2)
g( x) =
( x - 3)( x - 4)
Number of extrema = 2
Þ Total extrema = 5
Application of Derivatives 75
2
æ 45 ö 75 2
7. A ¢B ¢ = ç 700 - t÷ + t B
è 2 ø 4
/s
B¢
m
( A ¢B ¢) min at t = 30 sec
5
60° A¢ 20 m/s
O A
- 700 m
8. f(0 ) ³ f(0) Þ a ³ 3
3+k–x, x£k
9. f(x) Þ f ¢( k + ) > f( k), f ¢( k - ) > f( k)
sin(x–k) ,
a2–2+ x>k
x–k
sin( x - k)
So, lim ( a 2 - 2) + = a2 - 1> 3
x ®k + ( x - k)
2
a >4
|a| > 2
dy
10. = 3 x 2 - 4 x + C1
dx
y = x 3 - 2 x 2 + C1 x + C 2
dy ù
Also, = 0 and y]at x = 1 = 5
dx úû at x = 1
dy ù
11. m 1 = = 2a + b
dx úû at (1, 2)
dy ù 1
m 2 = g¢( x) = = 2 Þ 2a + b = -
dx úû at ( -2, 2) 2
7
Also, 2 =a+ b+
2
dy
12. 18 y = 3x2
dx
dy 3 x 2
=
dx 18 y
a2
Þ = 1 Þ a 2 = 6b
6b
Also, 9 b 2 = a 2
dy
13. = 3x2 - 4x + c
dx
dy
at x = 1, =0 Þ c =1
dx
dy
= 3x2 - 4x + 1
dx
y = x3 - 2x2 + x + d
at x = 1, y = 5 Þ 5 =1-2 + 1+ d
Þ d =5
14. A(0 , 2)
dy dy -15a 2 x 2 - 20ax - 1
5a 2 (3 x 2 ) + 10a(2 x) + 1 + 2 =0 Þ =
dx dx 2
dy 1
Þ at A = -
dx 2
Equation of normal at A is y = 2 x + 2
Let normal meets the curve at B
5a 2 x 3 + 10ax 2 + x + 4 x + 4 - 4 = 0
5 x(ax + 1) 2 = 0
1
x =-
a
æ -1 -2 ö
So, B ç , + 2÷
è a a ø
-15 + 20 - 1
\ Slope of tangent at B = =2
2
1 1
15. f( x) = cos x + cos 2 x - cos 3 x
2 3
f ¢( x) = - sin x - sin 2 x + sin 3 x = 2 sin x(2 cos x + 1)(cos x - 1) = 0
16. Closest distance exist always alone the normal
1 - x dy
\ ´ = -1 A(2,1)
2 - x dx
1- x 1 P(x, x )
´ = -1
2-x 2 x
Let x =t
2+ 3
x=
2
17. Let x = 2 sin q
æ 2 + 2 cos q ö æ 2 cos 2 q 2 ö
y = ln ç ÷ - 2 cos q = ln ç ÷ - 2 cos q
è 2 - 2 cos q ø ç 2 sin 2 q 2 ÷
è ø
æ qö
= 2 ln ç cot ÷ - 2 cos q
è 2ø
dy 1 æ 2 qö
= ç -cosec ÷ + 2 sin q
dq cot q 2 è 2ø
dy -2 -2 cos 2 q
= + 2 sin q =
dq sin q sin q
dx dy
= 2 cos q; = -cot q
dq dx
æ æ qö ö
çç y - 2 ln ç cot ÷ + 2 cos q ÷÷ = - cot q ( x - 2 sin q)
è è 2ø ø
æ æ qö ö
\ T = çç 0 , 2 ln ç cot ÷ - 2 cos q + 2 cos q ÷÷
è è 2ø ø
æ q ö
P = ç 2 sin q , 2 ln cot - 2 cos q ÷
è 2 ø
PT 2 = ( 4 sin 2 q + 4 cos 2 q ) = 4
18. g¢( x) = (2 x 2 - ln x) f( x)
1 1
f ¢( x) = 3x2 - 2x
3
ln x ln x 2
x2 - x
f ¢( x) =
ln x
x( x - 1)
f ¢( x) = > 0 " x > 1; f( x) > f(1) Þ f( x) > 0 " x > 1
ln x
For g( x) is increasing
g¢( x) > 0 Þ 2 x 2 - ln x > 0 as ( f( x) > 0)
Let H( x) = 2 x 2 - ln x
1 4x2 - 1
H ¢( x) = 4 x - = > 0 when x > 1
x x
H( x) > H(1) Þ H( x) > 2
\ g¢( x) > 0 " x Î (1, ¥)
\ g( x) is increasing on (1, ¥).
19. f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + 12 x + a
f ¢( x) < 0 in ( -3 , - 1)
a
Product of the roots = =3 Þ a =9
3
æ 1- x ö
20. f( x) = tan -1 ç ÷
è1+ x ø
1 æ -2 ö 2 1
f ¢( x) = ç ÷= = >0
2 ç 2 ÷ 2 (1 + x 2 ) 1 + x 2
æ 1 - x ö è (1 + x) ø
1+ ç ÷
è1+ x ø
f ¢( x) is decreasing " x Î R
p
So, in [0 , 1] f(0) = tan -1 (1) = (max)
4
f(1) = 0 (min)
21. f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + 2( a + 2) x + 3 a
\ D£0
a 2 - 5a + 4 £ 0
\ a Î[1, 4]
22. f ¢( x) = 0
1
cos 2 x - 3 x + x 1/ 3 - =0
2
1
cos 2 x =
2
1
cos x = ±
2
\ total number is 12.
y
23. – 2,0
3
x
O 1 (1,0)
–1, 0 ,0
2 2
y
2
24. O
x
–3 –2
b2 + 1 ³ 2
25. f( x) is continuous and differentiable in [-1, 1].
cos x 1
26. = - sin x 1 Þ x 1 = -cot x 1
x1
1 1
Point ( x 1 , cos x 1 ) always lie on = +1
2
y x2
a
27. x + > 2 " x Î (0 , ¥)
x2
f( x) = x 3 - 2 x 2 + a > 0 " x Î (0 , ¥)
æ 4ö
f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 - 4 x = 3 x ç x - ÷
è 3 ø
4
Minimum value at x =
3
64 æ 16 ö 32
-2ç ÷ + a > 0 Þ a >
27 è 9 ø 27
29. f ¢( x) = cos 2 x + cos x + 2 > 0
f( x) min = f(0) = 0
f( x) max = f(2 p) = 5p
31. f( x) = x 3 - 3 x + c = 0
f ¢( x) = 3 ( x 2 - 1)
–1 1
Þ f(1) f( -1) < 0
( c - 2)(2 + c) < 0
32. f ¢( x) = e x ( x - 1)( x - 2) < 0
dy
33. = 3 ax 2 + 2 bx + c = 0 has one root Þ D = b 2 - 3 ac = 0 Þ b 2 = 6
dx
34. Let x = tan q then y = cos 2 q
dy
=|2 sin q cos 3 q|
dx
dy p
at q =
dx max 6
35. h( x) = f( x) - g( x) = 2 x - 3 sin x + x cos x
h(0) = 0
h¢( x) = 2 - 2 cos x - x sin x
h¢(0) = 0
h¢¢( x) = sin x - x cos x
h¢¢(0) = 0
æ pö
h¢¢¢( x) = x sin x > 0 " x Î ç 0 , ÷
è 2ø
36. f( x) = 2 tan -1 ( g( x)) | g( x)| £ 1
-1
= p - 2 tan g( x) g( x) > 1
= - p - 2 tan -1 g( x) g( x) < -1
2 g¢( x)
f ¢( x) = | g( x)| < 1
1 + ( g( x)) 2
2 g¢( x)
=- | g( x)| > 1
1 + ( g( x)) 2
é 7 é ln(1 + 7 f( x)) ù 1 æ sin f( x) ö ù
37. lim ê ê ú - 3 çç f( x) ÷÷ ú = 2
a 3 7 f( x)
x® e ë ë û è øû
38. If f( x) is strictly decreasing for all x,
f ¢( x) = log 1/ 3 (log 3 (sin x + a)) £ 0
Þ sin x + a ³ 3 " x Î R
Þ a³ 4
39. f( x) = a ln| x| + bx 2 + x
a 2 bx 2 + x + a
f ¢( x) = + 2 bx + 1 =
x x
if x = 1 and x = 3 are point of extrema.
1 a
Þ - = 4 and =3
2b 2b
y
–3p
40. –2p –p
x
O 1
f( x) has local maximum at x = 0.

x
41. f( x) = (t - a) 2n (t - b) 2m +1 dt
ò
1
f ¢( x) = ( x - a) 2n ( x - b) 2m +1
No sign change of f ¢( x) about x = a.
f ¢( x) will change sign from negative to positive at x = b Þ Point of minima.
43. Let point P on the curve y 2 = x 3 is P(t 12 , t 13 ).
Equation of tangent at P(t 12 , t 13 ) is
3
y - t 13 = t 1 ( x - t 12 )
2
If this intersect the curve again at Q (t 22 , t 23 )
t1
Þ t2 = -
2
tan a (3t 1 2)
= = -2
tan b (3t 2 2)
44. y 2 = ax 3 - b
if (2 , 3) is lie on the curve
8a - b = 9 …(1)
Slope of normal at (2 , 3)
1 1
- =- Þ a =2
4 2a
45. Equation of tangent at (0 , 1) to the curve y - 1 = kx meet x-axis at ( a , 0) then
1 é1 ù
-2 £ - £ -1 Þ k Î ê , 1ú
k ë2 û
x -u 2 1
2
46. f( x) = ò e x du = x e -t dt
ò
0 0
u
where t =
x
Þ f( x) = K x , K > 0
47. f ¢¢(a ) = 0 Þ x = a is the point where concavity changes.
a b c
48. f( x) = x 6 - x - 1
f ¢( x) = 6 x 5 - 1 > 0 " x Î [1, 2]
If f(1) = -1 < 0 and f(2) = 2 6 - 3 > 0 then f( x) has one root in [1, 2].
49. Every line passing from ( a , b) is normal to the circle ( x - a) 2 + ( y - b) 2 = k
50. f ¢( x) = cos x(3 sin 2 x - m ) = 0
m m
sin 2 x = Þ 0< <1
3 3
0<m<3
1/ x
51. Let y = x
y ¢ = x (1/ x )-2 (1 - ln x)
f( x) is increasing (0 , e)
and f( x) is decreasing ( e, ¥)
52. Let y = mx
Point of tangency be ( x 1 , y 1 )
Þ mx 1 = x 13 + x 1 + 16 & m = 3 x 12 + 1
Þ x 1 (3 x 12 + 1) = x 13 + x 1 + 16
x1 = 2
m = 13
53. y ¢ = 3 x 2 - 6 x + 6
y ¢¢ = 6 x - 6 = 0
x =1
y¢ = 3
54. Let H( x) = ln( f( x) + f ¢( x) +¼ f n ( x)) - x
Þ H( a) = H( b)
Þ H ¢( c) = 0 (by L.M.V.T.)
n +1
f ¢( c) + f ¢¢( c) +¼ + f ( c)
Þ -1=0
n
f( c) + f ¢( c) +¼ + f ( c)
Þ f n +1 ( c) = f( c)
55. h( x) = g( x) + x
Þ h¢( x) = g¢( x) + 1
Þ g¢( x) = h¢( x) - 1
Þ g¢¢( x) = h¢¢( x)
Þ h¢¢( x) - 3( h¢( x) - 1) > 3
Þ h¢¢( x) - 3 h¢( x) > 0
d -3 x
Þ (e h¢( x)) > 0
dx
Let P( x) = e -3 x h¢( x)
Þ P ¢( x) > 0
Þ P( x) is an increasing function.
P(0) = h¢(0) = 0
Þ P( x ) > 0 " x > 0
Þ h¢( x) > 0 " x > 0
Þ h( x) is an increasing function " x > 0
dy c
56. =- = -1 Þ ( x + 1) 2 = c
dx ( x + 1) 2
Point ( c - 1, c ) lie on the line x + y = 3 Þ c = 2
2
57. |sin x| = e - x
y
x
–p/2 O p/2 p 3p/2
60. x n + ax + b = 0
x is even.
nx n -1 + a = f ¢( x)
f¢(x)
–a 1/(n–1)
n
f(x)
2
61. f( b) = sin x + +b " xÎR
3 + sin x max
sin x = t
2
g(t ) = t + t Î [-1, 1]
3+t
2
g¢(t ) = 1 - >0
(3 + t ) 2
(3 + t ) 2 - 2 > 0
(3 + t - 2 )(3 + t + 2 ) > 0
–3 – 2 –3 + 2 –1 1
2
g(t ) = t + increasing " Î [-1, 1]
3+1
3
g(t ) max =
2
g(t ) min = 0
3
+b 3
f( b) = 2 if b ³ -
-b 4 –3/2 0
3
b< -
4
æ -3 ö 3
min. of f( b) = - ç ÷=
è 4 ø 4
x dy 1- x2
62. y = Þ =
1+ x2 dx (1 + x 2 ) 2
æ xö
63. f -1 ( x) = 2 cos -1 ç ÷
è3ø
d -1 -2 æ 1 ö
f ( x) = ç ÷
dx x2 è3ø
1-
9
64. f( x) = sin x + tan x - 2 x
f ¢( x) = cos x + sec 2 x - 2 = 0
cos 3 x - 2 cos 2 x + 1 = 0 Þ (cos x - 1)(cos 2 x - cos x - 1) = 0
1- 5
cos x = 1,
2
a + 2c 4
65. + =0 Û 3 a + 4 b + 6 c + 12 b = 0
b + 3b 3
1 b
Û a + + d =0
4 3
ax 4 bx 3 cx 2
Consider f( x) = + + + dx
4 3 2
then f(0) = 0 = f(1)
\ f( x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem in [0, 1].
Hence, f ¢( x) = 0 has at least one solution in (0, 1).
66. f ¢( x) = f ( x) × ( x - 2) 2
f(2) > 0 Þ f ¢( x) > 0 Þ f( x)
f(2) < 0 Þ f ¢( x) < 0 Þ f( x) ¯
67. f(1) = f(3) Þ a + b - 5 = 3 a + b - 27 Þ a = 11
f ¢( c) = 3 c 2 - 12 c + a = 0 Þ b Î R
3 at
70. Let x = , y = at 3/ 2
2 2/ 3
æ 9 a 2t 2 ö
2ç ÷
dy ç 2 4/ 3 ÷
è ø
= = - cot a Þ t = -2 1/ 3 cot a
dx 2 3/ 2
9a t
æ 3 at at 3/ 2 ö÷
and P = cos a ç -
ç 2 2/ 3 - cot a ÷
è ø
P
Þ = cos a cot 2 a
a
1. Equation of tangent to y = x 3
y - x 13 = 3 x 12 ( x - x 1 )
Equation of tangent to y = x 1/ 3 is
1
y - x 12/ 3 = (x - x2)
3 x 22/ 3
If these tangents represent same line
2 2/ 3
1 9 x1 x 2 -2 x 13 1
= = Þ x1 = ±
1 1 2 1/ 3 3
x
3 2
f ( 4) - f ( 0) 1
2. (a) f ¢(C 1 ) = = ; C 1 Î(0 , 4)
4 -0 4
f ( 8) - f ( 0) 1
(c) f ¢(C 1 ) = = ; C 1 Î(0 , 8)
8 -0 8
f ( C 2 ) = f ( 8) = 1
x3
(d) Let g( x) = ò f(t) dt
0
8
Þ g(0) = 0 , g(2) = ò f(t) dt
0
g(2) - g(0)
g¢(a ) = 3a 2 f(a 3 ) = a Î(0 , 2)
2
g(2) - g(0)
and g¢(b) = 3b 2 f(b 3 ) = b Î(0 , 2)
2
8
g¢(a ) + g¢(b) = g(2) - g(0) = ò f(t) dt
0
1
4. f( x) = 2 x 4 + x 4 sin x ¹0
x
=0 x =0
1 1
f ¢( x) = 8 x 3 + 4 x 3 sin - x 2 cos
x x
5. -1 £ f ( x) £ 1
¢¢
- x £ f ¢( x) £ x (Q f ¢(0) = 0)
x2 x2
- £ f( x) < (Q f(0) = 0)
2 2
6. f ¢¢( x) > 0 " x Î [-3 , 4]

Þ f ¢( x) is increasing for x Î [-3 , 4]
7. f ¢¢( x) > 0 " x Î [0 , 2]
Þ f ¢( x)
f(1) - f(0) f(2) - f(1)
f ¢(C 1 ) = , C 1 Î (0 , 1) and f ¢(C 2 ) = , C 2 Î(1, 2)
1-0 2 -1
f ¢(C 1 ) < f ¢(C 2 ) Þ f(0) + f(2) > 2 f(1)
é 2ù é2 ù
Similarly applying LMVT between ê0 , ú and ê , 2 ú
ë 3û ë3 û
æ2ö æ2ö
f ( 2) - f ç ÷ f ç ÷ - f ( 0)
è3ø è3ø æ2ö
> Þ 2 f ( 0) + f ( 2) > 3 f ç ÷
4 2 è3ø
3 3
8. Let g¢¢( x) = a( x - 1)
ax 2
g¢( x) = - ax + b
2
3a
g¢( -1) = 0 Þ b = -
2
ax 3 ax 2
g( x) = - + bx + c Þ g( x) = x 3 - 3 x 2 - 9 x + 5 (Q g( -1) = 10 , g(3) = -22)
6 2
9. f( x) = 2 x 3 - 3 (l + 2) x 2 + 2lx + 5
f ¢( x) = 6 x 2 - 6 (l + 2) x + 2l = 0 has two real roots, then
D > 0 Þ 3l2 + 8l + 12 > 0
Þ lÎR
10. f( x) = 1 + x ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) - 1 + x 2
f ¢( x) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 )
f ¢( x) ³ 0 for " x Î [0 , ¥)
f ¢( x) £ 0 for " x Î ( -¥, 0]
11. f( x , y) = x m ( k - x) n
f ¢( x , y) = mx m -1 ( k - x) n - x m n × ( k - x) n -1 = 0
mk
Þ x=
m +n
k m+n × m m × n n
Maximum value =
( m + n) m + n
12. Let line is tangent at (3t 12 , 2t 13 ) and normal at (3t 22 , 2t 23 )

dy
Þ = t1
dx 3t 2, 2t 3
1 1
1
So, slope of normal at (3t 22 , 2t 23 ) = -
t2
1
Þ t1 = -
t2
1
t2 = -
t1
2
2t 13 +
t 13
Þ t1 =
æ 1ö
3 ç t 12 - ÷
ç t 12 ÷ø
è
Þ t 12 (t 14 - 3) = 2 or t 1 = ± 2
dy
13. m =
dx
|my| y
= then solve it.
x+ y x
1
14. First draw the graph f( x) =
2
x -4
–2 2
While drawing diff. possibilities of y = ax 2 + bx + c

We get possible intersections.
15. y ¢ = 3 x 12
x 13 - 8
3 x 12 = Þ x 1 = -1 or 2
x1 - 2
y ¢ = 3 or y ¢ = 12
16. Let f( x) = x + cos x - a
f ¢( x) = 1 - sin x ³ 0 " x Î R
Þ f( x) is increasing.
Þ x + cos x - a = 0 for one positive value of x , a Î (1, ¥)
17. Let y = ax + b = f( x) a ¹ 0
x -b
f -1 ( x) =
a
1
(1) m 1 = a , m 2 = Þ m 1m 2 = 1
a
-1
(2) m 1 = a , m 2 = Þ m 1 m 2 = -1
a
1
(3) m 1 = - a , m 2 = Þ m 1 m 2 = -1
a
-1
(4) m 1 = - a , m 2 = Þ m 1m 2 = 1
a
18. f ¢( x) = e x ( x 2 - 1) x 2 ( x + 1) 2011 ( x - 2) 2012
= e x x 2 ( x + 1) 2012 ( x - 1)( x - 2) 2012
+ +
– – –
–1 0 1 2
x = -1, 0 , 2 are points of inflections and might be more points in (1, 2).
x = 1 is point of minima (Answer can be given either d, ad, bd or abd)
19. f( x) = sin x + ax + b
f ¢( x) = cos x + a
if a > 1 then f( x) is increasing.
So, only one real root, which is positive if b > 0 and negative if b > 0
if a < -1
f( x) is decreasing so only one real root, which is negative if b < 0.
20. f ¢¢( c) = 0 for c Î(0 , 1)
f ¢¢( x) > 0 for x Î(0 , c)
f ¢¢( x) < 0 for x Î( c , 1)
21. f ¢( x) = 5 sin x cos x(sin x - cos x)(1 + sin x cos x)
æp pö
Clearly, f ¢( x) > 0 " x Î ç , ÷
è4 2ø
æ pö
f ¢( x) < 0 " x Î ç 0 , ÷
è 4ø
æpö
f ( 0) = 0 , f ç ÷ = 0
è2ø
æ pö
By Rolle’s theorem $ c Î ç 0 , ÷ Þ f ¢( c) = 0
è 2ø
æpö
Clearly, f( x) ³ f ç ÷
è4ø
5
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 1 æ pö
f( x) ³ 2 çç ÷÷ - 1 = 2 çç ÷÷ - 1 = - 1 and f( x) < 0 " x Î ç 0 , ÷
è 2ø è4 2ø 2 2 è 2ø
22. f( x) = x 2a +1 ln x x>0
=0 x =0
1
f( x) is not continuous at a = - ,-1
2
cos x
23. f ¢( x) =
x
æ pö æ p pö
Clearly, f ¢( x) > 0 Þ x Î ç 0 , ÷ È ç ( 4n - 1) ,( 4n + 1) ÷ " n Î N
è 2 ø è 2 2 ø
æ p pö
and f ¢( x) < 0 Þ x Î ç ( 4n + 1) ,( 4n + 3) ÷ " n Î N
è 2 2ø
p
\ f( x) has a local minima at x = ( 4n - 1) " nÎ N
2
p p
and f( x) has a local maxima at x = and ( 4n + 1) " n Î N
2 2
x ( - sin x) - cos x
Also, f ¢¢( x) = = 0 Þ x tan x + 1 = 0
x2
\ All the points of inflection of f( x) lie on the curve x tan x + 1 = 0
p
Also, f ¢( x) = 0 Þ x = (2n + 1) " n Î N
2
\ Number of values of x in (0 , 10p) in which f ¢( x) = 0 are 20.
24. | f( x)| £ 1
Applying L.M.V.T. in x Î(0 , 1)
Þ | f ¢( x)| =| f(1) - f(0)|
| f(1) - f(0)| £ 2
Þ | f ¢( x)| £ 2 for atleast one x in (0 , 1)
Similarly | f ¢( x)| £ 2 for atleast one x is ( -1, 0)
F ( x) = ( f( x)) 2 + ( f ¢( x)) 2
For atleast one x in (0 , 1) & ( -1, 0)
| f ¢( x)| £ 2 & | f( x)| £ 1
Þ ( f ¢( x)) 2 £ 4 & ( f( x)) 2 £ 1
Þ ( f ¢( x)) 2 + ( f( x)) 2 £ 5
Þ F ( x) £ 5, for atleast one x in ( -1, 0) & (0 , 1)
æpö æ p+ ö æpö æ p- ö
25. f ç ÷ > fç ÷ and fç ÷> fç ÷
è2ø ç 2 ÷ è2ø ç 2 ÷
è ø è ø
Also, absolute maximum occurs at x = -1
26. Symmetric about y = x
dy
=1
dx
1
2x = 1 Þ x =
2
æ1 5ö
Point = ç , ÷
è2 4ø
- (1 + x) e - x - e - x
27. f ¢( x) > 0 Þ >0
(1 + x) 2
for x < -2 increasing.
–2
– e2
x = –1
28. Point (1, 2) lies on y = mx + 5 Þ m = -3 …(1)

Point (1, 2) lies on x 3 y 3 = ax 3 + by 3 Þ 8b + a = 8 …(2)
2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1
3 x y + x × 3 y y = 3 ax + 3 by y Þ a - 12 b = -4 …(3)
16 3
Þ a= , b=
5 5
f( x) - 1 x4 + x2 + 1 x2 - x + 1
29. = =
f( x) + 1 ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 x 2 + x + 1
x2 + 1
Þ f( x) =
x

x +1
1. f( x) =
x -1
x( x + 1) 2
g( x) = =x +2+
x -1 x -1
2
g¢( x) = 1 - =0
( x - 1) 2
x =1+ 2,1- 2
4
g¢¢( x) =
( x - 1) 3
g¢¢(1 + 2 ) > 0
Minimum value of g( x) is 3 + 2 2 .
1 2 1
2. g¢( x) = Þ 1- = Þ x = 3, - 1
2 2 2
( x - 1)

1 1 1
t2 1
3. g(1) = ò f(t ) dt = (1 - t ) dt = t -
ò =
2 2
0 0 0
4. For x Î(2 , 3]
1 2 x
g( x) = ò f(t) dt + ò f(t) dt + ò f(t) dt
0 1 2
3
1 ( x - 2)
g( x) = +
2 3
5 æ 5 ö 13
at x = , g ç ÷ =
2 è 2 ø 24
g¢( x) = f( x)
æ 5ö 1
g¢ ç ÷ =
è2ø 4
13 1 æ 5ö
y- = çx- ÷
24 4 è 2ø
12 y = 3 x - 1
1
5. Slope of tangent at P =
4
2
Slope of tangent at R =
3
5
tan q =
14

y
–1
6. 0
x
7. –1
x
0

9. By putting x = 1, 2 , - 1, 0 we get a , b, c , d clearly other roots product is 1.
10. P( x) + k = 0 has 4 distinct real roots.
P( x) = -k , where - k Î (1, 2) Þ k Î ( -2 , - 1)
\ pull the graph more than 1 and less than 2, now the graph intersect the x-axis
in ( -2 , - 1),( -1, 0),(0 , 1),(2 , 3)
\ - 2 + ( -1) + 0 + 2 = -1
11. P( x) = 0 has two roots.
P ¢( x) = 0 has three root
P( x) = 0 has atleast 5 roots.
( P ¢( x)) 2 + P( x)P ¢¢( x) = 0 Þ ( P ¢( x)P( x)) ¢ = 0 has atleast four roots.

f( x 2 ) - f( x 1 )
Sol. The equation of chord AB will be y - f( x 1 ) = ( x - x1 )
x 2 - x1
This line passes through (0 , 2 x 1 x 2 )
f( x 2 ) - f( x 1 )
\ 2 x 1 x 2 - f( x 1 ) = ( -x1 )
x 2 - x1
( x 2 - x 1 ) f( x 1 ) - x 1 f( x 2 ) + x 1 f( x 1 )
Þ 2 x1 x 2 =
x 2 - x1
Þ 2 x 1 x 2 ( x 2 - x 1 ) = x 2 f( x 1 ) - x 1 f( x 2 )
f( x 1 ) f( x 2 ) f( x 1 ) f( x 2 )
Þ - = 2 ( x 2 - x1 ) Þ + 2 x1 = + 2x2 = k
x1 x2 x1 x2
f( x)
\ + 2x = k
x
\ f( x) = kx - 2 x 2
Given that f(1) = -1
\ -1 = k - 2 Þ k = 1
\ f( x) = x - 2 x 2
1/ 2
1/ 2 é x2 2x3 ù 1 2 1 1 1 1
12. \ ò f( x) dx = ê - ú = - × = - =
0 êë 2 3 ûú
0
8 3 8 8 12 24
1
13. f ¢( x) = 1 - 4 x ³ 0 Þ x £
4
14. F ( x) = f( x) + x = 2 x - 2 x 2
Clearly, F (0) = F (1) = 0
\ Rolle’s theorem is applicable in [0 , 1].
1 1
15. f( x) = 1 + x e y f( y) dy + e x
ò ò y f( y) dy
0 0
1 1
Let A = e y f( y) dy ,
ò B= ò y f( y) dy
0 0
1
Þ f( x) = 1 + Ax + Be x Þ A = e x (1 + Ay + Be y ) dy
ò
0
2 3
B =- ,A=-
e+1 2
f ¢( x) + 3 > 0
3 2e x 3( e + 1) é4 ù
Þ -- + 3 > 0 Þ ex < Þ ê e x ú = [e + 1] = 3
2 ( e + 1) 4 ë3 û
3x
16. Ax 1 + Be x1 = - 1 - 2 Þ Be x1 = -2
2
f ¢( x 1 ) = A + Be x1 = m 1
3 7
m1 = - -2 = -
2 2
3
m2 = -
2
8
tan q =
25
3.
y = f(x)
y = g(x)
0
x
1 –1
– 2 1 2
x
–2 –1 1 2
y = h(x) = f(–x)
1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
x3
4. (A) y =
( x - a )( x - b)( x - g)
8
y=
(2 - a )(2 - b)(2 - g)
x 3 - 3 x 2 + 2 x + 4 = ( x - a )( x - b)( x - g)
Put x = 2
8 - 12 + 4 + 4 = (2 - a )(2 - b)(2 - g) = 4
8
\ y|at x = 2 = = 2
4
(B) x 3 + ax + 1 = 0 , x 4 + ax + 1 = 0 …(1)
4 2
x + ax + x = 0 …(2)
2
(2) – (1) gives ax - ax + x - 1 = 0
ax( x - 1) + ( x - 1) = 0
( x - 1)( ax + 1) = 0
1
x = 1 or x = -
a
put x = 1 in (1) we get, 1 + a + 1 = 0 Þ a = -2
|a| = 2
(C) f( x) = x 2 + 4 cos x + 5 x/2
f ¢( x) = 2 x - 4 sin x = 2 ( x - 2 sin x) = 0
x
sin x = –p –2 b
2 O a2 p
(>0) when x > a

<0 when 0 < x < a
f ¢(x) – +
>0 when b < x < 0
b 0 a
<0 when x < b
x = 0 only a point of maxima
So, number of local maxima is 1.
(D) Let | x| = t Î [0 , 2]
\ f( x) = 2t 3 + 3t 2 - 12t + 1 = g(t ) – +
2 2
g¢(t ) = 6t + 6t - 12t = 6 (t + t - 2) = 6 (t + 2)(t - 1) –2 0 1
g(1) is min. of f( x) i . e. , fmin = 2 + 3 - 12 + 1 = -6

g(0) = 1, g(2) = 16 + 12 - 24 + 1 = 5
max. of f( x) is 5 > 4 , 3 , 2 , 0
1
6. f ¢ = - a + 2 x > 0 since x > 0
8x
1 - 8 ax + 16 x 2 > 0
See D = 0
D<0
D>0
7. Let g( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
f( x) = g( x)
f( x) has local maxima and local maxima at x = -2 and x = 2.
Þ g( x) has same local minima and maxima and x = -2 and 2.
Þ a < 0 ; a = -2
3 ax 2 + 2 bx + c
f ¢( x) = =0
2 ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
f ¢( -2) = 0 and f ¢(2) = 0
Þ b = 0 , c = 24
Also, g(2) > 0 and g( -2) > 0
Þ -16 + 48 + d > 0 and 16 - 48 + d > 0
d > -32 and d > 32
Þ d > 32
æ h 2 ö÷ æ 2 ö
çQ R 2 = r 2 + h ÷
8. (A) V = pr 2 h = ph × ç R 2 -
ç 4 ÷ø ç 4 ÷ø
è è
dV æ 3 h 2 ö÷ 2R 2
= pçR 2 - =0 Þ h = and r = R
dh ç 4 ø ÷ 3 3
è
pr 2 h ph 2
(B) V = = {R - ( h - R ) 2 } {Q R 2 = r 2 + ( h - R ) 2 }
3 3
dV p 4R 2 2R
= ( 4 hR - 3 h 2 ) = 0 Þ h= and r =
dh 3 3 3
r R h2r 2
(C) sin q = = Þ R2 =
h-r R + h2
2 h 2 - 2 hr
p 2 p æ h 2 r 2 ö÷
Volume of cone = R h= ç
3 3 çè h - 2 r ÷ø
dV p 2 æç ( h - 2 r) 2 h - h 2
ö
÷ = 0 Þ h = 4r
= r
dh 3 çè ÷
( h - 2 r) 2
ø
æ 2x 2x 2x ö æ 3 y 3 y 3 y 3 y ö
ç + + ÷+ç + + + ÷ 1/7
è 3 3 3 ø è 4 4 4 4 ø æç 8 x 3 81 y 4 ö 32
(D) ³ × ÷ Þ x3 y4 £
7 ç 27 256 ÷ 3
è ø
A2 pr 2 2p
1. = =
A1 æ 2 p - q ö 2 2p - q
ç ÷ × pr
è 2p ø O
1 q
2 2
pæ q ö æ q ö
V = ç ÷ 12 - ç ÷
3 è 2p ø è 2p ø
dV 8
=0 Þ q = p
dq 3
A2 3
= =3 + 6
A1 3- 2
2. f( x) = x 2 ln x
Þ f ¢( x) = x (1 + 2 ln x)
and f ¢( x) > 0 for Î[1, e]
\ f( x) is continuously increasing on [1, e] with the least value zero at x = 1 and the greatest
value e 2 at x = e.
x2
3. f( x) = px e - x - +x
2
f ¢( x) = (1 - x)[ pe - x + 1] £ 0
Þ p £ -1
ì ax e ax + e ax ; x £ 0
4. f ¢( x) = í 2
î1 + 2 ax - 3 x ; x > 0
Clearly, f ¢( x) is continuous at x = 0
ì 2 ax ax
Þ f ¢¢( x) = ía x e + 2 ae ; x £ 0 ; f ¢( x) increasing if ( ax + 2) ae ax ³ 0 and 2 a - 6 x ³ 0
î 2a - 6 x ; x>0
5. f( x) = x 2 - 2 bx + 1
Case I : b > 1
Þ f(0) - f(1) = 4
Þ 1 - (2 - 2 b) = 4
5
Þ b=
2
1
Case II : 0 < b <
2
Þ f(1) - f( b) = 4
Þ b = 3, - 1 (Not possible)
1
Case III : < b< 1
2
Þ f(0) - f( b) = 4
b = ±2 (Not possible)
Case IV : b < 0
Þ f(1) - f(0) = 4
3
Þ b=-
2
6. x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 x 2 + y 2 = 12
12 - y 2 + 9 y 2 = 36
8 y 2 = 24 Þ y 2 = 3 Þ y = 3 , - 3
when y = ± 3 , x 2 = 12 - 3 = 9
x = ±3
\ point of intersections are ( ± 3 , ± 3 )
Let one of point of intersect is (3 , 3 )
2x 2 y æ 2x ö æ 4 ö
Now, + y¢ = 0 Þ y¢ = ç - ÷ ´ çç ÷÷
36 4 è 36 ø è 2 y ø
1
( y ¢) ( 3, 3)
=- = (m 1 )
3 3
x 3
2x + 2 y y¢ = 0 Þ y¢ = - Þ ( y ¢) ( 3, 3)
=- = - 3 =m2
y 3
1
- + 3
m1 - m 2 3 3 8 2
tan q = = = =
1 + m 2m 1 1 4 3 3
1+
3
2 æ 2 ö
tan q = Þ q = tan -1 çç ÷÷
3 è 3ø
2x
7. f ¢( x) = 2 e - (l + 1) e x + 2 ³ 0 " x Î R
i . e. , 2 e 2 x + 2 - (l + 1) e x
l + 1 £ 2( e x + e - x )
l+1
£ (e x + e-x ) " x Î R
2
l+1
Þ £ ( e x + e - x ) min " x Î R
2
l+1
So, £2
2
l + 1£ 4
l£3
l Î ( -¥, 3]
\ k =3
8
9. f( x) = x 2 , g( x) = -
x
8
Þ q = p2 Þ s=-
r
s-q 8
Also, = 2p & 2p =
r-p r2
pr 2 = 4 …(1)
s-q
= 2p
r-p
8
- - p2
r 8
Þ = 2 p Þ - - p 2 = 2 pr - 2 p 2
r-p r
8
p 2 = + 2 pr
r
Þ p 2 r = 16 …(2)
Multiply (1) & (2),
Þ pr = 4
Þ r = 1, p = 4
é| x + 2|, x ³ 0
10. f( x) = ê
ë| x - 2|, x < 0
Minimum value of f( x) is 2.
x
11. f( x) = [( a - 1)(t 2 + t + 1) 2 - ( a + 1)(t 4 + t 2 + 1)] dt
ò
0
x
2 (t 2 + t + 1)( at - t 2 - 1) dt
ò
0
f ¢( x) = 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)( ax - x 2 - 1) = 0
D < 0 Þ a2 - 4 < 0
12. f( x) = x 2013 + e 2014 x

f ¢( x) = 2013 x 2012 + 2014 e 2014 x > 0
Þ f( x) is increasing function.
14. P = ( x 1 , x 13 - ax 1 )
Q = ( x 2 , x 23 - ax 2 )
Q
y = x 3 - ax P
dy
= 3x2 - a
dx
Slope at P = slope of PQ
æ x 3 - ax 2 - x 13 + ax 1 ö
\ (3 x 12 - a) = ç 2 ÷ (Q x 1 ¹ x 2 )
ç x 2 - x1 ÷
è ø
( x 2 - x 1 )( x 2 + 2 x 1 ) = 0
Þ x 2 = -2 x 1 …(1)
Slope at P ´ Slope at Q = -1
(3 x 12 - a)(3 x 22 - a) = -1 …(2)
Put (1) in (2),
36 x 14 - 15ax 12 + ( a 2 + 1) = 0
D³0 (Q x 1 Î R )
2 4
9 a ³ 16 Þ a ³
3
b
x3
15. I(t ) = ( x 2 + 2 x - t 2 ) dx =
ò + x 2 - t 2 x|ba (max)
3
a
b3 -a3
I( t ) = + (b 2 - a 2 ) - t 2 (b - a )
3 O
I ¢(t ) = -2t (b - a ) = 0
I ( t ) £ I ( 0)
0
2 4 p 4
\ I ( 0) = ò(x + 2 x) dx = - Þ =|I(0)|=
3 q 3
-2
dy 3y
16. =1- when t = 0 , y = 0
dt 100 - 2t
dy æ 3 ö
+ç ÷ y =1
dt è 100 - 2t ø
y(100 - 2t ) -3/ 2 = + (100 - 2t ) -1/ 2 + c
as when t = 0 , y = 0
1
c=-
10
1
y = (100 - 2t ) - (100 - 2t ) 3/ 2
10
dy 1 æ3ö 1/ 2
= -2 - ç ÷ (100 - 2t ) ( -2) = 0
dt 10 è 2 ø
250 7
t= = 27 +
9 9
17. Let f ¢( x) = K
Þ f( x) = Kx + c
Þ f(9) - f( -3) = 12 K
Maximum value of f(9) - f( -3) = 96
æ3 ö -9 y 12 æ 3 3ö
19. Equation of normal at P ç y 13 , y 1 ÷ is y - y 1 = ç x - y1 ÷
è4 ø 4 è 4 ø
If it passes from (0, 1) then 27 y 15 + 16 y 1 - 16 = 0 has only one real root.
æ x2 ö
20. e - x ç + x + 1÷ = a
ç 2 ÷
è ø
æ x2 ö
Let f( x) = e - x ç + x + 1÷
ç 2 ÷
è ø
æ x2 ö
f ¢( x) = e - x ç - ÷<0
ç 2 ÷
è ø
21. f ¢( x) = a - 2 sin 2 x + cos x - sin x
Let g( x) = -2 sin 2 x + cos x - sin x
= -2 {(cos x - sin x) 2 - 1} + cos x - sin x
where cos x - sin x = t
-2t 2 + t + 2 " t Î [- 2 , 2 ]
17 17
-2 - 2 £ g ( x) £ Þ a³
8 8
22. Let x = 6 cos 3 q , y = 6 sin 3 q
dy 6 (3 sin 2 q cos q)
= = - tan q
dx -6 (3 cos 2 q sin q)
Equ. of tangent
y - 6 sin 3 q = - tan q ( x - 6 cos 3 q) Þ p1 = 6 sin q cos q
Equ. of normal
y - 6 sin 3 q = cot q ( x - 6 cos 3 q) Þ p 2 = 6 (cos 2 q - sin 2 q)
4 p12 + p 22 = 6 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q + cos 4 q + sin 4 q - 2 sin 2 q cos 2 q = 6

❑❑❑
5
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE
INTEGRATION
é ù
1. ò ê a x ln x + a x ln a × x (ln x - 1) ú dx
ê 1
424 3 14243 ú
ë II I û
é é 1 ù ù
= a x × ln x dx + ê x (ln x - 1) a x - ê x × + (ln x - 1)ú a x ú dx
ò ò
ë ë x û û
= a x × ln x dx + [ x (ln x e)] a x - (ln x) a x dx
ò ò
1
1 n 1 dx
2. lim
n® ¥ n
å r
= ò x +1
= 2 ( 2 - 1)
r =1 0
1+
n
sin x
3. ò sin( x - a) dx
Let x - a = t Þ dx = dt
sin(t + a )
ò sin t
dt = t cos a + sin a log sin t + C = x cos a + sin a log sin( x - a ) + C
2 22
log( x 2 + 2) æ - log ( x 2 + 2) ö
ç ÷ 2 x dx
4. ò dx = + ò
( x + 2) 2 ç x +2 ÷ 2
0 è ø 0 0 ( x + 2)( x + 2)
2 5 1
= tan -1 2 - log 2 + log 3
3 12 12
5. For 0 < x < 1
1+ x9 < 1+ x8 < 1+ x4 < 1+ x3
x
6. Let g( x) = ò 1 - ( f( s)) 2 ds
0
Indefinite and Definite Integration 103
æ g(t ) - g( x) ö
lim çç ÷ = f( x) Þ g¢( x) = f( x) f ¢( x) = 1 - ( f( x)) 2
t ® x è f (t ) - f ( x) ÷
ø
y dy æ 1 3ö
1- y2 =1- x çQ f æç ö÷ = ÷
ò 1- y2
= dxò Þ ç
è è 2 ø 2 ÷ø
1 1
1 n æ rö 2
7. lim å fç ÷ = ò f( x) dx = ò 1 - cos 6 x - sin 6 x dx
n® ¥ n ènø 0 3
r =1 0
1
1 - cos 2
= sin 2 x dx =
ò 2
0
æ 1 ö
1 1 2ç1 - ÷
(x 6 - x 3) 1 è x3 ø 1 æ 1 ö
8. ò (2 x 3 + 1) 3 dx = ò dx = - ç Put 2 x + 2 = t ÷
2 æ 3 36
0 0 1 ö è x ø
ç2x + 2 ÷
è x ø
1/ 2 1
sin -1 x tan -1 x
9. 2 ò dx - ò dx
x x
0 0
p/ 4 p/ 4 p/ 4 p/ 4
q cos q q sec 2 q p
2 ò dq - ò dq = - ln 2 - 2 ò ln sin q dq + ò ln tan q dq
sin q tan q 4
0 0 0 0
p/ 4
p
=- ò ln sin 2q dq = 4 ln 2
0
x 0
10. f( x) = x 2 + e -t f( x - t ) dt = x 2 - e - x eu f(u) du
ò ò (Let x - t = u)
0 x
0
f ¢( x) = 2 x + e - x eu f(u) du + f( x)
ò Þ f ¢( x) = x 2 + 2 x
x
x3
Þ f( x) = + x2
3
æ 1 ö
11. f ¢( x) = f( x) + k1 çk = f( x) dx ÷
ç 1 ò ÷
è 0 ø
Þ y = ke x - k1
if f(0) = 1 Þ k - k1 = 1
1
2 e -1
k1 = ( ke x - k1 ) dx Þ 2 k1 = k ( e - 1) Þ k =
ò and k1 =
3-e 3-e
0
1+ cos2 x 1+ cos2 x 1+ cos2 x

12. I 1 = ò tf(t(2 - t )) dt = 2 ò f (t(2 - t )) dt - ò tf(t(2 - t )) dt
2 2 2
sin x sin x sin x
I1 = 2I 2 - I1 Þ I1 = I 2
5 sin x dx cos x + 2 sin x
13. ò = dx + 2 ò ò dx = x + 2 ln|sin x - 2 cos x| + C
sin x - 2 cos x sin x - 2 cos x
2 1
+
(2 + x ) dx 2 3/ 2
14. x x
ò
( x + 1 + x)2
=
æ1 1
ò ö
2
dx
ç + + 1÷
èx x ø
1 1 æ 1 1 ö
Let + + 1=t Þ ç- - ÷ dx = dt
2
x x è x 2 x 3/ 2 ø
æ 2 - x2 - x ö
æ3 2 öæ6 2 ö
3
x + (2 - x 2 ) 3 ç ÷
ç x + 2 - x ÷ ç 1 - x 2 - x ÷ dx ç 2 ÷
è øè ø è ø
15. ò = ò dx
3 3
1- x2 1- x2
= 2 1/ 6 dx = 2 1/ 6 x + C
ò
dx
16. ò 1 - tan 2 x
cos x dx 1
ò = sin -1 ( 2 sin x) + C
2 2
1 - 2 sin x
dx
17. I = ò x 5/ 6 ×( x + 1)7 / 6
x dx
=t = dt
x +1 ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2 dt -5/ 6
I= ò [t( x + 1)]5/ 6 ( x + 1)7 / 6 = ò t dt = 6t 1/ 6 + C
18. I n = sin n x dx = sin n -2 x(1 - cos 2 x) dx

ò ò
n -2
I n = I n -2 - ò 1sin442x 44
× cos x × cos x dx
3 123
II I
æ cos x × sin n -1 x sin n -1 x ö÷
I n = I n -2 -ç - - sin x ×
ò dx
ç n -1 n -1 ÷
è ø
cos x × sin n -1 x 1
I n = I n -2 - - In
n -1 n -1
nI n - (n - 1) I n -2 = - cos x × sin n -1 x
2 1 dt
19. òx dx Let a + bx = t then dx =
2 b
( a + bx)
2
1 æt - aö 1 dt 1 æ t 2 - 2 at + a 2 ö
\ ò x2 dx = ç ò
÷ × 2 × = ò ç ÷ dt
( a + bx) 2
è b ø t b b3 ç t2 ÷
è ø
æ 2 ö é 2ù
1 ç 1 - 2 a + a ÷ dt = 1 êt - 2 a ln|t| - a ú + C
=
b3
ò ç
è t t 2 ÷ø b3 ë t û
1 é a2 ù
= ê a + bx - 2 a ln|a + bx| - ú +C
b3 ë a + bx û
8 x 43 + 13 x 38
20. ò ( x 13 + x 5 + 1) 4 dx
8 x -9 + 13 x -14
ò (1 + x -8 + x -13 ) 4 dx
Let 1 + x -8 + x -13 = t
( -8 x -9 - 13 x -14 ) dx = dt
dt 1 1 x 39
\ ò -
t4
=+
3t 3
+C =
3 (1 + x -8 + x -13 ) 3
+C =
3 ( x 13 + x 5 + 1) 13
+C
æ (cos 6 x + cos 4 x) + 5 (cos 4 x + cos 2 x) + 10 (cos 2 x + 1) ö

21. ò çè ÷ dx
10 cos 2 x + 5 cos x cos 3 x + cos x cos 5 x ø
2 cos 5 x cos x + 5 (2 cos 3 x cos x) + 10 (2 cos 2 x)
= ò 10 cos 2 x + 5 cos x cos 3 x + cos x cos 5 x
dx
= 2 dx = 2 x + C
ò
f( x) = 2 x Þ f(10) = 20
-1 -1 -1
-1
22. ò (1 + x - x ) e x + x dx = e x + x ò × 1 dx + ( x + x -1 ) e x + x dx
ò
-1 -1 æ 1 ö x + x -1
= e x+ x × x - e x+ x ç 1 -
ò
-1
÷ x dx + ( x - x ) e
ò dx + C
2
è x ø
-1
+C = xe x + x
é ù
ê 2 tan x 1 ú 2 tan x 2
23. ex ê ú dx = e x é ù
ò +
ê 1 + tan x æ 1 - cos( p 2 + 2 x) ö ú ê 1 + tan x + (1 + sin 2 x) ú dx
ë
ò û
ê ç ÷ú
ë è 2 øû
é sin x 1 ù
=2 ex ê
ò + dt
2ú
ë sin x + cos x (sin x + cos x) û
sin x 1
Let f( x) = , f ¢( x) =
sin x + cos x (sin x + cos x) 2
æ sin x ö
=2 ×exç ÷+C
è sin x + cos x ø
æ 5p ö
gç ÷ =1
è 4 ø
d
24. ( x sin x + cos x) = x cos x f ¢( x) = x cos x
dx
Let f( x) = x sin x + cos x f ¢¢( x) = - x sin x + cos x
æ f ¢¢( x) ö÷ f ¢¢( x)
ò e f ( x ) ç xf ¢( x) + dx = xe f ( x ) f ¢( x) dx + e f ( x ) ×
ò ò dx
ç 2 ÷
( f ¢( x) ) ø ( f ¢( x) 2 )
è
-1 æ -1 ö
= xe f ( x ) - e f ( x ) dx + e f ( x )
ò - e f ( x ) × f ¢ ( x) çç
ò ÷÷ dx
f ¢ ( x) è f ¢ ( x) ø
e f( x) æ 1 ö
= xe f ( x ) - + C = e f ( x ) çç x - ÷+C
f ¢ ( x) è f ¢ ( x) ÷ø
æ 1 ö
= e x sin x + cos x ç x - ÷+C
è x cos xø
1
æ 1 ö
25. ò çè x+ ÷ dx
0
x + 1+ x ø
1 1 1
2 2
ò ( x + ( 1 + x - x ) dx = ( 1 + x dx = (1 + x) 3/ 2
ò = (2 3/ 2 - 1)
3 0 3
0 0
2
x
26. òx x(2 ln x + 1) dx
2
xx =t
x 2 ln x = ln t
æ 2 1 ö 1
çx + (ln x) 2 x ÷ dx = dt
è x ø t
dt 2
\ t× = dt = t + C = x x + C = ( x x ) x + C
ò ò
t
27. = sec 2010 x cosec 2 x dx - 2010 sec 2010 x dx
ò ò
2010
= ò sec x( - cot x) - ò 2010 sec 2010 x × tan x × ( - cot x) - ò 2010 sec 2010 x dx
cot x - cot x
=- + 2010 ò sec 2010 x dx - 2010 ò sec 2010 x dx + C = +C
2010
(cos x) (cos x) 2010
f( x) 1
\ = = { x} no solution.
g( x) sin x
28. Let x x ln x = t
æ x x ö÷
Þ ç x x ln x (1 + ln x) + dx = dt
ç x ÷ø
è
æ 1ö
Þ x x ç ln x + (ln x) 2 + ÷ dx = dt
è xø
x
ò dt = t + C = x ln x + C
æ 1 1 ö
ç 3 - 5 ÷ dx
èx x ø
29. I = ò 2 1
2- +
2
x x4
2 1 1 dt
Let 2 - + =t Þ I = ò
2 4 4
x x t
30. Put ln x = t
2
æ t -1 ö æ 1 2t ö
I = et ç
ò ÷ dt = et çç - ò ÷ dt
2 2 2 2 ÷
è t + 1ø è t + 1 (t + 1) ø
dx dx
31. I = ò = ò
3/ 4 5/ 4 3/ 4
( x - 1) ( x + 2) æ x -1ö 2
ç ÷ ( x + 2)
è x +2ø
x -1 3 dx
Let = t Þ dt =
x +2 ( x + 2) 2
2 - (1 + x 7 ) dx 2 7x6 2 7
32. ò dx = - ò + ò x 7 (1 + x 7 ) dx = - ln| x| + 7 ln|1 + x | + C
7 x 7
x(1 + x )
(sin 4 x - cos 4 x)(sin 4 x + cos 4 x)
33. I = ò dx = (sin 2 x - cos 2 x) dx = - cos 2 x dx
ò ò
2 2
1 - 2 sin x cos x
(tan x) 1/ 3 d ((tan x) 1/ 3 )
34. I = 2 1/ 3 ò (tan x) 2/ 3 + 1
Let (tan x) 1/ 3 = t Þ d((tan x) 1/ 3 ) = dt
2 1/ 3 2t
I= ò t 2 + 1 dt
2
(2012) x -1
( 2012)x
35. ò × (2012) sin dx
1 - (2012) 2 x
-1 x
-1 x 1 (2012) sin ( 2012)
Let sin (2012) = t Þ (2012) t dt = ò +C
ln 2012 ln 2 (2012)
36. Let x + 1 = t 2 Þ dx = 2t dt
æ 1ö
ç 1 + 2 ÷ dt
(t 2 + 1) dt è t ø
2 ò t 4 + t 2 + 1 = 2ò æ 2
1ö
çt - ÷ + 3
è tø
æ f( x) g¢ ( x) - f ¢ ( x) g( x) ö æ g( x) ö
37. ò ççè ÷÷ ln çç ÷÷ dx
f( x) g( x) ø è f( x) ø
g( x) f( x) g¢( x) - g( x) f ¢( x) ln t (ln t ) 2
Let =t Þ dx = dt; ò dt = +C
f( x) ( f( x)) 2 t 2
æ xæ 2 1 ö ö
38. ò ççè ò e ç ln x + - 2 ÷ dx ÷÷ dx
è x x ø ø
æ xæ 1ö xæ 1 1 ö ö æ xæ 1ö ö x
ò ççè ò e ç ln x + ÷ dx + e ç - 2 ÷ dx ÷÷ dx = ç e ç ln x + ÷ + C 1 ÷ dx = e ln x + C 1 x + C 2
è xø ò
èx x ø ø è è xø ø
ò
æ -t cos( x + pt ) 1 1
1 × cos( x + pt ) ö÷
39. f( x) = p 2 ç + ò dt = p cos x - 2 sin x
ç p 0 p ÷
è 0 ø
2 é 2 ö
40. £ 5 Þ xÎê , 1÷
x ë 5 ø
1 2/ 5 1 1
æ 2 ö 2
\ ò f( x) dx = ò f( x) dx + ò f( x) dx £ 5 ç
è 5
- 0÷ +
ø 2/
ò x
dx
0 0 2/ 5 5
1
\ ò0 f( x) dx £ 2 + 2 [ln x]1
2/ 5
é 5ù
\ a = 2 + 2 ln ê ú
ë 2 û
42. f(0) = 0 , f(2 p) = 2 p
2p 2p 2p
\ ò f( x) dx + ò f -1 ( x) dx = ò 2 p dx = 4 p
2
0 0 0
2p 2p
éx2 ù
Þ ê - cos x ú + I = 4 p 2 Þ I= òf
-1
( x) dx = 2 p 2
ë 2 û0 0
é 1 1ù é é 1 ù 1 ù
4 4 4 4 4
43. = 2 ê2 e - x dx - 8 x 4 e - x dx ú = 2 ê2 ê( xe - x ) 10 + 4 x 4 e - x dx ú - 8 x 4 e - x dx ú
ò ò ò ò
êë 0 0 úû êë êë 0 úû 0 úû
4
=
e
46. Put y - 2 = z
2
z2 +1
I= ò sin( z ) dz = 0
2
-2 2 z +3
4
3 sin x 3
47. òxe dx
1
Let x 3 = t Þ 3 x 2 dx = dt
64 sin t
e
ò t
dt = F (64) - F (1)
1
x
2
x × et dt
ò
x
2
-x2
51. lim x et ò dt = lim 0
2
x® ¥ x ®¥
0 ex
Apply L’ Hospital’s rule,
x æ x ö
2 2 2
x × ( e x ) + et dt × 1 ç et dt ÷
ò ç1 ò ÷ 1
0
lim 2
= lim ç + 0 2
÷=
x ® ¥ç 2
x® ¥
e x ×2x 2x ex ÷ 2
ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø
n 1
2 ×r + n (2 x + 1) dx
52. L = å r 2 + n × r + n 2 ò x 2 + x + 1 = ln( x 2 + x + 1)|10
=
r =1 0
L = ln 3
3
53. Let x 2 + 2 x = y = f( x)
x = -1 + ( y 3 + 1) 1/ 2
2
I = ( f -1 ( x) + f( x) + 1) dx
ò
0
2 2
Consider ò f -1 ( x) = tf ¢(t ) dt
ò Let f -1 ( x) = t ; x = f(t ); dx = f ¢(t ) dt
0 0
2
= tf(t )|20 - dx = 6
ò
0
p/ 2
æ ln 2 + ln tan q ö
54. Put x = 2 tan q then I = ò çç ÷÷ 2 sec 2 q dq then solve it.
2
0 è 4 sec q ø
55. Put x - 5 = t
x = 0, t = - 5
x = 10 , t = 5
5 5
2 3 t3 250
ò (t + t + t ) dt =
3
=
3
-5 -5
¥
dx
56. Let I= ò (1 + x 9 )(1 + x 2 ) …(1)
0
1 1
Put x = Þ dx = - dt
t t2
dt
0 - ¥
t2 t 9 dt
I= ò = ò (t 9 + 1)(1 + t 2 ) …(2)
æ 9 öæ
¥ ç t + 1÷ ç 1 + t
2 ö 0
÷
ç t9 ÷ç t2 ÷
è øè ø
On adding (1) & (2),
¥
dt -1
¥
2I = ò (1 + t 2 ) = tan t
0
0
p p
2I = Þ I=
2 4
p/ 2 p/ 2
æ 1 + sin 3 x ö 1 + 3 sin x - 4 sin 3 x
57. I = ò ç ÷ dx = ò dx
0
è 1 + 2 sin x ø 0
1 + 2 sin x
p/ 2
(1 + 2 sin x)( -2 sin 2 x + sin x + 1) æ1 pö p
= ò (1 + 2 sin x)
= -2 ç ÷ + 1+ =1
è2 2ø 2
0
-1 2
(tan x)
58. lim
x® ¥ 1
2x
2 x2 + 1
1+ x2 p2
lim (tan -1 x) 2 =
x® ¥ x 4
2013
59. Let t = Õ( x 2 + r 2 )
r =1
2013
ln t = å ln( x 2 + r 2 )
r =1
2013 æ 2013 x ö
1 2x
t
dt = å
x 2
+ r 2
dx Þ dt = 2 ç
ç x 2
+ r 2
÷ t dx
÷ å
r =1 è r =1 ø
1
dt t 1 æç 2013 2 ö 1 æ 2013 2013 ö
\ ò = = ( x + r 2 )÷ = ç
Õ (1 + r 2 ) - r2 ÷Õ Õ
ç
2 2 2 è r =1 ÷ ç ÷
ø 0 2 è r =1 r =1 ø
1 1 æ 2x ö
60. f ¢( x) = 2 - - ç1 + ÷ =2 - 1 - 1
2 2 ç ÷ 2
1+ x x + 1+ x è 2 1+ x2 ø 1+ x 1+ x2
æç (1 + x 2 ) - 1 + x 2 ö÷ + x 2
2(1 + x 2 ) - 1 - 1 + x 2 è ø
= = >0" xÎR
1+ x2 1+ x 2
p/ 2 p/ 2
sin x cos x dx xæ x xö
61. I = ò = ò sin ç cos - sin ÷ dx
1 + sin x + cos x 2è 2 2ø
0 0
p/ 2
1 p
=
2 ò [sin x + cos x - 1] dx = 1 - 4
0
7
cos x 2 dx
62. I = ò cos x 2 + cos(10 - x) 2
3
7
cos(10 - x) 2 dx
I= ò cos(10 - x) 2 + cos x 2
3
Þ 2I = 4 Þ I = 2
1 e2 1 e2
ln x ln x é(ln x) 2 ù é(ln x) 2 ù 1 5
63. - ò dx + ò dx = - ê ú +ê ú =2 + =
-1
x x ë 2 û e -1 ë 2 û 1 2 2
e 1
cosec 2 x
ò tg(t ) dt
cosec 2 x g(cosec 2 x) 2cosec x( -cosec x) cot x -16
2
64. lim = lim = g(2)
x®
p p2 x®
p 2x p
4 x2 - 4
16
n
n-k 4k
65. lim
n® ¥ n
å 2
cos
n
k =1
æ kö
n ç1 - ÷ 1
è nø æ 4k ö
lim
n® ¥
å
n
cos ç
è n ø
÷ = (1 - x) cos 4 x dx ò
k =1 0
1 1 1
sin 4 x sin 4 x 1
= (1 - x) + ò dx = - cos 4 x
4 0 4 16 0
0
1 1
= - (cos 4 - 1) = (1 - cos 4)
16 16
é1/ n p
2/ n
2p
1
np ù
66. lim ê sin ò dx + sin
ò dx +¼¼ + sin dx ú
ò
n® ¥ê 2n 2n 2n ú
ë 0 1/ n 1-1/n û
1é p 2p np ù
lim sin + sin +¼¼ + sin ú
n® ¥ n êë 2n 2n 2n û
æ np ö
sin ç ÷
è 4n ø æ (n + 1) p ö 2
lim sin ç ÷=
n® ¥ p è 4n ø p
n sin
4n
n +1
1 1 1 1 n+3
67. ò min.{| x - 1|,| x - 2|,| x - 3|, ¼¼| x - n|} dx = 2 (1) + 2 ´ 2 ´ (n - 1) + 2 ´ (1) = 4
0
1/2
1 2 3 n–1 n n+1
1 æ kp ö
68. S k = k sin ç ÷
2 è 2n ø
n 1
1 1 kp 1 æ px ö 2
lim
n® ¥ n 2
å 2
k sin
2 n
=
2
x sin ç ÷ dx =
ò 2
è ø p2
k =1 0
g( x)
dt
71. f( x) = ò g¢( x) = - sin x × (1 + sin(cos x)) 2
3
0 1+ t
1
f ¢( x) = g¢( x) ×
1 + ( g( x)) 3
æpö æpö p
f ¢ ç ÷ = g¢ ç ÷ = - sin = -1
è2ø è2ø 2
x
72. x 2 f( x) = ( 4t 2 - 2 f ¢(t )) dt
ò
4
x f ¢( x) + 2 x f( x) = 4 x 2 - 2 f ¢( x)
2
16 f ¢( 4) + 8 f( 4) = 64 - 2 f ¢( 4)
18 f ¢( 4) = 64
9 f ¢( 4) = 32
2
æ rö
2n 2n ç ÷ 2 2
r2 1 ènø x 2 dx 1 1
73. lim å n 3 + r 3 = nlim å = ò 1+ x3 = ln|1 + x 3| = ln 9
n® ¥ ®¥ n 3 3 3
r =1 r =1 æ rö 0 0
1+ ç ÷
ènø
2p p p
-1 x2 -1
74. ò cos (cos x) dx = 2 cos (cos x) dx = 2 ×ò = p2
2
0 0 0
x
75. 2 f( x) = ( x 2 - 2 xt + t 2 ) g(t ) dt
ò
0
x x x
2 f( x) = x 2 g(t ) dt - 2 x t × g(t ) dt + t 2 g(t ) dt
ò ò ò
0 0 0
x x
2 f ¢( x) = x 2 × g( x) + ò g(t ) dt × 2 x - 2 x( x g( x)) - t × g(t ) dt × 2 + x 2 g( x)
ò
0 0
x x
2 f ¢( x) = 2 x g(t ) dt - 2 tg(t ) dt
ò ò
0 0
x
f ¢¢( x) = x × g( x) + ò g(t) dt - xg( x)
0
x
f ¢¢( x) = g(t ) dt
ò
0
f ¢¢¢( x) = g( x)
p p/ 2
x 3 cos 4 x sin 2 x 2
76. I = ò p 2 - 3 px + 3 x 2 dx = l ò sin x dx
0 0
p 3 4 2 p
( p - x) cos x sin x
I= ò dx Þ 2 I = p cos 4 x sin 2 x dx
ò
0 p 2 - 3 px + 3 x 2 0
3
1 æ 2x ö 3 p p
77. × tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 x = -0 =
2 è1- x2 ø 0
0 3 3
3 3 1 2 3
[ x] [ x]
78. ò { x} dx = ( x - [ x])
ò dx = 1 × dx + ( x - 1) dx + ( x - 2) 2 dx
ò ò ò
0 0 0 1 2
1 -1
tan x
79. I = ò dx
x
0
x = tan q
p/ 4 p/ 4 p/ 2
q 2q 1 t
I= ò × sec 2 q dq = ò dq = ò dt
tan q sin 2q 2 sin t
0 0 0
4/ p 4/ p 4/ p 4p 4/ p
1 1 1 1 æ -1 ö 3 1
80. ò 3 x 2 sin dx - ò x cos dx = sin × x 3 - ò cos ×ç ÷ × x dx - ò x cos dx
123 x x x x è x2 ø x
II 123
0 0 0 0 0
I
64 1 æ 1 ö 32 2
× - lim ç x 3 sin ÷ =
3
p 2 x ® 0 è xø p3
3x
x +1
æ 2 28 t ö 2
81. ç 8t +
ò + 4 ÷ dt =
è 3 ø log ( x +1) x + 1
-1
x
3x
+1
8t 3 14t 2
+ + 4t = 2
3 3 1
-1
2
8 x 3 14 x 2 æ -8 14 ö
+ + 4x - ç + - 4÷ = 3x + 2
3 3 è 3 3 ø
8 x 3 + 14 x 2 + 12 x + 8 - 14 + 12 = 9 x + 6
8 x 3 + 14 x 2 + 3 x = 0
x(8 x 2 + 14 x + 3) = 0
x(2 x + 3)( 4 x + 1) = 0
3 1
x = 0, - ,-
2 4
But x > -1 & x ¹ 0
1
So, x = -
4
4 x 4
85. f( x) = e| x -t|dt = e( x -t ) dt + e(t - x ) dt = e x + e 4- x - 2 ³ 2 e 2 - 2
ò ò ò
0 0 x
¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
1 4 cos 3 x 1 cos 3 x + 3 cos x 1 cos 3 x 3 cos x
86. ò dx = ò dx = ò dx + ò dx
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x
0 0 0 0
æ x x öæ x xö æ 2 x xö
87. ò çè sin 2 + cos 2 ÷ø çè cos 2 - sin 2 ÷ø dx = ò çè cos - sin 2 ÷ dx = cos x dx ò
2 2ø
p p p
sin(2nx + x) sin 2nx × cos x cos 2nx × sin x
88. I 1 = ò dx = dx + ò ò dx
n+ sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
2 0 0 0
p p
1 sin 2nx 1 cos 2nx
=
2 ò
sin x
dx +
2 cos x
dx ò
0 0
1
89. f ¢( x) = 1 + ln 2 x + 2 ln x = 0 Þ x =
e
1/ e
æ 1ö 1 2
f ç ÷ =1+ + ò (ln t + 2 ln t ) dt
è eø e
1
1/ e
2
Let I = ò (ln t + 2 ln t ) dt
1
-1
1
ln t = x Þ t = e ; dt = e dx = ( x 2 + 2 x) e x dx = [e x × x 2 ]-01 =
x x
ò e
0
x
90. f( x) = x 2 + e -t f( x - t ) dt
ò
0
x x
x 2 + et - x f(t ) dt = x 2 + e - x et f(t ) dt
ò ò
0 0
x
Þ f ¢( x) = 2 x - e - x òe
t
f(t ) dt + f( x)
0
x3
Þ f ¢( x) = 2 x + x 2 Þ f( x) = + x2
3
1
Þ y= ( -2 x 2 + 6 x - 1)
4
p/ 2 p/ 2
cos 2 x cos 2 x
91. I= ò dx = ò dx
-p/ 2 1+ 5x -p/ 2 1 + 5-x
p/ 2
2
Þ 2I = ò cos x dx
-p/ 2
p/ 2
2 p
Þ I= ò cos x dx =
4
0
æ x 2 - x + 1 ö cot -1 x
92. ò ççè x 2 + 1 ÷ø
÷e dx
-1
Let cot -1 x = 1 Þ dx = dt
1+ x2
t 2
ò e (cot t - cosec t ) dt = et × cot t + c
-1
= x × e cot x
+c
2 1 1
1 n æç r n 2 + r 2 ö
÷ = lim 1
n
r æ rö é( 1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 ù
93. lim å 1 + ç ÷ = x 1 + x 2 dx = ê
å ò ú
x ®¥ n ç
r =1 è n2 ÷ x ®¥ n
ø r =1 n ènø 0 ë 3 û0
( x 3 - 1) x3 1 1 4
94. ò ( x 4 + 1)( x + 1) dx = ò x 4 + 1 dx - ò x + 1 dx = 4 ln(1 + x ) - ln(1 + x) + c
(cos -1 cos x)( - sin x) - x sin x 1

95. lim = lim =-
x ®0 + 2 - 2 cos 2 x +
x ® 0 4 sin x2 4
0 x > tan1
96. f(x) cos x 0 < x < tan1

cos x
x = tan1
2
¥ tan 1 ¥
ò f( x) dx = ò cos x + ò 0 dx = sin(tan 1)
0 0 tan 1
æ k ö
n ç ÷ 1
æ k ö 1 n ç n ÷ = x dx
97. lim
n ®¥
ç 2 å ÷ = lim
n ®¥ n ç å 1 2k ÷ ò
k =1 è n + n + 2 k ø k =1 1 + + 0
ç n n 2 ÷ø
è
y
ò|t - 1|dt y -1
1
98. lim Þ lim =0 (Applying L’ Hospital Rule)
+ tan( y - 1) + 2
y ®1 y ®1 sec ( y - 1)
1
1 dx é x ù 5 1 dx
99. ò =ê ú + ò0 (1 + x 2 ) 3
2 4 2 4 -1
0 (1 + x ) êë 2 ( 4 - 1)(1 + x ) úû 0 6
1
æ 1 ö 5é x ù 5 3 1 dx
=ç - 0÷ + ê + × ò0 (1 + x 2 ) 2
ç 6 ( 2) 3 ÷ 6 ê 2 (2)(1 + x 2 ) 2 úú
è ø ë û0 6 4
1
1 æ 5ö é 1 ù 5é x ù 5 1 1 dx
= +ç ÷ê - 0ú + ê ú + ´ ò0 1 + x 2
48 è 6 ø ë 16 2
û 8 ëê 2 (1)(1 + x ) úû 0 8 2
1 5 5æ 1 ö 5
= + + ç - 0÷ + [tan -1 x]10
48 6 ´ 16 8 è 4 ø 16
7 5 5 ép ù
= + + - 0ú
6 ´ 16 8 ´ 4 16 êë 4 û
22 5p
= +
6 ´ 16 64
11 5p
= +
48 64
Alternate solution :
1 dx
I= ò0 (1 + x 2 ) 4
Put x = tan q; therefore, dx = sec 2 q dq.
p / 4 sec 2 q dq
I= ò0 (sec q) 8
That is,
p/ 4
I= ò0 (cos q) 6 dq
2
p / 4 æ 3 cos q + cos 3q ö
= ò0 ç
è 4
÷ dq
ø
9 p/ 4 1 p/ 4 3 p/4
= ò0 cos 2 q dq + ò0 (cos 3q) 2 dq + ò0 cos q cos 3q dq
16 16 8
9 p/ 4 1 + cos 2q 1 p/ 4 1 + cos 6q 3 p / 4 cos 4q + cos 2q
=
16 ò0 2
dq +
16 ò0 2
dq +
8 ò0 2
dq
p/ 4 p/ 4 p/ 4
9 é sin 2q ù 1 é sin 6q ù 3 é sin 4q sin 2q ù
= q+ + q+ + +
32 êë 2 úû 0 16 ´ 2 êë 6 úû 0 8 ´ 2 êë 4 2 úû 0
æ 9 ö é p 1ù 1 é p 1ù 3 é 1 ù
=ç ÷ê + ú + ê - ú+ ê0 + - 0ú
è 32 ø ë 4 2 û 16 ´ 2 ë 4 6 û 8 ´ 2 ë 2 û
5 11
= +
64 p 48
p/ 4
4
100. We have, I= ò (sin x) dx …(1)
0
1 - cos 2 x
We know that, sin 2 x =
2
Therefore,
2
æ 1 - cos 2 x ö
sin 4 x = (sin x) 4 = ç ÷
è 2 ø
1
= [1 - 2 cos 2 x + (cos 2 x) 2 ]
4
1æ 1 + cos 4 x ö
= ç 1 - 2 cos 2 x + ÷
4è 2 ø
1æ3 cos 4 x ö
= ç - 2 cos 2 x + ÷
4è2 2 ø
Substituting this value of sin 4 x in Eq. (1), we get
p/ 4
æ3 1 1 ö
I= ò ç - cos 2 x + cos 4 x ÷ dx
0
è8 2 8 ø
p/ 4
é3 ù 1 1
=ê xú - [sin 2 x]p0/ 4 + [sin 4 x]p0/ 4
ë8 û0 4 32
æ3 pö 1 1
= ç × ÷ - ( 1 - 0) + ( 0 - 0)
è8 4ø 4 32
3p 1
= -
32 4
Alternate solution : We have,
p/ 4
4
I= ò (sin x) dx
0
which can be written as

J = (sin 2 x)(1 - cos 2 x) dx
ò
1
= ò sin 2 x dx - ò 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
4
1 - cos 2 x 1
= ò dx - (sin 2 x) 2 dx
ò
2 4
1 1 1 1 - cos 4 x
= x - sin 2 x - ò dx
2 4 4 2
x sin 2 x 1 1
= - - x+ sin 4 x + c
2 4 8 32
3 sin 2 x sin 4 x
= x- + +c
8 4 32
Using the given limits, the above equation becomes

p/ 4 p/ 4 p/ 4
é3 ù é sin 2 x ù é sin 4 x ù
I = [ J ]p0/ 4 = ê x ú -ê ú +ê
ë8 û 0 ë 4 û0 ë 32 úû 0
3p 1
= -
32 4
(cos 9 x + cos 6 x) sin 5 x 5x 3x
101. ò dx = 2 cos cos
ò = (cos 4 x + cos x)
ò
sin 10 x - sin 5 x 2 2
sin 4 x
= + sin x + C
4
1
A = ,B =1
4
dx
x 2014 1 æ x 2013 ö
102. ò = ln ç ÷+C
1 2013 çè 1 + x 2013 ÷ø
1+
x 2013
1 1 2 1é 2 1 2 ù
103. x × (2 x × e - x ) dx = êæç - xe - x ö÷ + e - x dx ú
ò ò
2 0 2 ëè ø 0 û
1é 1 ù
= ê - + aú
2ë e û
é 1 2 3 ù 4 5
104. 2 ê ò0 f( x) dx + ò1 f( x) dx + ò2 f( x) dx úû + ò3 f( x) dx + ò4 f( x) dx
ë
é 0 2 12 2 2 ù 3 2 4 2 35
=2ê + + ú+ + =
ë 2 2 2 û 2 2 2
1 3x2
105. ò x 6 (1 + x 3 ) 2 dx
3
Let 1 + x 3 = t Þ 3 x 2 dx = dt
1 dt 1 æç 2 1 2 1 ö
÷ dt
Þ
2 ò
3 t (t - 1) 2
= + - +ò
3 çè t t 2 t - 1 (t - 1) 2 ÷
ø
3n 3
1 1
106. lim å = ò dx = (2 1 + x ) 30 = 2
n ®¥
r =1 r 0
1+ x
n 1+
n
2 2 2 2 2
éx2 ù x x2
107. x f( x) dx = ê
ò f ( x)ú - f ¢( x) dx = 0 + ò ò2 dx
0 ë 2 û0 0 2 0 1+ x3
p/ 3
108. ò (ln(cos x + 3 sin x) - ln cos x) dx
0
p/ 3
ì æ æ p öö ü p
= ò ílnç 2 cos ç x - ÷ ÷ - ln cos x ý dx = ln 2
î è è 3 øø þ 3
0
100 1 1 1 1 1
109. åò f( r - 1 + x) dx = ò f( x) dx + ò f( x + 1) dx + ò f( x + 2) dx +¼ + ò f( x + 99) dx
r =1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 100 100
= ò f( x) dx + ò f( x) dx + ò f( x) dx +¼ + ò f( x) dx = ò f( x) dx = a
0 1 2 99 0
n k 1 2
æ (2 x) ö e -1
110. lim
n ®¥
å x 2 çç k !
÷ = x 2 × e2x Þ
÷ òx
2 2x
e dx =
4
k =0 è ø 0
5
111. òx 1 + x 3 dx
Let 1 + x 3 = t 2
3 x 2 dx = 2t dt
2 2 2 2 æ t 5 t 3 ö÷
t (t - 1) dt = ç
ò - +c
3 3 çè 5 3 ÷ø
sin x
112. f ¢( x) =
x
f ¢( x) > 0 " x Î (0 , p)
f ¢( x) < 0 " x Î ( p , 2 p)
x( x 2 + 1) + 3 ( x 2 + 3)
113. ò dx
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 3)
æ x 3 ö
ò çè x 2 + 3 + x 2 + 1 ÷ø dx
1
ln| x 2 + 3| + 3 tan -1 x + c
2
sec 5 x sec 4 x
114. ò dx = ò dx
sin 3 x tan 3 x
Let tan x = t 2
sec 2 x dx = 2t dt
(1 + t 4 ) × 2t × dt æ 1 ö
ò =2 ç + t 2 ÷ dt
ò
3 2
t èt ø
115. Let tx = y Þ x dt = dy
x2
sin y
òe dy 2
e sin x 2 x
0
lim = lim =1
x ®0 x2 x ®0 2x
p/ 2 p/ 2 p/ 2 p
cos 2 x æ sin 2 x ö sin 2 x sin q
116. ò dx = ç ÷ +2 ò dx = -1 + ò dq (Q Let 2 x = q)
2
0
x è 2x ø0 0 (2 x) 0 q2
dx
1. ò (1 + Let x = t 2 Þ dx = 2t dt
x)8
2t dt é dt dt ù é 1 1 ù
ò (1 + t) 8 = 2 êë ò (t + 1)7 - ò (t + 1) 8 úû = 2 êêë - 6 (1 + t) 6 + 7(1 + t)7 úúû + C
a a
2. é e x + cos x ln( x + 1 + x 2 )ù dx = 2 e x dx = 2 ( e a - 1) Þ e a > 7
ò ëê ûú ò 4
-a 0
x
3. I = ò dx Let x 3/ 2 = a 3/ 2 cos q
a - x3
3
x 2 a 3/ 2 cos q
= ò ( a 3/ 2 ) 2 - ( x 3/ 2 ) 2
dx =
3 ò a 3 - a 3 sin 2 q
dq
2 2 2 æ x 3/ 2 ö
= dq = q + C = sin -1 ç
ò ÷+C
3 3 3 ç a 3/ 2 ÷
è ø
æ ö tan 2 x tan 2 x
4. ò x sin x sec
3
x ç tan x sec 2 x ÷ dx = x
x dx = { ò - dx ò
ç 14 4244 3÷ 2 2
I è II ø
tan 2 x (sec 2 x - 1) tan 2 x 1
=x - ò dx = x - (tan x - x) + C
2 2 2 2
1
= ( x sec 2 x - tan x) + C
2
\ f( x) = sec 2 x , g( x) = tan x
(a) Clear f( x) Ï( -1, 1)
(b) tan x = sin x
Þ cos x = 1 Þ tan x is not defined.

no solution
p
(c) g¢( x) = f( x) " x Î R except (2n - 1)
2
(d) sec 2 x = tan x
1 + tan 2 x - tan x = 0 has no solution.
sin q
5. ò (sin 3q + sin q) cos q e dq = ( 4 sin q - 4 sin 3 q) e sin q cos q dq
ò
Let t = sin q
dt = cos q dq = 4 [-t 3 + 3t 2 - 5 t + 5] et + C
Compare it
A = -4 , B = -12 , C = -20
q q
2 x dx 2 (q - x) dx
7. I = ò = ò
0
(3q - 2 x)(q + 2 x) 0
(3q - 2 x)(q + 2 x)
q
q dx
Þ I= ò
2 q 2 - ( x - q 2) 2
0
8. Let f( x) = a x , F ( x) = F ( - x)
0 2
é -1 æ 1 ö -1 ù æ -1 æ1ö -1 ö
9. J = ò êcot ç x ÷ + cot ( x)ú dx + ò çè cot ç ÷ + cot x ÷ dx
-1 ë
è ø û 0
è xø ø
0 2
æ pö p
= ò çè p + 2 ÷ø dx + ò 2 dx
-1 0
p
K = dx = p
ò (As 2p is period)
0
x - cos 2 x
11. l1 = lim =1
x® ¥ x + sin x
1
h dx -1 1
l 2 = lim ò h 2 + x 2 = hlim 2 tan =p
h® 0 + ®0 h
-1
dx sec 4 x
13. ò (1 + sin 2 x) cos 2 x ò 1 + 2 tan 2 x dx
=
(1 + tan 2 x) sec 2 x 1 1 sec 2 x dx

= ò dx = òsec 2 x dx + ò
(1 + 2 tan 2 x) 2 2 1 + 2 tan 2 x
1 1
= tan x + tan -1 ( 2 tan x) + c
2 2 2
(1 + sin 2015 x) - 1 + sin 4030 x

14. ò (Rationalise)
2 sin 2015 x
2014
1
ò 2
dx ò odd = 0
-2014
p
15. tan -1 (nx)|¥
a = - tan -1 (na)
2
a > 0, a = 0, a < 0
16. Let x = cos 2q
dx = -sin 4q dq
p/ 4 p/ 4
I= ò cot q sin 4q dq and J = ò tan q sin 4q dq
0 0

2. f( x) = (2 x cos x + 6 x 2 sin x cos x - 2 x 3 sin 2 x) dx
ò
3 2
æ ö
= ç 2 x 3 cos 2 x + 3 x 2 sin 2 x ÷ dx
ò
ç 123 124 4 3 ÷
è I II ø
f( x) = x 3 sin 2 x + c
f ( p) = 0 + c = 0 Þ c = 0
f( x) = x 3 sin 2 x

6. g( x) = x - A
1
A= ò f(t) dt
0
x
x3 x3 x3
f( x) = + 1 - x ( x - A) dx =
ò + 1- + Ax 2
2 2 2
0
2
f( x) = Ax + 1
1
3
A = Ax 2 + 1 Þ A =
ò 2
0
3x2
f( x) = + 1 ; min. f( x) = 1
2
3 2 3
7. x + 1= x -
2 2
3x2 - 2x + 5 = 0
D < 0, no solution
3
8. g( x) = x -
2
1 3 3 9
A= ´ ´ =
2 2 2 8

a 1
9. ò f( x) dx - ò f( x) dx = 2 f( a) + 3 a + b …(1)
0 a
Diff. w.r.t. ‘ a’ on both sides,

( f( a) - 0) - (0 - f( a)) = 2 f ¢( a) + 3
2 f( a) = 2 f ¢( a) + 3
(2 f( a) - 3) = 2 f ¢( a)
2 f ¢( a)
=1
2 f( a) - 3
2 f ¢( a)
ò 2 f( a) - 3 da = ò da
ln|2 f( a) - 3| = a + c
2 f( a) - 3 = e a + c
2 f( a) - 3 = ke a
2 f( a) = ke a + 3
3
Put a = 1 Þ 0 = ke + 3 Þ k = -
e
3 a
\ 2 f( a) = - e +3
e
3 3 a
f( a) = - e
2 2e
3 3 x
f( x) = - e
2 2e
Put f( x) in (1) (By taking limiting case)
a 1
æ3 3 x ö æ3 3 x ö 3
ò çè 2 - 2 e e ÷ dx - ç -
ò e ÷ dx = 3 - e a + 3 a + b
ø è 2 2e ø e
0 a
éæ 3 a 3 a ö æ 3 ö ù éæ 3 3 ö æç 3 a 3 e a ö÷ ù 3 a
ç
ê 2 2e- e ÷ - ç 0 - ÷ ú - êç - ÷ - ç - ú = 3 - e + 3a + b
ëè ø è 2 e ø û êëè 2 2 ø è 2 ÷
2 e ø úû e
3
-3 = b
2e
y
10. Length of subtangent =
( dy dx)
3 3 x
y = f( x) = - e
2 2e
dy 3 x
= f ¢( x) = 0 - e
dx 2e
dy 3
=-
dx x =1/ 2 2 e
1 æ 1 ö 3 3 1/ 2 3 æ 1 ö
when x = , y = fç ÷= - e = ç1 - ÷
2 2
è ø 2 2 e 2 è eø
3æ 1 ö
ç1 - ÷
2è eø
Length of subtangent = = e -1 = e -1
3
-
2 e
1 1 1
æ3 3 x ö 3x 3 x æ 3 3e ö æ 3 ö
11. ò f( x) dx = ç -
ò e ÷ dx = - e = ç - ÷ - ç0 - ÷
è 2 2e ø 2 2e 0 è 2 2e ø è 2e ø
0 0
æ3 3ö 3 3
=ç - ÷ + =
è 2 2 ø 2e 2e

12. f3¢¢¢( x) = f0 ( x) see options or 3 times by parts.
xn æ 1 1 1ö
13. fn ( x) = ç ln x - 1 - - ¼ - ÷
|n è 2 3 nø
2
æ 1ö 3
f( x) = a ç x - ÷ +
è 2ø 4
f(1) = 1 a =1
2
f( x) = x - x + 1
14. g( x) = 1 + x 2 now integrate
ex
15. ò e2x - e x + 1 ex =t

1/ 2
æ 1 ö
( xe x ) 2 ç + 3÷
xe 2 x (1 + 3 x 2 ) 1/ 2 èx 2
ø
17. L = lim = lim
x ®¥ C × ( xe x ) C -1 × ( e x + xe x ) x ®¥ x C æ1 ö
C × ( xe ) × ç + 1÷
èx ø
1
dx
dx 3
2. (A) x
ò ( x 2 + 1) x 2 + 2
=
æ 1 ö 2
ò
ç1 + 2 ÷ 1 + 2
è x ø x
2
Let 1 + =t2
2
x
æ 1 ö
4 8 ç x + 3 ÷ dx
x +x è x ø
(C) ò (1 - x 4 ) 7 / 2 = ò æ 7/2
1 2ö
ç 2 -x ÷
èx ø
1
Let - x2 =t2
x2
(D) Let x = cos 2q Þ dx = -2 sin 4q dq
1- x
ò 1+ x
dx = - 2 tan q sin 4q dq
ò
3. (A) Let sin x = t Þ cos x dx = dt
1 1
dt æ 1 1 ö 1
ò (1 + t )(2 + t )
= ò çè t + 1 - t + 2 ÷ø dt = [ln(1 + t) - ln(t + 2)]0
0 0
41p / 4 p p/ 4
(B) ò|cos x|dx = 10 ò|cos x|dx + ò cos x dx
0 0 0
é p/ 2 p ù p/ 4
= 10 ê cos x dx - cos x dx ú + cos x dx
ò ò ò
êë 0 p/ 2 úû 0
0 1/ 2 1/ 2
æ1+ x ö
(C) ò [ x] dx + ò [ x] dx + ò ln ç ÷ dx
-1/ 2 0 -1/ 2
è 1- x ø
0 1/ 2
1
= ò -1 dx + ò 0 dx = - 2
-1/ 2 0
p/ 2 p/ 2
2 cos q 2 sin q
(D) I = ò dq = ò dq
0
3 ( cos q + sin q ) 0
3 ( sin q + cos q )
p/ 2
2 p
Þ 2I = ò dq =
3 3
0
p
Þ I=
6
4. (A) Common root a = b - a Þ 3 ( b - a) 2 + a( b - a) + 1 = 0 Þ 2 a 2 + 3 b 2 - 5ab + 1 = 0
1
4 x2 +
(B)
x +1
= sin 2
px
Þ x 2 = sin 2 px Þ x = ±1
2x2 2 2 2
1 1
(C) y = x ¹1 ; ¹ -2 , 1
1 1 x -1
+ -2
2 x -1
( x - 1)
7/6
æ x ö dx
(D) ò ç ÷ .
è1+ x ø x2
x +1 6 1
Let =t Þ - dx = 6t 5 dt
x 2
x
1/ 6
6 æ x ö
\ I = 6 t -7 ( -t 5 ) dt =
ò + C = 6ç ÷ +C
t è x + 1ø
5. (A) We have,
1. 5 1 2 1. 5
ò [ x 2 ] dx = [ x 2 ] dx +
ò ò [ x 2 ] dx + ò [x
2
] dx
0 0 1 2
1 2 1. 5
= 0 dx +
ò ò 1 × dx + ò 2 × dx = 0 + ( 2 - 1) + 2 (15
. - 2) = 2 - 2
0 1 2
(B) We have,
4 1 4
2 2 7
ò { x } dx = ò x dx + ( x - 1) dx =
ò + (8 - 1) - 3 =
3 3 3
0 0 1
4 4 4
Aliter : ò{ x } dx = ò x dx - [ x ] dx
ò
0 0 0
(C) We have,
æp ö
sin x + cos x = 2 sinç + x ÷
è4 ø
é æp öù
\ [sin x + cos x] = ê 2 sin ç + x ÷ ú
ë è4 øû
é æp öù
The graph of y = ê 2 sin ç + x ÷ ú is obtained from the graph of y = [ 2 sin x] by
ë è 4 øû
p
translating it by units in the direction of OX ¢. The graph so obtained is shown in figure.
4
It is evident from the graph of y = [ 2 sin( x + p 4)] that
ì1, 0£ x£p 2
ï0 , p 2 < x £ 3p 4
ï
ï-1, 3p 4 < x £ p
f( x) = [sin x + cos x] = í
ï-2 , p < x < 3p 2
ï-1, 3p 2 £ x < 7p 4
ï
î0 , 7p 4 £ x < 2p
(0,–1)
p/4 p/2 3p/4 p 5p/4 3p/2 7p/4 2p
x¢ x
(0,–1)
(0,–2)
y¢
2p
\ ò [sin x + cos x] dx
0
p/ 2 3p/ 4 p 3p/ 2 7 p/ 4 2p
= ò 1 × dx + ò 0 dx + ò ( -1) dx + ò ( -2) dx + ò (-1) dx + ò 0 dx
0 p/ 2 3p/ 4 p 3p/ 2 7 p/ 4
p p p p
= + 0 - - 2 ´ + ( -1) + 0 = -p
2 4 2 4
(D) We have,
p
ò||sin x| -|cos x||dx

0
p/ 4 3p/ 4 p
= ò (|sin x| -|cos x|) dx + ò (|sin x| -|cos x|) dx + ò -(|sin x| -|cos x|) dx
0 p/ 4 3p/ 4
y
y = |sin x|
y = |cos x|
x¢ x
0 p/4 p/2 3p/2 p
y¢
p/ 4 p/ 2 3p/ 4
= - (sin x - cos x) dx +
ò ò (sin x - cos x) dx + ò (sin x + cos x) dx
0 p/ 4 p/ 2
p
+ ò -(sin x + cos x) dx
3p/ 4
= - [- cos x - sin x]p0/ 4 + [- cos x - sin x]pp// 24 + [- cos x - sin x]3p/p2/ 4 - [- cos x + sin x]p3p/ 4
= - [- 2 + 1] + [-1 + 2 ] + [ 2 - 1] - [1 - 2 ] = 4 2 - 4 = 4 ( 2 - 1)
x dx (cos -1 3 x) 2
1. ò + ò dx = I 1 + I 2
1 - 9x2 1 - 9x2
x dx (cos -1 3 x) 2
I1 = ò I2 = ò dx
1 - 9x2 1 - 9x2
Let 1 - 9 x 2 = t 2 Let cos -1 3 x = k
¥
x 3 dx
2. I = ò (a 2 + x 2 )5
0
p/ 2 p/ 2
1 1
I= ò sin 3 q cos 5 q dq = ò cos
3
q sin 5 q dq (Let x = a tan q)
6 6
a 0 a 0
p/ 2 p/ 2
1 3 1
2I = ò sin 2q dq = ò (3 sin 2q - sin 6q) dq
6
8a 0 32 a 6 0
1
Þ I=
24 a 6
2p
3. ò g( x) dx
0
2p
ò t f ¢(t) dt (Q x = f(t ))
3p/ 2
2p
2 3p
= ò (t cos t - t sin t ) dt = 4 p 2 - -1
2
3p/ 2
5
4. ò(x + x 3 + x) 2 x 6 + 3 x 4 + 6 x 2 dx
Let 2 x 6 + 3 x 4 + 6 x 2 = t 2 Þ 12( x 5 + x 3 + x) dx = 2t dt
1 1
= 2t 2 dt =
ò (2 x 6 + 3 x 4 + 6 x 2 ) 3/ 2 + C
12 18
5. Put x = sin q
tan x
6. ò tan 2 x + tan x + 1 dx
dt
Let tan x = t , sec 2 x dx = dt, dx =
1+ t2
t dt æ 1 1 ö dt dt
ò (1 + t + t 2 ) × 1 + t 2 = ò çè 1 + t 2 - 1 + t + t 2 ÷ø dt = ò 1 + t 2 - ò 2
æ 3ö
2
æ 1ö
ç t + ÷ + çç ÷
÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
1 æ 2t + 1 ö
= tan -1 (t ) - tan -1 ç ÷+C
æ 3ö è 3 ø
ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
è ø
2 æ 2 tan x + 1 ö
= tan -1 (tan x) - tan -1 ç ÷+C
3 è 3 ø
7. Let x 4 = t
4 x 3 dx = dt
1
-2011
æ 1ö
1 1 1 1 ç1 + ÷
1 + t 2010 1 1 (1 + t ) -2011 è tø
ò (1 + t) 2012 dt = ò (1 + t) 2012 dt + ò æ 1ö
2012
dt =
-2011
+
2011
0 0 0
t 2 ç1 + ÷ 0
è tø 0
-1 æ 1 ö 1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 1 ö 1 l
ç 2011 - 1÷ + ç 2011 - 0 ÷ = ç 2011 - 1 - 2011 ÷ = =
2011 è 2 ø 2011 è 2 ø 2011 è 2 2 ø 2011 m
3 3
2 2 2
8. ò ( x 2 x x + 2 x 2 x × x ln x) dx = ò x 2 x ( x + 2 x ln x) dx
1 1
3 2
x2 2 dt
ò æçè x ö ( x + 2 x ln x) dx
÷
ø
Let x x = t Þ x 2 ln x = ln t ; (2 x ln x + x) dx =
t
1
( 3 )3 ( 3 )3 33 / 2
2 dt t2 33 -1
ò t ×
t
= ò t dt =
2
=
2
= 13
1 1 1
dx (cos x - sin x) dx
9. ò (cos x - sin x)(1 + sin x cos x) = 2 ò (cos x - sin x) 2 (2 + (sin x + cos x) 2 - 1)
(cos x - sin x) dx
=2 ò ((sin 2 x + cos 2 x) - 2 sin x cos x)(1 + (sin x + cos x) 2 )
(cos x - sin x) dx
=2 ò (2 - (sin x + cos x) 2 )(1 + (sin x + cos x) 2 )
dt
=2 ò (2 - t 2 )(1 + t 2 ) where t = sin x + cos x
dt 2é 1 dt ù
=2 ò (2 - t 2 )(1 + t 2 ) = 3 êë ò 1 + t 2 dt + ò 2 - t 2 úû
2é -1 1 æ 2 + t öù
= êtan (t ) + lnçç ÷ú + C
3 êë 2 2 è 2 - t ÷ø úû
2 1
\ A= , B=
3 3 2
2 1
\ 12 A + 9 2 B - 3 = 12 × +9 2 -3 =8
3 3 2
la
10. x a × y = la ; y= (0, y1–mx1)
xa
dy xa × y (x1, y1)
= - ala x -a -1 = - a
dx x a +1
- ay 1
Þ m=
x1 y
x1 – m1 , 0
1 y 1
A = | y 1 - mx 1| x 1 - 1 = y 1 x 1 (1 + a) 2
2 m 2
1 a 1- a
= l × x 1 (1 + a) 2
2
For A to be constant 1 - a = 0
p p p
æ x 6 ( p - x) 9 ö 9
11. I ( 6, 8) 6
= x ( p - x) dx = ç -8 ÷ + 6 x 5 ( p - x) dx
ò ç
è 9 ÷
ø0 0
ò 9
0
p
6 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 ! ´ 8 ! 15
I ( 6, 8) = I ( 5, 9) = ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ( p - x) 14 dx = ò
p
9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 !
0
2 2 2
100 é1 2 3 102 ù
14. I = ò x dx - 0 × dx + dx +¼¼ + 2 dx +¼¼ + 9 dx ú
ê
ò ò ò ò
ê ú
0 ë0 12 22 92 û
155
I=
3
1 1
sin q dx -1 æx - cos q ö
17. f(q) = ò = tan ç ÷
-1( x - cos q) 2 + sin 2 q è sin q ø -1
Clearly, f(q) is not defined when sin q = 0

q = 0, p,2p
x x x x
1 1é ù
20. f( x) = ( x - t ) 2 g(t ) dt = ê x 2 g(t ) dt - 2 x tg(t ) dt + t 2 g(t ) dt ú
ò ò ò ò
2 2ê úû
0 ë 0 0 0
é x x ù
f ¢( x) = ê x g(t ) dt - t g(t ) dt ú
ò ò
êë 0 0 úû
x
f ¢¢( x) = g(t ) dt
ò
0
f ¢¢¢( x) = g( x)
2 4
22. f(2 - x) = f(2 + x), it means it symmetric about x = 2 Þ ò f( x) dx = ò f( x) dx = 5
0 2
Let 2 - x = t ; f(t ) = f( 4 - t ) i . e. , f( x) = f( 4 - x) = f( 4 + x)
50 æ2 ö
ò f( x) dx = 25 ç f( x) dx ÷ = 25 ´ 5 = 125
ò
ç ÷
0 è0 ø
1 é1 æ
æ x2 x3 x 2n ö÷ x3 x5 x 2n +1 ö ù
23. I n = | x|ç 1 + x +
ò + +¼¼ + dx = 2 ê ç x + + +¼¼ + ò ÷ dx ú
ç 2 3 2n ÷ø ç 2 4 2n ÷
-1 è êë 0 è ø úû
1
é x2 x4 x6 x 2n +1 ù
=2ê + + +¼¼ + ú
ë1 × 2 2 × 4 4 × 6 2n × ( 2n + 2) û
0
é 1 1 1 1 ù
=2ê + + +¼¼ +
ë1 × 2 2 × 4 4 × 6 2n × (2n + 2) úû
1æ 1 1 1 ö 1æ1 1 ö
In =1+ ç + +¼¼ + ÷ =1+ ç - ÷
2 è 1×2 2 ×3 n(n + 1) ø 2 è 1 n + 1ø
1 3 p
lim I n = 1 + = =
n® ¥ 2 2 q
pq( p + q) = 3 ´ 2(5) = 30
b
25. ò|sin x|dx = 8 Þ b - a = 4p
a
a+ b
9p p 17 p
ò|cos x|dx = 9 Þ a+ b=
2
Þ a = ;b=
4 4
0
b 17 p / 4
1 1
2p
ò x sin x × dx =
2p
ò x sin x dx =2
a p/ 4
x
-y
28. f( x) = 0 Þ òe f ¢( y) dy = x 2 - x + 1
0
Þ e - x f ¢( x) = 2 x - 1 Þ f( x) = (2 x - 3)e x
p
æp ö æ 1 - cos np ö
29. I n = 2 ç -| x|÷ cos nx dx = 2 ç
ò ÷
0
è2 ø è n2 ø
æ 1 ö 40
I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = 4 ç 1 + ÷ =
è 9ø 9
❑❑❑
Area Under Curves 135
6
AREA UNDER CURVES
1. O 1 2 3 4
–1
1£ x + 3 y < 2
1
Area of shaded region =
3
1
2. Area = 2 ( x - x 2 ) dx
ò
0
y
x
–1 O 1
1
8
3. y 2 = ( x 2 - 1) 2 = 4 (1 - x 2 ) dx =
ò 3
0
y
1
x
–1
ln 2
æ -x 1ö
4. Area = 4 ò çè e - ÷ dx = 2 - 2 ln 2
2ø
0
y
(0, 1/2)
x
(–ln2, 0) O (ln2, 0)
(0, –1/2)
5. As given relations are inverse of each other so A lies on y = x y
æ n n ö
i . e. , ç , ÷ A
ç 2 2 ÷
è n + 1 n + 1ø
O
So, required area = 8 area (OACBO) = 8 ( DOAB + area BACB ) x
BC
æ æ 2 1 ö
ç 1ç n ö ÷
=8ç ÷ + n × 1 - x 2 dx ÷
ò
ç
ç 2 è n2 + 1ø ÷ ÷
è n / n 2 +1 ø
3
æ x2 ö
ò ççè 12 x - 12 ÷÷ø dx 15
y
0
6. =
12 49
æ x2 ö
ò ççè 12 x - 12 ÷÷ø dx x
3
O 3 12
dy
8. =r
dx (1, 1)
1
Normal at (1, 1) is Þ y = - ( x - 1) + 1 P
r (1,1)
1 ((r+1),0)
1 1
Required area = x r dx + ar ( DPAB ) =
ò + r = f( r) O A r B nr
r+1 2
0
1 1
f ¢( r) = - + =0
2 2
( r + 1)
é1 1ù 2
9. Area = 4 ê 1 - x dx - ú =
ò
êë 0 2ú 3
û
y
x
(–1,0) O (1,0)
1 -x2
10. Area of DAOB = xe y
2
dA 2 (0,1)
= (1 - 2 x 2 ) e - x
dx 2
A(x,e–x )
1
Area is maximum at x =
2 (0,0) O B(x, 0)
2
12. ò g( x) dx
1
Let x = f(t ) Þ dx = f ¢(t ) dt

1
2 1
ò t(3t - 6 t + 3) dt =
4
0
13. x 2 y 2 + y 4 - x 2 - 5 y 2 + 4 = 0
( x 2 + y 2 - 4)( y 2 - 1) = 0
y
)
–1 (x (5, 5)
f
=
y
14. f(x
)
y =
(1, 1)
x
y=x
1 p3
15. Ar. of shaded region = Ar. of circle = .
2 2
y
x
O
16. We have,
y 2 = x (1 - x 3 ) …(1)
For x > 1, y 2 is negative. Since the square of a real number cannot be negative, y does not exist
1
at x = 0 or at x = 1 ; y = 0. Let x = . Therefore, from Eq. (1), we get
2
1 æ 1ö 7 y
y 2 = ç1 - ÷ =
2è 8 ø 16
7 x
y =± O 1
4
Also, for x < 0, y 2 is negative. Therefore, the required area is

1 1
2 ò y dx = 2 ( +) x 1 - x 3 dx
ò
0 0
1
=2 ò x - x 4 dx
0
17.
y
x
0 x1 p x2 2p
x2 y2
18. | x| + | y| ³ 2 and + =1
9 4
y
x
O
Ar. of ellipse - Ar. of square = p (2)(3) - 8 = 6 p - 8
1. (a) f( x) = - ( x - a)( x - b)( x + c) = ( x - a)( x)( x + c) [Q b = 0]

Clearly option (a) is correct.
c b c
(b) ò f( x) dx = ò f( x) dx + ò f( x) dx > 0 (from graph)
a a b
which incorrect
b b
(c) ò f( x) dx < 0 & ò f( x) dx < 0 but second term is large negative value so option (c) is
a c
incorrect.
(d) Clearly, (d) is incorrect.
1 3n -1 ( r n) 1 3n ( r n)
2. T n = å
n r = 2 n 1 + ( r n) 2
, Sn = å
n r = 2 n + 1 1 + ( r n) 2
x
Let f( x) = + –
1+ x2 –
–1 1 2
(1 + x 2 ) - 2 x 2 1- x2
f ¢( x) = =
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
\ f( x) is decreasing in (2, 3).
3 3
2 3
Tn > ò f( x) dx, S n < ò f( x) dx
2 2
3. a + b=2 …(1)
4
2a
ò (a x + bx) dx = 8 Þ + b=1 …(2)
3
0
7
4. Normal y + x =
4
1/ 2
æ7 ö 2
ò ç - x ÷ - ( x + 1) dx
è4 ø –3/2 1/2
-3/ 2

x+a
Sol. f( x) =
2
bx + cx + 2
f( -1) = 0 Þ a = 1
x +1 1 - 2x
If y = 1 is asymptotes, then b = 0 and c = 1 Þ f( x) = and g( x) =
x +2 x -1
y = g(x)
y = f(x)
1 O
1 x
–2 –1 O x –1
–2

Sol. y = e - x sin x
dy
= e - x [cos x - sin x] = 0
dx 0 p 2p 3p
p
Þ tan x = 1 Þ x = np +
4
So, (i . e. , 0 £ x £ p)
- e-x
I = e - x sin x dx =
ò [sin x + cos x] + c
2
( j+ 1)p ( j+ 1)p
e-x e - jp - p
Sj = ò e - x sin x dx = - [sin x + cos x] = ( e + 1)
2 2
jp jp
-p
1+ e
4. Put j = 0 , S 0 =
2
S 2009 e -2009p
5. = = ep
S 2010 -2010p
e
S j+1
6. = e -p
Sj
1 + e -p
¥
S 2 1 + ep
Q å S j = 1 - e0-p = =
1 - e -p 2( e p - 1)
j= 0
1. f( x) = x 2
1
p 1
A = 2 ( 2 - x 2 - x 2 ) dx =
ò +
2 3
0
2. f( x) = 2 ln x
1
17
A = ( - x 3 + 6 x 2 - 11x + 6 - 2 ln x) dx =
ò 4
0
4. At x = 0 , y = 0
x + 5y - y 5 = 0 Þ 1 + 5y¢ - 5y 4 y¢ = 0
at x = 0 , y = 0
1
y¢ = -
5
x
Equation of tangent : y = - , equation of normal : y = 5 x
5
1
Area = ´ 5 ´ 26 = 65
2
5. [ x]2 = [ y]2 y
\ [ y] = ± [ x] 5
[ y] = ± 1, 1£ x < 2 4
= ± 2, 2£ x<3 3
= ± 3, 3£ x<4 2
= ± 4, 4£ x<5 1
= ± 5, x =5 1 2 3 4 5 x
0
Now, when, x Î[1, 2) –1
then y Î [-1, 0) È [1, 2) –2
when x Î[2 , 3] –3
then y Î [-2 , - 1) È [2 , 3) –4
when x Î[3 , 4) –5
then y Î [-3 , - 2) È [3 , 4)
when x Î[4 , 5)
then y Î [-4 , - 3) È [4 , 5)
when x =5
then y Î [-5, - 4) È [5, 6)
Hence, required area = 2 ( 4) = 8 sq. unit
6. f( x) + f( z ) = f( x + z ) and f(0) = 0 and f ¢(0) = 4 Þ f( x) = 4 x
4
So, area bounded = D = ( 4 x - x 2 ) dx
ò
0
1 1
p
7. Required area = 4 ò x 2 - x 6 dx = 4 x 1 - x 4 dx =
ò 2
0 0
y
x
–1 O 1
Put x 2 = sin q
1 1
æ 5 ö 8
8. Ar = 4 (1 - x 2/ 5 ) dx = 4 ç x - x 7 / 5 ÷ =
ò è 7 ø0 7
0
7
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dy xy
4. =
dx x + y 2
2
y dy dt
Let =t Þ =t + x
x dx dx
dx 1+ t2 x2 1
ò =- ò dt ; ln y = - (Q y(1) = 1)
x t3 2y 2 2
y
5. ò dy = dx
ò
1- y2
- 1- y2 = x + c
Þ ( x + c) 2 + y 2 = 1
dy dx
6. ò =- ò
y ( x - 3) 2
1
Þ ln y = +c
x -3
7. Let f( x) = y
2
dy ex
- 2 xy =
dx ( x + 1) 2
8. Let x 2 y 2 = t
dy dt
2 xy 2 + 2 x 2 y =
dx dx
dt
= tan t
dx
Differential Equation 143
9. y = (C 1 cos C 2 ) cos x + (C 5 - C 1 sin C 2 ) sin x - C 3 eC 4 e - x

y = A cos x + B sin x + Ce - x
Q C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 are arbitrary constants.
10. y = e( a +1) x
y ¢ = e( a +1) x (a + 1)
y ¢¢ = e( a +1) x (a + 1) 2
dy æ f ¢( x) ö
12. - çç 1 + ÷ y = f( x)
dx è f( x) ÷ø
æ f ¢( x ) ö
- ò çç 1+ ÷ dx
è f ( x ) ÷ø e-x
I.F. = e =
f( x)
ye - x ye - x
= e - x dx + C
ò Þ = -e - x + C
f( x) f( x)
æ t2 ö
13. Equation of tangent at ç t , ÷ is
ç 2 ÷
è ø
t2 dy
y = tx - Þ t=
2 dx
Differential equation is
2
æ dy ö dy
ç ÷ - 2x + 2y =0
è dx ø dx
2
dy dt 1 dt x e-x 2
14. Let x + y = t Þ 1 + = ; + =x Þ = e-x + C
dx dx 3 2 2
t dx t ( x + y)
dy
15. - 2 y tan x = tan 2 x
dx
-2 tan x dx
I.F. = e ò = cos 2 x
1
y cos 2 x = sin 2 x dx =
ò (1 - cos 2 x) dxò
2
16. f( x) = 2 e x + 1
dy d 2 y dt
17. Let = t then =
dx dx 2 dx
dt 2tx
=
dx x 2 + 1
dy
Þ t= = 3( x 2 + 1) (Q y ¢(0) = 3)
dx
Þ y = x3 + 3x + 1 (Q y(0) = 1)
18. cy 2 = 2 x + c
1
2 cyy¢ = 2 Þ c =
yy ¢
y 2 = 2 x yy ¢ + 1
19. Let cosec y = t
Þ - cosec y cot y dy = dt
dt t 1
- =-
dx x x2
t 1 1 1
Þ = +c Þ = +c
x 2x2 x sin y 2 x 2
xdy - ydx x2 + y2
20. = dx
x2 x2
æ yö
dç ÷
è xø dx
ò 2
= ò x
æ yö
1+ ç ÷
è xø
t 3 f ( x) - x 3 f (t ) 1
21. lim = Þ 3 x f( x) - x 2 f ¢( x) = 1
t®x 2 2 2
t -x
dy 3 y -1 1 3
Þ - = Þ y= + x2 (Q f(1) = 1)
dx x x2 4x 4
2 dp(t )
22. = p(t ) - 900
dt
dp(t )
2 ò = dt ò
p(t ) - 900
2 ln|900 - p(t )| = t + c
p(t ) = 900 - 50 et / 2 (Q p(0) = 850)
p(t ) = 0 Þ t = 2 ln 18
sin y dy tan x
23. + = sec x
cos 2 y dx cos y
1 sin y
Let =t Þ dy = dt
cos y cos 2 y
dt
+ t × tan x = sec x
dx
t × sec x = sec 2 x × dx + C
ò
sec y × sec x = tan x + C
dy
24. = ( 4 x + y + 1) 2
dx
Let 4 x + y + 1 = t
dy dt dt
4+ = Þ =t2 + 4
dx dx dx
1 ætö
tan -1 ç ÷ = x + C
2 è2ø
dy y
-
dx
25. tan q = dx x = -
y dy dy
1+ ×
x dx
y
q P
x
O
2
æ dy ö 2 y dy
Þ ç ÷ - =1
è dx ø x dx
1
ò x dx
26. I.F. = e = e ln x = x
x4
y × x = x 3 dx =
ò +c
4
27. x 3 dy + 3 x 2 y dx = y 2 dx + 2 xy dy
d ( x 3 y) = d ( xy 2 )
3
ò d( x y) = d ( xy 2 ) Þ x 3 y = xy 2
ò
xdy - ydx x2 -2
1. = dx
x2 x2
æ yö æ 2 ö
ò dç ÷ = ç1 -
x
è ø è
ò ÷ dx
x2 ø
y = x2 - 2x + 2 (Q f(1) = 1)
2. I.F. = x sec x ; yx sec x = tan x + c

3. Put y = h
Þ x [ f( x + h) - f( x - h)] - h [ f( x + h) + f( x - h)] = 2( x 2 h - h 3 )
[ f( x + h) - f( x - h)]
or lim x - [ f( x + h) + f( x - h)] = lim 2( x 2 - h 2 )
h ®0 h h ®0
Þ xf ¢( x) - f( x) = x 2 Þ f( x) = x 2 + x
4. L.D.E., I.F. = 1 + sin 2 x ; (1 + sin 2 x) f = sin x + C , C = 0
5. 2 ydx + 2 xdy + (2 x 2 y 3/ 2 dx + x 3 y 1/ 2 dy) = 0
2
d( x 3 ´ y 3/ 2 ) = 0
2 d( xy) +
3
1 y sin 2 x y
6. I.F. = ; = ò dx ; = 2 cot x × cosec x dx = -2 cosec x + c
ò
3 3 3
sin x sin x sin x sin 3 x
æ æpö ö
y = -2 sin 2 x + 4 sin 3 x ççQ y ç ÷ = 2 ÷÷
è 2
è ø ø

x x
Sol. x g(t ) dt + (1 - t ) g(t ) dt = x 4 + x 2
ò ò
0 0
differentiate w.r.t. ‘ x’
x
3
x g( x) + ò g(t) dt + (1 - x) g( x) = 4 x + 2x …(1)
0
1. From (1)
x
3
ò g(t) dt + g( x) = 4 x + 2x
0
dy
Let g( x) + g¢( x) = 12 x 2 + 2 Þ + y = 12 x 2 + 2 (Q y = g( x))
dx
2. Put x = 0 in (1) we get g(0) = 0

3. f( g( x)) = e -2 x
x × [ f( g( x))]¢ [ g( f( x))]¢
=
f( g( x)) g[ f( x)]
2
Þ g( f( x)) = e - x
2
H( x) = e -( x -1) +1
4. f( g(0)) + g( f(0)) = 2
5. H( x) max = e

g( x + h) - g( x) e x g( h) æ eh - 1ö
Sol. g¢( x) = lim = lim + lim g( x) ç ÷ (Q g¢(0) = 2)
h ®0 h h ®0 h h ®0 ç h ÷
è ø
= 2e x + g( x)
dy
- y = 2e x Þ y = 2 x e x + ce x
dx
Þ y = 2x ex (Q g(0) = 0)
dx dx dx dx dy
1. (A) y - x = y2 + 1 Þ ( y 2 - y) = - (1 + x) Þ =-
dy dy dy 1+ x y( y - 1)
dx dx æ 2 ö
(B) y + 2 x = 10 y 3 Þ + çç ÷÷ x = 10 y 2
dy dy è y ø
2 2 ln y
ò y dy = e =y 2
I.E. = e
d( xy 2 ) = 10 y 4
dy
(C) = y¢
dx
y ¢ y ¢¢¢ = (3 y ¢¢) 2
y ¢¢¢ 3 y ¢¢
= then integrate it.
y ¢¢ y¢
(D) Put x 2 = t
dt t 1
+ =
dy y y 3
then solve it.
la
1. x a × y = la ; y= (0, y1–mx1)
xa
dy xa × y (x1, y1)
= -ala x -a -1 = -a
dx x a +1
-ay 1
Þ m=
x1 y
x1 – m1 , 0
1 y 1
A = | y 1 - mx 1| x 1 - 1 = y 1 x 1 (1 + a) 2
2 m 2
1 a 1- a
= l × x 1 (1 + a) 2
2
For A to be constant 1 - a = 0.
dy
2. = xy(1 + y)
dx
dy
ò
(1 + y) y
= x dx ò
x2
2y 2
=e (Q f(0) = 1)
1+ y
e2
Þ f ( 2) =
2 - e2
3. y 2 = cos 2 x + 2
dy
2y = -sin 2 x
dx
2
d2 y æ dy ö
y + ç ÷ = -cos 2 x
dx 2 è dx ø
d2 y é æ dy ö 2 ù
y4 + y3 = (cos 2 x + 2) 2 + (cos 2 x + 2) ê - ç ÷ - cos 2 x ú = 6
dx 2 êë è dx ø úû
t 2 f( x + 1) - ( x + 1) 2 f(t )
4. lim =1
t ® x +1 f(t ) - f( x + 1)
2tf( x + 1) - ( x + 1) 2 f ¢(t )
Þ lim =1
t ® x +1 f ¢(t )
Þ [ x + 1][2 f( x + 1) - ( x + 1) f ¢( x + 1)] = f ¢( x + 1)
2 xf( x)
Þ f ¢( x) =
x2 + 1
Þ f( x) = x 2 + 1
ln( f( x)) - ln 2 f ¢( x)
Þ lim = lim =1
x ®1 x -1 x ®1 f ( x )
❑❑❑
8
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. Let 3 x / 2 = a , 2 y = b
a 2 - b 2 = 77 , a - b = 7 Þ a = 3 x / 2 = 9 Þ x = 4
b=2y =2 Þ y =1
3 3
2. f( x) = Õ( x - ai ) + å ai - 3 x = ( x - a1 )( x - a 2 )( x - a 3 ) + ( a1 + a 2 + a 3 ) - 3 x
i =1 i =1
f ( a1 ) = a 2 + a 3 - 2 a1 > 0 ( a1 < a 2 < a 3 )

f ( a 3 ) = a1 + a 2 - 2 a 3 < 0
x
a1 a3
3. x 4 - 2 ax 2 + x + a 2 - a = 0
a 2 - a(2 x 2 + 1) + x 4 + x = 0
2 x 2 + 1 ± (2 x - 1)
a=
2
a = x 2 + x, a = x2 - x + 1
1 3
a³ - , a³ (Q x Î R )
4 4
a
4. x 3 - 3 x 2 - 4 x + 12 = 0 b
g
Equation whose roots are a - 3 , b - 3 , g - 3 is
( x + 3) 3 - 3 ( x + 3) 2 - 4( x + 3) + 12 = 0
a–3
f( x) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x = 0 b–3
g–3
Quadratic Equations 151
5. | K - 1| < 3
3
-3 < K - 1< 3
-2 < K < 4
5 –1 1 3
–1
2
x 1 x - x -6 ( x - 3)( x + 2)
6. - £0 Þ £0 Þ £0
x +6 x x( x + 6) x( x + 6)
+ – + – +
–6 –2 0 3
x Î ( - 6 , - 2] È ( 0 , 3]
7. P( x) = x 4 - 8 x 2 + 15 + 2 x 3 - 6 x = ( x 2 - 3)( x 2 - 5) + 2 x( x 2 - 3)
= ( x 2 - 3)( x 2 + 2 x - 5)
Q ( x) = ( x + 2)( x 2 + 2 x - 5)
l -5 -7
8. a = 1, h = , b = 1, g = ,f= ,c =6
2 2 2
1 l 2 -5 2
5 10
l2 1 -7 2 = 0 Þ l = ,
2 3
-5 2 -7 2 6
10. \ Let f( x) =| x - a| + | x - b|
a+b–2x
Suppose a > b 2x–a–b
\ f(0) = f(1) = f( -1) b–a
f( x) = const. in [b, a] b a
So, b £ -1 < a £ 1
a - b£ 2
\ Minimum |a - b| = 2
2
x + 2x + c
12. y = Þ ( y - 1) x 2 + 2 (2 y - 1) x + (3 cy - c) = 0 ( D ³ 0)
x 2 + 4 x + 3c
D ³ 0 " y Î R and D £ 0
But at c = 0 and 1 there will be common factors among numerator and denominator.
Þ c( c - 1) < 0
2
13. f(t ) = t - mt + 2 = 0
f(2) < 0
Þ 4 - 2m + 2 < 0 Þ m > 3
3| x| 3 3
But = £ (by A.M. G.M. in equality)
2 9 6
9 + | x| + | x|
| x|
m
æ 3| x| ö 1
çç ÷÷ £ <1 [Qm > 3]
2
è9 + x ø 2m
éæ 3| x| mù
ö
So, êçç ÷÷ ú =0
êëè 9 + x 2 ø úû
14. x 2 ( x 6 - 24 x 5 - 18 x 3 + 39) = - 3 ´ 5 ´ 7 ´ 11
If ‘ x’ is integer, then there is no value of ‘ x’ .
1
15. m4 + = 119
m4
1
Þ m2 + = 11
m2
2
æ 1ö
Þ çm - ÷ = 9
è mø
1 æ 1 öæ 1 ö
m3 - = çm - ÷çm 2 + + 1÷ =|3 ´ 12| = 36
3 m øè 2
m è m ø
a
16. ax 2 + 2 bx + c = 0
b
a
ax 2 + 2 cx + b = 0
g
By condition of common root
1 a
Þ Common root a = and + b + c = 0
2 4
2c 2b
Þ b= and g =
a a
Equation whose roots are b and g is
æ 2c 2b ö 4 bc
x2 -ç + ÷ x + 2 =0
è a a ø a
æa ö
2 a 2 x 2 + a 2 x + 8 bc = 0 ç + b + c = 0÷
è4 ø
17. 9 x 2 ( x - 1) - 1( x - 1) = 0
1 1
x = 1, x =
,-
3 3
1 1
cos a = 1, cos b = , cos g = -
3 3
a = 0, b + g = p
\ (Sa , S cos a ) = ( p , 1) = centre
é -1 æ pö ù é æpö ù
ê2 sin ç tan 4 ÷ , 4 ú = ê2 ç 2 ÷ , 4 ú = ( p , 4) ® point lies on the circle.
ë è ø û ë è ø û
\ Radius is 3.
11x 2 - 12 x - 6
18. y =
x2 + 4x + 2
( y - 11) x 2 + ( 4 y + 12) x + (2 y + 6) = 0 " x Î R
D³0
2
( 4 y + 12) - 4( y - 11)(2 y + 6) ³ 0
y 2 + 20 y + 51 ³ 0
( y + 17)( y + 3) ³ 0
y Î ( -¥, - 17] È [- 3 , ¥)
x +3 1
19. - ³0
x2 - x -2 x - 4
( x 2 - x - 12) - ( x 2 - x - 2)
³0
( x 2 - x - 2)( x - 4)
-10
³0
( x - 2)( x + 1)( x - 4)
Þ ( x + 1)( x - 2)( x - 4) < 0
x Î ( -¥, - 1) È (2 , 4)
20. x = 4 + 3i
( x - 4) 2 = - 9 Þ x 2 - 8 x + 25 = 0
x 3 - 4 x 2 - 7 x + 12 = ( x 2 - 8 x + 25)( x + 4) - 88 = -88
x2 + x -1
21. f( x) =
x2 - x + 1
y
5/3
1
–1
x
0 1 2 3
–1
By graph : Min. = f(0); Max. = f(2)

5
If x Î [-1, 3]; y max. =
3
22. By graph min. = f(0); max. = f(1)

if x Î [-1, 1]; y Î [-1, 1]
1 1 1
23. + =
x+p x+q r
x 2 + x( p + q - 2 r) + pq - r( p + q) = 0
If one root is a. Then other root must be -a.
p+q
p + q - 2r = 0 Þ r =
2
( p + q) 2 ( p 2 + q2 )
Product of the roots = pq - r( p + q) = pq - =-
2 2
24. If a1 x 2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 has one root a.
1
Þ a 2 x 2 + b2 x + c 2 = 0 has one root .
a
Þ c 2 x 2 + b2 x + a 2 = 0 has one root a
Condition of common root is
( a1 a 2 - c1 c 2 ) 2 = ( a1 b2 - b1 c 2 )( a 2 b1 - b2 c1 )
25. If a 2 - 5a + 3 = 0 and b 2 - 5 b + 3 = 0
Þ x 2 - 5 x + 3 = 0 has two roots a and b.
Þ a + b = 5, ab = 3
a b (a + b) 2 - 2ab 19
Sum of the roots = + = =
b a ab 3
a b
Product of roots = ´ =1
b a
a b
Equation whose roots are and is 3 x 2 - 19 x + 3 = 0
b a
26. |a - b| =|a 1 - b 1|
a 2 - 4b = b2 - 4a
a 2 - b 2 = 4 ( b - a)
( a - b)( a + b + 4) = 0
a ¹ b Þ a + b+ 4 =0
S1 - S 3 sin 2 b - cos b cos b (2 sin b - 1)
27. tan(q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + q 4 ) = = = = cot b
1 - S 2 + S 4 1 - cos 2 b - sin b sin b (2 sin b - 1)
28. ( a 2 + b 2 ) x 2 + 2 x( bd + ac) + ( c 2 + d 2 ) = 0
( a 2 x 2 + 2 acx + c 2 ) + ( b 2 x 2 + 2 bdx + d 2 ) = 0
( ax + c) 2 + ( bx + d) 2 > 0
Þ This equation has imaginary roots.
29. If a , b are roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Þ a + 2 , b + 2 are roots of a( x - 2) 2 + b( x - 2) + c = 0
Þ ax 2 + x( b - 4 a) + 4 a - 2 b + c = 0
30. a +b =1+ l
ab = l - 2
a + b - ab = 3
(a - 1)(b - 1) = - 2
Þ atleast one root is positive.
4
31. D ³ 0 Þ 3 k 2 + 8 k - 16 £ 0 Þ - 4 £ k £
3
a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 - 2ab = k 2 - 2( k 2 + 2 k - 4) = -k 2 - 4 k + 8 = 12 - ( k + 2) 2
32. P ( x ) = ( x - 2) Q 1 ( x ) + R ( x )
Q ( x ) = ( x - 2) Q 2 ( x ) + R ( x )
Þ P ( 2) = Q ( 2)
33. a + b = - a and ab = b
if b ¹ 0 , a = 1 and b = -2
2
æ 1ö 9
x 2 + ax + b = x 2 + x - 2 = ç x + ÷ -
è 2ø 4
3
æ böæ c ö æ cö
34. x2 + ç ÷ç ÷ x + ç ÷ =0
è aøè aø è aø
a2b
2 3 3
x - (a + b) × ab x + a b = 0
ab2
35. x 2 + 2 ( a + b + c) x + 6 k( ab + bc + ca) = 0
D³0
Þ 4( a + b + c) 2 - 24 k( ab + bc + ca) ³ 0
1 æç a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ö
Þ k£ + 2÷
ç
6 è ab + bc + ca ÷
ø
also, |a - b| < c , |b - c| < a , |c - a| < b
Þ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - 2( ab + bc + ca) < 0
a 2 + b2 + c 2 2
Þ <2 Þ k<
ab + bc + ca 3
36. 9| x|2 -18| x| + 5 = 0

Þ (3| x| - 1)(3| x| - 5) = 0
1 5
Þ x =± ,±
3 3
and x 2 - x - 2 > 0 Þ ( x - 2)( x + 1) > 0 Þ x < -1 or x > 2
37. Difference of roots is same in both equation
b2 - c = B 2 - C
38. | x - p| + | x - 15| + | x - p - 15| = ( x - p) - ( x - 15) - ( x - P - 15) = 30 - x
min. = 15
a = –1/2
39. 4 p( q - r) x 2 - 2 q( r - p) x + r( p - q) = 0
b = –1/2
1
If x = - is also the root of 4 x 2 - 2 x - m = 0
2
Þ m =2
40. Let cos x = t
Þ t Î [-1, 1]
Þ kt 2 - kt + 1 ³ 0 " t Î [-1, 1]
Case I : k ³ 0
1
x coordinate of vertex is .
2
–1 1/2 1
æ 1ö
Þ fç ÷³0
è2ø
k k
Þ - + 1³ 0
4 2
Þ k£ 4
Also, k³0
Þ k Î[0 , 4]
Case II : k < 0
Þ f(1) ³ 0 and f( -1) ³ 0
k - k + 1³ 0 and k + k + 1³ 0
–1 1/2 1
1
Þ 1³ 0 and k³ -
2
Also, k<0
é 1 ö é 1 ù
Þ k Î ê- , 0 ÷ Þ k Î ê- , 4ú
ë 2 ø ë 2 û
1+ x y -1
41. =y Þ x=
1- x y +1
3
æ y - 1ö æ y - 1ö
H( y) = 3 çç ÷÷ - 2 çç ÷÷ + 5 = 0
è y + 1ø è y + 1ø
H( y) = 3 ( y - 1) 3 - 2 ( y - 1)( y + 1) 2 + 5 ( y + 1) 3 = 0
H( y) = 3 ( y 3 - 3 y 2 + 3 y - 1) - 2 ( y - 1)( y 2 + 2 y + 1) + 5 ( y 3 + 3 y 2 + 3 y + 1) = 0
H( y) = 3 ( y 3 - 3 y 2 + 3 y - 1) - 2 ( y 3 + y 2 - y - 1) + 5 ( y 3 + 3 y 2 + 3 y + 1) = 0
H( y) = 3 y 3 + 2 y 2 + 13 y + 2 = 0
H ¢( x) = 9 x 2 + 4 x + 13 Þ D < 0
H( x) > 0 " x > 0
Hence, it has one –ve real root.
42. (l2 + l - 2) x 2 + (l + 2) x - 1 < 0 " x Î R
l 2 + l - 2 < 0 Ç ( l + 2) 2 + 4 ( l 2 + l - 2) < 0
(l + 2)(l - 1) < 0 Ç 5l2 + 8l - 4 < 0
æ 2ö
l Î ( - 2 , 1) Ç l Î ç -2 , ÷
è 5ø
æ 2ö
Þ l Î ç - 2, ÷
è 5ø
l = -2 is also the solution of this equation.
43. a = 1, b = 1, g = 1, d = 1 (as) (a - 1) 2 + (b - 1) 2 + ( g - 1) 2 + (d - 1) 2 = 0
\ The roots of given equation is equal to 1.
a
\ S2 = 2 = 6
a0
44. | x - 1| + | x - 2| + | x - 3| ³ 6
Case I : x³3
3x - 6 ³ 6 Þ x ³ 4
Case II : 2< x<3
x³6 (Not possible)
Case III : 1£ x £ 2
4-x³6
Þ x £ -2 (Not possible)
Case IV : x<1
6 - 3x ³ 6
x£0
x Î ( -¥, 0] È [4 , ¥)
45. x x
0 3 0 3
Case-I : f(0) > 0 Ç f(3) £ 0 Case-II : f(3) > 0 Ç f(0) £ 0

a
46. x 3 + 3 px 2 + 3 qx + r = 0 b
g
2 1 1
= + ¼¼ (Q a , b , g are in H.P.)
b a g
3 1 1 1 ab + bg + ag
Þ = + + =
b a b g abg
r
Þ b=- which satisfy the given equation.
q
47. 4 y 2 + 4 xy + ( x + 6) = 0 " y Î R
D ³ 0 Þ x2 - x -6 ³ 0
48. log cos x 2 (3 - 2 x) < log cos x 2 (2 x - 1)
0 < cos x 2 < 1 Ç 3 - 2 x > 2 x - 1 Ç 3 - 2 x > 0 Ç 2 x - 1 > 0

x<1 x<3 2 x>12
a
49. px 2 + qx + r = 0
b
Þ ab < 0
a( x - b) + b ( x - a ) 2 = (a + b) x 2 - 4abx + ab (a + b) = 0
2
Product of roots = ab < 0

D = 16a 2b 2 - 4ab (a + b) 2 = - 4ab (a - b) 2 > 0
a
3 2
50. x + 2 x - 4 x - 4 = 0 b
c
1/a
4x3 + 4x2 - 2x - 1 = 0 1/b
1/c
1 1
q = 1, r = - ,s=-
2 4
51. log 2 ( x 2 + 3 x) £ 2
0 < x2 + 3x £ 4
52. k - 2 > 0 Ç D < 0

k > 2 Ç ( k + 6)( k - 4) > 0
Þ k> 4
53. ab < 0
3m - 8 8
<0 Þ 2<m<
m -2 3
æ x2 + x ö
54. log 6 ç ÷>1
ç x+4 ÷
è ø
x2 + x x 2 - 5 x - 24 ( x - 8)( x + 3)
>6 Þ >0 Þ >0
x+4 x+4 x+4
a
55. ax 2 + c = 0
b
c
a + b = 0, ab =
a
a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 + b 2 - ab) = 0
56. ( k - 1) x 2 - ( k + 1) x + ( k + 1) > 0 " x Î R
k - 1 > 0 Ç ( k + 1) 2 - 4( k - 1)( k + 1) < 0
k>1 Ç ( k + 1)(3 k - 5) > 0
5
Þ k>
3
b æ 4a ö
57. y = - 2 x 2 - 4 ax + k; abscissa corresponding to the vertex is - i . e. , ç ÷ = -2 Þ a = 2
2a è -4 ø
now, y( - 2) = 7
7 = - 8 + 16 + k Þ k = -1
58. If a + b + c = 0
Sum of coefficient ( b + c - a) + ( c + a - b) + ( a + b - c) = a + b + c = 0
Þ x = 1 is one root of the equation.
a+ b-c
Þ other root =
b+ c-a
a
59. x 3 - ax 2 + bx - c = 0 –a
b
Sum of roots a - a + b = a Þ b = a
If b is root of the equation, then ab = c.
60. a ¢b ¢ = 2 q 2 - r = 2a 2b 2 - (a 4 + b 4 ) = - (a 2 - b 2 ) 2 < 0
62. In DABC ,
A B C A B C
cot
+ cot + cot = cot × cot × cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A C B
If cot , cot , cot are in A.P. then cot + cot = 2 cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A C
Þ cot cot = 3
2 2
63. f( x) = x " x Î [-9 , 9]
64. (3| x| - 3) 2 =| x| + 7
Þ (| x| - 2)(9| x| - 1) = 0
1 1
| x| = 2 , Þ x = ± 2, ±
9 9
y = x ( x - 4)
D f : ( -¥, 0] È [4 , ¥)
65. x 2 + 3| x| + 2 = 0 Þ (| x| + 2)(| x| + 1) = 0
a
66. x 2 - bx + c = 0
a+1
b-1
Sum of roots 2a = b - 1 Þ a =
2
2
æ b - 1ö æ b - 1ö 2
If a is the root of equation, then ç ÷ - bç ÷ + c = 0 Þ b - 4c = 1
è 2 ø è 2 ø
3 x 2 + 9 x + 17
67. y =
3x2 + 9x + 7
3 ( y - 1) x 2 + 9 ( y - 1) x + (7 y - 17) = 0
y - 1 ¹ 0 then D ³ 0
81( y - 1) 2 - 12 ( y - 1)(7 y - 17) ³ 0
( y - 1)( y - 41) £ 0
1 < y £ 41
x2 + 2x + 7
68. -6 < 0" xÎR
2x + 3
x 2 - 10 x - 11
<0
( 2 x + 3)
( x - 11)( x + 1)
<0
2x + 3
æ 3ö
x Î ç -¥, - ÷ È ( - 1, 11)
è 2ø
3x - 2 5y + 2 ì3 ü
69. y = Þ x= Þ yÎR -í ý
7x + 5 3 -7y î7 þ
x +2
70. £ 0 Þ x Î [ - 2 , 4)
x -4 a b
2 –2
x - ax - 4 £ 0 4
f( -2) ³ 0 Ç f( 4) > 0
a³0 Ça<3
Þ a Î[0 , 3)
71. P( x) = ( P - 3) x 2 - 2 Px + (3 P - 6) " x Î R
P -3 > 0 Ç D =0
x
P>3 Ç P 2 - ( P - 3)(3 P - 6) = 0
Þ P =6
72. Graph is downward Þ a < 0 y
Graph cut y-axis Þ c > 0

-b
x-coordinate of vertex < 0 Þ b< 0 x
2a O
73. ax 2 + bx + c = 0 does not have real roots.

D<0
a>0 a<0
x
x Î [–4, 1]
y
y = x2–3x+5
5
74. 11
4
x
–4 0 1 3/2
y Î[3 , 33]
75. 3 x 2 - 17 x + 10 = 0 Þ ( x - 5)(3 x - 2) = 0
If x = 5 is common root, then m = 0
2 26
If x = is common root, then m =
3 9
76. x 2 + ( y + 2) x - ( y 2 + y - 1) = 0
æ 8ù
D ³ 0 Þ ( y + 2) 2 + 4 ( y 2 + y - 1) ³ 0 Þ y Î ç -¥, - ú È [0 , ¥)
è 5û
77. If x = 3 is root of this equation, then k = -5
Þ 3 x 4 - 6 x 3 - 5 x 2 - 8 x - 12 = ( x - 3)(3 x 2 + 4)( x + 1)
( 4 + sin 4 x)
78. a = - put sin 2 x = t Þ t Î[0 , 1]
2
sin x
æ4 ö
a = - ç + t ÷ = f (t )
èt ø O 1
4 –5
Here, f ¢(t ) = - 1> 0 y = f(t)
t2
\ For atleast one real root, a Î ( -¥, - 5]
–¥
79. ( rs) 2 + ( st ) 2 + (tr) 2 = ( rs + st + tr) 2 - 2 rst ( r + s + t ) = b 2 - 2 ( - c)( - a)

80. Let the roots be t , t + 1 and t + 2.
t + (t + 1) + (t + 2) = - a Þ 3 (t + 1) = - a
å t (t + 1) = b Þ b + 1 = 3 (t + 1) 2
a2 [3(t + 1)]2
= =3
b + 1 3(t + 1) 2
81. (3 x 2 + kx + 3)( x 2 + kx - 1) = 0
D1 = k 2 - 36 and D 2 = k 2 + 4 > 0
2 3
1 1 1 æ rö æ rö æ rö
82. = + Þ ç ÷ + ç ÷ + 1=0 Þ ç ÷ =1
r+s r s è sø è sø è sø
84. If x Î ( -¥, - 2] È [3 , ¥)
x 2 - 2 x - 8 = 0 Þ x = -2 , 4
if x Î ( -2 , 3)
x2 = 4 Þ x = ±2
85. 5 x 2 + 12 x + 3 = 0 has D < 0
Þ Both roots common.
86. a +b + g =6
ab + bg + ag = 5
abg = 1
Þ a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = 26
a 2b 2 + b 2 g 2 + a 2 g 2 = 13
a + 5i
2 2
87. 2 x - 6 x + k = 0
a – 5i
2
Sum of roots = a = 3
a 2 + 25 k
Product of roots = = Þ k = 17
4 2
88. x 12 + x 22 = ( k - 2) 2 - 2 ( k 2 + 3 k + 5) = - ( k 2 + 10 k + 6) £ 18
89. a( x 2 - x + 1) - ( x 2 + x + 1) ³ 0
x2 + x + 1
Þ a³
x2 - x + 1
90. f(1) = l - 13 > 0 Þ l > 13
f(2) = l - 18 < 0 Þ l < 18
f(3) = l - 15 > 0 Þ l > 15
Þ l Î (15, 18)
94. D = ( b - c) 2 + 4 a(2 b + a + c) = ( b - c) 2 + ( 4 ac - 4 b 2 ) + (2 a + 2 b) 2 > 0
a
3
95. x - x + 1 = 0 b
c 1
a+1
(1 - x) 3 - x 2 (1 - x) + x 3 = 0 1
b+1
1
c+1
Þ x3 + 2x2 - 3x + 1 = 0
1 1 1
Sum of roots = + + = -2
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
96. x 2 - 2 ( 4 k - 1) x + 15k 2 - 2 k - 7 ³ 0 " x Î R
D£0
Þ k2 - 6 k - 8 £ 0 Þ 2 £ k £ 4
x3 -1 x2 + x + 1
97. f( x) = = (Q x ¹ 1)
( x - 1)( x 2 - x + 1) x2 - x + 1
y
3
1
1/3
x
–1 0 1
2x2 + 2
98. > 0" xÎR Þ x 2 + mx + 4 > 0 " x Î R
x 2 + mx + 4
Þ D < 0 Þ m 2 - 16 < 0
99. x 2 - 2|a + 1| x + 1 = 0
D ³ 0 Þ 4 ( a + 1) 2 - 4 ³ 0 Þ a Î ( -¥, - 2] È [0 , ¥)
100. P( x) = a1 x 2 + 2 b1 x + c1 > 0 ; D1 = 4 ( b12 - a1 c1 ) < 0 , a1 > 0 , c1 > 0
Q ( x) = a 2 x 2 + 2 b2 x + c 2 > 0 ; D 2 = 4 ( b22 - a 2 c 2 ) < 0 , a 2 > 0 , c 2 > 0
f( x) = a1 a 2 x 2 + b1 b2 x + c1 c 2
D = b12 b22 - 4 a1 a 2 c1 c 2 < 0
101. x 2 - 2 x + 4 = -3 cos( ax + b)
( x - 1) 2 + 3 = -3 cos( ax + b)
Þ x = 1 and ax + b = p
102. a + b = a + a × r = 4
g + d = a × r 2 + ar 3 = 36 Þ r = 3 , a = 1
A = 3 , B = 243 = 3 5
103.
(0,2) y = |2 – |x||
y = 3–|x|
(0,1)
(–2,0) (2,0)
3 5
104. We have 4 x 2 - 16 x + 15 < 0 Þ < x < Þ cot a = 2 , the integral solution of the given
2 2
inequality and sin b = tan 45° = 1
1 1 4
\ sin(a + b) sin(a - b) = sin 2 a - sin 2 b = -1= -1= -
2 1+ 4 5
1 + cot a
105. f1 ( x) = f2 ( x)
Þ 2 + log e x = x
(1,0)
(2,0)
Þ log e x = ( x - 2)
Clearly graphs intersect once in (0,1). (0,–2)
Now check
Þ g( x) = 2 + ln x - x
g( e) > 0
g( e 2 ) < 0
Þ one root between ( e, e 2 )
3 1
106. x 4 - 3 x 3 - 2 x 2 - 3 x + 1 = 0 Þ x2 - 3x - 2 - + =0
x x2
2
æ 2 1 ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
Þ ç x + 2 ÷ - 3 ç x + ÷ - 2 = 0Þ ç x + ÷ - 3 ç x + ÷ - 4 = 0
è x ø è xø è xø è xø
1
Þ t 2 - 3t - 4 = 0 (where x + = t )
x
Þ (t - 4)(t + 1) = 0 Þ t = 4 or t = -1
1 1
Þ x + = 4 or x + = -1
x x
1
Real solutions are from x + = 4 Þ x 2 + 1 = 4 x Þ x 2 - 4 x + 1 = 0
x
Hence, sum of roots = 4.
107. f( x) = x 2 - ( k + 4) + k 2 - 12
f( 4) = 16 - 4( k + 4) + k 2 - 12 < 0
Þ -2 < k < 6
108. a + b 2 = (a + b) 2 - 2ab = k 2 - 2( k 2 + 2 k - 4) = -k 2 - 4 k + 8
2
Maximum value = 12
109. f( x) = a x - x ln a
f ¢( x) = ( a x - 1) × ln a
110. As a , b and c are the roots of x 3 + 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 , we have
a + b + c = -2
ab + bc + ca = 0
a b c
Now, for finding the value of b c a , evaluating using first row, we get
c a b
a( bc - a 2 ) - b( b 2 - ac) + c( ab - c 2 ) = abc - a 3 - b 3 + abc + abc - c 3
= 3 abc - a 3 - b 3 - c 3
= - ( a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3 abc)
= - ( a + b + c)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca)
= - ( -2)[( -2) 2 - 3(0)] = 8
111. x 2 + px + q = 0 , p , q Î R , q ¹ 0 a , b real roots.
1 1
g( x) = 0 a+ ,b +
a b
1 1 æ 1 öæ 1ö
a +b + + = ç a + ÷ çç b + ÷÷
a b è a øè bø
-p a b 1
-p + = ab + + +
q b a ab
-p p 2 - 2q 1
-p + =q+ +
q q q
- pq - p = q 2 + p 2 - 2 q + 1
p 2 + p( p + 1) + q 2 - 2 q + 1 = 0
( q + 1) 2 - 4 ( q 2 - 2 q + 1) ³ 0
q2 + 2q + 1 - 4q2 + 8q - 4 ³ 0
-3 q 2 + 10 q - 3 ³ 0
3q2 - 2q - q + 3 £ 0
3 q ( q - 3) - ( q - 3) £ 0
é1 ù
êë 3 , 3 úû 1/3 3
112. ln( x 2 + 5 x) = ln( x + a + 3) Þ x 2 + 5 x = x + a + 3 > 0

a+3>0
–5 O
a > -3
y =x +a+3 Þ -5 + a + 3 £ 0
a£2
-3 < a £ 2
2
1 6 æ 1ö æ 1ö
113. f( x) = x 2 + - 6x - + 2 =ç x + ÷ -6ç x + ÷
x2 x è xø è xø
1
Let x + =t
x
f( x) = t 2 - 6t " t Î ( -¥, - 2] È [2 , ¥)
min. value = -9 at t = 3
æ cö
114. x 3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + c = ( x 2 + bx + b) ç x + ÷
è b ø
c
Þ b + = 2 and b + c = 2 Þ b = c = 1
b
115. ab + bg + ag = 0 Þ (ab) 3 + (bg) 3 + (ag) 3 = 3 (ab)(ag)(bg)
¥
118. å(a r + b r ) = (a + a 2 + a 3 +¼ ) + (b + b 2 + b 3 +¼ )
r =1
a b
= +
1 - a 1 -b
a
4x2 + 2x - 1 = 0
b
a
2
æ x ö æ x ö 2 1– a
4ç ÷ + 2ç ÷ - 1 = 0 Þ 5x - 1 = 0
è1+ x ø è1+ x ø b
1– b
x x x
æ 2011 ö æ 2012 ö æ 2013 ö
119. ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷ =1
è 2014 ø è 2014 ø è 2014 ø
x x x
æ 2011 ö æ 2012 ö æ 2013 ö
Let f( x) = ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷ Þ f( x) is a decreasing function for x Î R .
è 2014 ø è 2014 ø è 2014 ø
123. x 2 + ax + 12 = 0 …(1)
2
x + bx + 15 = 0 …(2) Common roots
2
x + ( a + b) x + 36 = 0 …(3)
(1) + (2) – (3)
a2 =9 Þ a = ±3
positive root a = 3
124. e sin x = t
t 2 - 4t - 1 = 0 Þ t = 2 ± 5 Þ e sin x = 2 ± 5 (Not possible)
125. Maximum value of f( x) = 3
Minimum value of f( x) = -1
126. f(1) = l - 2 < 0
a b c
127. 2 x 2 + 5 x + 7 = 0 has non-real roots Þ = =
2 5 7
Min. value of a + b + c = 2 + 5 + 7 = 14
Max. value of a + b + c = 28 + 70 + 98 = 196
128. Distance = ( x B - x A ) 2 + ( y B - y A ) 2 = (1 - 2t ) 2 + t 2 = 5t 2 - 4t + 1
1 2
Min. distance = at t =
5 5
129. a –3 2 b –3 2
af(1) < 0 and af( -1) < 0 ; f( -3) f(2) > 0

2
We have the equation ax + bx + c = 0 has two roots a and b such that a < -3 and b > 2.
If a > 0, then we have the following graphical representation :

y
–3 2
x
a b
Then, for all x Î [-3 , 2], f( x) < 0 , we have the following graphical representation :
This implies that
f( -1) < 0 and f(1) < 0 y
Þ a - b + c < 0 and a + b + c < 0

Þ a( a +|b| + c) < 0
If a < 0, then for all x Î [-3 , 2], f( x) > 0. This imply that a b
x
Þ f( -1) > 0 and f(1) > 0 –3 2
Þ a - b + c > 0 and a + b + c > 0
Þ a ( a +|b| + c) < 0
2
130. Let x + 5 x = t
t 2 - 2t - 24 = 0 = (t - 6)(t + 4)
x 2 + 5 x - 6 = 0 = ( x + 6)( x - 1)
x 2 + 5 x + 4 = 0 = ( x + 4)( x + 1)
131. Case-1: x ³ 2
4
3( x - 2) - (1 - 5 x) + 4(3 x + 1) = 13 Þ x = (Not possible)
5
1
Case-2: £ x<2
5
2
- 3( x - 2) - (1 - 5 x) + 4(3 x + 1) = 13 Þ x = (Possible)
7
1 1
Case-3: - £ x<
3 5
1
- 3( x - 2) + (1 - 5 x) + 4(3 x + 1) = 13 Þ x = (Not possible)
2
1
Case-4: x < -
3
1
- 3( x - 2) + (1 - 5 x) - 4 (3 x + 1) = 13 Þ x = - (Possible)
2
132. log cos x sin x ³ 2 Þ sin x £ cos 2 x

sin 2 x + sin x - 1 £ 0
5 -1
0 < sin x £ (sin x > 0)
2
-D
133. Minimum value = -5 Þ D = 20
4
D
|a - b| = = 20
1
134. | x - 3| + | x + 5| = 7 x
2x + 2 = 7x x³3
- ( x - 3) + ( x + 5) = 7 x -5 < x < 3
- ( x - 3) - ( x + 5) = 7 x x £ -5
136. ( a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ac) Þ ab + bc + ac = - 4
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3 abc = ( a + b + c)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ac) Þ abc = - 4
140. x 2 - 3 x + 4 < x 2 + 3 x + 4
Þ x>0
a
2
142. x + 4 x + 3 = 0
b
a = -3 , b = -1
143. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3 abc
Þ a + b+ c =0
Þ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has one root x = 1
145. x 1 + x 2 + x 1 x 2 = a
x1 x 2 + x1 x 2( x1 + x 2 ) = b
x 12 x 22 = c Þ b + c = x 1 x 2 ( a + 1)
147. (| x| - 2)(| x| - 1) = 0 Þ x = ± 1, ± 2
149. a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 - 2ab = 4 (1 - sin 2q) 2 + 4 cos 2 2q
= 4(2 - 2 sin 2q)
2
150. sin x + sin x = -b " x Î [0 , p]
0 £ -b £ 2
-2 £ b £ 0
152. x 2 + px - r = 0 = ( x - g)( x - d)
a 2 + pa - r = (a - g)(a - d) = -q - r
153. 2 x + 2 - 4 x £ 9 Ç 2 x + 2 - 4 x > 0; 2 x ( 4 - 2 x ) > 0
2x - 1 – –
1. >0 + + +
x( x + 1)(2 x + 1) –1 –1/2 0 1/2
æ 1 ö æ1 ö
Þ x Î ( -¥, - 1) È ç - , 0 ÷ È ç , ¥ ÷
è 2 ø è2 ø
y
3. (0,2)
x
–2 0 3
x +2
y=
a
4. Apply D ³ 0 Ç f(2) > 0 Ç f( -2) > 0 Ç -2 < <2
2
y
5. f( x) = x - 3 x>4
=5 - x 2< x<4 3
=x +1 1< x < 2 2
1
=3 - x x<1
x
1 1 1234
6. a - b = - Þ ab = 1 (Q a ¹ b)
b a
a 1
a-b= Þ a - = a2 Þ a3 - a2 + 1 = 0
b a
7. If f(2 + x) = f(2 - x) and D > 0
æ D ö th
Vertex of parabola is ç 2 , - ÷ lies in IV quadrant.
è 4a ø
f(0) > f(1) > f(2)
8. If f(2 + x) = f(2 - x) and D < 0
f( -2) = 4 a - 2 b + c > 0
If log f ( 2) f(3) is not defined then f(2) = 1
Þ f( x) ³ 1
-b
If = 2 Þ a and b are opposite sign.
2a
9. Case-I : f( -1) ³ 0 Ç f(1) < 0 Ç f(2) ³ 0
3
a£0 Ça<0 Ça³ -
2 O1
é 3 ö –1 2
Þ a Î ê- , 0 ÷
ë 2 ø
Case-II: f(1) ³ 0 Ç f( -1) < 0 Ç f( -2) ³ 0 y

3
a³0 Ça>0 Ça£
2 –1 O
x
æ 3 ù –2 1
Þ a Î ç 0, ú
è 2û
10. As expression taking minimum value
So, a > 0
-b -D
< 0; <0
2a 4a
Þ a > 0, b > 0, D > 0
2
11. ax + bx + c > 0 " x Î R
a > 0, D < 0
f ( 0) = c > 0
f( -3) + f( -2) = 13 a - 5b + 2 c > 0
f( -3) + f(2) = 13 a - b + 2 c > 0
12. D > 0 Þ k> 5 y
f(1) < 0 Þ k > 3

21 x
f(2) > 0 Þ k < 0 1 2
4
21
Þ 3< k<
4
13. x 2 + px + q = 0
Sum of the roots = -13
Product of the roots = 30
Þ x 2 + 13 x + 30 = 0 = ( x + 10)( x + 3)
Þ Correct roots are x = -10 , - 3
2
14. x - 3 x + 2 > 0
( x - 2)( x - 1) > 0 Þ x Î ( -¥, 1) È (2 , ¥)
x2 - 3x - 4 £ 0
( x - 4)( x + 1) £ 0 Þ x Î [-1, 4]
then x Î [-1, 1) È (2 , 4]
15. 5 x + (2 3 ) 2 x - 169 £ 0
5 x + 12 x - 169 £ 0
if x =2 5 2 + 12 2 = 169
x>2 5 x + 12 x > 169
x<2 5 x + 12 x < 169
Þ x Î ( -¥, 2]
16. f( x) = x 2 + ax + b
D1 : a 2 - 4 b
g( x) = x 2 + cx + d
D2 : c 2 - 4d
D1 + D 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 4 ( b + d) = ( a - c) 2 > 0 Þ atleast one of them is positive.
17. Let x - 1 = t 2
1 1 1 1
+ = +
2 2
x + 2 x -1 x -2 x -1 t + 2t + 1 t - 2t + 1
1 1 1 1
= + = +
|t + 1| |t - 1| |1 + x - 1| | x - 1 - 1|
If 1 < x < 2, then 0 < x -1< 1
1 1 1 1 2
+ = + =
|1 + x - 1| | x - 1 - 1| 1 + x - 1 1 - x - 1 2 - x
If x > 2, then x -1> 1
1 1 1 1 2 x -1
+ = + =
|1 + x - 1| | x - 1 - 1| x -1 + 1 x -1 -1 x -2
2 2
18. log 1/ 3 ( x + 2 px + p + 1) ³ 0
Þ ( x + p) 2 + 1 £ 1 Þ ( x + p) 2 £ 0 Þ x = - p
kp 2 - kp - k 2 £ 0 " k Î R
k2 + (p - p2) ³ 0 " k Î R
D£0
19. (a) a +b =a2 +b2
and ab = a 2b 2 Þ ab(ab - 1) = 0 Þ a = 0 or b = 0 or ab = 1
sin 5q np
(b) tan 2q + tan 3q = = 0 Þ sin 5q = 0 Þ q =
cos 2q cos 3q 5
æ 2 x 1 128 x 32 3
x 2 ö÷
ç + +
ç x2 x 22 4 x 1 x 32 ÷ø
è
(c) ³4 (Q AM ³ GM)
3
(d) Equation of chord with mid-point ( h, k) is T = S 1

Þ ( h - 1) x + ( k - 3) y + ( h + 3 k - h 2 - k 2 ) = 0
If it is passes from (0 , 0).
Then, h 2 + k 2 - h - 3 k = 0
20. - 2 < a < 2 Þ a 2 Î[0 , 4)
x 2 - 4x - a2 = 0 Þ x = 2 ± 4 + a2
21. If a + 2b = 0
Þ ab < 0 Þ - 2b 2 < 0 Þ q < 0
a + b = -b = p
ab = - 2 b 2 = q Þ 2 p 2 + q = 0
22. f( x) = ( a + b - 2 c) x 2 + ( b + c - 2 a) x + ( c + a - 2 b) = 0 Þ f(1) = 0
(a) if a > b > c > 0 y = f(x)
Þ a + b > 2c
f ( 0) = a + c - 2 b < 0
x
–1 0 1
a
(c) g( x) = ax 2 + 2 bx + c = 0
b
g(0) = c > 0 y = g(x)
g( -1) = a - 2 b + c < 0
1/a
(d) cx 2 + 2 bx + a = 0
1/b –1
x
0
23. f( x) = 4 x 2 - 8 ax + a
D = 48 a 2 ³ 0
(a) If f( x) is non-negative " x Î R , then a = 0
(b) If a < 0, then f(0) < 0
(c) If f( x) = 0 has two distinct solutions in (0 , 1), then
f(0) > 0 Þ a > 0
4
f(1) > 0 Þ a <
7
-b
0< <1 Þ 0< a<1
2a
24. ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots, then D < 0
æ 1ö
f ç - ÷ = a - 2b + 4c > 0 Þ a > 0
è 2ø
4a + 2b + c f ( 2)
= >0
a + 3b + 9c æ 1ö
fç ÷
è3ø
25.
x = –1 x = 0 x = 1 x=3 x=4 x=5

x=2
26. ax 2 + bx + c = 0
-b ± b 2 - 4 ac -b ± i 4 ac - b 2
x= =
2a 2a
2
æ -b ö 4 ac - b 2 c
|a| =|b|= ç ÷ + =
2
è 2a ø 4a a
27. 3 x - 6 > 6 x>3
x>6 2£ x£3
4-x>6 1£ x < 2
6 - 3x > 6 x<1
28. f( x) = ax 2 + x + b - a
D < 0 and f(1) = b + 1 > 0
f ( 0) = b - a > 0
f ( 1 2) = 4 b + 2 - 3 a > 0
29. a 2 + b 2 = ( a + b) 2 - 2 ab = 7 …(1)
a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b)(7 - ab) = 10 …(2)
2
Þ ( a + b)[21 - ( a + b) ] = 20
Let ( a + b) = x
3
x - 21x + 20 = 0
( x - 1)( x + 5)( x - 4) = 0
31. a + b + g + d = 0
1 1 1 1
Root = - , - , - , -
d g b a
1
Put x ® -
x
32. D ³ 0 Ç f( -1) > 0 Ç f(1) > 0

1
-2 < K £ –1 1
4
y y
a<0 a<0
33. (a) x c<0 (b) x c<0
b<0 b>0
y y
x a<0 a<0
(c) c>0 (d) x c<0
b>0 b<0
æ 1ö
34. (a) f(1) f( -1) > 0 (b) f(1) f ç - ÷ > 0
è 2ø
(c) f( -1) f( -2) > 0 (d) b 2 - 4 ac < 0
but a can be +ve or –ve.
b c
35. a + b = - , ab =
a a
b2 2 c b 2 - 2 ac
a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 - 2ab = - =
a2 a a2
1 1 (a + b) 2 - 2ab b 2 - 2 ac
+ = =
a2 b2 a 2b 2 a2
1 1 (a + b)(a 2 + b 2 - ab) -b( b 2 - 3 ac)

+ = =
a3 b3 (ab) 3 c3
36. l = sin 2 x + sin x - 1
-1 < l < 1
37. x 2 + 5 x = x + a + 3 " x Î ( -5, 0)
x 2 + 4 x - 3 = a " x Î ( -5, 0)
Þ a Î ( -3 , 2]
2 2
39. x - 2 ax - a = 0 x>a
Þ x = a (1 ± 2 )
x 2 + 2 ax - 5a 2 = 0 x<a
43. (a + b) + ( g + d) = 12 Þ a +b = g + d =6 …(1)
ab ( g + d) + gd (a + b) = 54 Þ ab + gd = 9 …(2)
(ab)( gd) = 14 …(3)
Þ ab = 7 , gd = 2
æ K3 ö æ 2 ö K=a
44. l ç ÷ + mç K -3÷ + n =0 K=b
ç K - 1÷ ç K -1 ÷
è ø è ø K=c
lK 3 + mK 2 + nK - (3m + n) = 0

1. f( -1 - x) = f( -1 + x) " x Î R
Þ graph of f( x) is symmetric about x = -1.
b
- = -1 Þ b = 2 a
2a
a = f( -2) = 4 a - 2 b + c
b = f ( 3) = 9 a + 3 b + c
x = –3 x = –2 x=0 x=1 x=3 x axis
g = f( -3) = 9 a - 3 b + c
x = –1
Using graph f(3) > f( -3) > f( -2) Þ b > g > a
2. p = b - 4 a = - 2 a < 0
q = 2a + b = 4a > 0
Þ p ´ q< 0

Sol. ( k + 1) x 2 - (20 k + 14) x + 91k + 40 = 0
f( 4) = 27 k > 0 ù
® One root is lie (4, 7)
f(7) = - 9 < 0 úû
f(10) = - 9 k < 0 ù
® Other root is lie (10, 13)
f(13) = 27 > 0 úû

5. f( x) = x 2 + bx + c " x Î R
-b
Least value at = -1 Þ b = 2
2
Graph of f( x) cuts y-axis, when x = 0
Þ c =2
Þ f( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 2
Least value of f( x) = 1
6. f( - 2) + f(0) + f(1) = 9
7. a Î (1, ¥)

Sol. (log 2 x) - 4 (log 2 x) - m 2 - 2m - 13 = 0
2
8. D > 0 Þ m 2 + 2m + 17 > 0 " m Î R

9. m 2 + 2m - (log 2 x) 2 + 4 (log 2 x) + 13 = 0
D³0
æ 1ù
Þ (log 2 x - 6)(log 2 x + 2) ³ 0 Þ x Î ç 0 , ú È [64 , ¥)
è 4û

1 -1
Sol. x 4 - 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 4 x - 1 = 0 has four roots a , , b,
a b
æ 1ö æ 1ö
ça + ÷ + çb- ÷ =2 …(1)
è aø è bø
æ 1ö æ 1ö
çb - ÷ -ça + ÷ = -4 …(2)
è b ø è a ø

Sol. f( x) - (6 - x) = 0 = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4)( x - 5)
f( x) = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4)( x - 5) + (6 - x)

Sol. x 3 - x 2 (1 + sin q + cos q) + x (sin q + cos q + sin q cos q) - sin q cos q = 0
Þ Roots are 1, sin q , cos q.

Sol. 2 [1 + P( x)] = P( x - 1) + P( x + 1)
2 + 2 [ax 2 + bx + c] = a( x - 1) 2 + b( x - 1) + c + a( x + 1) 2 + b( x + 1) + c
Þ a =1
P ( 0) = c = 8
P(2) = 4 a + 2 b + c = 32 Þ b = 10

3 2
2t – 9t + 30 = l
y
10
Sol. t
–2 0 2 3
–22

22. D > 0
(2t - 1) 2 - 4t (5t - 1) > 0
-1 1
16t 2 - 1 < 0 Þ <t< ( t ¹ 0)
4 4
23. t > 0 y
Case-I: D < 0
1
(2t - 1) 2 - 4t (5t - 1) < 0 Þ t >
(Q t > 0)
4
-b 1 1 O
x
Case-II: D ³ 0 Ç f(0) ³ 0 Ç £0 Þ £t£
2a 5 4
(2 x - 1) + – + – +
1. (A) >0
x(2 x + 1)( x + 1) –1 –1/2 0 1/2
(B) 3 x 2 + 2 ( a 2 + 1) x + ( a 2 - 3 a + 2) = 0
ab < 0
a 2 - 3 a + 2 < 0 Þ ( a - 1)( a - 2) < 0
(C) x + 3 - 4 x -1 + x + 8 -6 x -1 =1
2
Let x - 1 = t ; |t - 2| + |t - 3| = 1
a +b + g + d
(D) A.M. = =2
4
G.M. = (abgd) 1/ 4 = 2
A.M. = G.M. Þ a = b = g = d = 2
3. (A) x 4 - 8 x 2 - 9 = 0
( x 2 - 9)( x 2 + 1) = 0 Þ x = 3, - 3
(B) x 2/ 3 + x 1/ 3 - 2 = 0
( x 1/ 3 + 2)( x 1/ 3 - 1) = 0 Þ x = -8 , 1
(C) ( 3 x + 1) 2 = ( x - 1) 2
Þ 3x + 1 = x + 1 - 2 x Þ 2 x = -2 x (Not possible)
(D) (3 x - 9)(3 x - 1) = 0 Þ x = 0, 2
4. (A) \ ( a + b) = -a & ab = b Þ (1, - 2) and (0, 0)
p 2p 4p
(B) P = O , Q = 8 cos cos cos =1
9 9 9
(C) ar 6 = 2
Product = ( 2 ) 11 = 2 11/ 2
\ m = 11
n=4
(D) x = y = 3
Q ( x - y ) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 0
\ 5x - 4 y = 3
æ pö p 3p 3p 5p p 5p
1. f ç cos ÷ = sin sin + sin sin + sin sin
è 7ø 7 7 7 7 7 7
p p
= 2 cos 2 + cos - 1
7 7
Þ f( x) = 2 x 2 + x - 1
2. ( r - a)( r - b)( r - c)( r - d) = ( - 1) ´ ( - 3) ´ (1) ´ (3)
Þ ( r - a) + ( r - b) + ( r - c) + ( r - d) = 0
é3 ö
3. Let x 2 + x + 1 = t " t Î ê , ¥÷
ë4 ø
t 2 - ( m - 3) t + m = 0
æ3ö
Case-I : fç ÷<0
è4ø
x
9 3 3/4
- ( m - 3) + m < 0
16 4
-45
Þ m< y
4
Case-II : D = 0 Þ m = 1, 9
-b 3 9
> Þm>
2a 4 2 0
x
3/4
There is one positive integral value of m = 9.
4. t 2 - (m - 3) t + m = 0 y
t Î [3 4 , ¥) has four distinct real roots, then

D>0
Þ m 2 - 10m + 9 > 0
x
Þ m Î ( -¥, 1) È (9 , ¥) 0 3/4
-b 3 9
> Þ m>
2a 4 2
æ3ö - 45
fç ÷>0 Þ m> Þ m Î (9 , ¥)
è4ø 4
5. f(t ) = (m 2 - 12) t 2 - 8 t - 4 = 0 ( t ³ 0)
f(0) = - 4 < 0
m 2 - 12 £ 0 Þ m Î [-2 3 , 2 3 ]
Case-I : D<0
Þ m 2 - 8 < 0 Þ m Î ( -2 2 , 2 2 )
Case-II : D ³ 0 Þ m Î ( -¥, - 2 2 ] È [2 2 , ¥)
-b 4
= < 0 Þ m Î ( -2 3 , 2 3 )
2
2 a m - 12
Þ m Î [-2 3 , 2 3 ]
é æ p öù
6. ( e x - 2) êsin ç x + ÷ ú ( x - ln 2)(sin x - cos x) < 0
ë è 4 øû
1 1
( x - ln 2) × (sin x + cos x)( x - ln 2)(sin x - cos x) < 0 = ( x - ln 2) 2 (sin 2 x - cos 2 x) < 0
2 2
Þ cos 2 x > 0 , x ¹ ln 2
é p ö æ 3p ù
x Î ê0 , ÷ È ç , p ú - {ln 2}
ë 4ø è 4 û
Least positive integral value is 3.
7. x 2 + 17 x + 71 = l2 Þ lÎZ
2 2
x + 17 x + (71 - l ) = 0
D = perfect square = m 2 (say)
m 2 = 289 - 4 (71 - l2 )
(m - 2l)(m + 2l) = 1 ´ 5
Þ m - 2l = 1
m + 2l = 5
8. P( x) = ( x - x 3 - x 2 - 1)( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 - x + 1)
4
P(a ) + P(b) + P( g) + P(d) = (a 2 - a + 1) + (b 2 - b + 1) + ( g 2 - g + 1) + (d 2 - d + 1) = 6

a
9. If - £1
2
f( x) max = f( 4) Þ 4 a + 18 = 6 Þ a = -3 (Not possible)
a
if - ³ 1
2
f( x) max = f( -2) Þ a = 0 (Not possible)
There is no real value of ‘ a’ .
10. x 2 - 8 x - (n 2 - 10n) = 0
D<0 Þ n 2 - 10n + 16 < 0
(n - 8)(n - 2) < 0
Þ 2 < n < 8 and n ¹ 10
2
11. x + 2 (m - 1) x + (m + 5) > 0 " ( x > 1)
Case-I : D<0
m 2 - 3m - 4 < 0 Þ -1 < m < 4
Case-II : D ³ 0 x
Þ m Î ( -¥, - 1] È [4 , ¥) 1
4
f(1) ³ 0 Þ m ³ -
3
-b
<1 Þ m>0
2a
Þ m Î ( -1, ¥)
12. ax 4 + bx 3 - x 2 + 2 x + 3 = ( x + 2)( x - 1) Q ( x) + ( 4 x + 3)
Put x = 1 a + b=3
x = -2 b = 2a
-b
13. D > 0 Ç >4 Ç f( 4) ³ 0
2a
k - 1> 0 Ç 4k > 4 Ç k 2 - 3k + 2 ³ 0
k>0 Ç k>1 Ç ( k - 2)( k - 1) ³ 0
Þ k³2
14. x 2 - 3 x + 2 = ( x - 1)( x - 2)
If ( x - 1) is a factor of x 4 - px 2 + q = 0. Then
p - q=1 …(1)
4 2
If ( x - 2) is a factor of x - px + q = 0. Then
4 p - q = 16 …(2)
Þ p = 5, q = 4
Þ p + q=9
15. x 2 + 2 xy + ky 2 + 2 x + k = 0
if it can be resolved into two linear factors, then
abc + 2 fgh - bg 2 - af 2 - ch 2 = 0
k2 - k - k = 0
k = 0, 2
2
16. ( a + 1) x + 2 = ax + 3 has exactly one solution.
Þ D =0
a 2 + 4 ( a + 1) = 0
( a + 2) 2 = 0 Þ a = -2 Þ a2 = 4
x 2 - ax + 1
17. y =
x2 - 3x + 2
x 2 ( y - 1) - x (3 y - a) + 2 y - 1 = 0 " x Î R
D³0
(3 y - a) 2 - 4 ( y - 1)(2 y - 1) ³ 0 " y Î R
y 2 - 6 y ( a - 2) + a 2 - 4 ³ 0 " y Î R
D£0
36 ( a - 2) 2 - 4 ( a 2 - 4) £ 0
( a - 2)(2 a - 5) £ 0
5
2£ a£
2 (x ¹ 1)
Þ Integral value of a = 2 y
At a = 2
x2 - 2x + 1 ( x - 1) 2 1/2
f( x) = = 0
x
x2 - 3x + 2 ( x - 2)( x - 1) 1
x -1
f( x) = ( x ¹ 1)
x -2
Range R - {0 , 1} x=2
Þ No integral values of ‘ a’ for which range is R.

100
18. x = ( x 2 - 3 x + 2) × Q ( x) + ( ax + b)
at x =1 Þ a + b=1 …(1)
100
at x =2 Þ 2a + b = 2 …(2)
Þ a = 2 100 - 1, b = 2 - 2 100
Remainder = (2 100 - 1) x + 2 (1 - 2 99 )
Þ k = 99
1/ 3
19. x = 7 + 7 2/ 3
x 3 = 7 + 49 + 3 ´ 7 ( x) Þ x 3 - 21x - 56 = 0
Product of all roots = 56
21. Clearly P( x) is a second degree polynomial.
\ P( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
P ¢( x) = 2 ax + b
P( x) - P ¢( x) = ax 2 + ( b - 2 a) x + c - b = x 2 + 2 x + 1
a = 1, b - 2 a = 2 , c - b = 1
a = 1, b = 4 , c = 5
P( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 5
P( -1) = 1 - 4 + 5 = 6 - 4 = 2
2
23. Let x = t
t 2 + kt + k = 0
D>0 Þ k Î ( -¥, 0) È ( 4 , ¥)
f(0) < 0 Þ k < 0
4
25. f(1) < 0 Þ a < -
3
1 3
8 x
f(3) < 0 Þ a < -
7
Integral values of ‘ a’ are - 5, - 4 , - 3 , - 2.
æpö
26. f(0) f ç ÷ £ 0
è2ø
- (n + 1)(2n + 1)(n - 3) £ 0 Þ n Î [3 , ¥)
27. f( x) = ax 2 + bx + c a , b, c Î I
2
ax + bx + c = a( x - a )( x - b) + p a,b Î I
ax 2 + bx + c - 2 p = a( x - a )( x - b) - p = 0
Not possible for integral values of x.
28. 9 x 2 + 2 x ( y - 46) + y 2 - 20 y + 244 = 0
D³0 Þ y 2 - 11 y + 10 £ 0
( y - 1)( y - 10) £ 0 Þ 1 £ y £ 10
y + 2 y ( x - 10) + 9 x 2 - 92 x + 244 = 0
2
D³0 Þ x 2 - 9 x + 18 £ 0
( x - 3)( x - 6) £ 0 Þ 3 £ x £ 6
29. a + b = 3 and a 3 + b 3 = 7 Þ a 3 + (3 - a) 3 = 7 Þ 9 a 2 - 27 a + 20 = 0
Sum of distinct values of ‘ a’ is 3.
30. ( y 2 - 3) 2 + ( x - 4) 2 = 1
Þ x = 4 + cos q , y 2 = 3 + sin q
M = 36 , m = 1
31. x 1 + x 2 + x 1 x 2 = a
x1 x 2 + x1 x 2( x1 + x 2 ) = b
x 12 x 22 = c
If b + c = 2( a + 1) Þ x 1 x 2 = 2
32. x 3 + 3 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 0 Þ x = a is root
x 3 - 3 x 2 + 4 x - 5 = 0 Þ x = b is root
Þ a +b =0
33. 5
(1) - (2) ( 2) - ( 3)
( x - z )( x + y + z ) = 1 and ( y - x)( x + y + z ) = -2
x+ y
Divide z =
2
2
æ x + yö æ x + yö
y 2 + yç ÷+ç
2 2
÷ = 1 and x - 2 xy - 5 y = 0
è 2 ø è 2 ø
x = (1 + 6 ) y
2
y2 = put values
9+3 6
4 (1 - a - b) - ( a - b) 2 4 (1 + a + b) - ( a + b) 2
34. >
4 -4
Þ 8 > ( a + b) 2 + ( a - b) 2 Þ a 2 + b 2 < 4
3
35. 20 x + 3 20 x + 13 = 13
3
20 x + 3 20 x + 3 20 x + 3 20 x + 3 20 x +¼¥ = 13
3
Þ 20 x + 13 = 13 Þ 20 x = 2197 - 13
2184 546
Þ x= =
20 5
36. Let f( x) = x 2 - 2 ( a + 1) x + a ( a - 1)
f(1 - a) < 0 Ç f(1 + a) < 0
2
4a - 3a - 1 < 0 Ç 3a + 1 > 0
1 1
- < a<1 Ç a> -
4 3
æ 1 ö
Þ a Î ç - , 1÷
è 4 ø
37. ( x - 8)( x - 2) < 0
Þ 2< x<8
-b
38. sin q + cos q =
a
c
sin q × cos q =
a
b2 2c
(sin q + cos q) 2 = 1 + 2 sin q cos q = =1+
2 a
a
2 2
b -a 2c
Þ =
2 a
a
39. cos 2 x + (1 - a) cos x - a 2 £ 0 " x Î R

Let cos = t " t Î [-1, 1]
–1 1
t 2 + (1 - a) t - a 2 £ 0 " t Î [-1, 1] x
f( -1) £ 0
Þ a2 - a ³ 0
Þ a Î ( -¥, 0] È [1, ¥)
f(1) £ 0
Þ a2 + a - 2 ³ 0
( a + 2)( a - 1) ³ 0 Þ a Î ( -¥, - 2] È [1, ¥)
a
40. 2 x 2 - 35 x + 2 = 0
b
2 2
2a - 35 = - and 2b - 35 = -
a b
42. xF ( x) - 1 = k( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3) ¼( x - 9)
k( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3) ¼( x - 9) + 1
Þ F ( x) =
x
Constant term = k( -9 !) + 1 = 0
1
Þ k=
9!
44. cos A + cos B + cos C = -a
cos A cos B + cos B cos C + cos A cos C = b
cos A cos B cos C = -c
a 2 - 2 b - 2 c = cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C
=1
45. k > 0 y
-b
D>0Ç >0
2a
k -3
k 2 - 10 k + 9 > 0 Ç <0 O
x
k
k Î ( -¥, 1) È (9 , ¥) Ç k Î (0 , 3) Þ k Î(0 , 1)
❑❑❑
Sequence and Series 187
9
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
1. AM ³ GM
3. 2 sec a = sec (a - 2 b) + sec (a + 2 b)
2 cos(a + 2 b) + cos(a - 2 b)
=
cos a cos(a - 2 b) cos(a + 2 b)
cos 2a + cos 4 b = cos a (2 cos a cos 2 b)
2 cos a - 1 + 2 cos 2 2b - 1 = 2 cos 2 a cos 2 b
2
Þ cos 2 a(1 - cos 2 b) + (cos 2 b + 1)(cos 2 b - 1) = 0

Þ cos 2 a = 1 + cos 2 b
a+c
4. If a , b, c A.P. Þ b=
2
2 ec
if c , d , e H.P. Þ d=
e+c
2
if b, c , d G.P. Þ c = bd
æ a + c ö æ 2 ec ö
c2 = ç ÷ç ÷
è 2 øè e + cø
Þ c 2 = ae
5. ( a + nd) 2 = ( a + md)( a + rd)
a mr - n 2
Þ =
d 2n - m - r
2mr a -n
if m , n , r in H.P., then n = Þ =
m+r d 2
4
6. A.M. (a , b , g , d) = =1
4
G.M. (a , b , g , d) = 1 Þ a = b = g = d = 1
So, equation is ( x - 1) 4 = 0
S 14 S 22 - S 22 S 32 S 22 ( S 14 - S 32 )
7. S 3 = S 12 Þ = =0
S 12 + S 32 S 12 + S 32
r ×2r
8. T r =
( r + 2)!
( r + 2 - 2) 2 r 1 1
Tr = = 2r - 2 r +1
( r + 2)! ( r + 1)! ( r + 2)!
2! 2 n +1
Sn = -
2 ! (n + 2)!
é 2 n +1 ù
lim S n = S ¥ = 1 êas lim = 0ú
n® ¥
ë n ® ¥ (n + 2)! û
p æ p ö æ p ö
9. tan 2 = tan ç - x ÷ tan ç + x÷
12 è 12 ø è 12 ø
p
tan 2 - tan 2 x
2 p 12 æ p ö
tan = Þ tan 2 x ç tan 4 - 1÷ = 0 Þ tan x = 0
12 p è 12 ø
1 - tan 2 tan 2 x
12
x = 0 , p , 2 p , 3 p , ¼¼ 99 p
Sn n n+1
10. =
Sn - 1 n - 1 n + 2
æ2 3 4 5 n ö æ3 4 5 n n + 1ö
Q n = ç ´ ´ ´ ´ ¼¼ ÷ ´ ç ´ ´ ´ ¼¼ ´ ´ ÷
è1 2 3 4 n - 1ø è 4 5 6 n +1 n +2ø
ænö æ 3 ö 3n
Q n = ç ÷ ×ç ÷=
è 1ø è n + 2 ø n + 2
lim Q n = 3
n® ¥
log l p 1 log A + ( p - 1) log R p 1
11. log m q 1 = log A + ( q - 1) log R q 1
log n r 1 log A + ( r - 1) log R r 1
log A p 1 ( p - 1) log R p 1
log A q 1 + ( q - 1) log R q 1 =0
log A r 1 ( r - 1) log R r 1
12. Numbers divisible by 6 ® 49
Numbers divisible by 18 ® 16
y+z
13. = yz Þ 1 - x ³ 2 yz
2
Thus, (1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z ) ³ 2 yz × 2 zx × 2 xy = 8 xyz

xyz 1
Þ £
(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z ) 8
17. Clearly, both roots are lies in between -1 and 1.
n æ n ö æ n ö
\ lim (a r + b r ) = ç lim
å a r ÷ + ç lim
å å br ÷
n® ¥ ç ÷ ç ÷
r =1 è n ® ¥ r =1 ø è n ® ¥ r =1 ø
a b 1
= + =
1 - a 1 - b 12
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
18. å aij = a12 + a13 + a14 + a12 + a 23 + a 24 + a13 + a 32 + a 34 + a14 + a 42 + a 43
æ 1 ö
³ 12 çQ x + ³ 2 ÷
è x ø
x 2 + 2 xy + 2 xy + 4 y 2 + z 2 + z 2 6 2
19. ³ 2 ×4 × x4 × y4 ×z4
6
20. Let first term be ‘ a’ and difference be d.
Þ 5 ( a + 4 d) = 8 ( a + 7 d)
Þ a + 12 d = 0
25
S 25 = [2 a + 24 d]
2
S 25 = 25 ( a + 12 d) = 0
21. 10 sin x = 5 ( 4 sin 2 x + 1) sin x ¹ 0
5 ±1
Þ sin x =
4
22. Let first term of G.P. be a and ratio be r.
Þ a + ar + ar 2 = 70 and 10 ar = 4 a + 4 ar 2
1
Þ a = 40 r=
2
a 40
S= = = 80
1- r 1
1-
2
¥
k k ¥ 1 k
23. å n+k
= å =
2 k n =1 2 n 2 k
n =1 2
¥
k 1 2 3 4
å 2 k = 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 +¼¼ = 2
k =1
p+ q+ r
24. ( pqr) 1/ 3 ³ Þ p=q=r
3
if 3 p + 4 q + 5r = 12 Þ p = q = r = 1
1æ 1 1 1 1 1 ö 1 é1æ 1ö 1æ 1 1ö 1æ 1 1ö ù
25. ç + + + + +¼¼ ÷ = ê ç 1 + ÷ + ç + ÷ + ç + ÷ + ¼¼ú
3 è 3 6 10 15 21 ø 3 ë3 è 2ø 5è2 3ø 7 è3 4ø û
1é 1 1 1 ù 1
= + + + ¼¼ú =
3 êë 1 × 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 û 3
a b
[2 A + ( a - 1) D] [2 A + ( b - 1) D]
26. 2 =2 = c Þ D = 2 c, A = c
a2 b2
x r x
27. =4 Þ = r - r2
1- r 4
1
if -1 < r < 1 then -2 < r - r 2 <
4
x 1
-2 < < Þ - 8 < x < 1
4 4
n+1
28. t 1 + t 3 + t 5 +¼¼ + t 2n +1 = [2 a + n(2 d)] = 248
2
n
t 2 + t 4 + t 6 +¼¼ + t 2n = [2 ( a + d) + (n - 1) 2 d] = 217
2
t 2n +1 - t 1 = 2n × d = 56
n+1 n
Þ [2 a + 56] = 248 and [2 a + 56] = 217
2 2
Þ n = 7, a = 3
29. length of side A1 = 20
20
length of side A 2 =
2
20
length of side A 3 =
( 2)2
20
length of side A n =
( 2 ) n -1
400
Area of A n = <1
2 n -1
¥
1 1 1 k+1
30. S k = å ( k + 1)i =1+ +
k + 1 ( k + 1) 2
+¼¼ =
k
i =0
n n n n
n (n + 1) n ( n + 3)
å k S k = å( k + 1) = å k + å 1 = 2
+n=
2
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1
2
( r + 1) r -1 æ 1 2 ö r -1
31. T r = ×2 = ç1 + - ÷2
r ( r + 1) è r r + 1ø
n n n æ 2 r -1 2 r ö÷ é 2n ù æ n ö n
Sn = å Tr = å 2 r -1 + å ç - = (2 n -1 ) + ê1 - ú =ç ÷2
ç r + 1 ÷ø
r =1 è r
r =1 r =1 ë n + 1û è n + 1 ø
29
32. å(1.5) n = (1.5) 2 + (1.5) 3 +¼¼ + (1.5) 29
n =2
é(1.5) 28 - 1ù
= (1.5) 2 ê ú = 2 k - 2 (1.5)
2
ë 0.5 û
33. 7 , A1 , A 2 , A 3 ,¼¼ , A n , 49 are in A.P.
æn +2ö
A1 + A 2 + A 3 +¼¼ + A n = ç ÷ (7 + 49) - (7 + 49)
è 2 ø
n
Þ ´ 56 = 364 Þ n = 13
2
2 2
34. , , 2 , 2 r, 2 r 2
2 r
r
35. S n = 5n 2 + 4n
t n = S n - S n -1 = 10n - 1
é æ a 2 - b öù æ 2 2 2 ö
36. x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y)( x 2 + y 2 - xy) = a ê b - ç ÷ú çQ xy = ( x + y) - ( x + y ) ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
êë è 2 ø úû è 2 ø
3 ab a 3
= -
2 2
1
37. S 1 = =3
2
1-
3
3
S2 = =5
2
1-
5
M
M
2n - 1
Sn = = 2n + 1
2
1-
2n + 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +¼¼ = + + +¼¼
S1 S 2 S 3 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 3 S 4 S 5 3 × 5 × 7 5 × 7 × 9 7 × 9 × 11
¥ ¥ ¥
1 é 1 1 ù
S¥ = å tr = å ( 2 r + 1)( 2 r + 3 )( 2 r + 5)
= å ê(2 r + 1)(2 r + 3) - (2 r + 3)(2 r + 5) ú
r =1 r =1 r =1 ë û
38. ar 5 , 2 , 5, ar 13 are in G.P.
Þ ( ar 9 ) 2 = 10
t 1 t 2 t 3 ¼¼ t 19 = a 19 r 9´19 = ( ar 9 ) 19 = 10 19/ 2
39. A.M. ³ G.M.

1 1 1 1
A + + 1³ 3 ; B + + 1³ 3 ; C + + 1³ 3 ; D + + 1³ 3
A B C D
æ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö 4
ç A + + 1÷ ç B + + 1 ÷ ç C + + 1÷ ç D + + 1÷ ³ 3
è A øè B øè C øè D ø
40. (Sr) 2 = Sr 2 + 2 Sr1 r2
a-b
S r1 r2 =
2
2n n
41. [2 a + (2n - 1)d] = x and [2( a + 2nd) + (n - 1) d] = y
2 2
2y x 2y - x
Þ - = 3nd Þ d =
n n 3n 2
44. 2 , 6 , 2 ( k - 1) are in G.P.
Þ 6 2 = 2 ´ 2 ( k - 1)
Þ k = 10
Þ x 2 - x - 6 > 0 and | x| < 100
Þ x Î ( -100 , - 2) È (3 , 100)
Number of integers = 193
n n
æ 3 öæ 1öæ 1öæ 3ö
45. å 1 + T r T r +1 T r + 2 T r + 3 = å 1+ çr - ÷çr - ÷çr + ÷çr + ÷
è 2 øè 2 øè 2 øè 2ø
r =1 r =1
n 2 n
æ 2 5ö 5
= å çr - ÷ = å r2 -
r =1 è 4ø r =1 4
2 n n n
5 5 1 5
= å r2 - + år2 - = + r2 - å å
r =1 4 r =2 4 4 r =2 r =2 4
46. T r = å T r - å T r -1 = r 2 + r
n n n
2008 1 æ1 1 ö n
å Tr
= 2008 å
r( r + 1)
= (2008) ç - å
÷ = (2008)
r r + 1ø n+1
r =1 r =1 r =1 è
(2008) n
lim = 2008
h®¥ n + 1
n
1 1 1
48. P( x) = å æçè x - r ö÷ø æçè x - r + 1 ö÷ø æçè x - r + 2 ö÷ø
r =1
n n
1 1é 1 1 ù
Absolute term = - å r( r + 1)( r + 2) = - 2 êê å r( r + 1) - ( r + 1)( r + 2) úú
r =1 ë r =1 û
1 é1 1 ù
=- -
2 ë 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) úû
ê
1 é1 1 ù 1
lim - - =-
n ®¥ 2 êë 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) úû 4
1 1 1 1
50. , , ,¼¼ , are in A.P.
T1 T 2 T 3 Tk
1
+ 5d
T2 a 2
= =9 Þ d = -
T6 1 a
+d
a
1
+ 3d
T10 a 5
= =
T4 1 17
+ 9d
a
æ 1 1 ö 2æ 1 1 ö 15
52. ç 1 + + + ¼¼ ÷ + ç 1 + + +¼¼ ÷ =
2 4 3 2 4
è 3 3 ø è 3 3 ø 8
53. ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4) ¼¼( x - 10)
Coefficient of x 8 = sum of terms taken two at a time
1
= [(1 + 2 + 3 +¼¼ + 10) 2 - (12 + 2 2 +¼¼ + 10 2 )]
2
55. AM = GM
a +b + g + d 1
= (abgd) 1/ 4 =
4 2
1
Þ a =b = g = d =
2
56. Use AM ³ GM
¥
57. å(a r + b r ) = (a + a 2 + a 3 +¼ ) + (b + b 2 + b 3 +¼ )
r =1
a b
= +
1 - a 1 -b
a
4x2 + 2x - 1 = 0
b
a
2
æ x ö æ x ö 2 1– a
4ç ÷ + 2ç ÷ - 1 = 0 Þ 5x - 1 = 0
è1+ x ø è1+ x ø b
1– b
2
é 10 ´ 11ù
58. 2 2 [1 + 2 3 + 3 3 + 4 3 +¼ + 10 3 ] = 4 ê = 12100
ë 2 úû
59. AM ³ HM
a a
b+ +
2 2³ 3
3 4 1
+
a b
60. 4 x - 15 = 4 2- x Þ 4 x = 16 Þ x = 2
æ 2011p ö æ pö 1
Common ratio = cos ç ÷ = cos ç 670 p + ÷ =
è 3 ø è 3ø 2
61. AM ³ GM
c2 c2
a 4 + b4 + + 4 4 4
1/ 4
2 2 ³ æç a b c ö÷
4 ç 4 ÷
è ø
1
62. x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + ³2
x2
2 6 12 20
63. + + + +¼¥
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 +2 1 +2 +3 1 + 2 + 33 + 43
3 3
1´ 2 2 ´3 3´4
= + + +¼¥
3 3 3
1 1 +2 1 + 23 + 33
3
n n
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
= lim
n ®¥
å 13 + 2 3 +¼ + n 3 = nlim
®¥
å 2
1 1 æ n(n + 1) ö
ç ÷
è 2 ø
n n
1 1 1
= lim 4
n ®¥
å n(n + 1)
= 4 lim
n ®¥
å æçè n - n + 1 ö÷ø
1 1
æ1 1 1 1 1 1 ö
= 4 lim ç - + - +¼ + - ÷
n ®¥ è 1 2 2 3 n n + 1ø
n
= 4 lim =4
n ®¥ n + 1
¥
1 æ 1 1 ö 1 æ 1 ö
64. å çç - ÷÷ = çç ÷
( k - 1) n =1 è (n + 1)(n + 2) ¼(n + k - 1) (n + 2)(n + 3) ¼(n + k) ø ( k - 1) è 2 × 3 × 4 ¼ k ÷ø
3 6
65. A - G = and G - H =
2 5
As we know,
æ3 öæ 6ö 15
G 2 = AH Þ G2 ç + G÷çG - ÷ Þ G = 6 and A =
è 2 øè 5ø 2
ab = 36 and a + b = 15 Þ a = 12 and b = 3
Þ
2+5 5+8 8 + 11 1 æ 5 2 - 2 2 8 2 - 5 2 112 - 8 2 ö
66. S = + + +¼ = ç + + +¼ ÷
2
2 ×5 2 2
5 ×8 2 2
8 × 11 2 ç 2
3 è 2 ×5 2 2
5 ×8 2 2
8 × 11 2 ÷
ø
1æ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ö
= ç - + - + - +¼ + - ÷÷
3 çè 2 2 5 2 5 2 8 2 8 2 112 29 2
32 2 ø
1æ 1 1 ö 85
= ç - ÷=
3 è 4 32 2 ø 1024
10 10
r r
67. å ( r 2 - 1) 2 - r 2 = å ( r 2 - r - 1)( r 2 + r - 1)
r =1 r =1
1 10 æ 1 1 ö
= å ç
2
-
2
÷
2 r =1 è r - r - 1 r + r - 1 ø
¥ ¥
r
68. åt r = å r4 + r2 + 1
r =1 r =1
¥ ¥
r r
= å ( r 2 + 1) 2 - r 2 å ( r 2 - r + 1)( r 2 + r + 1)
=
r =1 r =1
¥
1 æ 1 1 ö
= å ç - ÷
2 r =1 è r 2 - r + 1 r 2 + r + 1 ø
4 7 10
69. S¥ = 1 + + + +¼
5 52 53
1 1 4 7
× S¥ = + + +¼
2
5 5 5 53
4 3 3 3 7
Þ S¥ =1+ + + +¼ =
5 5 5 2 3 4
5
35
Þ S¥ =
16
71. x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ¼ x 2n
2n
å( -1) r +1 x r2
r =1
x 12 - x 22 + x 32 +¼ - x 22n
( x 1 - x 2 )( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 +¼ x 2n )
- ( x 2 - x 1 )( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 +¼ x 2n )
( x - x1 ) 2 x
- 2n [ x 1 + x 2n ]
2n - 1 2
x
( x 12 - x 22n )
2x - 1
a +b
72. =9; ab = 4
2
73. rms ³ AM
p 2 + q2 p + q
³
2 2
n
74. 150 ´ 9 + [300 + (n - 1)( -2)] = 4500 Þ n = 25
2
Total term = n + 9 = 34
20
75. S 20 = [2 (1 - ad) + 19 d] = 20
2
Þ 19 d - 2 ad = 0
¥ ¥
1 1 æ 1 1 ö
76. å (n - 2)(n - 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2) = 4 å ççè (n - 2)(n - 1) n(n + 1) - (n - 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2) ÷÷ø
n =3 n =3
5 1 1 1 1 1
78. 2 x + 2 2 x +1 + = 2 x + 2 2x + 2 2x + + + + +
x x x x x
2 2 2 2 2 2x
1/ 8
2 x + 2 2 x +1 + (5 2 x ) æ x 1 ö
Þ ³ ç 2 ´ (2 2 x ) 2 ´ ÷ =1
8 ç (2 x ) 5 ÷
è ø
5
Þ 2 x + 2 2 x +1 + ³8
2x
¥ ¥ ¥ æ ö 1
æ ( 4 r + 5) ö 1 1 1 1 1 1
79. å çè r(5r + 5) ÷ø × 5 r = å æçè r - 5r + 5 ö÷ø × 5 r = å çç r × 5 r -
( r + 1) × 5 r +1
÷=
÷ 5
r =1 r =1 r =1 è ø
a1 + a n 2 a1 a n
1. a = , b = a1 a n , c =
2 a1 + a n
Þ a ³ b ³ c and b 2 = ac
2. D1 : b 2 - 4 ac < 0
D 2 : c 2 - 4 ab < 0
D 3 : a 2 - 4 bc < 0
D1 + D 2 + D 3 : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 4 ( ab + bc + ac)
a 2 + b2 + c 2
1< <4
ab + bc + ac
3. If a , b, c are in H.P.
A.M. > H.M.
a+c
Þ >b Þ a + c > 2b
2
Þ a - b> b - c
1 1
or - <0
a-b b-c
G.M. > H.M.
also ac > b or ac > b 2
1
4. T p = a + ( p - 1) d =
q( p + q)
1 1
T q = a + ( q - 1) d = Þ a=d=
p ( p + q) pq( p + q)
5. (a) a , H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , ¼¼ , H n , b are in H.P.
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , ¼¼ , , are in A.P.
a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b
1 1 1 1 n æ 1 1ö
Þ + + +¼¼ + = ç + ÷
H1 H 2 H 3 Hn 2 è a bø
(c) a , A1 , A 2 , A 3 , ¼¼ , A 2n , b are in A.P.
A1 + A 2n = A 2 + A 2n -1 = A 3 + A 2n -2 = ¼¼ = a + b
(d) 4 g 2 + 5 g 3 = 4 r + 5r 2
2
This is minimum at r = -
5
6. a , b, c are in H.P.
1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
a b c
a+ b+ c a+ b+ c a+ b+ c
(a) - 2, - 2, - 2 are in A.P.
a b c
a+ b+ c a+ b+ c a+ b+ c
(b) - 1, - 1, - 1 are in A.P.
c b c
2 1 1 2
(c) = + ³ Þ ac ³ b
b a c ac
a 5 + c 5 ³ 2 ( ac) 5/ 2 ³ b 5
(d) 2ac = ab + bc
7. Let the roots be a , ar , ar 2 , ar 3 and ar 4 .
a( r 5 - 1)
= 40 …(1)
r -1
æ 1 ö
ç - 1÷
1èr 5
ø
and = 10 …(2)
a 1
-1
r
r 5 - 1 40
put = in (2) we get ar 2 = ± 2
r -1 a
Now, d = ( ar 2 ) 5 = ( ± 2) 5
8. (a) Q 2 a k +1 = a k + a k + 2
\ fk ( -1) = 0
-1 is a root.
\ Other is also real root.
(b) From (a) ( -1) is root for any ‘ k’ so any pair of equation has a common root.
(c) If one root is -1, other roots are - c a (form)
a k+ 2 a3 a4 a5
i . e. , , , ¼¼ are not in A.P.
ak a1 a 2 a 3
a+c 2 ce
9. b = ,d=
2 c+e
if c 2 = bd , then c 2 = 36 (Q a = 2 , e = 18)
10. If a , b, c are in A.P. then
a = b - d and c = b + d
a + b + c = 60 Þ b = 20
If ( a - 2), b,( c + 3) are in G.P., then
400 = (18 - d)(23 + d) Þ d = 2 , - 7
81 + 144 a + 16 b + 9 c 4
4 4
12. ³ 36 abc
4
Þ A.M. = G.M.
Þ 81 = 144 a 4 = 16 b 4 = 9 c 4
13. x , y , z A.P.
Let x = y - q and z = y + q
3q
sin
cos( y - q) + cos y + cos( y + q) = 1 = 2 × cos( y)
q
sin
2
3q
sin
1
2 × sin( y) Þ cot y = 2
sin( y - q) + sin y + sin( y + q) = =
2 sin q
2
3q
sin
2 = 3 = 3 - 4 sin 2 q Þ cos q = 3 - 2
q 2 2 2 2
sin
2
10 n +1 + 1 10 m +1 + 1
15. <
10 n + 2 + 1 10 m + 2 + 1
Þ 10 n +1 × 10 m + 2 + 10 n +1 + 10 m + 2 + 1 < 10 n + 2 × 10 m +1 + 10 n + 2 + 10 m +1 + 1
Þ 10 m +1 < 10 n +1
16. S r = r + S r Þ S r2 - S r = r
17. 50, 48, 46, 44, ……… A.P.
T n = 50 + (n - 1)( -2) = 0
Þ n = 26
n n n
2r + 1 1 1 1
18. S n = S n å t r = å 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 +¼ + r 2 = å 6 æçè r - r + 1 ö÷ø = 6 æçè 1 - n + 1 ö÷ø
r =1 r =1 r =1

Sol. T1 = A + B = 0 Þ A = -B
T 2 = Aa + Bb = 1 Þ A(a - b) = 1
T 3 = Aa 2 + Bb 2 = 1 Þ A(a 2 - b 2 ) = 1
T 4 = Aa 3 + Bb 3 = 2 Þ A(a 3 - b 3 ) = 2
Þ a + b = 1 and ab = -1

Sol. Set A : 5 - D , 5, 5 + D and
Set B : 5 - d , 5, 5 + d
p 25 - D 2 7
= =
q 25 - d 2 8
Þ 25 = 8 D 2 - 7 d 2 = d 2 + 16 d + 8 (Q D = 1 + d)
Þ d = 1 and D = 2
Set A {3 , 5, 7} and set B {4 , 5, 6}

( x - 3) + ( y + 1) + ( z + 5)
5. ³ [( x - 3)( y + 1)( z + 5)]1/ 3
3
Þ ( x - 3)( y + 1)( z + 5) £ (21) 3
1 5
( x - 3) + y + +z+ 1/ 3
æ 1ö æ 5ö 2 3 ³ é( x - 3) æ y + 1 ö æ z + 5 ö ù
6. Term is 6 ( x - 3) ç y + ÷ ç z + ÷ Þ ê ç ÷ç ÷
è 2 øè 3 ø 3 ë è 2 øè 3 ø úû
æ 1öæ 5 ö (355) 3
( x - 3) ç y + ÷ ç z + ÷ £
è 2 øè 3 ø 63 ´33
(355) 3
Maximum value =
62 ´33
x+ y+z
7. ³ ( xyz ) 1/ 3 ; xyz £ (20) 3
3

Sol. Let removed number are A and A + 1.
n(n + 1) 105
- 2 A - 1 = ( n - 2)
2 4
2n 2 - 103n + 206 = 8 A
Þ n = 50 , A = 7

2
Sol. a n +1 - 1 = ( a n - 1)
a n - 1 = ( a n -1 - 1) 2
a n -1 - 1 = ( a n -2 - 1) 2
( a 2 - 1) = ( a1 - 1) 2
a1 - 1 = ( a 0 - 1) 2
2 n-1 n
Þ ( a n - 1)( a n -1 - 1) 2 ( a n -2 - 1) 2 ¼¼( a1 - 1) 2 = ( a n -1 - 1) 2 ( a n -2 - 1) 2 ¼¼( a 0 - 1) 2
n
Þ ( a n - 1) = 3 2
0 n-1
2 × (3 2 + 1)(3 2 + 1) ¼¼(3 2 + 1)
bn =
2n
(3 + 1)
n
32 -1
bn = n
32 + 1

n n
4 æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
f ( n) = å ( r - 1) r( r + 1) = 2 å ççè ( r - 1) r - r( r + 1) ÷÷ø = 2 ççè 1 × 2 - n (n + 1) ÷÷ø ; a = nlim
®¥
f ( n) = 1
r =2 r =2
122
14. f(7) + f(8) =
63
3 a
15. x 2 + x + t =0
2 b

a1 a2 a3 a1005 1
Sol. = = = ¼¼ =
a1 + 1 a 2 + 3 a 3 + 5 a1005 + 2009 k
1 3 5 2009
a1 = , a2 = , a3 = , ¼¼ a1005 =
k -1 k -1 k -1 k -1
(1005) 2 1005
a1 + a 2 + a 3 +¼¼ + a1005 = = 2010 Þ k - 1 =
k -1 2
1. (A) a , b, c are in A.P.

b-a=c-b
b - a , c - b, a are in G.P.
c-b a
= Þ c-b=a (Q b - a = c - b)
b-a c-b
(B) a , x , b are in A.P.
a+b
x=
2
a , y , z , b are in G.P.
y = a 2 / 3 b1 / 3 , z = a 1 / 3 b 2 / 3
(C) a , b = ar , c = ar 2
If c > 4 b - 3 a
r 2 - 4r + 3 > 0 (Q a > 0)
( r - 3)( r - 1) > 0
(D) 7 x 2 - 8 x + 9 < 0
a = 7 > 0, D = 64 - 252 < 0
No solution
2. (A) a + d = b + c = 20
(B) 2 , G1 , G 2 , G 3 , G 4 , G 5 , G 6 , 5 are in G.P.
G1 G 6 = G 2 G 5 = G 3 G 4 = 10
(C) a 4 h7 = a1 h10 = a10 h1 = 6
æ 7ö
(D) (2 x - 5) 2 = 2 ç 2 x - ÷ Þ (2 x - 8)(2 x - 4) = 0 Þ x = 3
è 2ø
2 3
3. (A) 2 × 2 x = 2 x + 2 x
Exponential series can’t be in A.P.
(B) If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,¼¼ , a n are in A.P.
a 2 - a1 = a 3 - a 2 = a 4 - a 3 = ¼¼ = a n - a n -1 = d
æ 1 1 1 ö
S = -dç + + ¼¼ + ÷
ç a + a a + a a + a ÷
è 1 2 2 3 n -1 n ø
æ a n - a1 ö
= -d ç ÷= a - a
1 n
ç d ÷
è ø
2n
[2 a + (2n - 1) d]
S 2n
(C) = 2 =3
Sn n
[2 a + (n - 1) d]
2
Þ 2 a = (n + 1) d
3n
[2 a + (3n - 1) d]
S 3n
= 2 =3
2S n 2n
[2 a + (n - 1) d]
2
(D) t 1 + t 5 = t 2 + t 4 = 2t 3
4(t 1 - t 2 - t 4 ) + 6t 3 + t 5 3t 1 + (t 1 + t 5 ) - 4 (t 2 + t 4 ) + 3 (2t 3 )
= =1
3t 1 3t 1
4. A ® Q; B ® P; C ® T; D ® S
1 1
5. (A) log 2 x + log 2 y = 5 and log 2 y + log 2 x = 7
3 3
Þ log 2 x = 6 and log 2 y = 3
Þ x = 2 6 and y = 2 3
(B) ÐB = 60° and b 2 = ac
a 2 + c 2 - b2 1
cos B = = Þ a 2 + c 2 = 2 ac
2 ac 2
Þ a=c
(C) AM ³ GM
b c a c a b
+ + + + +
a a b b c c ³1
6
(D) ( b + c) 2 - a 2 = lbc
Þ b 2 + c 2 - a 2 = (l - 2) bc
b2 + c 2 - a 2 l - 2
Þ =
2 bc 2
l -2
-1 < <1
2
0<l<4
6. P(n) × ( f(n + 2) - f(n)) = q(n)
æ 1 1 ö
P ( n) × ç + ÷ = q ( n)
èn +1 n +2ø
P ( n) × ( 2n + 3) = ( n 2 + 3n + 2) × q ( n)
Þ P(n) = n 2 + 3n + 2 and q(n) = (2n + 3)
1. If a , b, c , d are in A.P. with common difference ‘ k’ , then

9 k 3 + ( x - 4) k 2 + 4 k = 0
k {9 k 2 + ( x - 4) k + 4} = 0
D ³ 0 Þ ( x - 4) 2 - 144 ³ 0
( x + 8)( x - 16) ³ 0
Þ x Î ( -¥, - 8] È [16 , ¥)
2. S = 1 × 2 + 2 × 2 2 + 3 × 2 3 + 4 × 2 4 +¼¼ + n × 2 n
2 × S = 1 × 2 2 + 2 × 2 3 + 3 × 2 4 +¼¼ + (n - 1) × 2 n + n × 2 n +1
Þ S = (n - 1) × 2 n +1 + 2 = 2 + 2 n +10
Þ 2(n - 1) = 2 10
Þ n = 513
n ¥ é 1 ù 1
r+2 1
3. lim å 2 r +1 r ( r + 1) = å ê r × 2 r -
r +1 ú=
n ®¥
r =1 r =1 ë ( r + 1) × 2 û 2
¥ ¥
8r æ 1 1 ö
4. å 4 r 4 + 1 = 2 å çè 2 r 2 - 2 r + 1 - 2 r 2 + 2 r + 1 ÷ø = 2
r =1 r =1
5. Let three terms in A.P. a - d , a , a + d

If ( a - d) 2 , a 2 ,( a + d) 2 are in G.P. Þ d = ± 2 a
a2 1
r= =
2
( a - d) (1 ± 2 ) 2
10 2n - 1 æ 10 n - 1 ö æ n ö
÷ = P ç 10 - 1 ÷ Þ P = 3
6. -2ç
9 ç 9 ÷ ç 9 ÷
è ø è ø
7. a - d , a , a + d , a - d + 30
If last three terms are in G.P.
( a + d) 2 = a ( a - d + 30)
d2
Þ a=
30 - 3 d
n
1
8.
8n 4
å[k( k + 2)( k + 4)( k + 6) - ( k - 2) k ( k + 2)( k + 4)]
k =1
1 é(n - 1)(n + 1)(n + 3)(n + 5) + n (n + 2)(n + 4)(n + 6) + 15 ù 1
8 êë ú = 4 (n ® ¥)
n4 û
2
é n(n + 1) ù
9. Unit digit of ê úû = 1
ë 2
n(n + 1)
Then unit digit of is 1 because unit digit of n(n + 1) can not be 8.
2
10. 2 log b c = log c a + log a b
æ log a + 2 log r ö æ log a ö æ log a + log r ö
2 çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷
è log a + log r ø è log a + 2 log r ø è log a ø
A - 3 + 33
Let A = log a and R = log r Þ 3 A 2 + 3 Ar - 2 R 2 = 0 Þ =
R 6
A + 2R A 3
d = log b c - log c a =- =
A+R A + 2R 2
3 3r 2 r 6r 3
11. 3 , , , 7s ; = 1 + and = + 7s
r s r s s r
Þ 7 r 3 - 6 r 2 + 21r - 18 = 0 Þ ( r 2 + 3)(7 r - 6) = 0
6 9
Þ r = and s =
7 14
12 22 32 42
12. S= + + + +¼¼
31 32 33 34
S 12 2 2 3 2
= + + +¼¼
3 32 33 34
2S S 1 3 5 7
=S - = + + + +¼¼
3 3 3 32 33 34
2S 1 3 5
= + + +¼¼
2 3
9 3 3 34
2S 2S 1 2 2 2
- = + + +
+¼¼
3 9 3 32 3 343
4S 1 2 æ 1 1 ö
= + ç1 + + +¼¼ ÷
9 3 32 è 3 3 2
ø
4S 1 2 æ 1 ö 2 3 p
= + çç ÷= Þ S= =
9 3 9 è 2 3 ÷ø 3 2 q
13. S ¥ = f( x) max x Î [-4 , 3]
a - ar = f ¢(0) = 3
f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + 3 > 0 \ f( x) max = f(3) = 27 + 9 - 9 = 27
a
S ¥ = 27 =
1- r
1 a
a(1 - r) = 3 Þ =
1- r 3
æ aö
\ 27 = a ç ÷
è3ø
a 2 = 81 Þ a = ±9
3 1
If a =9 1- r = If a = -9 1- r = -
9 3
2 4
r= r= > 1 (rejected)
3 3
p 2
\ = \ p + q=5
q 3
14. Total runs from 1 to 9 = 1350
Let, number of terms in A.P. be n.
n
Þ [300 + (n - 1) ´ ( -1)] = 4500 - 1350 = 3150
2
Þ n = 25 or 126, n = 126 (not possible)
Þ n = 25, total matches = 34
10 100 æ 1 1 ö 10 æ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ö
15. x = å ç - ÷= ç1 + + + -
4 n = 3è n - 2 n + 2 ø 4 è
- - - ÷
2 3 4 102 101 100 99 ø
(2n + 1) + (2n - 1) + (2n + 1)(2n - 1)

16. f ( n) =
2n + 1 + 2n - 1
Let 2n + 1 = a and 2n - 1 = b
( a + b + ab) ( a - b) a 3 - b 3
2 2
f ( n) = =
( a + b) ( a - b) a 2 - b 2
(2n + 1) 3/ 2 - (2n - 1) 3/ 2
Þ f ( n) =
2
60 60
(2n + 1) 3/ 2 - (2n - 1) 3/ 2 (121) 3/ 2 - 1
å f ( n) = å 2
=
2
= 665
n =1 n =1
17. 3 0 {2 0 + 2 -1 + 2 -2 ¼¥} = 1{2}

1
3 -1 {2 0 + 2 -1 + 2 -2 ¼¥} = {2}
3
1
3 -2 {2 0 + 2 -1 + 2 -2 ¼¥} = {2}
3
M M
¥
2 ´1
Hence, =3
1
1-
3
18. 15 2 + (15 + d) 2 + (15 + 2 d) 2 +¼ + (15 + 9 d) 2 = 1185
Þ 19 d 2 + 90 d + 71 = 0
Þ d = -1
S n ³ S n -1
n æ n - 1ö
(31 - n) ³ ç ÷ (32 - n) Þ n £ 16
2 è 2 ø
a/r
3 2 a
19. 24 x - 14 x + kx + 3 = 0
ar
1 1
Product of roots a 3 = - Þ a=-
8 2
Þ k = -7
If x = 7 lies between the roots, then
f(7) = 49 + 7a 2 - 112 < 0
a2 -9 < 0
20. 9 x 3 + 3 y 3 + 1 = 9 xy
(9 1/ 3 x) 3 + (3 1/ 3 y) 3 + 13 = 3 (9 1/ 3 x)(3 1/ 3 y) Þ 9 1/ 3 x = 3 1/ 3 y = 1
21. If a , x , y , z , b A.P.
3a + b a+b a + 3b
x= ,y= and z =
4 2 4
If a , x , y , z , b H.P.
4 ab 2 ab 4 ab
x= ,y= and z =
3b + a a+b 3a + b
æ 3a + b ö æ a + b ö æ a + 3b ö æ 4 ab ö æ 2 ab ö æ 4 ab ö 343
If ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ = 55 and ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷= Þ ab = 7
è 4 øè 2 øè 4 ø è 3 b + a ø è a + b ø è 3 a + b ø 55
❑❑❑
10
DETERMINANTS
1. Direct expansion.
k 1 1
2. D = 1 k 1 =0 Þ ( k - 1) 2 ( k + 2) = 0
1 1 k
1 1 1
also D1 = k k 1 ¹0 Þ k ¹ 1 Þ k = -2
k2 1 k
a a2 1 + a3 1 a a2
3. b b2 1 + b = (1 + abc) 1 b b 2 = 0
3
c c2 1 + c3 1 c c2
1 2a a
2 1 1
4. D = 1 3 b b = 0 Þ = +
b a c
1 4c c
6. 2 x + ay + 6 z = 8
and 4 x + 2 ay + 6 z = 8 Þ 2 x + ay = 0
and 6 x + 12 y + 6 z = 30 Þ 4 x + (12 - a) y = 22
22
Þ y= a¹4
12 - 3 a
7. R 1 ® R 1 + R 2 + R 3
x2 - 4 x2 - 4 x2 - 4 1 1 1
2 x 2 - 13 2 2
= ( x - 4) 2 2
x - 13 2 = 0
x 2 - 13 3 7 x 2 - 13 3 7
Þ ( x 2 - 4)( x 2 - 15)(20 - x 2 ) = 0
Determinants 209
k k + 1 k -1
8. D = k + 1 k k + 2 =0
k -1 k + 2 k
R1 ® R1 - R 2 R2 ® R2 - R3
-1 1 -3
D= 2 -2 2 =0
k -1 k + 2 k
log a + (n - 1) log r log a + (n + 1) log r log a + (n + 3) log r
9. D = log a + (n + 5) log r log a + (n + 7) log r log a + (n + 9) log r
log a + (n + 11) log r log a + (n + 13) log r log a + (n + 15) log r
C3 ® C3 -C2 C2 ® C 2 - C1
log a + (n - 1) log r 2 log r 2 log r
Þ log a + (n + 5) log r 2 log r 2 log r = 0
log a + (n + 11) log r 2 log r 2 log r
a1 2a3 5a 2 a1 a3 a2 a1 a2 a3
10. D 2 = b1 2 b3 5b2 = 10 b1 b3 b2 = -10 b1 b2 b3
c1 2c3 5c 2 c1 c3 c2 c1 c2 c3
1 bc a
11. D 2 = 1 ac b
1 ab c
R 1 ® aR 1 R 2 ® bR 2 R 3 ® cR 3
2
a abc a a 1 a2 1 a a2
1
D2 = b abc b 2 = b 1 b 2 = - 1 b b 2 = -D 1
abc
c abc c 2 c 1 c2 1 c c2
0 0 -1
12. C 1 ® C 1 - C 2 + C 3 0 1 1- a =1
1 a 1+ a - b
1 2 x
13. 2 3 x 2 = 10 Þ x 2 + x - 12 = 0
3 5 2
Sum = -1
14. R 1 ® R 1 - R 2 , R 2 ® R 2 - R 3
-1 -1 -1
D = d-a+1 e-b+1 f - c + 1 , C 1 ® C 1 - C 2 and C 2 ® C 2 - C 3
x+a x+b x+c
On solving D does not depend on x.
15. R 1 ® R 1 + R 2 + R 3
1 1 1
D = ( x + y + z) 2 y y - z - x 2y C 1 ® C 1 - C 2 and C 2 ® C 2 - C 3
2z 2z z-x-y
0 0 1
3
D = ( x + y + z) 1 -1 2y Þ D = ( x + y + z) 3
0 1 z-x-y
16. ÐBOC = 60°
Þ BC = OB = OC = r
D C
AB = 2 r cos 30° = 3 r 30° 60° Q
P
2 O
Area or rectangle 3r 3 A B
= =
Area of circle 2 p
pr
17. C 1 ® C 1 - bC 3 , C 2 ® C 2 + aC 3
1 0 -2 b
2 2 2
(1 + a + b ) 0 1 2a = (1 + a 2 + b 2 ) 3
2 2
b -a 1 - a - b
2 a+ b+ c+ d ab + cd 1 1 0 1 a + b ab
18. a+ b+ c+ d 2( a + b)( c + d) ab( c + d) + cd( a + b) = c + d a + b 0 1 c + d cd
ab + cd ab( c + d) + cd( a + b) 2 abcd cd ab 0 0 0 0
=0
l m n
19. |B| = p q r = [2 Ar( DABC )]2
1 1 1
C
(l, p)
5
3
A B
(m, q) 4 (n, r)
1 2 1
20. D = 1 3 4 = 0
1 5 10
Determinants 211
1 2 1
D1 = K 3 4 = 5 ( K 2 - 3 K + 2) = 5 ( K - 1)( K - 2)
K2 5 10
1 1 1
D2 = 1 K 4 = -3 ( K 2 - 3 K + 2) = -3 ( K - 2)( K - 1)
1 K2 10
1 2 1
D3 = 1 3 K = K 2 - 3 K + 2 = ( K - 2)( K - 1)
1 5 K2
1 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
21. ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) 1 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2 = 2( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
1 x + 3 ( x + 3) 2
-2 cos C cos B
22. cos C -1 cos A
cos B cos A -1
-2 (1 - cos 2 A) - cos C( - cos C - cos A cos B ) + cos B (cos C cos A + cos B)
1 + cos 2C 1 + cos 2 B
-2 + cos 2 A + + + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2
cos 2 A + cos 2C + cos 2 B + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 cos( A + B ) cos( A + B ) + 2 cos 2 C - 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 cos C [cos C - cos( A - B )]
-2 cos C cos A cos B - 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C = -1
24. As a , b and c are the roots of x 3 + 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 , we have
a + b + c = -2
ab + bc + ca = 0
abc = -1
a b c
Now, for finding the value of b c a , evaluating using first row, we get
c a b
a( bc - a 2 ) - b( b 2 - ac) + c( ab - c 2 ) = abc - a 3 - b 3 + abc + abc - c 3
= 3 abc - a 3 - b 3 - c 3 = - ( a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3 abc)
= - ( a + b + c)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca)
= - ( -2)[( -2) 2 - 3 (0)] = 8
l l + 1 l -1
25. For non-trivial solution,| A| or D = 0, That is, l + 1 l l + 2 =0
l -1 l + 2 l
l l + 1 l -1
Now, R 2 ® R 2 - R 1 ; R 3 ® R 3 - R 1 gives 1 -1 3 =0
-1 1 1
l l + 1 l -1
Also, R 3 ® R 3 + R 2 gives 1 -1 3 =0
0 0 4
Evaluation using third row, we get
1
4( -l - l - 1) = 0 Þ l = -
2
which is exactly the real value of l.
1. f( a , b) = a( a + b)( a + 2 b)
2. R 1 ® R 1 - R 2 and R 2 ® R 2 - R 3
1 -1 0
1
0 1 -1 = 0 Þ tan q = -
3
cos 2 q sin 2 q 1 + 2 3 tan q
3. R 1 ® R 1 - R 2 , R 2 ® R 2 - R 3
-1 -1 3
2
D =d -1 2 -1 = -d 2 (13 d + 12 a)
a + 2d a a + d
1-l 3 -4
4. 1 - ( 3 + l) 5 = 0
3 1 -l
x 2 + 4 x - 3 2 x + 4 13
5. D( x) = 2 x 2 + 5 x - 9 4 x + 5 26
8 x 2 - 6 x + 1 16 x - 6 104
C 3 ® C 3 - 4C 2 , C 2 ® C 2 - 2C 1
3x + 3 3 0
D( x) = 26 x - 37 26 0
8 x 2 - 6 x + 1 16 x - 6 104
Determinants 213
a 1 2
7. D = 1 2 1 = 0 Þ a 2 - a - 2 = 0 Þ ( a - 2)( a + 1) = 0
2 1 a
0 1 2 a 0 2 a 1 0
D1 = b 2 1 D2 = 1 b 1 D3 = 1 2 b
0 1 a 2 0 a 2 1 0
a = 2 infinite solution
a = -1, b ¹ 0 has no solution.
a 1 2
8. D = 1 2 1 = 0 Þ a 2 - a - 2 = 0
2 1 a
Þ ( a - 2)( a + 1) = 0
0 1 2 a 0 2 a 1 0
D= b 2 1 D= 1 b 1 D= 1 2 b
0 1 a 2 0 a 2 1 0
a = 2 infinite solution
a = -1, b ¹ 0 has no solution.

2 l 6 8 l 6
D = 1 2 m = (l - 2)(m - 3) ; D1 = 5 2 m = (l - 2)( 4m - 15)
1 1 3 4 1 3
2 8 6 2 l 8
D2 = 1 5 m = 0 ; D 3 = 1 2 5 = ( l - 2)
1 4 3 1 1 4
2. R 1 ® R 1 + R 2 + R 3
a1 + b1 + c1 a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 3 + b3 + c 3
3 2 b1 + c1 2 b2 + c 2 2 b3 + c 3
2 c 1 + a1 2c2 + a2 2c3 + a3
a1 + b1 + c1 a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 3 + b3 + c 3
R 2 ® R 2 + R1 - R 3 = 9 b1 b2 b3
2 c 1 + a1 2c2 + a2 2c3 + a3
Now, operate as R 3 ® R 3 - R 1 + R 2
then R 1 ® R 1 - R 2 - R 3
(1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 4 (1 + x) 6
3. Let f( x) = (1 + x) 3 (1 + x) 6 (1 + x) 9
(1 + x) 4 (1 + x) 8 (1 + x) 12
Coefficient of ‘ x’ is f ¢(0).
2(1 + x) 2 4(1 + x) 3 6(1 + x) 5 (1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 4 (1 + x) 6
f ¢( x) = (1 + x) 3 (1 + x) 6 (1 + x) 9 + 3(1 + x) 2 6(1 + x) 5 9(1 + x) 8
(1 + x) 4 (1 + x) 8 (1 + x) 12 (1 + x) 4 (1 + x) 8 (1 + x) 12
(1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 6
+ (1 + x) 3 (1 + x) 6 (1 + x) 9
4(1 + x) 3 8(1 + x) 7 12(1 + x) 11
Put x = 0, f ¢(0) = 0
5. For non-zero solution, D =0
2 3 -1
3 2 k =0 Þ k =0
4 1 1
Now, let x = l
3l 5l
So, y =- , z =-
2 2
Þ Minimum positive integer value of z is at l = -2 ; z = 5
2 a -2 3
6. 1 a 2 =0 Þ a =2
2 0 a
7. Let three terms be A - d , A , A + d.

Þ A 4 = ( A - d) 2 ( A + d) 2 = A 4 + d 4 - 2 A 2 d 2
Þ d = ± 2 A , r = 3 + 2 2 or r = 3 - 2 2
3 a1 + b1 3 a 2 + b2 3 a 3 + b3 3 a1 3a2 3a3 a1 a2 a3
8. D 3 = 3 b1 3 b2 3 b3 = 3 b1 3 b2 3 b3 = 27 b1 b2 b3
3 c1 3c2 3c3 3 c1 3c2 3c3 c1 c2 c3
Determinants 215
6 a1 2a2 2a3 a1 a2 a3
D2 = 3 b1 b2 b3 = 24 b1 b2 b3
12 c1 4c2 4c3 c1 c2 c3
1 cos q 1
9. D = - cos q 1 cos q = 3 (1 + cos 2 q)
-1 - cos q 2
Its minimum value = 3

1 1 1
10. D = 1 2 3 = l - 8 = 0 Þ l = 8
2 5 l
1 1 6
D 3 = 1 2 14 = m - 36 = 0 Þ m = 36
2 5 m
æ 1 1 1 ö÷
11. n sin 2 p ç 1 + 1 + + ¼ |n
ç |2 |3 | N ÷ø
è
æ 1 1 1 ö
n sin 2 p ç 1 + + +¼ ÷
è n + 1 ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ( n + 1)( n + 2 )¼ ( N ) ø
Using sin(2np + q) = sin q
æ 1 1 1 ö
= n(2 p) ç + +¼ ÷
è n + 1 (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)¼ N ø
sin q
Using lim =1
q®0 q
= 2p
cos q sin q cos q
12. sin q cos q sin q = 0 Þ -2 cos q cos 2q = 0
cos q sin q - cos q
❑❑❑
11
COMPLEX NUMBERS
y -7 1
2. arg ( z - 2 - 7i ) = cot -1 (2) Þ =
x -2 2
æ z - 5i ö p
arg ç ÷=± Þ x( x + 2) + ( y - 5)( y - 1) = 0
è z + 2 -i ø 2
4. z 12 + z 22 = z 1 z 2
1
5. Let w = reiq then z = ei ( p/ 2+ q )
r
1
z w = e -i ( p/ 2+ q ) r × eiq = e -i p/ 2
r
n n
6. a å rw r -1 + bå w r -1 = a(1 + 2w + 3w 2 +¼¼ + nw n -1 ) + b(1 + w + w 2 +¼¼ + w n -1 )
r =1 r =1
ìï1 + w + w 2 +¼¼ + w n -1 nw n üï
=aí - ý + b ( 0)
ïî 1-w 1 - w ïþ
æ n ö
= aç0 - ÷+0
è 1 - wø
8. z 4 + z 3 + 2 = 0 has roots z 1 , z 2 , z 3 and z 4 .
Þ ( z - 1) 4 + 2 ( z - 1) 3 + 32 = 0 has roots (2 z 1 + 1),(2 z 2 + 1),(2 z 3 + 1) and (2 z 4 + 1)
æ z - 6 - 3i ö p
9. arg ç ÷=
è z - 3 - 6i ø 4
Þ ( x - 6) 2 + ( y - 6) 2 = 9
11. |iz + z 1| =|i||z - iz 1| =|z - iz 1|
Maximum distance of iz 1 ( -3 + 5 i ) from z is 2 + 3 2 + (5 - 1) 2 = 7
Complex Numbers 217
z 1 - z 2 |z 1 - z 2| iq z1
12. = e
z 3 - z 2 |z 3 - z 2|
z 1 - z 3 |z 1 - z 3| -iq
= e
z 2 - z 3 |z 2 - z 3|
æ z - z 2 z1 - z 3 ö æ z - z 2 iq z 1 - z 3 -iq ö z2 q q z3
arg çç 1 + ÷÷ = arg ç 1
ç z -z e - z -z e ÷
÷
è z3 - z2 z3 - z2 ø è 3 2 2 3 ø
p
=±
2
z 2 3 i p/ 3
13. = e
z1 2
3 ip/ 3 æ pö p
1+ e ç 2 + 3 cos ÷ + 3i sin
z1 + z 2 2 è 3ø 3
= =
z1 - z 2 3 ip/ 3 p p
1- e 2 - 3 cos - 3i sin
2 3 3
2 2
æ7ö æ3 3 ö
ç ÷ + çç ÷
÷
è2ø è 2 ø 49 + 27 133
= = =
2 2 1 + 27 7
æ 1ö æ3 3 ö
ç ÷ + çç ÷
÷
è2ø è 2 ø
14. z 1 z 2 z 3 = -c
Þ 1 =|c| Þ |c| = 1
|z 1 + z 2 + z 3| £ |z 1| + |z 2| + |z 3|
|a| £ 3
|b| =|z 1 z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z 1| £ |z 1 z 2| + |z 2 z 3| + |z 3 z 1|
Þ |b| £ 3
1
15. £ |z| £ 4
2
2 2
1 ææ 1ö ö ææ 1ö ö 1
z+ = çç ç r + ÷ cos q ÷÷ + çç ç r - ÷ sin q ÷÷ = r2 + + 2 (cos q - sin q)
z èè rø ø èè rø ø r2
16. |3 + i ( z - 1)| =|z - 1 - 3i|
Maximum distance of A from ( z ) = OA + r 2 O
A(1,3)
(0,2)
= 1+ 1 + 2 =2 2
17. x 2 - ( 2 i ) x - 1 = 0
2 i ± -2 + 4 1
x= = ( ± 1 + i)
2 2
p 3p
x = cis , cis
4 4
3p p
x 2187 = cis , cis
4 4
1 æ - 3p ö æ pö 1 3p p
= cis ç ÷ , cis ç - ÷ Þ x 2187 - = 2i sin , 2i sin = 2 i
2187 2187
x è 4 ø è 4ø x 4 4
(1 + z 9 )
18. 1 × = 0 , z ¹ -1
1+ z
Þ z 9 = -1
i ( 2n +1) p
iq 9
Þ re = e , n = 1, 2 , ¼¼ 8
ia ib
19. Let P( re ) & Q ( re )
Point of intersection of tangents at ‘ a ’ , ‘ b’ to circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 is
æ a +b a +b ö æ a +b ö
iç ÷
ç cos r sin ÷ è 2 ø
çr× 2 -i 2 ÷ = re 2w 1 w 2
=
ç a -b a -b ÷ a - b w1 + w 2
ç cos cos ÷ cos
è 2 2 ø 2
® ® ® ® ® ®
20. |z 1 - z 2|2 + |z 2 - z 3|2 + |z 3 - z 1|2 = 2 ( 4 + 9 + 16) - 2 ( a × b + b × c + c × a)
® ® ®
where a , b , c are position vectors of points z 1 , z 2 , z 3
æ 1ö
Þ Maximum value = 58 - 2 (6 + 12 + 8) ç - ÷ = 84
è 2ø
7+i
21. We have Z=
3 + 4i
Simplifying (i . e. , rationalizing the denominator), we get
7 + i 3 - 4i 21 + 4 - 28i + 3i
´ =
3 + 4i 3 - 4i 9 + 16
25 - 25i
= =1-i
25
14
æ 7+i ö
Therefore, ç ÷ = (1 - i ) 14
è 3 + 4i ø
= [(1 - i ) 2 ]7 = (1 + i 2 - 2i ) 7
= ( +2 7 ) i
22. |Z - 4| + |Z + 4| = 10
PS + PS ¢ = 2 a
which implies that foci at 4 and -4 and a = 5 as shown in the following figure.
Complex Numbers 219
bi
–5 –4 0 4 5
–bi
Now, b 2 = 25 (1 - e 2 ) = 25 - (5e) 2
= 25 - 16 = 9
Þ b=3
Z lies on the ellipse circumference |Z| denotes the distance from the origin. Therefore,
|Z|max = 5
|Z|min = 3
Thus, the difference between the maximum and the minimum values of |Z| is
|Z|max -|Z|min = 5 - 3 = 2
1. Let z 1 = rei q and z 2 = rei f

|z 1 + z 2| =|z 1|
Þ |ei q + ei f| =|ei q| = 1
Þ (cos q + cos f) 2 + (sin q + sin f) 2 = 1
1 2p 2p
Þ cos(q - f) = - Þ q -f = or -
2 3 3
z1
= ei ( q -f) = ei 2p/ 3 or e -i 2p/ 3
z2
æz ö p
2. (a) If arg çç 1 ÷÷ = then z 1 and z 2 subtend right-angle at circumcentre origin.
è z2 ø 2
\ the chord joining z 1 and z 2 will subtend an angle q at ‘ z ’ such that
ìq = p 4 if |z| = 1
ï
íq < p 4 if |z| > 1 z
îïq > p 4 if |z| < 1 q

1 1 1 q
(b) |z 1 z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z 1| =|z 1| ×|z 2| ×|z 3| + +
z1 z 2 z 3 q
=|z 1 + z 2 + z 3|
æ ( z + z 2 )( z 2 + z 3 )( z 3 + z 1 ) ö æ ( z 1 + z 2 )( z 2 + z 3 )( z 3 + z 1 ) ö
(c) çç 1 ÷÷ = ç ÷
z1z 2z 3 ç z1z 2z 3 ÷
è ø è ø
(d) The triangle formed by joining z 1 , z 3 and z 2 is isosceles and right angled at z 3 .
B(iz)
A(z)
3. O
C(i2z)
Method I : Multiplying a complex number by i rotates a vector for z in the anticlockwise

direction by an angle of 90°.
\ Ð AOB = ÐBOC = 90°
As shown in figure, the DABC is a right angled isosceles triangle.
Method II : Let z , iz , i 2 z are vertices A , B and C of the triangle ABC.
\ | AB| =|BC | also | AB|2 + |BC |2 =| AC|2
Since, | AB| =|BC| also | AB|2 + |BC|2 =| AC|2
\ the DABC is a right angled isosceles triangle.
7. ( z + i ) 4 = 1 + i
æ p 2m p ö
z = -i + 2 1/ 8 cos ç + ÷
è8 4 ø
æ 2 1/ 8 × 2 ö
Square side length = ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
è ø
æ1 3 ö÷
8. z = 4 çç - i
è2 2 ÷ø
æ 2mp 60° ö
Roots = 4 1/ 4 cos ç - ÷
è 4 4 ø
m = 0 , 1, 2 , 3 m =1
2
9. a + bw + cw = a
a + bw 2 + cw = a
æ 1 3 i ö÷ æ 1 3 i ö÷
|a| = 1 Þ a + b ç - + + cç - - =1
ç 2 2 ÷ø ç 2 2 ÷ø
è è
10. Check option for z = w
w 62 + w + 1 = 0 w2 + w + 1 = 0
w155 + w + 1 = 0 w2 + w + 1 = 0
Complex Numbers 221

Sol. f( z ) + f( z ) = f( z ) + f( z )
(az + b) + ( a z + b ) = a z + b + a z + b
Þ (a - a )( z - z ) = 0
Þ Im (a ) = 0 (Im( z ) ¹ 0)
f( z ) + f( z ) = 0
Þ a( z + z ) + (b + b ) = 0 (Q a = a )
Þ Re(b) = 0 (Re( z ) = 0)
2 2
| f( z )| > ( z + 1)
2 2
Þ a z + b 2 > z 2 + 2z + 1
Þ (a 2 - 1) z 2 - 2 z + (b 2 - 1) > 0 " z Î R
Sol. |a - b| = 2 7
2
Þ |(a + b) - 4ab| = 28
Þ |z 12 - 4( z 2 + m )| = 28
Þ |m - ( 4 + 5 i )| = 7
greatest (|m|) = 16 + 25 + 7
least |m| = 7 - 16 + 25
Sol. C 1 :|z - z 1|2 + |z - z 2|2 = 10 Þ C 1 : ( x - 5) 2 + y 2 = 1
C 2 :|z - z 1|2 + |z - z 2|2 = 16 Þ C 2 : ( x - 5) 2 + y 2 = 4
Z 2 - Z1 Z - Z 1 i q/ 2 Z 3 - Z1 Z - Z 1 i q/ 2
Sol. = 4 ×e , = 4 e B(Z3)
|Z 2 - Z 1| |Z 4 - Z 1| |Z 3 - Z 1| |Z 4 - Z 1|
( Z 2 - Z 1 )( Z 3 - Z 1 ) ( Z 4 - Z 1 ) 2 q i
Þ = e I(Z4)
|Z 2 - Z 1||Z 3 - Z 1| |Z 4 - Z 1|2
( Z 2 - Z 1 )( Z 3 - Z 1 ) AB × AC
q/2
Þ =
2
(Z 4 - Z1 ) ( IA) 2
q/2
Similarly, others. B(Z1) (Z1+Z2) B(Z2)
1. Let BC = n , CA = n + 1, AB = n + 2
æ z - z3 ö æ z - z1 ö
(A) arg çç 1 ÷÷ = 2 arg çç 3 ÷÷ = ÐC = 2 ÐA
z
è 2 - z 3 ø è z 2 - z1 ø
sin C sin A sin 2 A sin A
\ = Þ =
c a n+2 n
n+2 (n + 2) 2 + (n + 1) 2 - n 2 n + 2
Þ cos A = Þ =
2n 2(n + 2)(n + 1) 2n
Þ n(n 2 + n + 5) = (n 2 + 3n + 2)(n + 2) Þ n 2 - 3n - 4 = 0 Þ n = 4
\ biggest side = n + 2 = 6
® ® ® ®
(B) ( c - a ) × ( b - c ) = 0 Þ ÐC = 90° Þ a 2 + b 2 = c 2
Þ n 2 + (n + 1) 2 = (n + 2) 2 Þ n = 3
1
\ Area = × 3 × 4 = 6 = D
2
® ® ® ® ® ®
\ | a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a| = 2 D = 12
a1 b2 - a 2 b1 4 3
(C) = tan A = \ cos A =
a1 a 2 + b1 b2 3 5
(n + 2) 2 + (n + 1) 2 - n 2 3
\ =
2(n + 2)(n + 1) 5
Þ 5(n 2 + 6n + 5) = 6(n 2 + 3n + 2)
Þ n 2 - 12n - 13 = 0 Þ n = 13
1 1
\ S - c = ( a + b - c) = (13 + 14 - 15) = 6
2 2
(D) Altitudes are in H.P. Û sides are in A.P.
Also, b > a + c , a > b + c , c > a + b Þ least value of a = 2
\ least value of b = 3
3. (A) {0 , 1, w + 1} m = {0 , 1, - w 2 } m
0 , 1, - 1, - w 2 , - w, w
(B) 2w,( x 2 - x + 10) = 0 roots are 2 + 3w, 2 + 3w 2
Last number is 3.
(C) Central angle = 60° Equilateral D
(D) Put z = 1 z 1 = 1, z 2 = w, z 3 = w 2
Complex Numbers 223

Im(z)
p/4
1. p/4
O
O Re(z)
2 £ |z| £ 4
1
Probability =
4
2.
Im(z)
5
4
3
2
1
Re(z)
O 1 2 3 4 5
3. z + z = 2 |z - 1| Þ y2 = 2x - 1
p
arg ( z 1 - z 2 ) = Þ y1 - y 2 = x1 - x 2
4
y 12 - y 22 = 2 ( x 1 - x 2 ) = 2 ( y 1 - y 2 ) Þ y 1 + y 2 = 2 ( y 1 ¹ y 2 )
❑❑❑
12
MATRICES
écos q ù é sin q ù
1. A = ê ú [cos q sin q] + ê - cos q ú [sin q - cos q]
ë sin q û ë û
é cos 2 q cos q sin q ù é sin 2 q - sin q cos q ù
=ê 2 ú+ê ú =I
ësin q cos q sin q û ë - sin q cos q cos 2 q û
0 0 -1
2. | A| = 0 -1 0 =1
-1 0 0
æ0 0 -1ö æ 0 0 -1ö æ 1 0 0 ö
2ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
A =ç 0 -1 0 ÷ ç 0 -1 0 ÷ = ç 0 1 0 ÷
ç -1 0 0 ÷ø çè -1 0 0 ÷ø çè 0 0 1 ÷ø
è
é3 0 0ù
3. A = ê0 3 0ú
ê ú
êë0 0 3 úû
det (adj (adj ( A))) =| A|4 = 27 4
ì27 4 ü 1
í ý=
î 5 þ 5
4. A -1 B -1 = B -1 A -1 Þ C = ( A -1 + B -1 ) 5 = ( I ) 5
5. A 4 = I Þ A( A 3 ) = I
7. (adj A) A =| A|I
| A| = xyz - 8 x - 4 y - 3 z + 28 = 2l - l = l
8. ( x - 2) + ( x 2 - x + 3) + ( x - 7) = 0
x 2 + x - 6 = 0 Þ ( x + 3)( x - 2) = 0
Matrices 225
é -1 3 ù 1 é0 3 ù
9. A = ê ú Þ A -1 = ê
ë 3 0û 9 ë3 1úû
é 1 - tan q ù é cos 2 q - sin q cos q ù é a -bù
10. ê ê ú =ê
ëtan q 1 úû ësin q cos q cos 2 q û ë b a û
ú
Þ a = cos 2q , b = sin 2q
11. P2 =I -P
or P 3 = P - P 2 = 2P - I
or P 4 = 2I - 3P
or P 5 = -3 I + 5P
or P 6 = 5I - 8 P
2
12. |adj (adj ( A))| =| A|( n -1)
Þ | A| = x + y + z = 12
x ³ 1, y ³ 1, z ³ 1
11
Þ C 2 = 55
T
é a bù é d -c ù é d -bù é a bù
13. Let A = ê ú ; adj( A) = ê ú =ê ú ; adj (adj ( A)) = ê ú
ë c dû ë -b a û ë -c a û ë c dû
14. M = A 2m × A -1
A 2m +1
M=
a 2 + b2
If A 2 = ( a 2 + b 2 ) × I Þ A 2m = ( a 2 + b 2 ) m × I
A 2m +1 = ( a 2 + b 2 ) m × A
15. A 2 + 5 A + 6 I = I
( A + 2 I )( A + 3 I ) = I
Þ A + 2 I and A + 3 I are inverse of each other.
é3 -5 ù é12 -5 ù é 1 0 ù
16. AB = ê úê ú =ê ú =I
ë7 -12 û ë 7 -3 û ë0 1û
é 3 -2 ù
17. adj( A) = ê ú
ë -2 2 û
18. AA 1 = I
écos q 2 sin q ù é cos q sin q ù é 1 0 ù
ê sin q cos q ú ê2 sin q cos q ú = ê0 1ú
ë û ë û ë û
écos 2 q + 4 sin 2 q 3 sin q cos q ù é 1 0 ù
Þ ê ú =ê ú Þ sin q = 0
ë 3 sin q cos q sin 2 q + cos 2 q û ë0 1û
æ 1 2ö æ cos q sin q ö
20. If A = ç ÷, P = ç ÷ , Q = P T AP , we have
è 0 1ø è - sin q cos q ø
P( P T AP )( P T AP ) ¼( P T AP )P T
PQ 2014 P T =
2014 times
= ( PP T ) A( PP T ) A( PP T ) ¼( PP T ) A( PP T )
Matrix multiplication is associative.
æ cos q sin q ö æ cos q - sin q ö
PP T = ç ÷ç ÷
è - sin q cos q ø è sin q cos q ø
æ 1 0ö
=ç ÷ = I2
è 0 1ø
Hence, PQ 2014 P T = A 2014
æ1 2ö æ1 2ö æ 1 2ö æ 1 4ö
A =ç ÷ Þ A2 =ç ÷ç ÷ =ç ÷
è0 1ø è0 1ø è 0 1ø è 0 1 ø
æ1 4öæ 1 2ö æ 1 6ö
A3 =ç ÷ç ÷ =ç ÷
è0 1 ø è 0 1ø è 0 1ø
æ1 6ö æ 1 2ö æ 1 8ö
A4 =ç ÷ç ÷ =ç ÷
è0 1ø è 0 1ø è 0 1ø
æ1 2n ö æ 1 4028 ö
Þ An =ç ÷ and A 2014 = ç ÷
è0 1ø è0 1 ø
2 2
æMö M æ1 ö
21. adj ç ÷ = = ç |M|÷
2
è ø 2 è 8 ø
1 1
22. | A -1| = =
| A| 5
|( AB ) T | =| AB| =| A × ( adj A)| =| A||
× adj ( A)|= 5 ´ 5 2 = 5 3
1 1
\|| A -1|( AB ) T |=| ( AB ) T |= | AB|= 1
5 53
3. A a Ab = A a +b
é1 0 0ù
Also, A 0 = ê0 1 0 ú = I
ê ú
êë0 0 1úû
and A a A -a = A a -a = A 0 = I
Matrices 227
we get A a-1 = A -a
However, A a-1 = - A a and A a2 = -I do not hold.
4. A( A 2 - I ) - 2( A 2 - I ) = 0
( A 2 - I )( A - 2 I ) = 0
1. (A) Possible non-negative value of | A| = 2 , 4 , 8

(B) Sum is 0.
(C) |adj(adj(adj A)))| =| A|
least absolute value of | A| = 2
Þ | A| = ± 2
(D) least | A| = -8
16
|4 A -1| = = -2
| A|
2. (A) Since A is idempotent, A 2 = A 3 = A 4 =¼¼ = A. Now,
( A + I ) n = I + n C 1 A + n C 2 A 2 +¼¼ + n C n A n
= I + n C 1 A + n C 2 A +¼¼ + n C n A
= I + ( n C 1 + n C 2 +¼¼ + n C n ) A
= I + (2 n - 1) A
Þ 2 n - 1 = 127 Þ n = 7
(B) We have,
( I - A)( I + A + A 2 +¼¼ + A 7 )
= I + A + A 2 +¼¼ + A 7 + ( - A - A 2 - A 3 - A 4 ¼¼ - A 8 )
= I - A8
=I (if A 8 = 0)
(C) Here matrix A is skew-symmetric and since | A| =| A T | = ( -1) n| A|, so | A|(1 - ( -1) n ) = 0.
As n is odd, hence| A| = 0. Hence A is singular.
(D) If A is symmetric, A -1 is also symmetric for matrix of any order.
æ ö
n ç ÷ 1
1 ç 1 ÷ = 1 dx
5. (A) å
n r =1 ç r ÷ x
ò
ç ÷ 0
è nø
(B) D = 4 cos t cos 2t

(C) 3 x 2 + 2 px + g < 0
æ 5ö
f ç- ÷ =0 f( -1) = 0
è 3ø
(D) (2 x - 2) 2 + 1 + ||b - 1|-3| =|sin y|
b -1= ±3
|sin y| = 1
1. ( AB ) 2 = AB × AB = A 3 B 2
( AB ) 3 = ( AB ) 2 × AB = A 3 B 2 × AB = A 7 B 3
( AB ) 4 = ( AB ) 3 × AB = A 7 B 3 × AB = A 15 B 4 Þ ( AB ) 10 = A 1023 B 10
æ 3 32 33 ö 1
2. l = lim 18 ç + + +¼¼ ÷ = 18 ´ =9
n® ¥ ç 2 4 6 ÷ æ 1ö
è3 3 3 ø 3ç1 - ÷
è 3ø
æ 2 22 ö 1
m = lim 12 ç + +¼¼ ÷ = 12 ´ = 12
n® ¥ ç 2 4 ÷ æ 1ö
è2 2 ø 2ç1 - ÷
è 2ø
a1 a 2 a 3
4. b1 b2 b3 = a1 b2 c 3 - a1 c 2 b3 …six elements
c1 c2 c3
All cannot be simultaneously 1.
5. First element of matrix A10 = 286 (10 th of sequence 1, 2, 6, 15, …)
Trace of A10 = 286 + 297 + 308 + 319 +¼ + 385 = 3055
❑❑❑
Permutation and Combinations 229
13
PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS

7 7 7
1. = 81; = 72; = 72
9 9 8 9 8 9
æ 8! ö 2 æ 8! ö
2. ç ÷ ´ C1 ´ 3! + ç ÷ ´ 3 ! = 8400
è 3 !3 !2 !2 ! ø è 3 !2 !2 !2 ! ø
æ 3! ö
3. Number of ways = 6 ´ ç ´ 3 !÷ = 108
è 2! ø
4 5!
4. C1 ´ = 240
2!
6
5. C 2 ´ 1 ´ 4 ! = 360
a
6. x 2 - 5x + 3 = 0
b
Þ a + b = 5, ab = 3
a b a 2 + b 2 19
Sum of roots = + = =
b a ab 3
5
7. C 4 ´ 8 C 6 + 5 C 5 ´ 8 C 5 = 196
21
8. (1 + 2 + 3 +¼¼ + 22) C 10
2009 ´ 2008 ´ 2007 + 1 1
9. x = = 2008 +
2008 ´ 2007 ´ 2007 2009 ´ 2007
Þ [ x] = 2008
10. N = p1n p 2 p 3 ¼¼ p m +1
No. of factors = (n + 1) 2 m
11. Number of ways = (11)! ´ 2 12
12.
5 5
m = 5 ´ 5 ´ 8C 2 ´ 2 !
4 5
n = 4 ´ 5 ´ 8C 2 ´ 2 !
13. Three different digits (not including zero)
9
C 3 ´ 2!
Two digits (not including zero)
9
C2 ´2
Three digits (including zero)
9
C2 ´1
14. Let no. of elements in A = n
No. of elements in B = m
2 n - 2 m = 1920 = 2 7 ´ 15
Þ n = 11, m = 7
n( A È B ) = n( A) + n( B ) - n( A Ç B ) = 15
15. C ¼¼¼ = 4 ! = 24
D¼¼¼ = 4 ! = 24
M ¼¼¼ = 4 ! = 24
S C …… = 3! = 6
S D …… = 3! = 6
S M C DW=1
S M C WD=1
5! 6!
16. P = All A’s together = ; Q = All B’s together =
3! 4!
5! 6 !
n( P Ç Q ) = 3 ! ; n( P È Q ) = + - 3 ! = 50 - 6 = 44
3! 4!
17. 5 6 ´ 6 7 ´ 7 8 ´ 8 9 ´ 9 10 ´ 10 11 ´¼¼´ 30 31
No. of zero’s = no. of 5’s
= 6 + 11 + 16 + 21 + (2 ´ 26) + 31 = 137
18. ( x - y)( x + y) = 10 ´ 337
Þ x - y = 10 and x + y = 337
347
x= (not possible)
2
19. Total number of different things = n + 2
20. Let the numbers are 10 - d , 10 , 10 + d.

d Î {-9 , - 8 , - 7 , ¼¼ , 7 , 8 , 9}
22. m = 2 ´ 5 ! ´ 5 !
n = 4 ! ´ 5!
23. Total ways = 4 ´ 4 ! = 96
4
25. C 2 ´ 5 2 ´ (21) 2 = 66150
26. Total all letters are different.
Þ 10 5 - 10 C 5 ´ 5 ! = 69760
29. M = 1440
M = 25 ×32 ×5
No. of divisions = 6 ´ 3 ´ 2 = 36
P = Product of divisors = (1440) 18
P = 2 90 × 3 36 × 518
Hence, x = 30
30. Case-1 : All digits same = 9
Case-2 : Excluding zero :
4!
(i) No’s having 3 digits same : 9 C 2 ´ 2 C 1 ´ = 288
3!
4!
(ii) No’s having 2 digits same, 2 other same : 9 C 2 ´ = 216
2 !2 !
Case-3 : Including zero :
(i) No’s having 3 zero’s : 9
3!
(ii) No’s having 2 zero’s : 9 C 1 ´ = 27
2!
3!
(iii) No’s having 1 zero = 9 C 1 ´ = 27
2!
Hence, total no’s = 576
31. Case-I : When two T’s contain exactly one vowel between them,
5 ! ´ ( 5 C 1 ´ 5 C 4 ´ 4 !) = 15 ´ 5 ! ´ 5 !
Case-II : When two T’s also contain consonant between them,
4 ! ´ ( 5 C 2 ) ´ ( 7 C 5 ´ 5 !) = 42 ´ 5 ! ´ 5 !
32. 6 6 6 6 6 0 ® 6
6!
666633®
4 !2 !
6!
666642®
4!
6!
666444®
3 !3 !
6!
33. Five 4 runs + one 0 run =
5!
6!
Four 4 runs + two 2 runs =
4 !2 !
6!
Three 4 runs + two 3 runs + one 2 runs =
3 !2 !
6!
Two 4 runs + four 3 runs =
2 !4 !
Þ N = 96
7
34. C 2 = 21
35. x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 101
Let x 1 = 2 k1 + 1, x 2 = 2 k 2 + 1, x 3 = 2 k 3 + 1, x 4 = 2 k 4 + 1, x 5 = 2 k 5 + 1
48+ 5-1
Þ k1 + k 2 + k 3 + k 4 + k 5 = 48 ; C 5-1
36. Total ways = (largest number is 4)
6 4 - ( 4 4 - 3 4 ) = 1121
6
37. C 3 ´ 4!
38. If two points are selected from one side of main diagonal = 6 C 2 .
Then other two points are selected on other side of main diagonal = 1.
Total ways = 6 C 2 ´ 1 = 15
39. (9 - x 1 ) + (9 - x 2 ) + (9 - x 3 ) + (9 - x 4 ) + (9 - x 5 ) = 43
Þ x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 2
2+ 5-1
Number of ways = C 5-1 = 6 C 4 = 15
1. Case-I : All five letters are different.

= 5!
Case-II : Two letters are same and remaining are different.
3 5!
C 1 ´ 4 C 3 ´ = 720
2!
Case-III : Two alike, two other alike and remaining different.
3 5!
C 2 ´ 3C 1 ´ = 270
2 !2 !
Total number of words = 1110
100
2. å 100 C k ( x - 2)100-k × 3 k = ( x + 1)100
k =0
Coeff. of x 50 = 100 C 50
Total - Row 1 - Row 2
3. {|2 for N }
|2
8
C 5|6 -|6 -|6
|2
4. = (four odd) + (4 even) + (3 even + 1 odd) + (2 even + 2 odd)
= 5C 4 ´ 4 ! + 4C 4 ´ 4 ! + 4C 3 ´ 5C 1 ´ 4 ! + 4C 2 ´ 5C 2 ´ 4 ´ 4
= 1584

1. 0
2. Digit 6 always come at last three place digit 5 always come at last four place and digit 4 always
come at last five place.
3
C 1 ´ 3 C 1 ´ 3 C 1 ´ 3 ! = 162
6! 7
1. (A) ´ C 2 = 7560 (B) 5 !´ 6 C 2 = 1800
2!
4!
(C) 7560 - 1800 = 5760 (D) 4 ! ´ 5 C 4 ×
= 720
2 !2 !
2. (A) Total ways - (No repeating letter is at odd position)
11! 11!
-0 =
2 !2 !2 ! (2 !) 3
7! 4!
(B) ´ 8C 4 ´ = 210 ´ 7 !
2 !2 ! 2!
(C) MM TT HEICS
7 ! ´ 8 C 2 ´ 1 = 28 ´ 7 !
æ 4 !ö æ 7 ! ö 4 ! 7 !
(D) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷=
è 2 ! ø è 2 !2 ! ø (2 !) 3

9
1. C 4 ´ 5 C 4 = 630
9 7! 9!
2. C2 ´ =
2 !2 ! 8
10
4. C 3 - 8 C 3 = 64
5. Case-I: If Ravi is include.
7
C 5 ´ 9 C 8 = 189
Case-II: If Ravi is not include.
7
C 6 ´ [ 8 C 7 + 9 C 8 ] = 119
Total number of ways = 308
6
6. C 4 - 4C 2 = 9
7. 5 ! - (1 + 5 C 2 ´ 1) = 109
8. Let other two sides are a and b.
\ a + b > 11 0 < a £ 11, 0 < b £ 11
9.
a3 b2 c3
a2 c2
b1
a1 c1
( a1 , a 2 , a 3 ),( b1 , b2 ) and ( c1 , c 2 , c 3 ) are alike things so these can be arranged is

8! 4 ×5 ×6 ×7 ×8
= = 560
2 !3 !3 ! 2 ´6
n
10. C 2 - n = 14 Þ n = 7
11. x 1 + x 2 + x 3 +¼¼ + x 7 + x 8 = 93
x 1 ³ 0 , x 2 ³ 6 , x 3 ³ 6 , ¼¼ x 7 ³ 6 , x 8 ³ 0
x 1 + x ¢2 + x ¢3 +¼¼ + x 7¢ + x 8 = 57
64
No. of ways = C7
4
12. C 4 ( 2 C 1 ) 4 = 16
13. Let x 1 objects of one type
x 2 objects of second type
x 3 objects of third type
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 3n
0 £ x 1 £ 2n, 0 £ x 2 £ 2n , 0 £ x 3 £ 2n
3n + 2 n +1
Number of ways = C2 -3 ´ C 2 = 3n 2 + 3n + 1
14. x + y + z + w = 15
x ³ 0, y ³ 6, z ³ 2, w ³ 1
x + y¢ + z ¢ + w¢ = 6
Number of ways = 9 C 3 = 84
❑❑❑
14
BINOMIAL THEOREM

153
1. Let x = 2 2 N = x 16 - 1
a = x2 + 2 x + 1 N = ( x 4 - 1)( x 4 + 1)( x 8 + 1)
N = ( x 4 - 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 1)( x 2 - 2 x + 1)( x 8 + 1)
Let y = 2 204 N = y 6 - 1 = ( y 3 - 1)( y 3 + 1)
b = y2 - y + 1 = ( y 3 - 1)( y + 1)( y 2 - y + 1)
4
3. C 2a 2 = - 6C 3a 3
3
Þ a =-
10
5. a n = (2 + 3 ) n
Let a ¢n = (2 - 3 ) n Þ a n + a ¢n = integer
Þ [a n ] + {a n } + a ¢n = integer Þ {a n } = 1 - a ¢n
So, lim (a n - [a n ]) = lim [1 - (2 - 3 ) n ] = 1 - 0 = 0 (Q0 > {a n }, a ¢n < 1)
n ®¥ n ®¥
20
6. N = C 7 - 20 C 8 + 20
C9 - 20
C 10 +¼¼ - 20
C 20
= ( 20 C 7 + 20
C9 + 20
C 11 +¼¼ + 20
C 19 ) - ( 20 C 8 + 20
C 10 +¼¼ + 20
C 20 )
= ( 20 C 0 + 20
C2 + 20
C4 + 20
C 6 ) - ( 20 C 1 + 20
C3 + 20
C 5)
= (1 + 190 + 4845 + 38760) - (20 + 1140 + 15504)
= 43796 - 16664 = 27132 = 3 ´ 4 ´ 7 ´ 19 ´ 17
é 1 ù
7. log 2 ê1 + (2 12 - 2)ú = log 2 2 11 = 11 [QS n C r = 2 n ]
ë 2 û
r
æ 1 ö
8. T r +1 = n C r × x n -r × y r = 12 C r × x 12-r × ç ÷
è x3 ø
Binomial Theorem 237
12 - 4 r = 0 Þ r = 3
12 ´ 11 ´ 10
T 4 = 12 C 3 = = 220
3 ×2 ×1
3 4 5 1 1
9. + + +¼¼ = -
4 ! 5! 6 ! 3 ! ( k + 3)!
52 52
r é1 1 ù 1 1
å ( r + 1)! = å êë r ! - ( r + 1)!úû = 3 ! - 53 !
r =3 r =3
Þ k = 50
n
10. f( x) = å[( r + 1) 2 n C r - r 2 n C r -1 ]
r =1
f(n) = (n + 1) 2 - 1
f(30) = 960
n
12. C 1 × a + C 2 × a + C 3 × a 3 +¼¼ n C n × a n = (1 + a ) n - 1
n 2 n
æ 2p i ö
ç where a = e n = a 2 ÷
ç a1 ÷
è ø
13. 2 30 × 3 20 = 2 10 × (6) 20 = 1024 (7 - 1) 20 = 1024 (7 K + 1) = 7 k ¢ + 1024 = 7 k ¢ + 1022 + 2
26 26 26 26
14. C0 + C1 + C 2 +¼¼ + C 26 = 2 26
Þ 2( 26 C 0 + 26
C 1 +¼¼ + 26
C 13 ) = 2 26 + 26
C 13
15. (1 + x + x ) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x + a 3 x +¼+ a 2n x 2n
2 n 2 3
differentiate w.r.t. x
n(1 + x + x 2 ) n -1 (1 + 2 x) = a1 + 2 a 2 x + 3 a 3 x 2 +¼ + 2n × a 2n x 2n -1
Put x = 1 n × 3 n = a1 + 2 a 2 + 3 a 3 +¼ + 2n a 2n …(1)
Put x = w 0 = a1 + 2 a 2 w + 3 a 3 w 2 +¼ + 2n a 2n w 2n -1 …(2)
2 2 4 4n -2
Put x = w 0 = a1 + 2 a 2 w + 3 a 3 w +¼ + 2n a 2n w …(3)
(1) + (2) + (3)
n × 3 n -1 = a1 + 4 a 4 + 7 a7 + 10 a10 +¼
n
16. C r + n C r -1 = n +1
Cr
3
C 0 + 3 C 1 + 4 C 2 + 5 C 3 +¼ + 99
C 97 = 100 C 97
17. Last digit of 9 ! = 0
Last digit of 3 9966 = 9
Hence last digit 9.
18. x = T7 = n C 6 (3 1/ 3 ) n -6 × ( 4 -1/ 3 ) 6
y = T n -5 = n C n -6 (3 1/ 3 ) 6 × ( 4 -1/ 3 ) n -6
y = 12 x
n
C n -6 (3 1/ 3 ) 6 ( 4 -1/ 3 ) n -6 = 12 × n C 6 (3 1/ 3 ) n -6 ( 4 -1/ 3 ) 6
Þ 12 = (12 1/ 3 ) 12-n Þ n = 9
r
æ2ö
20. t r +1 = 15 C r ( x 2 ) 15-r × ç ÷
è xø
Coeff. of x 15 = 15 C 5 × 2 5
Coeff. of x 0 = 15 C 10 × 2 10
21. (1 + x) 2 (1 + y) 3 (1 + z ) 4 (1 + w) 5
General term = 2 C a 3 C b 4 C d 5 C e x a + b + d + e
2 14 ´ 13
å C a ´ 3 C b ´ 4 C d ´ 5 C e = 14 C 12 or 14
C 12 = = 91
a + b + d + e =12 2
n n n n
1 2
22. å r × nC r + 2 å r + 1 × n C r ; n å n -1 C r -1 + n + 1 å n +1 C r +1
r =0 r =0 r =0 r =0
n -1 2
Þ n ×2 + × (2 n +1 - 1)
n+1

20 20 20 20 20
1. N = C7 - C8 + C9 - C 10 +¼¼ - C 20
= ( 20 C 7 + 20
C9 + 20
C 11 +¼¼ + 20
C 19 ) - ( 20 C 8 + 20
C 10 +¼¼ + 20
C 20 )
20 20 20 20 20 20 20
=( C 20 + C2 + C4 + C 6) -( C1 + C3 + C 5)
2. For B and D put x = 1, - 1
For A differentiate with respect to x then put x = 0
1
For C replace x with
x
4
3. å( -1) r 16C r = 16C 0 - 16C 1 + 16C 2 - 16C 3 + 16C 4 = 1365
r =0
1 n 1 n
4. 2 ´ ´ C1 = 1 + ´ C 2 Þ n = 8, 1
2 22
r 16- 3r
æ 1ö
8 4
T r +1 = Crç ÷ x Þ r = 0, 4, 8
è2ø
5. LHS = (1 + 2 x 2 + x 4 )(1 + C 1 x + C 2 x 2 + C 3 x 3 +¼¼ )
RHS = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 +¼¼
Comparing the coefficients of x , x 2 , x 3 ,¼¼
Now, 2 a 2 = a1 + a 3
2( n C 2 + 2) = n C 1 + ( n C 3 + 2 n C 1 )
n(n - 1) n(n - 1)(n - 2)
2 + 4 = 3n +
2 6
or n 3 - 9n 2 + 26n - 24 = 0
\ (n - 2)(n 2 - 7n + 12) = 0 (Q8 + 52 = 36 + 24)
or (n - 2)(n - 3)(n - 4) = 0
\ n = 2, 3, 4
n n n æ n öæ n öæ n ö
6. å å å n C i × n C j × n C k = çç å n C i ÷÷ çç å n C j ÷÷ çç å n C k ÷÷ = 2 3n
i = 0 j= 0 k = 0 è i =0 øè j= 0 ø è k =0 ø
100 100 100 100 100 100
7. ( C6 + C7 ) + 3( C7 + C 8) + 3( C8 + C 9 ) + ( 100 C 9 + 100
C 10 )
= 101 C 7 + 3 101
C8 + 3 101
C9 + 101
C 10
( 101 C 7 + 101
C 8 ) + 2 ( 101 C 8 + 101
C 9 ) + ( 101 C 9 + 101
C 10 ) = 102 C 8 + 2 × 102 C 9 + 102
C 10
102 102 102 102 103 103
=( C8 + C 9) + ( C9 + C 10 ) = C9 + C 10 = 104 C 10
15
C 2r 1 2r + 1 1 6 r - 13 13 15
8. > Þ > Þ <0 Þ < r<
15 2 15 - 2 r 2 2 r - 15 6 2
C 2r +1
9. f( x) = 1 + x 111 + x 222 +¼ + x 999
if f( x) is divided by x + 1, then remainder f( -1) = 0
if f( x) is divided by x - 1, then remainder f(1) = 10
f( x) = (1 + x 222 + x 444 + x 666 + x 888 ) + x 111 (1 + x 222 + x 444 + x 666 + x 888 )
= (1 + x 111 )(1 + x 222 + x 444 + x 666 + x 888 )

n
2. (B) P = å nCr =2n
r =0
m
Q= å m C r (15) r = (1 + 15) m = 16 m
r =0
Þ n = 4m
(C) 1 + 6 + 120 + 56 K
Reminder = 15
a 2 + b 2 + ab ( a - b)( a 2 + b 2 + ab) a 3 - b 3
3. (A) = =
a+b ( a - b)( a + b) a 2 - b2
4+ 3 8 + 15 12 + 35
1
+ + +¼ = (( 169 ) 3 - 13 ) = 1098
3 +1 5+ 3 7+ 5 2
8 8
(B) (2 cos 2 q - 3 sin q) = ( -2 sin 2 q - 3 sin q + 2)
5 5
3
Greatest value = 5 at sin q = - (Q 4 £ q £ 6)
4
(C) Let ( 3 + 1) 6 = I + f
and ( 3 - 1) 6 = f ¢ Þ ( 3 + 1) 6 + ( 3 - 1) 6 = 416 = I + 1
Þ I = 415 = 1 ´ 5 ´ 83
1 - x 256 1 - x n +1
(D) (1 + x)(1 + x 2 ) ¼(1 + x 128 ) = =
1- x 1- x
Þ n + 1 = 256
2. Coefficient of x 60 = -6 + 5 + 8 - 6 = 1
7. (1 + x) 3n = 3n
C0 + 3n
C1 x + 3n
C 2 x 2 +¼¼ + 3n
C 3n x 3n
Put x = 1 2 3n = 3n
C0 + 3n
C1 + 3n
C 2 +¼¼ + 3n
C 3n
2 3n 3n 3n 3n 2 3n
Put x = w (-w ) = C0 + C 1w + C 2 w +¼¼ + C 3n
Put x = w 2 ( - w) 3n = 3n
C0 + 3n
C 1w 2 + 3n
C 2 w 4 +¼¼ + 3n
C 3n
3n 2 3n 3n 3n 3n 3n
2 + (-w ) + ( - w) = 3[ C0 + C 3 +¼¼ + C 3n ]
5
10. å 20 C 2K -1 = 2 18 Þ 2 108 = 2 3 (2 5 ) 21 = 8 (33 - 1) 21
K =1
Remainder = -8 or 3
11. f(n) = n C 0 a n -1 - n C 1 a n -2 +¼¼
( a - 1) n
Þ f ( n) =
a
f(2007) + f(2008) = 3 7 K
3 9 + ( a - 1) 3 9
Þ = 37 K Þ K = 9
a
13. (360 + 1) 44 - 1 = 44
C 0 × (360) 44 + 44
C 1 × (360) 43 +¼ + 44
C 43 × (360) 1
= 360 [ 44 C 0 × (360) 43 + 44
C 1 × (360) 42 +¼ + 44
C 43 ]
14. (3|x -2| + (3|x -2|-9 ) 1/ 5 ) 7

T 6 = 7 C 5 × (3|x -2| ) 2 × 3|x -2|-9 = 567
Þ 3 3|x -2|- 9 = 27 Þ | x - 2| = 4 Þ x = 6 , - 2
10 10
15. 1 + å 3 r × 10C r + å r × 10C r
r =1 r =1
10 10
1 + ((1 + 3) - C 0 ) + 10 × 2 9 = 4 10 + 5 × 2 10 = 2 10 ( 4 5 + 5)
a = 1, b = 5
if a , b lies between the roots of f( x) = 0
f(1) < 0 Ç f(5) < 0
-k 2 < 0 Ç 16 - k 2 < 0
16. S n = n C 0 n C 1 + n C 1 n C 2 +¼ + n C n -1 × n C n = 2n
C n -1
2n + 2
S n +1 = Cn
2n + 2
S n +1 Cn 15
= =
Sn 2n 4
C n -1
(2n + 2)(2n + 1) 15
Þ =
n(n + 2) 4
Þ n 2 - 6n + 8 = 0
❑❑❑
15
PROBABILITY
2. f( x) = 3 x + 4 1 - x [where x = P( A)]
9
f( x) max. = 5 at x =
25
5
3. P( A È B ) = 1 - P ( A È B ) =
6
1 3
P( A Ç B ) = , P ( A) =
4 4
1
Þ P ( B ) = P ( A È B ) + P ( A Ç B ) - P ( A) =
3
n
æ 1ö 31
4. 1 - ç ÷ = Þ n =5
è2ø 32
3!´ 2 1
5. Required probability = =
9! 140
3 !3 !3 !
3 !(3n - 3)!
[(n - 1)!]3
6. Required probability =
(3n)!
(n !) 3
7. If product of two numbers equal to third number, then possibilities are (2 , 3 , 6), (2 , 4 , 8),
(2 , 5, 10).
3 1
Probability = =
10
C 3 40
3 2 2 1 4
8. P = ´ ´ ´ =
3 3 3 3 27
Probability 243
7!
9. Total word = n =
2 !2 !
T ITANIC I TTANIC A TTINIC
6! 6! 6! m 5
Favourable word = m = + + Þ P= =
2 ! 2 ! 2 !2 ! n 7
n! 3 6
10. Probability = = =
n 32 64
n
(n - 1)! 1 × 2 × 3
Þ = Þ n=4
n n -1 43
11. Total case = n = 9 ´ 10 3
Favourable case = m = (9 ´ 10 3 ) - 6 4
64 107
P =1- =
3 125
9 ´ 10
12. Total case = n = 6!
Favourable case = m = (3 ! ´ 2 !) + (2 ! ´ 2 !) = 16
16 1
Probability = =
6 ! 45
13. E 1 “No card is king from removed cards”
E 2 “1 card is king from removed cards”
F = 3 cards are drawn from pack those are kings.
48 4 48
S
æ F ö C C C 25 × 4 C 1 3
C3
P( F ) = å P( E i ) × P ççè E i ÷÷ø = 52 C 26 × 26 C3 +
52
C 26
×
26
C3
+0+0+0
i =1 26 3
49
4 4´ C 26
= ( 48 C 26 + 48
C 25 ) =
52 26 52
C 26 × C3 C 26 × 26 C 3
1
=
(13)(17)(25)
3
C 2 × 10 C 4 1 15
14. ´ =
13 7 286
C6
15. Let f be function from {1, 2 , ¼ , 10} to itself total functions possible is 10 10 . The number of
one-one onto functions possible is 10!.
10 ! 9!
Hence, the probability of selected function to be one-one onto is = .
10
10 10 9
16. Let the friends come to the restaurant at 5 h x min and 5h y min, respectively, where
x , y Î [0 , 60].
Hence, the sample space consists of all points ( x , y) lying in 60 ´ 60 square as shown above
and for favourable cases,| x - y| £ 15, that is -15 £ x - y £ 15 which is shown by shaded region
in the graph shown below :
y
45
60
45
15
x
0 15 60
Hence, the probability that they will meet is given by :

1
2 ´ ´ 45 ´ 45 2
2 æ3ö 7
1- =1-ç ÷ =
60 ´ 60 4
è ø 16
91
17. Total ways = C3
Favourable ways = (Common ratio is 2) + (Common ratio is 3) = 16 + 2 = 18

4
C 3 ´ 11 C 5 1 8
1. Probability = ´ =
15 7 195
C8
æ 1öæ 1öæ 1öæ 1ö æ 1 ö
2. Probability = ç 1 - ÷ ç 1 - ÷ ç 1 - ÷ ç 1 - ÷ ¼¼ ç 1 - ÷
è 2 øè 4 øè 6 øè 8ø è 2012 ø
1 3 5 7 2011 2012 !
= ´ ´ ´ ´¼¼´ =
2 4 6 8 2012 2 2012 (1006 !) 2
2 1
3. We have P( E i ) = = or i = 1, 2 , 3.
4 2
1
Also for i ¹ j , P( E i Ç E j ) = = P( E j ) P( E i ). Therefore, E i and E j are independent for i ¹ j .
4
1
Also, P( E 1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 ) = ¹ P( E 1 ) P( E 2 ) P( E 3 )
4
\ E 1 , E 2 , E 3 are not independent.
3
4. Max. ( P( A Ç B )) = P( A) =
5
Probability 245
4
Min. ( P( A Ç B )) = P( A) + P( B ) - 1 =
15
19
P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) = - P( A Ç B )
15
3
P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A) - P ( A Ç B ) =
- P( A Ç B )
5
æ A ö P( A Ç B ) P( B ) - P( A Ç B )
Pç ÷= =
èBø P( B ) P( B )

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 2
1. P( E 1 ) = ´1+ ´ + ´ + ´ = =
10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
3 1
´
æ B 3 ö P( B 3 Ç E 2 ) 10 3 1
2. P çç ÷÷ = = =
E
è 2ø P ( E 2 ) 2 1 3 1 4 1 3
´ + ´ + ´
10 2 10 3 10 4

3. Mr. A’ s 3 digit number is always greater than Mr. B’s 3 digit numbers then A should always pick
digit 9.
8
C 3 ´ 8C 2 1
Probability = =
8 9 3
C3 ´ C3
8
C3 ´1 1 1
4. Probability = = =
9 8 9 84
C3 ´ C3 C3
5. P( E ) = A picks 9 or A does not pick 9 and his number is greater than B
8
1 2 1æ C3 1 ö÷ 37
= + × ç1 - × =
3 3 2è ç 8
C3 8
C 3 ÷ø 56
6. Let a n = number of ways of outcomes of n tosses when no 2 consecutive heads occur
a n = a n -2 + a n -1
Also, a1 = 2 (H or T)
a2 = 3 (TT or HT or TH)
\ a 3 = 5, a 4 = 8 ……
a10 = 144
144
\ Probability =
2 10
7. [HT HT HTH] T, T, T
4!
Number of ways of arranging = =4
3!
4
Probability =
2 10

8. 6n > 2 n , n Î N
\ n = 1, 2 , 3 , 4
4 æ Number of solutions of x + y > 4 , 1 £ x , y £ 6 ö
9. ´ç ÷
6 è 36 ø
æ Number of solutions of x + y + z > 8 , 1 £ x , y , z £ 6 ö
´ç ÷
è 63 ø
4 30 160 100
= ´ ´ =
6 36 216 243
4 30 æ 160 ö 4 30 56 35
10. Probability = ´ ´ ç1 - ÷= ´ ´ =
6 36 è 216 ø 6 36 216 243

11. Let p1 be the probability of being an answer correct from section 1. Then p1 = 1 5 . Let p 2 be
the probability of being an answer correct from section 2. Then p 2 = 1 15 .
1 1 1
Hence, the required probability is ´ =
5 15 75
12. Scoring 10 marks from four questions can be done in 3 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 10 ways so as to answer 3
questions from section 2 and 1 question from section 1 correctly.
10 10 3
C3 C1 1 æ 1 ö
Hence, the required probability is ç ÷ .
20 5 è 15 ø
C4
æ 2 1 2 1 1 2 ö æ 2 1 2 ö 2 416
1. ç + × + × × ÷ ç + × ÷ =
è 3 3 3 3 3 3 ø è 3 3 3 ø 3 729
6
C 5 + 7 C 4 + 8C 3 + 9C 2 + 10
C1 + 1 9
5. Probability = =
10 64
2
Probability 247
3
C1 3
6. p = =
7 7
C1
6!
7. Total ways = ´ 3 ! = 90
2 !2 !2 !3 !
Favourable cases = 90 - [3 ! + 3 C 1 ´ 3 C 1 ´ 2 ´ 2] = 48
48 8
Þ p= =
90 15
9. E 1 ® be the event of both getting the correct answer
E 2 ® both getting wrong answers.
E ® both obtaining same answer.
1 1 1 æ 1öæ 1 ö 77
P( E 1 ) = = , P( E 2 ) = ç 1 - ÷ ç 1 - ÷=
8 12 96 è 8 øè 12 ø 96
æ E
ö æ E ö 1
P çç ÷÷ = 1; P çç ÷÷ =
è E1
ø E
è 2ø 1001
1
1×
æ E ö 96 13
Pç 1 ÷= =
è E ø 1× 1 1 77 14
+ ×
96 1001 96
10. Total ways = 9 C 7 ´ 7 !
Favourable ways Þ 9 C 7 ´ 7 ! - ( 7 C 3 ´ 3 !) ´ ( 6 C 4 ´ 4 !)
( 7 C 3 ´ 3 !) ´ ( 6 C 4 ´ 4 !) 15 7
P( E ) = 1 - =1- =
9 36 12
C7 ´ 7!
3
1 ì1 1 1 1 ü 1 ìïæ 1 1 1 ö üï 27
11. í ´ + 2 ´ ´ ý + ´ íç ´ ´ ÷ ý =
2 î2 2 4 4 þ 4 ïè 4 4 2 ø ï 128
î þ
1 1
12. 1st 2 nd ´ a
4 6
1 1
2 nd 1st ´ b
4 6
1 1
1st 1st ´ c
4 36
1 1
2 nd 2 nd ´ d
4 36
c+d 2
=
a+ b+ c+ d 5
❑❑❑
16
LOGARITHMS
1. log 10 x = A x>0
log 10 ( x - 2) = B, x - 2 > 0 Þ x > 2
Þ A 2 - 3 AB + 2 B 2 < 0
Þ ( A - 2 B )( A - B ) < 0
Þ (log x - 2 log( x - 2))(log x - log( x - 2)) < 0
Case-I : log x - 2 log ( x - 2) < 0
and log x - log( x - 2) > 0 …(1)
Case-II : log x - 2 log ( x - 2) > 0
and log x - log( x - 2) < 0 …(2)
From (1) & (2), x Î ( 4 , ¥)
2. (log e x) 2 = (log e x) - (log e x) 2 + 1 (log e x > 0)
2
2(log e x) - log e x - 1 = 0
(2 log e x + 1)(log e x - 1) = 0
1
log e x = - (not possible)
2
log e x =1
log 3 7 log 3 7
3. S = (a ) + ( b log 7 11 ) log 7 11 + ( c log11 25 ) log11 25
log11 25
= 27 log 3 7 + 49 log 7 11 + 11 = 469
0
æ 1ö
4. a 2 - 3 a + 3 > ç x + ÷ and a 2 - 3 a + 3 > 0
è xø
a 2 - 3a + 2 > 0
( a - 1)( a - 2) > 0 Þ a Î ( -¥, 1) È (2 , ¥)
5
5. P = = log 120 x 5 ; (120) P = x 5 = 32 Þ x = 2
log x 120
Logarithms 249
z 1/ 3 z 1/ 6
6. x= , y=
2 5
z 1/ 3 z 1/ 6 1
If xy = z 3/ 2 ; × = z 3/ 2 Þ z =
2 5 10
7. log x (log 3 (log x y)) = 0 Þ y = x 3 , log y 27 = 1 Þ y = 27
-3 5
8. log 10-2 10 3 + log 10-1 10 -4 = +4=
2 2
3 3-a 4 log 3 2
9. a = Þ log 3 2 = ; log 6 16 =
1 + 2 log 3 2 2a 1 + log 3 2
10. log 2 (log 2 (log 3 x)) = 0 Þ x = 9
log 2 (log 3 (log 2 y)) = 0 Þ y = 8
x y 7 x y 2
11. Let log 3 a = x , log 3 b = y; + = and + =
3 2 2 2 3 3
12. a = log 2 5; b = log 5 8; c = log 8 11; d = log 11 14
2 abcd = 2 log 2 14 = 14
log 8 17 log 2 2 17
14. =
log 9 23 log 3 23
15. Case-I : 2 x - 3 > 1 Case-II : 0 < 2 x - 3 < 1
3x - 4 > 1 0 < 3x - 4 < 1
5 5 3 5
x> Þ x>2 x< Þ < x<
3 3 2 3
16. p £ log 10 N < p + 1 Þ P = 10 p + 1 - 10 p
- q £ log 10 1 N < - q + 1 Þ Q = 10 q - 10 q - 1
17. n + 1 = number of digits = 1 + characteristic
18. log 10 (0.15) 20 = 20 (log 10 15 - 2) = -16.478
19. log 2 (log 4 (log 10 10 16 )) = log 2 (log 4 16) = 1
20. 2 log x - log(2 x - 75) = 2
x2
= 100 Þ x 2 - 200 x + 7500 = 0
2 x - 75
log x a×log a y ×log y z
21. x = x log x z = z
22. x x x
= x 3x/2
3 9
x ¹ 0, 1 x x= x Þ x=
2 4
If x = 1, then it also satisfy.
23. (log 3 x) 2 = 2 log 3 x

Þ log 3 x = 0 or log 3 x = 2
x =1 or x =9
24. log 10 x + log 10 y = 2 Þ xy = 100 …(1)
x - y = 15 …(2)
Þ x = 20, y =5
1/ 2
æ x + 1 æç 2 x - 3 ö÷ ö 7
ç 3è xø÷ 3
25. ç 2 ÷ = 2
ç ÷
è ø
2 1 14
Þ x+ x- = Þ 5 x 2 - 14 x - 3 = 0
3 x 3
2 2
( 2 x - x 2 + 1) ( 2 x - x 2 + 1) 3 2x - x +1
52x - x +1
26. 25 +9 = 34 ×
3 5
2 2
Let 3 2 x - x +1
= a and 5 2 x - x =b +1
34
a 2 + b2 = ab
15
15a 2 - 34 ab + 15b 2 = 0 Þ (3 a - 5b)(5a - 3 b) = 0
a 5
Case-1 : if =
b 3
2 x - x 2+ 1
æ3ö 5
Þ ç ÷ =
è 5ø 3
Þ 2x - x 2 + 1 = -1 Þ x 2 - 2x - 2 = 0
Sum of two values of x = 2
a 3
Case-2 : if =
b 5
2 x - x 2+ 1
æ3ö 3
ç ÷ =
è 5ø 5
Þ 2 x - x 2 + 1 = 1 Þ x = 0 and 2
Sum of all values of x is 4.
27. a x = by = cz = dw
Þ b = a x/ y , c = a x/z , d = a x/w
æx x xö
çç + + ÷÷
y z wø x x x æ1 1 1ö
log a ( bcd) = log a aè = + + = x çç + + ÷÷
y z w è y z wø
Logarithms 251
4
28. x =
( 5 + 1)( 5 + 1)( 8 5 + 1)( 16 5 + 1)
4
Multiply and divide by (1 - 16 5) then

x = -1 + 16 5
( x + 1) 48 = 5 3 = 125
1
29. log x log 18 ( 2 + 8 ) =
3
1
log x log ( 3 2 )2 3 2 =
3
æ 1ö 1 1
log x ç ÷ = Þ x=
è2ø 3 8
1
30. f ( n) = log 2 n if log 8 n is integer
3
=0 otherwise
2011
å f(n) = log 8 2 3 + log 8 2 6 + log 8 2 9 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
n =1
32. log 0. 3 ( x - 1) < log ( 0. 3)2 ( x - 1) Þ ( x - 1) 2 > x - 1
Þ ( x - 1)( x - 2) > 0
Also, for log to be defined ( x - 1) > 0
x Î (2 , ¥)
2
33. 7 2x -5x -6
= ( 49) 3 log 2 2
=73
Þ 2 x 2 - 5x - 6 = 6
2 x 2 - 5 x - 12 = 0
Þ (2 x + 3)( x - 4) = 0
16
34. (log 2 x) 4 + 16(log 2 x) 2 log 2
x
Þ t 4 + 16t 2 ( 4 - t ) (where log 2 x = t )
Þ t 2 (t 2 + 64 - 16t )
Þ t 2 ( t - 8) 2
Since 1 £ x £ 256 Þ 0 £ t £ 8
Þ Maximum of (t - 8) 2 t 2 lies at t = 4.
Hence, maximum ( 4 - 8) 2 × 4 2 = 256
37. Q l>0
1 ± (1 - 4 log 16 l)
\ log 16 x =
2
Q The given equation will have exactly one solution, if
1
1 - 4 log 16 l = 0 or log 16 l = = 4 -1
4
-1
\ l = (16) 4 = (2 4 ) 1/ 4 = 2 , - 2 , 2i , - 2i , where i = -1
But l is real and positive.
\ l =2
Number of real values = 1
38. Let x be the rational number, then according to question,
x = 50 ´ log 10 x
By trial x = 100
39. Q x = log 5 (1000) = log 5 (5 3 ´ 8) = 3 + log 5 8
and y = log 7 (2058) = log 7 (7 3 ´ 6) = 3 + log 7 6
Þ x - y = log 5 8 - log 7 6 > 0 æQ log 5 8 > 1, log 7 6 < 1ö

ç \ log 8 - log 6 > 0 ÷
è 5 7 ø
\ x> y
æ 2 ö 4æ 2 ö æ 4 ö
40. 7 log ç ÷ + 5 log ç 5 ÷ + 3 log ç 3 ÷
ç5´3÷ ç 23 ´3 ÷ ç 24 ´5÷
è ø è ø è ø
= 7 {4 log 2 - log 5 - log 3} + 5 {2 log 5 - 3 log 2 - log 4} + 3 {4 log 3 - 4 log 2 - log 5}
= log 2
41. log 10 {tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°¼ tan 45°¼ tan 87° tan 88° tan 89° }
= log 10 {tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°¼ tan 45°¼ cot 3° cot 2° cot 1° }
= log 10 1 = 0
1 1 1
+ + æ 1 1 1ö æ7ö
42. log 7 log 7 7 2 4 8 = log 7 ç + + ÷ = log 7 ç ÷
è2 4 8ø è8ø
= 1 - log 7 8 = 1 - 3 log 7 2
log 23 2
43. ( 4) 3 + (9) log 2 2 = (10) log x 83
Þ ( 4) 1/ 2 + 9 2 = (10) log x 83
Þ (83) 1 = (83) log x 10
\ 1 = log x 10 Þ x = 10
æyö æzö æxö
log10 ç ÷ log10 ç ÷ log10 çç ÷÷
44. (10 log10 x
) è zø
(10 log10 y
) è xø
(10 log10 z
) èyø
Logarithms 253
45. Q log x 2 log 2 x 2 = log 4 x 2

\ x > 0 , 2 x > 0 and 4 x > 0 and x ¹ 1, 2 x ¹ 1, 4 x ¹ 1
1 1
Þ x > 0 and x ¹ 1, ,
2 4
1 1 1
Then, × =
log 2 x log 2 2 x log 2 4 x
Þ log 2 x × log 2 2 x = log 2 4 x
Þ log 2 x × (1 + log 2 x) = (2 + log 2 x)
Þ (log 2 x) 2 = 2
Þ log 2 x = ± 2
2
\ x =2±
2 2
\ x = {2 - ,2 }
46. Q 2 log 10 x - log x (0.01) = 2 log 10 x - log x (10 -2 )
= 2(log 10 x + log x 10) (Q x > 0 and x ¹ 1)
æ log e x log e 10 ö
= 2 çç + ÷÷ ³ 2 × 2 (Q AM ³ GM)
è log e 10 log e x ø
=4
47. Let log 2 x = a
a 2 - 2a + 1 Þ a = 1
if log 2 x = 1 Þ x = 2
48. log e ( e 2 x ln x ) = log e x 3
2 + (ln x) 2 = 3 ln x
Let ln x = a
a 2 - 3a + 2 = 0 Þ ( a - 2)( a - 1) = 0
Þ x1 = e 2 , x 2 = e
49. M = antilog 32 0.6 = (32) 0.6 = 2 3 = 8
N = 49 1 × 49 - log 7 2 + 5 - log 5 4
49 1 25
= + =
4 4 2
50. log 2 (log 2 (log 3 x)) = 0 Þ x = 9
log 3 (log 3 (log 2 y)) = 0 Þ y = 8
51. |log 1/ 2 10 + |log 4 625 - log 2 5| =|log 1/ 2 10 + log 2 5| = 1
æ 1 ö
ç ÷
log 5 2 è 2 a ø 1
52. log 3 2 = = =
log 5 3 1 2 ab - 1
b-
2a
55. ( x - 3) 2 = 9 Þ x = 6
éæ 16 ö 7 æ 25 ö 5 æ 81 ö 3 ù
57. log a êç ÷ × ç ÷ × ç ÷ ú = 8
êëè 15 ø è 24 ø è 80 ø úû
Þ log a 2 = 8 Þ a = 2 1/ 8
7 1 31
58. log 23 (2 7 ) - log 32 (3 -1/ 2 ) = + =
3 4 12
æ log 5 16 ö
2 - çç ÷÷ - log 3 2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö è 2 log 5 9 ø æ 1 öæ 1 ö
59. çç ÷÷ × çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ çç ÷÷
è 27 ø è 27 ø è 27 ø è 27 ø
1
æ 1 ö - log 3 27 2 2
= ç ÷ ×2 =
è 27 ø 27
( x - 1)( x + 2) ( x - 1)( x + 2)
60. log 2 = log 2 4 Þ =4
3x - 1 3x - 1
Þ x 2 - 11x + 2 = 0
1
61. log 100 10 =
2
log 2 (log 4 2) = log 2 1 2 = -1
log 4 [log 2 (256) 2 ]2 = log 4 16 2 = 4
3
log 4 8 = log 22 2 3 =
2
62. l = log 5 (log 5 3) Þ 5 l = log 5 3
-l
3 k+ 5 = 3 k × 3 5-l = 3 k × 3 log 3 5 = 5 × 3 k
63. log 10 b 4 = 2 p × log 10 a 2
log 10 b
= log a b = p
log 10 a
64. 2 x = 3 y = 6 -z = k (let)
x = log 2 k , y = log 3 k , z = -log 6 k
1 1 1
+ + = log k 2 + log k 3 - log k 6 = 0
x y z
65. ( 2 - 1) 3 = 5 2 - 7
Logarithms 255
1 1
- log a b
1 3 3 2 17
66. 1 + log a b = Þ log a b = - Þ =
4 4 1 + log a b 6
68. Let log y x = t
5t 2 - 26t + 5 = 0 Þ (5t - 1)(t - 5) = 0
Either x = y 5 or y = x 5
1 1
69. 1 - = Þ (log 3 x - 1) 2 = log 3 x Þ (log 3 x) 2 - 3 log 3 x + 1 = 0
log 3 x log 3 x - 1
1 1
70. log 2 x + log 2 y + log 2 z = 2 Þ x y z =4
2 2
1 1
log 3 y + log 3 x + log 3 z = 2 Þ x × y × z = 9
2 2
1 1
log 4 z + log 4 x + log 4 y = 2 Þ x × y × z = 16 Þ xyz = 24
2 2
æ 1 ö log 71 / 49 - log1 / 55
71. ç ÷ ×2 +7
è 49 ø
1 1
´ +7
49 4
1 1
72. log 2 (3 - x) - log 2 + log 2 (5 - x) = + log 2 ( x + 7)
2 2
Þ log 2 (3 - x)(5 - x) = log 2 ( x + 7)
Þ x2 - 9x + 8 = 0 Þ x = 8
1
73. log 5 x = log x 5 Þ x = 5,
5
2
74. | x - 1|log 3 x - 2 log x 9
= ( x - 7) 7
either x = 2 or log 3 x 2 - 2 log x 9 = 7
(log 3 x - 4)(2 log 3 x + 1) = 0
x -1 x -1
75. 9 + 7 = 4 (3 + 1)
x
Let 3 =t
t2 æt ö
+ 7 = 4 ç + 1÷ Þ t 2 - 12t + 27 = 0
9 è 3 ø
(t - 3)(t - 9) = 0
76. If a > 1
log a 10 > log a 3 > log a e > log a 2
Þ log 10 a < log 3 a < log e a < log 2 a
4 4
r
78. å log 4 2 r = å2 =5
r =1 r =1
79. log 3 2 + log 3 5 = log 3 10

log 3 9 < log 3 10 < log 3 27
80. sin 3q = 3 sin q - 4 sin 3 q
3
kæ 3 1 ö 3æ 1ö 4 æ 1ö
ça + 3 ÷ = ça + ÷ - ça + ÷
2è a ø 2 è a ø 8 è a ø
-1 æ 3 1 ö
= ça + 3 ÷
2 è a ø
Þ k = -1
81. 2 x - 3 > 0 Ç x 2 - 5 x - 6 > 0 Ç 2 x - 3 ¹ 1
3
x > Ç ( x - 6)( x + 1) > 0 Ç x ¹ 2
2
Þ (6 , ¥)
1. 6 (log x) 2 + log x - 1 = 0
(3 log x - 1)(2 log x + 1) = 0
x = 10 1/ 3 or x = 10 -1/ 2
3. 3(log 10 2) x 2 - (1 - log 10 2) x = 2 log 10 2 - x
log 10 2(3 x 2 + x - 2) = 0
log 10 2( x + 1)(3 x - 2) = 0
2
Roots of this eq. are x = -1,
3
Sum of coeff. = 2 log 10 2 (irrational)
Discriminant = b 2 - 4 ac = 25 (log 10 2) 2 (irrational)
4. A = min.( x 2 - 2 x + 7) " x Î R Þ A =6
2
B = min.( x - 2 x + 7) " x Î [2 , ¥) Þ B =7
Logarithms 257

1. If a 1 = 4 , then 3 4 £ N < 3 5
If a 2 = 2 , then 5 2 £ N < 5 3
Þ 81 £ N < 125
3. If a 1 = 5, then 3 5 £ N < 3 6
If a 2 = 3 , then 5 3 £ N < 5 4
If a 3 = 2 , then 7 2 £ N < 7 3
Þ 243 £ N < 343
2 2
Sol. | x - y | = 221

Sol. (1 + 4 log p 2 (2 p)) 2 + (1 + log 2 p) 2 = (1 + log 2 4 p) 2
Let log 2 p = t
2
æ æ 1 + t öö 2 2
ç1 + 2ç ÷ ÷ + (1 + t ) = (3 + t ) Þ t = log 2 p = 2
è è t øø
1. (A) a = 3 (( 7 + 1) - ( 7 - 1)) = 6
b = 1296 = 36
(B) a = ( 3 + 1) - ( 3 - 1) = 2
b = (3 + 2 ) - (3 - 2 ) = 2 2
(C) a = ( 2 + 1), b = ( 2 - 1)
(D) a =2 + 3, b=2 - 3
1. N = 6 log10 40 × 6 2 log10 5 = 6 log10 1000 = 6 3 = 216

2. log b ( a log 2 b ) = log a ( b log 2 b )
1
Þ log b a = log a b Þ a = b or a = (not possible)
b
log a ( c - ( b - a) 2 ) = 3 Þ c = a3
Þ Minimum value of c = 8 at a = 2
3. log b 729 = 6 log b 3
if this is an integer, then b = 3 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 6
5 3
4. Case-1 : If x+ >1 Þ x>-
2 2
æ8 ö
then ( x - 5) 2 < (2 x - 3) 2 Þ 3 x 2 - 2 x - 16 > 0 Þ x Î ç , ¥ ÷
è3 ø
5 5 3
Case-2 : If 0< x + <1 Þ - < x<-
2 2 2
æ 3ö
then ( x - 5) 2 > (2 x - 3) 2 Þ x Î ç - 2 , - ÷
è 2ø
there is no negative integral value of x.
æ 1ö
ç log100 x + ÷
6 (log a x )(log10 a )(log a 5)
5. a - 3 (log10 x -1) = 9 è 2ø
5
6 × 5(log10 x -1) - 3 (log10 x -1) = 3 (log10 x +1)
3 log10 x
6 × 5(log10 x -1) = + 3 × 3 log10 x
3
10 log10 x
6 × 5(log10 x -1) = ×3
3
log10 x - 2
æ 5ö
ç ÷ =1
è3ø
Þ log 10 x - 2 = 0
Þ x = 100
Integer part of log 3 100 is 4.
æ a + b ö log 5 a + log 5 b
6. log 5 ç ÷=
è 3 ø 2
2
æ a + bö
Þ log 5 ç ÷ = log 5 ( ab)
è 3 ø
Þ ( a + b) 2 = 9 ab Þ a 2 - 7 ab + b 2 = 0
a 4 + b 4 + 2 a 2 b 2 = 49 a 2 b 2
a 4 + b4
Þ = 47
a 2 b2
Logarithms 259
8. log 10 1 + x + 3 log 10 1 - x = 2 + log 10 1 - x + log 10 1 + x

Þ log 10 1 - x = 1
1 - x = 10 Þ x = -99 (not possible)
9. x 2 = 1 + 6 log 4 y
y 2 - 2 x y - 2 2x +1 = 0
Þ y = 2 x +1 and y = -2 x
if y = -2 x (not possible, because y > 0)
if y = 2 x +1
Þ log 2 y = x + 1
x 2 = 1 + 3 log 2 y
Þ x 2 = 1 + 3 ( x + 1)
x2 - 3x - 4 = 0
Þ ( x - 4)( x + 1) = 0
x1 = 4
Þ y 1 = 2 5 = 32
x2 = -1
Þ y 2 = 2° = 1
log 2| x 1 x 2 y 1 y 2| = log 2 128 = 7
10. log 7 log 7 7 7 7 = log 7 log 7 (7 7 / 8 ) = log 7 (7 8) = 1 - 3 log 7 2

Þ a =3
log 15 log 15 15 15 15 15 = log 15 log 15 (1515/16 )

æ 15 ö
= log 15 ç ÷ = 1 - 4 log 15 2
è 16 ø
Þ b=4
Then a + b=7
æ 1 ö
11. log 1+ x (1 - y) + log 1- y (1 + x) = 2 ç t + = 2 Þ t = 1÷
è t ø
1+ x =1- y
x = -y
\ log 1- y (1 + 2 y) + log 1- y (1 - 2 y) = 2
log 1- y (1 - 4 y 2 ) = 2
1- 4y2 =1+ y2 -2y

5y2 - 2 y = 0
2
y = 0, y =
5
But y = 0 rejected.
12. log b n = 2
log n (2 b) = log n 2 + log n b = 2
1
log n 2 + = 2
2
3
log n 2 = Þ n = 2 2/ 3
2
if log b n = 2 Þ b = n 1/ 2 = 2 1/ 3
n × b = 2 2/ 3 × 2 1/ 3 = 2
1
13. log y x + =2
log y x
Þ log y x = 1 Þ x=y
2
x + y = 12
Þ x 2 + x - 12 = 0
Þ ( x + 4)( x - 3) = 0
Þ x = - 4 or x = 3
but x > 0, then x = 3
xy = 9
14. yx = xy
if x =2y then y 2 y = (2 y) y
Þ 2 y log y = y log(2 y)
if y ¹0 then log y 2 = log(2 y)
Þ y2 =2y Þ y =2
x 2 + y 2 = 5 y 2 = 20
15. (log 2 4 + log 2 ( 4 x + 1)) log 2 ( 4 x + 1) = 3
Let log 2 ( 4 x + 1) = t
Logarithms 261
t 2 + 2t - 3 = 0 Þ t = -3 or 1
log 2 ( 4 x + 1) = 1 Þ 4 x = 1 Þ x = 0
17. x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0 ( x > 0)
(log 3 5
x)
18. log 31 / 4 (log 3 5
x) = 4 Þ log 3 =1
Þ log 5 x = 1 Þ x =5
❑❑❑
17
STRAIGHT LINES
6l - 3 1
1. Let ratio be l : 1 Þ =0, l =
l+1 2
3.
y
C(2 +2p, p+2)
)
(0,1
–2,2
3 3
x
O (p, 0)
p p
B 2 ,– 3
if ( a , sin a) lie inside the triangle, then a Î(0 , p)

711 9 ´ 79
4. x= =
13 + 11m 13 + 11m
if x is an integer, then m = 6
2
æ yö æ yö
6. 7 ç ÷ + 2c ç ÷ - 1 = 0
x
è ø è xø
m 1 + m 2 = 4m 1 m 2 Þ c =2
10.
Y
(0,8)
(0,3)
(8,0)
X
(–4,0) O
Straight Lines 263
1 2
13. a = 72 (a, 2a)
2
a = ± 12
(a, a) (2a, a)
Centroid º (16 , 16) or ( -16 , - 16)
14. g( x) = ax + b
g(1) = 2
Þ a + b=2
g(3) = 0
Þ 2a = - 2
a = -1
b=3
g( x) = - x + 3
cot [cos (|sin x| + |cos x|) - sin -1 (|sin x|) + |cos x|]
-1
|sin x| + |cos x|Î [1, 2 ]

Þ cot [cos -1 1 - sin -1 1] = 0 = g(3)
15. Points A and B are mirror images about y = x.
Point P will lie on the ^ bisector of line joining A and B Þ P lie on y = x.
m1
16. 4m 3 - 3 am 2 - 8 a 2 m + 8 = 0 m2
m3
m 1 m 2 m 3 = -2
Þ m3 =2 (Qm 1 m 2 = - 1)
2x
–5
7x+y=8 y=
17. 6
(1,1)
x–7y+6=0
æ y - mx ö
18. 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 - 5 x ç ÷ =0
è C ø
Coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0
5m y=mx+C
5+ =0 Þ m + C =0
C
Then the equation of family of line is y = m( x - 1)
20. Equation of line BC is y = 7 x - 10 D

C
Equation of line CD is y = x + 2 y = 7x
(2, 4)
(1,2)
(2 - 0)(10 - 0) 10
Area of rhombus = = A
(7 - 1) 3 B
(0, 0) y=x
A(3,3)
C(–6,0) y=x
21.
3 y = –x
B
3 (–3,–3)
3
22. y = ( x - 9) + 6
4
23. Acute angle bisector is
7x - y æ x - yö 7x – y = 0
= - çç ÷÷
50 è 2 ø
x–y=0
Þ y = 2x
3 x + 4 y - 12 3 x + 4 y - 12
24. Either x = y or x = or y = Þ (1, 1)
5 5
æ 1 10 ö y
25. Co-ordinate of point A ç - , ÷
è 7 7 ø B 2)
(0,
1 1 1 1 A (0,3/2)
Ar ( DABC ) = ´ ´ = C
2 2 7 28
x
O
26.
A(1,2)
B G(4,1) C
(x1,y1) (4,b)
x+y=5 x=4
x +4+1
Co-ordinate of centroid G( 4 , 1) Þ 1 =4
3
Þ x 1 = 7 and y 1 = - 2
Straight Lines 265
y= 1|
27. |x+ |x–
1 | y=
–1 O 1 2
The image of y =| x - 1| w.r.t. y-axis is y =| x + 1| Þ y = ± ( x + 1)

Required solution = ( y - ( x + 1))( y + ( x + 1)) = 0
Q(4,5)
P(1,4)
R(m,m)
28.
P¢(4,1)
X
O
Image of (1, 4) about the line y = x is ( 4 , 1) Þ P ¢( 4 , 1) Q ( 4 , 5) and R(m , m ) are collinear.

Þ m =4
AD AB 10 2
29. = = =
CD BC 5 1
B(5, 1)
A(–1, –7) D C(1, 4)

2
æ yö æ yö 3
30. 4 c ç ÷ - ç ÷ + 6 = 0 has one root is - Þ c = -3
x
è ø x
è ø 4
x y( a + c) 1
33. + + =0
a 2 ac c
Þ a( y + 2) + c(2 x + y) = 0
Passes through a fixed point (1, - 2)
2 m
1æ y ö 2æ yö 1
34. ç ÷ + ç ÷ + =0
bè x ø hè x ø a 2m
2b b ab 9
Þ 3m = - and 2m 2 = Þ =
h a h2 8
x y
35. Equation of line is + =1 y
2h 2k
(0,2k)
if it passes through fixed point ( x 1 , y 1 )
P(h,k)
x1 y
+ 1 =1
2h 2k x
0 (2h,0)
4
36. OA : OB = l : 1 Þ l =
3
B(9/5, 9/10) 4x + 2y – 9 = 0
1
O (0, 0)
l 2x + y + 6 = 0
A(–12/5, –6/5)
x = 2y
æ 7ö
37. G ç 1, ÷
è 3ø
A(1,1)
(–1,2) (3,2)
(–3,3)B C(5,3)
38. Diagonals are perpendicular.

39. Let point on the line x + y = 4 is ( a , 4 - a).
4( a) + 3 ( 4 - a) - 10 a1
= 1 Þ a 2 + 4 a - 21 = 0
5 a2
Þ a1 + a 2 = - 4 Þ b1 + b2 = 12
40. Equation of altitude on BC A(–3,4)
x + 4 y = 13
x+y=1 2x+3y=6
Equation of altitude on AB
7 x - 7 y + 19 = 0 B C(–3/7, 16/7)
4x–y+4= 0
æ 3 22 ö
Þ Hç , ÷
è7 7 ø
41. Equation of line is (3 x + 4 y + 5) + l ( 4 x + 6 y - 6) = 0
- ( 3 + 4l ) 7 1
Þ ´ = -1 Þ l=
4 + 6l 5 2
5 -1 7 -5
42. = Þ x = 11
8 -2 x -8
Straight Lines 267
S
R(7,5)
43. (3,2)
P Q(8,0)
(–1,–1)
Þ S( -2 , 4)
1 a a 1
44. Area = a + 1 a + 1 1 = 1
2 a+2 a 1
45. ( x - y) 2 = 1
Þ x - y = 1 and x - y + 1 = 0
46. AB subtend an acute angle at point C , then
a 2 + ( a + 1) 2 > 4
æ - 7 - 1 ö÷ æç 7 - 1 ö÷
a Î çç -¥, ÷ È ç 2 , ¥÷
Þ
è 2 ø è ø
48. h = cos q y
k = 2 sin q A 1
2 q P(h, k)
k
h2 + =1 2
4
Þ 4x2 + y2 = 4 q
x
O(0,0) B
50. Let the point of reflection is ( h, k).
h - a k - 0 -2( a + at 2 )
= = Þ x = -a
1 -t 1+ t2
51.
y R(6, 7)
(1, 3)
P
x
O
R¢(6, –7)
52. Let ( x , y) and ( X , Y ) be the old and the new coordinates, respectively. Since the axes are
rotated in the anticlockwise direction, q = + 60° . Therefore,
é x ù = écos 60° - sin 60° ù é X ù
ëê y ûú ëê sin 60° cos 60° ûú ëê Y ûú
Þ é x ù = é 1 2 - 3 2ù é X ù
êë y úû ê 3 2 ú
1 2 û êë Y úû
ë
éX 3 ù
ê - Yú
Þ é xù = ê 2 2 ú
êë y úû ê 3 Y
X+ ú
êë 2 2 úû
X 3 3 Y
Þ x= - Y and y = X+
2 2 2 2
2 2
æX ö æ ö
Þ ç - 3 Y ÷ - ç 3 X + Y ÷ = a2
ç2 2 ø ÷ ç 2 ÷ø
è è 2
Þ ( X 2 + 3Y 2 - 2 3 XY ) - (3 X 2 + Y 2 + 2 3 XY ) = 4 a 2
Þ -2 X 2 + 2Y 2 - 4 3 XY = 4 a 2
Þ Y 2 - X 2 - 2 3 XY = 2 a 2
which is the required equation.
53. The following figure depicts the condition. By observation from the figure, DABC is clearly an
obtuse angled and isosceles triangle.
y
4/3
C B
x
O 4/3 4
Alternate solution : The following figure depicts the condition.

y
C B(1, 1)
(–2, 2)
x
O
A x+3y–4=0
(2, –2)
y = –x
3x+y–4=0
Straight Lines 269
From the figure, we get

A : 3 x + y = 4 and y = - x Þ x = 2 ; y = -2
B : (1, 1) by solving the equations.
C : x + 3 y - 4 = 0 and y = - x Þ x = -2 ; y = 2
Thus, AB = BC = 1 + 9 = 10
AC = 4 2 + 4 2 = 4 2
10 + 10 - 16(2)
cos B = <0
2( 10 )( 10 )
Therefore, the given triangle is isosceles and obtuse angled triangle.
y 2 - y1 y 3 - y 2
56. = Þ Points are collinear.
x 2 - x1 x3 - x2
57. 3 h = a cos t + b sin t + 1
3k = a sin t - b cos t
Þ (3 h - 1) 2 + (3 k) 2 = ( a cos t + b sin t ) 2 + ( a sin t - b cos t ) 2 = a 2 + b 2
x y
58. Equation of line + = 1.
a -1 - a
Lines passes from (4, 3).
62. The given triangle is equilateral. Therefore, the orthocentre of the triangle is same as centroid
of the triangle. Thus, the orthocentre, that is, the centroid is given by
æ 5 + 0 + ( 5 2) 0 + 0 + ( 5 3 2) ö æ 5 5 ö
ç , ÷ ºç , ÷
ç 3 3 ÷ çè 2 2 3 ÷ø
è ø
63. Using homogenization,
æ y - mx ö æ y - mx ö P
3x2 - y2 - 2x ç ÷ + 4yç ÷ =0
è C ø è C ø
(0, 0) O 90º
Coefficient of x 2 + Coefficient of y 2 = 0 y = mx + C
æ 2m ö æ 4ö
ç3 + ÷ + ç -1 + ÷ = 0 Q
è C ø è Cø
C = -m - 2
64.
R(3, 3 3)
60º 60º
P(–1, 0) O(0, 0)
3x + y = 0
x y
1. Let line be + =1
a b
a + b = 9 and ab = 20
Þ a = 5, b = 4 or a = 4, b = 5
æ 4ö
2. Centroid is ç 4 , ÷.
è 3ø
2 3 -5
3. t2 t -6 = 0 Þ t 2 + t - 6 = 0
3 -2 -1
2
æ yö æ yö
4. bç ÷ + 6 ç ÷ + a = 0
x
è ø è xø
bm 2 + 6m + a = 0
if m = 1 is root of the equation
Þ a + b = -6
if m = -1 is root of the equation
Þ a + b=6
6. Co-ordinate of other two points (0, 2 3)
(1 ± 2 cos q , 3 ± 2 sin q) 2
æ æ ö ö (1, 3)
ç 1 ± 2 ç 3 ÷ , 3 ± 2 æç 1 ö÷ ÷
ç ç 2 ÷ è 2 ø ÷ø 2
è è ø
x
(1 + 3 , 3 + 1) and (1 - 3 , 3 - 1) O (2,0)
8. Image of A(3 , - 1) about angle bisector x - 4 y + 10 = 0 is A ¢( a , b).

a - 3 b + 1 - 2(3 + 4 + 10)
= = A(3,–1)
1 -4 17 6x+10y=59
Þ A ¢(1, 7) x–4y+10=0
æ x + 10 ö
Let point B ç x 1 , 1 ÷ on the line x - 4 y + 10 = 0
è 4 ø B C
A¢
If mid-point of AB lie on the line 6 x + 10 y = 59
æ x +3ö æ x + 10 - 4 ö
6ç 1 ÷ + 10 ç 1 ÷ = 59
è 2 ø è 8 ø
Þ B(10 , 5)
Straight Lines 271

3. x + y = 2 and x - 3 y = 6 A
Meet at (3 , - 1)
4. Image of A(2 , - 4) about x + y = 2 lie on BC.
x2 - 2 y2 + 4 æ -4 ö
= = -2 ç ÷ I
1 1 è 2 ø
B C
Þ x 2 = 6, y 2 = 0
Image of A(2 , - 4) about x - 3 y = 6 lie on BC.
x3 - 2 y3 + 4 8
= = -2
1 -3 10
2 4
Þ x3 = , y3 =
5 5
Equ. of line BC , x + 7 y = 6
æ4 2ö
Þ B ç , ÷ and C(6 , 0)
è3 3ø

n +1
2. (A) å( 1 C r -1 + 2C r -1 + 3C r -1 +¼ + n C r -1 )
r =1
n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1
1 2 3
= å C r -1 + å C r -1 + å C r -1 +¼ + å n C r -1
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
1 2 3 n n
= 2 + 2 + 2 +¼ + 2 = 2(2 - 1)
(B) Family of line ( x + y + 2) + l(2 x - y + 4) = 0 always passes from ( -2 , 0).
If almost one tangent can be drawn from ( -2 , 0) then
S 1 = 4 - 8 g - 36 + 4 g 2 £ 0
g2 - 2 g - 8 £ 0
(C) 2 sin 7 x × cos 2 x = cos 2 x
1
Þ cos 2 x = 0 or sin 7 x =
2
p 3p p 5p 13 p 17 p 25p 29 p 37 p 41p
x= , 7x = , , , , , , ,
4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
(D) a + b = tan 65° tan 70° - tan 65° - tan 70°
tan 65° + tan 70°

tan 135° = = -1
1 - tan 65° + tan 70°
Þ tan 65° tan 70° - tan 65° - tan 70° = 1
3. (A) cos 40° - 2 cos 40° sin 10° = cos 40° - (sin 50° - sin 30° )
1 1 1
(B) 3 2l 4 = 0 Þ (3 - 2l)(1 + 3l) = 0
1 1 -3l
k 2 - 2k 1
(C) -k + 1 2k 1 =0 Þ 2k 2 + k - 1 = 0
-4 - k 6 - 2 k 1
1
Þ k = -1,
2
¥ k 3 4 5
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö 1
(D) å ç ÷ = ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ +¼¼ =
k =3 è 2 ø è2ø è2ø è2ø 4
1. D = 132
2. ax + by + c = 3 x - 4 y + c
Þ a = 3 , b = -4
Distance of 3 x - 4 y + c from A(3 , 1) is 1.
|9 - 4 + c|
Þ =1
5
|c + 5| = 5
Also, 3 x - 4 y + c = 0 and 3 x - 4 y + 5 = 0 lie on same side of A
Þ c + 5> 0
Þ c + 5 =5 Þ c =0
3. xy( x + y - 2) = 0 y
a + a4 -2 £ 0 ( a > 0) (0, 2)
Þ a =1 x
O (2, 0)
x+y=2
R
5. PQ = 3 2
)
2,3
QR £ PQ P( (–1,6)
Q
6. x 2 ( y 2 - x 2 ) = 0
has 3 different lines x = 0, y = x and y = - x.
Straight Lines 273
10
8. 2 < a <
3
y
(–6,6) (–2,10/3)
y=x
(0,2)
(–2,2)
x
(–2,0) (3,0)
O
y = –x
9. Describe a circle whose diameter is AB.

\ centre = (1, 0)
Radius = 2
Let ‘ m ’ the slope of the line passing through ( 4 , 1). (4,1)
( y - 1) = m ( x - 4) intersect the circle A
(–1,0) B(3,0)
^ distance from centre < radius of circle.
-3m + 1
<2
m2 + 1
9m 2 - 6m + 1 < 4m 2 + 4
æ 6 - 96 6 + 96 ö ì 1 ü
Þ m Îç , ÷ - í , 1ý
ç 10 10 ÷ î5 þ
è ø
12 6
l1 + l 2 = =
10 5
5 (l 1 + l 2 ) = 6
2 2 3
10. = Þ b=
b 3 2
– 2, 0 2, 0
b b
60° 60°
(0,–2)
❑❑❑
18
CIRCLE
3
1. CP = = ( h - 1) 2 + ( k - 1) 2 y
2
Locus of point P( h, k) is P(h,
1 k)
3
( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 1) 2 = C
4 (1,1)
x
0
2. d 2 - ( r1 - r2 ) 2 = 15 ; d 2 - ( r1 + r2 ) 2 = 5 Þ r1 r2 = 50
T
4. PT = 16 + 16 - 8 - 8 - 7 = 3 3 3
Þ TT ¢ = 2 BT = 2 × 3 cos 45° = 3 2 P O
(4,4) B(1,1)
T¢
5. It will be circle with diametric ends as (1, 1) and ( 4 , 2) i . e. , point of
intersection.
1
6. (–4,4) (0,6)
19
8. Let centroid be ( h, k).

cos a + sin a + 1 sin a - cos a + 2
Þ h= , k=
3 3
Þ 3 h - 1 = cos a + sin a , 3 k - 2 = sin a - cos a
Þ (3 h - 1) 2 + (3 k - 2) 2 = 2
2 2
æ 1ö æ 2ö 2
Þ çx - ÷ +çy - ÷ =
è 3ø è 3ø 9
Circle 275
9. (1,1) Q(–3,0)
Length of tangent = PQ = 4 2 + 12 - 5 = 12
10.
D(12,17)
a
a cosq
q
A
90
C
°–
a
q
a sinq a
a cosq
q 90°– q
O a cosq B L a sinq M
OA = a sin q = 12 ,
DL = a sin q + a cos q = 17
a cos q = 5
C = ( a cos q + a sin q , a cos q) = (17 , 5)
12. Centroid divide the line joining orthocentre and circumcentre in 2 : 1.
y
B(0,1)
2 G 1 A(1,0)
O(0,0) x
H 1+cosq , 1+sinq O
(h,k) 3 3 (cosq, sinq)C
Þ h = 1 + cos q , k = 1 + sin q
2 2
( x - 1) + ( y - 1) = 1
13. Co-ordinate of centre is C(1, 1).
( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 1) 2 = 1
(1,1)
x2 + y2 - 2x - 2 y + 1 = 0
x+y=2
(1,2) (3/2,3/2) (2,1)
y=x
p
14. a = 2 R cos A
6
Þ a = 4 3 cm
3 2
Area of DABC = a = 12 3 cm 2
4 p/6 p/6
B C
15. Image of centre C 1 (5, 0) about the line y = x + 3 is

C1 x2 + y2 – 10x = 0
x 2 - 5 y 2 - 0 - 2 ( 5 + 3)
= = (5,0)
1 -1 12 + 12
Þ C 2 ( -3 , 8)
y = x+3
Equation of reflected circle is (x2, y2)
( x + 3) 2 + ( y - 8) 2 = 25
x=4
19. C
x=0
(0,0)
20. Let the equation of line is 3 x + 4 y = C

C
= 3 Þ C = 15 (in first quadrant)
5
21. C 1 (5, 0), C 2 (3 , - 1), C 3 (3 2 , 2) do not lie on straight line.
22. Let equation of diameter is 3 x + 5 y = C
Þ C =7
23. Equation of circle is
( x + 1)( x - 2) + ( y - 2)( y - 3) + l ( x - 3 y + 7) = 0
If its radius is 5.
Þ l = ±1
25. Equation of circle is ( x - 1)( x - 3) + ( y - 4)( y - 2) = 0 y
(1,4) B(3,4)
A
(2,3)
(3,2)
C
x
O
26. Equation of tangent at O(0 , 0).
x(0) + y(0) + g( x + 0) + f( y + 0) = 0
Þ gx + fy = 0
Circle 277
27. Equation of normal at O(0 , 0) (0,0) y=x
y = -x O
æ æ 1 ö æ 1 öö
Centre çç 0 ± çç - ÷÷ , 0 ± çç ÷÷ ÷÷
è è 2ø è 2 øø
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
Þ Either çç - , ÷÷ or çç ,- ÷÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
28. Here, C 1 C 2 = r1 + r2 (Condition for external touch)
30. The triangle is right angled and the radical centre will be the orthocentre of the triangle.
32. Equation of common chord is 6 x + 14 y + (l + m ) = 0
If it passes through (1, - 4). Then, l + m = 50
33. x2 + y2 - 6x + 8 y = 0
Distance of line from centre
9 - 16 - 25 32
=
5 5 (3,–4)
32 7
Shortest distance = -5 =
5 5
p p
34. Ð AOB = Þ Ð ACB =
2 4 y
B
O C(1,0)
x
A
y=7x+5
37. Equation of required circle :

S : ( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 1) 2 + l( x - y) = 0
S¢: x 2 + y 2 + 2 y - 3 = 0
Common chord of S = 0 and S ¢ = 0 is S - S ¢ = 0
( l - 2) x - ( l + 4) y + 5 = 0
Centre of S ¢ : (0 , - 1) lies on common chord Þ l = -9
S : ( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 1) 2 - 9 ( x - y) = 0
9
Þ r=
2
40. Point lie inside the circle k + ( k + 2) 2 < 4 Þ 2 k 2 + 4 k < 0; -2 < k < 0
2
41. The length of the normal is

2
æ dy ö
y 1+ ç ÷
è dx ø
The length of radius vector of a point ( x , y) on the curve is | xi + yi|, that is x 2 + y 2 , it is

given that
x 2 + y 2 =| y| 1 + ( y ¢) 2
Squaring on both sides of this equation, we get
x 2 + y 2 = y 2 [1 + ( y ¢) 2 ]
2
æ dy ö
Þ x 2 + y 2 = y 2 + y 2ç ÷
è dx ø
2
2 æ dy ö
Þ x =ç y ÷
è dx ø
dy dy
Þ y = x or y = = -x
dx dx
dy
Now, y =x
dx
Þ y dy = x dx
Integrating on both sides, we get
y2 x2
= +c
2 2
Þ x 2 - y 2 = 2 c or x 2 - y 2 = constant
This answer does not exist in the given options. So, consider the other alternative.
y dy = - x dx
Integrating on both sides, we get
y2 x2
=- +c
2 2
Þ x 2 + y 2 = constant
and this constant is > 0 in practical sense.
44. Length of chord = 2 3 2 - 5 = 4
(–1,–1)
3
5
|| ||
(1,0)
Circle 279
47. Family of circles touching the line y = x at the point ( 4 , 4) is

( x - 4) 2 + ( y - 4) 2 + l( y - x) = 0
We need to find the member of this family which has length of chord = 6 2 on x + y = 0. For
different l’ s , we get different circles.
x 2 + y 2 - 8 x - 8 y + 32 + ly - lx = 0
Þ x 2 + y 2 + x( -8 - l) + y( -8 + l) + 32 = 0 …(1)
C
R
3
E 2
2
4
D A(4,4)
x
O
x
y
=
=
y
–x
Now,
OA = DC = 4 2
6 2
DE = 3 2 = (given)
2
Therefore, R 2 = (3 2 ) 2 + ( 4 2 ) 2
l2
Þ = 50 Þ l2 = 100 Þ l = ± 10
2
Substituting l = -10 in eq. (1), we get
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 18 y + 32 = 0
[Substituting l = 10; in eq. (1); we get x 2 + y 2 - 18 x + 2 y + 32 = 0 , which does not exist in
the given options]
Note : From eq. (1), we get
( l + 8) 2 ( l - 8) 2 l2
R 2 = (Radius) 2 = g 2 + f 2 - c = + - 32 =
4 4 2
48. Slope of line normal to circle and perpendicular to line

1
m = - = tan q
2 C
Co-ordinate of point lie on normal at a dist. of 3 from centre (1, –2)
æ y = 2x + 11
æ -2 ö æ 1 öö
ç 1 ± 3 çç ÷÷ , - 2 ± 3 çç ÷÷ ÷÷
ç
è è 5ø è 5 øø
(3,3)
2.
(–3,3)
æpö æp ö
3. x 2 + y 2 - x ç ÷ + y ç - 2 sin -1 a ÷ = 0
2
è ø è 2 ø
2 2
æpö æp ö
Þ Length of chord = 2 ç ÷ + ç - sin -1 a ÷
è4ø è4 ø
7. ( x + 2) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 is nothing but square of distance between ( x , y) and ( -2 , 3) where ( x , y) is
point lies on the circle.
Centre = ( - 4 , 5), r = 16 + 25 + 40 = 9 A
Clearly, ( -2 , 3) is lies inside the circle.

C
\ PC = 2 2 a = PA 2 = (9 + 2 2 ) 2
P
b = PB 2 = (9 - 2 2 ) 2 B
\ a + b = 178, a - b = 72 2
8. Let point of intersection P( h, k)
Equation of chord of contact is
hx + ky = a 2
If it is tangent to x 2 + y 2 - 2 ax = 0
ha - a 2
Þ =a
h2 + k 2
Circle 281
9. Equation of tangent to circle

(5,5)
3 9
y - 3 = ( x - 2) ± 13 1 +
2 4 (2,3)
Þ 2 y = 3 x + 13 , 2 y = 3 x - 13
(0,6) (–1,1)
x2 - 2 y2 - 3 æ 13 ö
= = -ç ÷ Þ ( -1, 5)
3 2 è 13 ø
x3 - 2 y3 - 3 æ -13 ö
= = -ç ÷ Þ (5, 1)
3 -2 è 13 ø
10. 2 x 2 = 98 Þ x 2 = 49 Þ x = ± 7
(–6, 5)
y=5 (8, 5)
7
7
(1, –2)
98 x
(–6, –9)
y = –9 (8, –9)
x
x = –6 x=8

Sol. P1 ( -2 , - 1)
P1
æ 16 1ö C1(0,–2) C2 –3,– 1
P2 ç - ,- ÷ 2
è 7 7ø 5
æ1 ö 5 /2
P 3 ç , - 1÷
è2 ø P3
P2
3 5
C3(2,2)

2 2
4. S : x + y + x (2l - 9) + y (3l - 12) + 53 - 27l = 0
C : x2 + y2 - 4x - 6 y - 3 = 0
Equation of line : S - C = 0
or x(2l - 5) + y(3l - 6) + 56 - 27l = 0
or 5 x + 6 y - 56 = 0 or 2 x + 3 y - 27 = 0
23
Þ x = 2, y =
3
5. Centre of C lies on common chord of S and C.
Þ (2 , 3) lies on x(2l - 5) + y(3l - 6) + 56 - 27l = 0
Þ S : x 2 + y 2 - 5x - 6 y - 1 = 0
6. Difference of squares of lengths of tangents from A and B is 3, which is equal to| AP 2 - BP 2|.
7. Max. dist. between any two arbitrary points = 2
y
y=x
(1,1)
(1,–1)
8. x
O

Sol. Let P( h, k)
L1 = h 2 + k 2 - 4
L2 = h2 + k 2 - 4h
L3 = h2 + k 2 - 4k
If L41 = L22 L23 + 16
Þ ( h 2 + k 2 - 4) 2 = ( h 2 + k 2 - 4 h)( h 2 + k 2 - 4 k) + 16
Þ ( h + k)( h 2 + k 2 - 2 h - 2 k) = 0
C1 : x + y = 0
C2 : x2 + y2 - 2x - 2 y = 0
Circle 283
1. Equation of chord of contact w.r.t. P A

hx + ky = 1
Equation of common chord is P(h,k)
( l - 3) x + ( 2l + 2) y + 3 = 0 B
l - 3 2l + 2
Þ = = -3
h k
Þ Equation of locus is 6 x - 3 y - 8 = 0
2. By using system of circles any circle passing through (1, 1) and ( -2 , 1) is
( x - 1)( x + 2) + ( y - 1) 2 + l( y - 1) = 0 …(1)
Given circles x2 + y2 -1=0 …(2)
Now radical axis of (1) and (2) is
( x - 2 y) + l( y - 1) = 0 …(3)
Q Radical centre of given circles is (0 , 0).
So, eq. (3) is passing through (0 , 0).
\ l =0
Put l = 0 in eq. (1) we get required circle.
y 3
3. = tan q =
x 4
y)
(x,
4 3
q
0 5
4. x 2 + y 2 - 26 x + 12 y + 210
( x - 13) 2 + ( y + 6) 2 + 5
(13,–6)
(5,0)
5. S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Þ 2 g + 2 f = -c - 2 …(1)
(1, 1) satisfy circle.
Þ 2g + 2 f + c = -2
Þ c =0
and g + f = -1
\ Length of tangent = 8 + 4 g + 4 f + c = 2
6. Length of common external tangent
A
d 2 - ( r1 - r2 ) 2 = 5 …(1) r1
C1 r2
–B
0°
30 °
cos(90° - B + 90° - C + 30° ) = cos 60°
90°
9
C2
–C
r1
90°–C
B
r 2 + r22 - d 2
°–
r2
90
= 1 …(2)
2 r1 r2 B C
5
(2, 2)
9.
y = –1 x=2 x=5
From diagram common points are 3.

10. (C 1 C 2 ) 2 = r12 + r22
18 = 2 r 2 Þ r 2 = 9
y
(2,4)
(2,3/2)
x
11. O
(2,–1)
12. PQ = PA = PB A P(h,k)
B
2 2 2 2 2
( h - 1) + ( k - 2) = 6 - ( h - 3) - ( k - 4)
Q C(3,4)
Þ h2 + k 2 - 4h - 6k - 3 = 0 (1,2)
13. c = 3 , a 2 + b 2 = 36
Length of chord AB = 2 r 2 - p 2
2
æ 2c ö
=2 c -ç ÷ =2 2
ç 2 2 ÷
è a +b ø
❑❑❑
Parabola 285
19
PARABOLA
1. P ¢Q ¢ = PQ cos(90° - q)
4 y P¢
= (t 2 < 1)
2 P(1,2)
t +1
( P ¢Q ¢) min = 2 2 q x
O
Q¢
Q(1,–2)
2. Equation of circle with SP as diameter
æ 9ö
( x - 4) ç x - ÷ + y( y - 6) = 0
è 4ø
æ 25 ö 25
Centre ç , 3 ÷ and radius =
è 8 ø 8
Equation of normal at P( 4 , 6) is
4 x + 3 y = 34
2
æ 25 ö
ç2 + 9 - 34 ÷
æ 25 ö 15
Length of chord = 2 ç ÷ - ç 8 ÷ =
è 8 ø ç 5 ÷ 4
ç ÷
è ø
3. The diagonals are the focal chord. B
2
A
AS = 1 + t = c (say)
1 1 æ 1 1 1ö S
+ =1 çQ + = ÷
c æ 25 ö è AS CS a ø
ç - c÷
è 4 ø D
C
5
Þ c = ,5
4
æ1 ö æ1 ö
A ç , 1÷ , B( 4 , 4), C( 4 , - 4) and D ç , - 1÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø
1 15
Area of trapzium = (2 + 8) ´
2 4
2
4. For normal chord t 2 = - t 1 -
t1
Also chord substends an angle of 90° at the vertex
\ t 1t 2 = - 4 Þ t 22 = 8
9. ( y - x + 2) + l( y + x - 2) = 0
The family of lines passes through (2 , 0).
The chord is x = 2 and end points are (2 , ± 4).
2
10. t 2 = - t1 - t 1)
t1 2 2
t 1,
P(
t 12 + t 22 2t + 2t 2
h= and k = 1
2 2
Put the value of t 2 and eliminate t 1 we get
4 k2
h -2 = + Þ a = 2, b = 4, c = 2 Q(t22, 2t 2)
k2 2
11. The parabola is ( y - 1) 2 = 4( x - 1). The coordinates of P(1 + t 12 , 1 + 2t 1 ) and
Q (1 + t 22 , 1 + 2t 2 ).
Here S(2 , 1) is the focus. The coordinates of T are G.M. of abscissa and A.M. of ordinates of P
and Q.
Þ ST 2 = 16 \ SP × SQ = ST 2
12. Let P(t 1 ) and Q (t 2 ) are point of y 2 = 8 x
2t 12 + 2t 22 = 17 and (2t 12 )(2t 22 ) = 11
ST 2 = SP × SQ = 2(1 + t 12 ) 2(1 + t 22 ) = 34 + 4 + 11
ST = 49
-1 -a A
13. ay = x 2 Þ = =- (slope of normal)
æ dy ö 2 x 1 B
ç ÷
dx
è ø
aB 1 a
Þ x1 = and y1 = - put ( x 1 , y 1 ) in ay = x 2
2A B 2
Parabola 287
dy y
14. =
dx 2 x
P
2 dy 1 (x,y)
= dx
y x
(0,y/2)
Þ 2 log y = log x + log c
Þ y 2 = cx put (3 , 1)
(–x,0)
15. ( x - a ) 2 = - ( y - (a + 4)) 4
x+
y=
The curve passes through (2 , 0)
(2 - a ) 2 = - (0 - (a + 4)) (0,4)
2
a - 5a = 0 Þ a = 0 or a = 5
( x - 5) 2 = - ( y - 9) put y = 0 Þ x = 2 , 8 A (–2,0) B(2,0) C
16. y = (tan 60° ) x is the focal chord. P

Coordinates of P and Q are intersection of y = 3 x with parabola
æ 4 -4ö 60°
P( 4 , 4 3 ), Q ç - , ÷
(–2,0) (0,0)
è 3 3ø
Find ^ bisector of PQ. Q
17. The director circle of the parabola is its directrix ( x + 11 = 0). Now apply condition of tangency.
18. The following figure depicts the condition. Chord of contact of a point A( x A , y A ) with respect
to y 2 = 4 x is y A y = 2( x + x A ). Since this chord passes through the point (3, 1), we have
y A = 2 ( x A + 3)
y
B
(xA, yA) (3,1)

A
x
O
AB and AC are tangents to the parabola.

BC is chord of contact of point A with respect to the parabola y 2 = 4 ax.
Given that point A lies on x 2 + y 2 = 25, we have

x 2A + y 2A = 25
Þ x 2A + 4 ( x A + 3) 2 = 25
Þ x 2A + 4 ( x 2A + 9 + 6 x A ) = 25
Þ 5 x 2A + 24 x A + 36 - 25 = 0
Þ 5 x 2A + 24 x A + 11 = 0
1. Equation of normal at P( at 2 , 2 at ) is P(at2, 2at)
y = - tx + 2 at + at 3
G( 4 a + at 2 , - 2 at )
Þ Locus of point G( h, K ) is
G(h,K)
y 2 = 4 a( x - 4 a) (at2, –2at) Q

Sol. Tangent and normal are angle bisectors of focal radius and perpendicular to directrix.
Circle ‘ C ’ circumscribing DABP is
( x - 5)( x + 3) + ( y - 4)( y + 4) = 0
Length of latus rectum = 4(2 2 ) = 8 2
=5
+y
y =9 x P
x+ x–y–1=0
B(–3,–4)
2)
A (3 ,
)
(5,4
Parabola 289
1. b = 2a 2 + 4a - 2 …(1)
2 A
- b = 2a - 4a - 2 …(2) –1 (a,b)
(1) & (2) Þ 4a 2 - 4 = 0 Þ a = ± 1
B
Put a = 1, b = 2 + 4 - 2 = 4 (–a,–b)
\ A (1, 4), B ( -1, - 4)

AB 2 = l 2 = ( 4 + 64 ) 2 = 68
æ a + b æ a + bö2 ö æ a + b - a 2 - b2 ö
2. R = ç , -ç ÷ ÷ , M = çç , ÷
ç 2 è 2 ø ÷ø ÷
è è 2 2 ø
2 2
-b + a a b
PQ = y + b 2 = ( x - b) R
b-a Q
P
M
y + b 2 = - ( b + a)( x - b)
y = - ( b + a)( x - b) - b 2
b
D 1 = [[- ( a + b)( x - b) - b 2 ] + x 2 ] dx
ò
a
b
( x - b) 2 x3 ( a - b) 3
= - ( a + b) - b2 x + =
2 3 6
a
a -a 2 1
1
Area of DPQR = D 2 = b -b 2 1
2 2
a+b æ a + bö
-ç ÷ 1
2 è 2 ø
( a - b) 3
R 1 ® R 1 - R 2 , R 2 ® R 2 - R 3 , we get D 2 =
8
3. m AB ´ m BC = -1
-2 -2
Þ ´ = -1
(t 1 + t 2 ) (t 2 + t 3 )
Þ (t 1 + t 2 )(t 2 + t 3 ) = - 4
Similarly,
m AD ´ m CD = -1
Þ (t 1 + t 4 )(t 3 + t 4 ) = - 4
Þ (t 1 + t 2 )(t 2 + t 3 ) = (t 1 + t 4 )(t 3 + t 4 )
Solving this
t2 + t4
= -1
t1 + t 3
❑❑❑
20
ELLIPSE
1. Length of perpendicular from C(0 , 0) to the tangent at P(2 3 cos q , 2 2 cos q) is
-1
CF =
cos 2 q sin 2 q
+
12 8
2 3x 2 2 y
Equation of normal at P is - = 12 - 8 which meets the major axis at
cos q sin q
æ 2 ö
Gç cos q , 0 ÷
è 3 ø
CF ´ PG = 8
(0,3)
(–4,3) (4,3)
y=3
2. (2,0)
The minimum length of intercept will be possible when

y = 3 or y = -3 Þ AB = 8
x+y=7
3.
Ellipse 291
dy x
=- = -1
dx 2y
Put x = 2 y in the equation of ellipse
The point lies in I quad Þ (2 , 1)
4. Equation of tangent at P is y
b2
ex + y = a P ae, a
2 10 x
Þ e= , a=
3 3 2
b
Q ae, – a
10 5
and b=
9
2 b 2 100
Length of latus rectum = =
a 27
5. Area bounded by circle & ellipse = pa 2 - pab = pa( a - b)
S F + S 2 F2
6. 1 1 ³ ( S 1 F1 )( S 2 F 2 ) = 16
2
Q Product of perpendiculars from two foci of an ellipse upon any tangent is equal to the
square of semi-minor axis.
7. f( k 2 + 2 k + 5) > f( k + 11)
Þ k 2 + 2 k + 5 < k + 11 Þ k Î ( -3 , 2)
8. Since sides of the square are tangent and perpendicular to each other,
so the vertices lie on director circle
2
æ 10 ö
x 2 + y 2 = 16 + b 2 = ç ÷ 10
è 2 ø
5 2 5 2
Þ b=3
A p( 4)(3)
= = 12
p p
æ xq + py ö 2 2
9. T = S 1 Þ px + qy + ç ÷ - 1 = p + q + pq - 1
è 2 ø
Þ p 2 + q 2 = - pq Þ p = 0 , q = 0
10. The combined equation of pair of tangents drawn from a point ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the ellipse
x2 y2
Sº + - 1 = 0 is T 2 = SS 1 . Therefore,
2 2
a b
2
æ xx 1 yy ö æ x2 y2 ö æ x2 y2 ö
ç 2 + 21 - 1÷ = ç 2 + 2 - 1÷ ç 12 + 12 - 1÷
è a b ç ÷ ç ÷
ø èa b øè a b ø
2
æ 4x ö æ x2 ö æ 42 ö
ç + 2 y - 1÷ = ç + y 2 - 1÷ ç + 2 2 - 1÷
è 9 ø ç 9 ÷ç 9 ÷
è øè ø
Þ 3 x 2 + 7 y 2 - 16 xy + 8 x + 36 y - 52 = 0
2 h 2 - ab
Þ tan a =
a+b
where, a = 3 , b = 7 and h = -8. Therefore,
2 64 - 21 43
tan a = =
10 5
Note : a is acute angle between the pair of tangents. Therefore,
( a + b - c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ab - 2 ac - 2 bc
Alternate solution : Any line passing through the point (4, 2) is given by
y - 2 = m ( x - 4)
y = mx - 4m + 2
For this line to be tangent to the given ellipse, put this y into the equation of the ellipse and
make
D =0
That is,
x2
+ (mx - 4m + 2) 2 = 1
9
(1 + 9m 2 ) x 2 + x(36m - 72m 2 ) + 16 (9)m 2 - 16 (9)m + 27 = 0
Now,
D = 0 Þ B 2 - 4 AC = 0
Þ (36m - 72m 2 ) 2 - 4 (1 + 9m 2 )(16 × 9m 2 - 16 × 9m + 27) = 0
Þ (36m ) 2 (1 - 2m ) 2 - 36 (1 + 9m 2 )(16m 2 - 16m + 3) = 0
Þ m 2 (1 + 4m 2 - 4m ) - 36 (16m 2 - 16m + 3 + 9 × 16m 4 - 9 × 16m + 27m 2 ) = 0
Þ 7m 2 - 16m + 3 = 0
Now,
m1 - m 2 ( m 1 + m 2 ) 2 - 4m 1 m 2
tan a = =
1 + m 1m 2 1 + m 1m 2
2
æ 16 ö 3
ç ÷ -4×
è 7 ø 2 7 æç 16 2 - 4 × 3 × 7 ö÷
Þ tan a = =
3 10 ç 7 ÷
1+ è ø
7
Ellipse 293
æ 1 ö 43
= ç ÷ 4 ( 43) =
è 10 ø 5
where a is the acute angle between the tangents.

1. SS ¢ = 2 ae
2 x2
2 2 3ö
÷2æ
ç S¢
( x 1 - x 2 ) + ( y 1 - y 2 ) = 4(2) ç ÷
è 2 ø C
(h,k) y
( x 1 + x 2 ) 2 + ( y 1 + y 2 ) 2 - 4 ( x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 ) = 12 x1
2
S
y1
(2 h) 2 + (2 k) 2 - 4 (1 + 1) = 12
(Q x 1 x 2 and y 1 y 2 are ^ distance of the foci from their tangents
= b 2 = 12 )
Þ h2 + k 2 = 5
1 + h2
2. (2 x - h)( h) = 1 Þ x=
2h
1 + k2 S¢(2x–h, 2y–k)
(2 y - k)( k) = 1 Þ y= C
2k
(x,y)
S(h,k)
❑❑❑
21
HYPERBOLA
1
1. The normal is y - 4 = ( x - 1). Put the value of y in xy = 4 we get co-ordinates.
4
3. c 2 = a 2 m 2 - b 2 Þ c 2 = l2 m 2 - (l3 + l2 + l) 2
c2 ³ 0 Þ m 2 ³ (l2 + l + 1) 2
3 9
l2 + l + 1 has minimum value Þ m 2 ³
4 16
3
4. The asymptotes are y = ± x and the double ordinate be
2
æ 3 ö æ 3 ö
P çç h, h 2 - 4 ÷÷ and P ¢ çç h, - h 2 - 4 ÷÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Þ ( PQ )( PQ ¢) = 3
5. 2 ae = 5 and 2 a = 3
5
Þ e=
3 (1,2) (5,5)
1 1 5
Þ + = 1 Þ e¢ =
2 2 4
e (e )
¢
6. The equation of normal at (2 sec q , tan q) is 2 x cos q + y cot q = 5
1
Equal intercepts Þ sin q =
2
2 2 25
Also touches ellipse Þ a +b = Q c 2 = a 2m 2 + b 2
3
7. Let locus of point be ( h, k).
Equation of chord of contact is hx + ky = 4
æ 4 - hx ö
For tangent, x ç ÷ = 1 has two equal roots.
è k ø
Hyperbola 295
Þ hk = 4 Þ xy = 4
2 2
x2 y æ x cos a + y sin a ö
8. - -ç ÷÷ = 0
16 18 çè p ø
Þ Coeff. of x 2 + coeff. of y 2 = 0 Þ P = ± 12
2
æ dö d
The chord x cos a + y sin a ± 12 = 0 is tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = ç ÷ Þ =6
è2ø 4
9. Let the rectangular hyperbola be x 2 - y 2 = a 2 and the point be ( a sec q , a tan q).
æ 2 a ö æ a cos q ö æ 2 a sin q ö
a1 a 2 + b1 b2 = ( a cos q) ç ÷ + ç- ÷ç ÷
è cos q ø è sin q ø è cos q ø
æ 1ö
3. Let ç t , ÷ be any point on xy = 1
è tø
xy = 1
Þ xy ¢ + y = 0
-y
Þ y¢ =
x
1
Þ y¢ = -
t2
-b
Þ =t2
a
Þ a and b are of opp. sign.
❑❑❑
22
COMPOUND ANGLES
2. a sin x + b(2 cos c cos x) = a

a - a sin x
cos c =
2 b cos x
1
= (a sec x - a tan x) differentiate w.r.t. x
2b
a sec x tan x - a sec 2 x = 0
a
Þ sin x =
a
3 tan x - tan 3 x
3. tan x × < -1
1 - 3 tan 2 x
æ 3t - t 3 ö
tç ÷ + 1< 0 (Let tan x = t )
ç 1 - 3t 2 ÷
è ø
1-t4 (t - 1)(t + 1)
<0 Þ <0
2
1 - 3t (3t 2 - 1)
æ 1 ö
Þ t Î çç , 1÷÷
è 3 ø
8 8
é tan( r + 1) A - tan( rA) - tan A ù tan 9 A - 9 tan A
4. å tan( r A) tan {( r + 1) A} = å êë tan A úû = tan A
= -10
r =1 r =1
5. f( x) = 2 cosec 2 x + sec x + cosec x

1 + sin x + cos x
=
sin x cos x
sin 3 x + sin 2 x - cos 3 x - cos 2 x p
f ¢( x) = =0 Þ x=
2 2 4
sin x cos x
Compound Angles 297
2 p
f( x) min = at x =
2 -1 4
6. cosec q + cosec (60° – q) - cosec (60°+q)
where q = 10°
1 1
10. (2 sin x cos x + 2 cos 2 x) = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 1)
2 2
tan A tan B
11. = =k ( k > 0), if 2 sin A = 3 sin B
3 5
2 tan A 3 tan B 2 3k 3 ´ 5k 1
Þ = Þ = Þ k=
2 2 2 2 5
1 + tan A 1 + tan B 1 + 3k 1 + 5k
12. Gives equations can be written as
2 cos a + 9 cos d = -6 cos b - 7 cos g …(1)
2 sin a - 9 sin d = 6 sin b - 7 sin g …(2)
Square and add equation (1) and (2),
Þ 4 + 36 + 36 [cos a cos d - sin d sin a ] = 36 + 49 + 84 [cos b cos g - sin b sin g]
Þ 36 [cos(a + d)] = 84 [cos(b + g)]
cos(a + d) 84 7 m
= = = ; m + n = 10
cos(b + g) 36 3 n
1 + sin q + 1 - sin q 2
13. = = -2 sec q
1 - sin q 2 cos q
3
2 rp 2p 4p 6p 2p 4p 8p
14. A = å cos 7
= cos
7
+ cos
7
+ cos
7
= cos
7
+ cos
7
+ cos
7
=B
r =1
x 1
15. tanb = =
z 3
y 1
tan a = =
z 2
tan a + tan b p
tan(a + b) = =1 Þ a +b =
1 - tan a tan b 4
é p 2p ù
17. f( x) = -2 sin 2 x + sin x + 2 " x Î ê ,
ë 6 3 úû
Let sin x = t
é1 ù
f(t ) = -2 t 2 + t + 2 " t Î ê , 1ú
ë2 û
1 3
18. 1 + (cos 2 A - sin 2 B ) - cos A cos B = 1 + cos( A + B ) cos( A - B ) - [cos( A + B ) + cos( A - B )] =
2 4
19. (2 sin x - cosec x) 2 + (tan x - cot x) 2 = 0
1
\ sin 2 x = Ç tan 2 x = 1
2
20. cos 2 A = sin A × tan A Þ cos 3 A = sin 2 A
æ 3 + 1ö æ 3 + 1ö æ 3 + 1ö
21. f( x) = çç ÷ sin x + ç
÷ ç 2 ÷
÷ cos x = ç ÷
ç 2 ÷ (sin x + cos x)
è 2 ø è ø è ø
22. A = B + C
Þ tan A tan B tan C = tan A - tan B - tan C
23. E = sin A + sin 2 B + sin 3C
3 4 3
E = + 2 × × -1
5 5 5
15 24 39 - 25 14
= + -1= =
25 25 25 25
cos A cos C + cos A cos C
24. = cot C (Q A + B + C = p)
cos A sin C + cos A sin C
æa + gö æa -gö
2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
sin a - sin g è 2 ø è 2 ø æa + gö
25. = = cot ç ÷ = cot b
cos g - cos a æa + gö æa -gö è 2 ø
è 2 ø è 2 ø
x x x x x sin x
26. cos × cos cos LL cos × cos =
256 128 64 4 2 æ x ö
256 sin ç ÷
è 256 ø
(sin 7a + sin 5a ) + 5(sin 5a + sin 3a ) + 12(sin 3a + sin a )
27.
sin 6a + 5 sin 4a + 12 sin 2a
2 sin 6a cos a + 5(2 sin 4a cos a ) + 12(2 sin 2a cos a )
= = 2 cos a
sin 6a + 5 sin 4a + 12 sin 2a
28. tan 2 A + tan 2 B + tan 2 C = tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan A tan C
Þ tan A = tan B = tan C
p
Þ A = B =C =
3
29. log|sin x| |cos x |+ log|cos x| |sin x|= 2log|sin x| |cos x |= 1 Þ |cos x |=|sin x |
Þ
3
30. f( x) = sin x + cos x = 1 - 3 sin x cos x = 1 - sin 2 2 x
6 6 2 2
4
Compound Angles 299
2 sin a é(1 + sin a ) - cos a ù 2 sin a[(1 + sin a ) - cos a ]

31. y = ´ê =
1 + cos a + sin a ë(1 + sin a ) - cos a úû (1 + sin a ) 2 - cos 2 a
1 + sin a - cos a
=
1 + sin a
tan 3 A cot 3 A sin 3 A cos 3 A
32. + = +
1 + tan 2 A 1 + cot 2 A cos A sin A
sin 4 A + cos 4 A 1 - 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A
= =
sin A cos A sin A cos A
= sec A cosec A - 2 sin A cos A
1 - sin q 1 + sin q 2 2
33. + = =
1 + sin q 1 - sin q 1 - sin 2 q |cos q|
34. y = (sin 2 q + cosec 2 q + 2) + (cos 2 q + sec 2 q + 2) = 7 + (tan 2 q + cot 2 q) ³ 9
35. log 3 sin x - log 3 cos x - log 3 (1 - tan x) - log 3 (1 + tan x) = -1
æ tan x ö tan x 1 2
log 3 ç ÷ = -1 Þ = Þ tan 2 x =
è 1 - tan 2 x ø 1 - tan x 2 3 3
æ 1 ö
36. sin q + cosec q = 2 Þ sin q = cosec q = 1 ; ç x + ³ 2 ÷
è x ø
37. (tan q + cot q) (tan 2 q + cot 2 q - 1) = 52
(tan q + cot q) {(tan q + cot q) 2 - 3} = 52
Let tan q + cot q = t
t 3 - 3t - 52 = 0 Þ t =4
tan q + cot q = (tan q + cot q) 2 - 2 = 14
2 2
38. -5 £ 3 sin x - 4 cos x £ 5

10 £ 3 sin x - 4 cos x + 15 £ 20
log 20 10 £ log 20 (3 sin x - 4 cos x + 15) £ log 20 20
39. x2 + y2 =9
Let x = 3 cos q , y = 3 sin q
4 a 2 + 9 b 2 = 16
4
Let a = 2 cos f , b = sin f
3
4 a 2 x 2 + 9 b 2 y 2 - 12 abxy = (2 ax - 3 by) 2
= (12 cos q cos f - 12 sin q sin f) 2 = 144 cos 2 (q + f)
40. A 2 = sin 2 - sin 3 y=sinx
sin 3 > sin 2

A2 < 0
B 2 = cos 2 - cos 3
cos 3 > cos 2 x
O 1.57 3 2 3.14
B2 < 0
y=cosx
3 2 3.14
x
O 1.57
Both A and B are not real numbers.

41. (2 x + 2 - x - 2 cos x) (3 x + p + 3 - x -p + 2 cos x)(5 p- x + 5 x -p - 2 cos x) = 0
2 x + 2 -x
If = cos x Þ x =0
2
3 x + p + 3 - x -p
If = - cos x Þ x = -p
2
5 p- x + 5 x -p
If = cos x (Not possible)
2
There are two real values of x.
42. e sin x - e - sin x - 4 = 0
e 2 sin x - 4 e sin x - 1 = 0
Þ e sin x = 2 ± 5
If e sin x = 2 + 5
Þ sin x = ln (2 + 5) [ln(2 + 5) > 1, Not possible]
If e sin x = 2 - 5 (2 - 5 < 0) Not possible
There is no solution.
43. 4 sin 4 a + 4 sin 2 a × cos 2 a + 4 cos 2 ( p / 4 - a / 2)
= 4 sin 2 a + 2 [1 + cos( p / 2 - a )]
= 2 |sin a | + 2 + 2 sin a
3p
= -2 sin a + 2 + 2 sin a = 2 (If p < a < then sin a < 0)
2
Compound Angles 301
æ p p ö
ç sin cos ÷
æ p p öç 12 12 ÷
44. ç cos - sin ÷ +
è 12 12 ø ç p p ÷
ç cos sin ÷
è 12 12 ø
p p
cos - sin
= 12 12 = 2 1 - sin p / 6 = 2 2
p p sin p / 6
sin × cos
12 12
tan 100°+ tan 125°
45. tan(100°+125° ) = =1
1 - tan 100° tan 125°
Þ tan 100°+ tan 125°+ tan 100° tan 125° = 1
46. If sin x + sin 2 x = 1 Þ sin x = 1 - sin 2 x Þ sin x = cos 2 x
cos 8 x + 2 cos 6 x + cos 4 x = sin 4 x + 2 sin 3 x + sin 2 x
= sin 2 x(sin 2 x + 2 sin x + 1)
= (1 - sin x) (2 + sin x)
= 2 - sin x - sin 2 x = 1
47. Let x = 5cos q, y = 5sin q
0 < 3 x + 4 y £ 25 (Q 3 x + 4 y > 0)
æqö
48. 5 cos 2q + 2 cos 2 ç ÷ + 1 = 0
è2ø
1 3
10 cos 2 q + cos q - 3 = 0 Þ cos q = , -
2 5
4
49. sinb = where 0 < b < p and tanb > 0
5
3
then cosb =
5
é3 4 ù
5 ê sin(a + b) - cos(a + b)ú coseca = 5
ë5 5 û
æ pö æ pö é p æ pö p æ p öù æ 5p ö
50. sin ç x + ÷ + cos ç x + ÷ = 2 êcos sin ç x - ÷ + sin × cos ç x + ÷ ú = 2 sin ç x + ÷
è 6 ø è 6 ø ë 4 è 6 ø 4 è 6 øû è 12 ø
5p p p
This attained maximum value when x + = Þ x=
12 2 12
51. sin 2 x - cos 2 x = 2 a - 1
- 2 £ 2a - 1 £ 2
1- 2 1+ 2
£ a£
2 2
52. (cos 12°× cos 24°× cos 48°× cos 84° ) (cos 36° cos 72° ) × cos 60°
( - cos 12°× cos 24°× cos 48°× cos 96° ) (cos 36° cos 72° ) × cos 60°
é sin(2 4 ´ 12° ) ù æ 5 + 1 5 - 1ö 1 1
ê- 4 ú ´ çç ´ ÷´ =
÷
ë 2 sin 12° û è 4 4 ø 2 128
53. 2 cos 2 q + cos q + 1

7 1
y min = at cos q = -
8 4
y max = 4 at cos q = 1
y max 32
=
y min 7
–1 –1/4 –1
3
æ 3 tan x - tan x ö 4
54. tan x ç ÷ + 1 < 0 ; tan x - 1 < 0
ç 1 - 3 tan 2 x ÷ 3 tan 2 x - 1
è ø
(tan 2 x + 1)(tan x + 1)(tan x - 1)
Þ <0
( 3 tan x + 1)( 3 tan x - 1)
p p
Þ < x<
6 4
p p
55. a = 2 R sin = 2 r tan
n n
p
n
R r
a/2
56. (cos12°+ cos 132° ) + (cos 84°+ cos 156° )
12°+132° 12°-132° 84°+156° 84°-156°
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
= 2 cos 72° cos 60°+2 cos 120° cos 36°
5 -1 1 æ 1ö 5 +1 1
=2 ´ ´ + 2 ´ç- ÷´ =-
4 2 è 2 ø 4 2
1 é 2 sin q cos q 2 sin 3q cos 3q 2 sin 9q cos 9q 2 sin 27q cos 27q ù
57. + + +
2 êë cos q cos 3q cos 9q cos 3q cos 9q cos 27q cos 27q cos 81q úû
1 é sin(3q - q) sin(9q - 3q) sin(27q - 9q) sin(81q - 27q) ù
= + + +
2 êë cos q cos 3q cos 3q cos 9q cos 9q cos 27q cos 27q cos 81q úû
1 1 é sin 80q ù
= [tan 81q - tan q] = ê
2 2 ë cos q cos 81q úû
Compound Angles 303
æ 4 cos 20° + 1 ö 2 sin 40° + sin 20° 2 sin(60° - 20° ) + sin 20°
58. sin 20° ç ÷= = = 3
è cos 20° ø cos 20° cos 20°
59. Let us draw the graph of
æ xp ö
f( x) = sin ç ÷
è 2 ø
and g( x) = cos( xp)
On the same xy-plane as shown in the following figure.
y
g(x)
1 2 3 4
x
0 1 3 5 7
2 2 2 2
f(x)
æ5 7ö
From this graphical representation, it is clear that y is strictly increasing in ç , ÷
è2 2ø
Because for all values of x,
5 7
< x<
2 2
æ xp ö
That is, sin ç ÷<0
è 2 ø
and cos( xp) < 0
dy
which imply that >0
dx
which means that y is strictly increasing.
æ sin 8q ö
60. 8 sin q sin 3q ç ÷ = cos 6q
è 4 sin 2q ø
sin 3q sin 8q = cos 6q cos q
cos 5q - cos 11q = cos 7q + cos 5q
cos 7q + cos 11q = 0
2 cos 9q × cos 2q = 0
1 1 3
61. tan A = - Þ sin A = ; cos A = -
3 10 10
-3
63. (2 cos q) 2 = (1 - sin q) 2 Þ sin q = 1 or sin q =
5
1
64. sin q + = 2 Þ sin q = 1
sin q
65. tan 2 q + cot 2 q = a Þ tan 3 q + cot 3 q = a + 2 ( a - 1) = 52
5
66. tan A = - tan C =
12
3 4
cos B = - cos D = - Þ tan D =
5 3
67. tan 2 q - sin 2 q = tan 2 q sin 2 q =|tan q sin q|
sin 10° + sin 20°
68. = tan 15° = 2 - 3
cos 10° + cos 20°
69. (sin 2 q) 3 + (cos 2 q) 3 = (sin 2 q + cos 2 q)(sin 4 q + cos 4 q - sin 2 q cos 2 q)
= 1 - 3 sin 2 q cos 2 q
tan x + 1 sec 2 x + 2 (tan x + 1) 2 - (sec 2 x + 2)
70. - Þ
tan x - 1 tan 2 x - 1 tan 2 x - 1
2 tan x - 2 2
Þ Þ
2 tan x + 1
tan x - 1
cot a - tan a
71. - [cos 450° + cos(2a - 180° )]
cot a + tan a
Þ (cos 2 a - sin 2 a ) + cos 2a = 2 cos 2a
æ 1 + tan a ö æ 1 + tan a ö
72. ç ÷ ×ç ÷+1
è 1 - tan a ø è 1 - tan a ø
æp ö æp ö æp ö
1 + tan 2 ç + a ÷ = sec 2 ç + a ÷ = cosec 2 ç - a ÷
tan a + sin a
73. = tan a
1 + cos a
74. (cos 2a + cos 5a ) - (cos 3a + cos 4a )
7a 3a 7a a
2 cos × cos - 2 cos × cos
2 2 2 2
7a é 3a aù a 7a
2 cos cos - cos ú = -4 sin sin a cos
2 êë 2 2û 2 2
2
æ 1 + sin a sin b ö
1 - çç ÷÷
1 - tan 2 g è cos a cos b ø
75. cos 2 g = =
1 + tan 2 g æ 1 + sin a sin b ö
2
1 + çç ÷÷
è cos a cos b ø
(cos a cos b) 2 - (1 + sin a cos b) 2 [1 + cos(a - b)][cos(a + b) - 1]
Þ = £0
2 2
(cos a cos b) + (1 + sin a sin b) (cos a cos b) 2 + (1 + sin a sin b) 2
Compound Angles 305
2p
76. x = (II nd quadrant)
3
sin 50 x æ 101x ö 1
cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3 x +¼ + cos 100 x = × cos ç ÷=-
x è 2 ø 2
sin
2
p 2p 10 p 1
77. cos 3 0° + cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3 p +¼ + cos 3 =-
3 3 3 8
1 - 2(cos 60° - cos 80° ) 2 cos 80°
78. = =1
2 sin 10° 2 sin 10°
79. ( x + 5) 2 + ( y - 12) 2 = 14 2
Let x = -5 + 14 cos q , y = 12 + 14 sin q
Þ x 2 + y 2 = 365 + 336 sin q - 140 cos q
80. tan q = l has three distinct solution in [0 , 2p] Þ l = 0 and q = 0 , p , 2 p.
1 + tan a 1 - tan a 2
81. + =
1 - tan a 1 + tan a 1 - tan 2 a
æ3 4 ö
82. 3 sin q + 4 cos q = 5 ç sin q + cos q ÷ = 5 sin(q + 53° )
è5 5 ø
n
83. f(n) = Õ cos r
r =1
f( 4) = cos 1 × cos 2 × cos 3 × cos 4 < 0

f(5) = cos 1 × cos 2 × cos 3 × cos 4 × cos 5 < 0
( p 2 - q 2 ) 2 ( 4 tan A sin A) 2
84. = = 16
pq tan 2 A - sin 2 A
æ pö
85. 0 < sin a < cos a < 1 a Î ç 0, ÷
è 4ø
(sin a ) cos a < (sin a ) sin a
(cos a ) cos a < (cos a ) sin a
A 5A
86. 32 sin sin = 16 (cos 2 A - cos 3 A)
2 2
= 16 [(2 cos 2 A - 1) - ( 4 cos 3 A - 3 cos A)]
87. cos a cos b - sin a sin b + sin a cos b - cos a sin b = 0
cos a(cos b - sin b) + sin a(cos b - sin b) = 0
(cos b - sin b)(cos a + sin a ) = 0
cos a = - sin a (Q cos b ¹ sin b)
tan a = -1
88. 2 x = 3 y = 6 -z = k
x = log 2 k , y = log 3 k , z = - log 6 k
1 1 1
+ + =0
x y z
2 2
æ -21 ö æ -27 ö
89. (sin a + sin b) 2 + (cos a + cos b) 2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
è 65 ø è 65 ø
1170 æ a -b ö
2 + 2 cos(a - b) = = 4 cos 2 ç ÷
2
(65) è 2 ø
90. m 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2 ( a 2 cos 2 q + b 2 sin 2 q)( a 2 sin 2 q + b 2 cos 2 q)
= a 2 + b 2 + 2 a 2 b 2 + ( a 4 + b 4 - 2 a 2 b 2 ) sin 2 q cos 2 q
n
sin(3 r q) cos(3 r q) 1 n 1
91. Q = å = å tan(3 r +1 q) - tan(3 r q) = P
r
r = 0 cos(3 q) cos(3 r +1 q) 2 r =0 2
92. When 270° < q < 360° , we have
æ qö
2 (1 + cos q) = ç 2 cos 2 ÷
è 2 ø
which is non-negative. Now, the above equation can be written as
q
2 (1 + cos q) = 2 cos
2
q æ q q ö
= -2 cos çQcos < 0 when 135° < < 180° ÷
2 è 2 2 ø
Now, let us consider that 2 + 2 (1 + cos q)
which is not-negative. That is,
q
2 + 2 (1 + cos q) = 2 - 2 cos
2
q q
= 2 1 - cos = 2 2 sin 2
2 4
q
= 2 sin
4
q æ q 135° q ö
= 2 sin çQsin > 0 when < < 90° ÷
4 è 4 2 4 ø
93. We know that - 2 £ sin x + cos x £ 2
3p
When x = - , we have sin x + cos x = - 2
4
Compound Angles 307
3p
when x = - , we have y = - 2 + 1 < 0
4
which implies that options (1) and (2) are incorrect.
p
Now, at x = , we have sin x + cos x = 2
4
That is, (sin 4 x + cos 4 x) 2 ¹ 2. Therefore, y ¹ 2 + 2 for any x Î R .
which implies that option (4) is incorrect.
p
Note : The maximum value of sin x + cos x is 2 , for x = and the maximum value of
4
p
(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) 2 is 2, for x = .
16
94. (cos x + cos y) 2 + (sin x + sin y) 2 = ( - cos z ) 2 + ( - sin z ) 2
2 + 2 cos( x - y) = 1
1 1 1 sin 50° sin 70° + sin 10° sin 70° - sin 10° sin 50°
95. + - =
sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° sin 10° sin 50° sin 70°
1
(cos 20° - cos 120° + cos 60° - cos 80° - cos 40° + cos 60° )
= 2
1
sin 30°
4
1æ3 ö
ç + cos 20° - 2 cos 60° cos 20° ÷
2è2 ø
= =6
1
sin 30°
4
1. cot 12° cot 24° cot 48° [cot 28° cot(60°-28° ) cot(60°+28° )] = (cot 12° cot 48° )(cot 24° cot 84° )
cot 36° cot 72°

= ´ =1
cot 72° cot 36°
2. cot 4 x - 2(1 + cot 2 x) + a 2 = 0
Þ cot 4 x - 2 cot 2 x + a 2 - 2 = 0
Þ (cot 2 x - 1) 2 = 3 - a 2
to have atleast one solution
3 - a2 ³ 0
Þ a2 - 3 £ 0
a Î [- 3 , 3 ]
Integral values –1, 0, 1

\ Sum = 0
p
3. (A) tan 1 > tan -1 1 Þ tan 1 >
4
(B) sin 1 > cos 1
sin 57.3° > cos 57.3°
(C) tan 1 < sin 1 (not possible)
Because tan 57.3 > 1 > sin 57.3°
p
(D) cos 1 <
4
æpö
Þ cos (cos 1) > cos ç ÷
è4ø
4. (A) tan 1 > 1 and sin 1 < 1, then log sin 1 tan 1 < 0
(B) 1 + tan 3 < 1 and cos 1 < 1, then log cos1 (1 + tan 3) > 0
(C) cos q + sec q > 2 and log 10 5 < 1, then log log 10 5(cos q + sec q) < 0
(D) 2 sin 18° < 1 and tan 15° < 1, then log tan 15° 2 sin 18° > 0
æaö æaö
2 tanç ÷ 1 - tan 2 ç ÷
è2ø , è2ø
5. Put sin a = cos a =
æ a ö æaö
1 + tan 2 ç ÷ 1 + tan 2 ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
sin(2a + b) 3
6. Given =
sin b 1
sin(2a + b) + sin b 3 + 1
Option (C) = (Use C and D method)
sin(2a + b) - sin b 3 - 1
tan(a + b) = 2 tan a
Option (B) 3 sin b = sin(2a + b)
2 sin b = sin(2a + b) - sin b
2 sin b = 2 cos(a + b) sin a
Option (D) 3 sin b = sin{a + (a + b)}
3 sin b = sin a cos(a + b) + cos a sin(a + b)
Subtract from (B) option
2 sin b = cos a sin(a + b)
cos b cos(2a + b)
Option (A) cot b - 3 cot(2a + b) = -3
sin b sin(2a + b)
cos b cos(2a + b) 2 sin(a + b) sin a
= -3 = = 4 tan a (from D)
sin b 3 sin b sin b
3
Also cot a + cot(a + b) = cot a (from C)
2
Compound Angles 309
Now multiply the two relations.

7. sin( x + 20° ) = sin( x + 40° ) + sin( x - 40° )
sin( x + 20° ) - sin( x - 40° ) = sin( x + 40° )
cos( x - 10° ) = sin( x + 40° ) = cos[90°-( x + 40° )]
Þ x = 30° now check the option, only (a) and (b) satisfy
8. 2S(cos x cos y) + 2S(sin x sin y) + 3 = 0
(S cos x) 2 + (S sin x) 2 = 0
Þ S cos x = 0 and S sin x = 0
cos 3 x + cos 3 y + cos 3 z = 4(cos 3 x + cos 3 y + cos 3 z ) - 3(cos x + cos y + cos z )
= 12 cos x cos y cos z
9. 0 < sin x < 1, 0 < cos x < 1
If sin n x + cos n x = 1 n =2
n n
sin x + cos x > 1 n<2
n n
sin x + cos x < 1 n>2
10. If x = sin(a - b) sin( g - d)
2 x = cos(a - b - g + d) - cos(a - b + g - d)
y = sin(b - g) sin(a - d)
Þ 2 y = cos(b - g - a + d) - cos(b - g + a - d)
z = sin( g - a ) sin(b - d)
Þ 2z = cos( g - a - b + d) - cos( g - a + b + d)
2 x + 2 y + 2z = 0 Þ x + y + z =0
If x + y + z = 0 then x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3 xyz
11. X 2 + 4 XY + Y 2 = ( x cos q - y sin q) 2 + ( x sin q + y cos q) 2
+ 4( x cos q - y sin q)( x sin q + y cos q)
= x + y + 4 { x sin q cos q - y sin q cos q + xy(cos 2 q - sin 2 q)}
2 2 2 2
= x 2 (1 + 4 sin q cos q) + y 2 (1 - 4 sin q cos q) + 4 xy(cos 2 q - sin 2 q)

cos 2 q - sin 2 q = 0
p
Þ q= ( 0 £ q £ p / 2)
4
x 2 + 4 XY + Y 2 = 3 x 2 - y 2
Þ A = 3 and B = -1
12. (A) 2( a + d) = 2( b + c)
1 1 - tan 2 20°
(B) tan 50° = =
tan 40° 2 tan 20°
Þ tan 20° + 2 tan 50° = tan 70°
Þ 2a + 2b = 2c
(D) tan 20°-2 tan 10° = tan 20° tan 2 10° > 0
Þ tan 20° > 2 tan 10°
Þ b > a and d > c
1 1 1
13. (A) (2 sin 75° cos 75° ) = sin 150° =
2 2 4
(B) log 28 7
2 = 2 + log 2 (irrational)
(C) log 53 × log 65 = log 63 = 1 + log 23 (irrational)

3 1
(D) 8 - log 27 = 8 -1/ 3 =
2
1 1
14. a - b = sin x cos x(cos 2 x - sin 2 x) = sin 2 x cos 2 x = sin 4 x
2 4
1
a + b = sin x cos x = sin 2 x
2
15. 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4q = 2 + 2(1 + cos 4q)
= 2 + 4 cos 2 2q
= 2 + 2 |cos 2q|
p 3p
If p < 2q < 3 p / 2 then <q<
2 4
2 + 2 |cos 2q| = 2 - 2 cos 2q = 2 |sin q|= 2 sin q
3p 3p
If < 2q < 2 p then <q< p
2 4
2 + 2 |cos 2q| = 2 + 2 cos 2q = 2 |cos q|= -2 cos q
16. 1 + tan a + tan 2 a = tan 3 a
Þ 1 + tan 2 a = tan a(tan 2 a - 1)
1 1 1
18. a > Þa> ; 1£ £4
6 6 2 2
sin x + cos x 1 - 3 sin x cos x 1 - 3 sin x cos 2 x
2
19. log 10 sin x + log 10 cos x + 2 log 10 cot x + log 10 tan x = -1

log 10 (sin x × cos x × cot x) = k = log 10 cos 2 x = -1
20. tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
3 6 3 6
+ + tan C = × × tan C
tan C tan C tan C tan C
Þ tan 2 C = 9 Þ tan C = 3
Compound Angles 311
(1 - cot x)
21. = (1 - cot x) × cosec 2 x
2
sin x
= (1 - cot x)(1 + cot 2 x)
1é æ 2p ö 2æ 4p öù
22. f( x) = ê2 sin 2 x + 2 sin 2 ç x + ÷ + 2 sin ç x + ÷
2ë è 3 ø è 3 ø úû
tan x 1 - 3 tan 2 x
23. y = =
tan 3 x 3 - tan 2 x
1-3y
tan 2 x = >0
3-y
24. 2 sin( A - B ) = cos B (sin B - sin 3 B ) - sin B (cos B + cos 3 B )

= -sin B cos B
1 sin 2 B
= - sin 2 B Þ sin( A - B ) = -
2 2 2
1 1 1
25. a > Þa> ; 1£ £4
6 6 2 2
sin x + cos x 1 - 3 sin x cos x 1 - 3 sin x cos 2 x
2
26. 1 + tan a + tan 2 a = tan 3 a

Þ 1 + tan 2 a = tan a(tan 2 a - 1)

1. q = 286.5° (IV quadrant) l < 0, m > 0
2. tan( -1042° ) = - tan(1080° - 38° ) = tan 38° < tan 45°
3. q = 4011
. ° (I quadrant) l > 0, m > 0

æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
a = sin a b = sin ç a + ÷ c = sin ç a + ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
p = cos a q = cos ç a + ÷ r = cos ç a + ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
4. a + b + c = sin a + sin ç a + ÷ + sin ç a + ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
æpö
= sin a + 2 sin(a + p) cos ç ÷ = 0
è3ø
æ 2p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
5. ab + bc + ac = sin a sin ç a + ÷ + sin ç a + ÷ sin ç a + ÷ + sin a sin ç a + ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø
1é 2p æ 2p ö 2p 4p æ 4 p ö ù -3
= cos - cos ç 2a + ÷ + cos - cos(2a + 2 p) + cos - cosç 2a + ÷ =
2 êë 3 è 3 ø 3 3 è 3 ø úû 4
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö æ 2p ö 2p 3
6. qc - rb = cos ç a + ÷ sin ç a + ÷ - cos ç a + ÷ sin ç a + ÷ = sin =
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø 3 2
7. tan A = 7 + 4 3 = cot C A
tan A + cot C = 2 7 + 4 3 F 6 + 2
1 E
= 2(2 + 3 ) = 4 + 2 3 2
= 3 +1
B C
æ 2 + 6ö 1 D
æ AC ö 2
8. log AE ç ÷ = log 2 çç ÷ = log
÷ 2
=1
è CD ø è 1+ 3 ø
9. In a DABC , cot A + cot B + cot C ³ 3 Þ cot q ³ 3
sin 2 A sin q
10. cot q - cot A = cot B + cot C Þ sin( A - q) =
sin B sin C
sin 2 B × sin q sin 2 C sin q
sin( B - q) = and sin(C - q) =
sin A sin C sin A sin B

x x
cos+ sin
2 2
11. f( x) =
x x
cos - sin
2 2
x x x
- cos + sin 1 - tan
p x 2 2 = 2
12. If < < p Þ f( x) =
2 2 x x x
- cos - sin 1 + tan
2 2 2
Compound Angles 313
1. (A) If A + B = 45° then (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B ) = 2

(B) a 2 - 5a £ 6 sin x " x Î R
a 2 - 5a £ -6
a 2 - 5a + 6 £ 0 Þ ( a - 3) ( a - 2) £ 0
4 4 2
æ 1ö æ 4 1 ö æ 1ö æ 2 1 ö
ç a + ÷ - ç a + 4 + 2÷ ç a + ÷ - ç a + 2 ÷ 2
è a ø è a ø è a ø è a ø æ 1ö æ 1 ö
(C) = = ç a + ÷ - ç a2 + ÷ =2
2 2
æ 1ö 2 1 æ 1ö 2 1 è aø è a2 ø
ça + ÷ + a + 2 ça + ÷ + a + 2
è a ø a è a ø a
3
(D) å( x - k) 2 = ( x - 1) 2 + ( x - 2) 2 + ( x - 3) 2 = 0 No real root
k =1
1 - tan 2 ( p / 4 - x)
2. (A) y = = cos( p / 2 - 2 x) = sin 2 x
1 + tan 2 ( p / 4 - x)
æ 5 sin x - 12 cos x + 26 ö
(B) 0 £ log 3 ç ÷£1
è 13 ø
2
æ 1ö 7
(C) y = -2 sin 2 x + cos x + 3 = 2 cos 2 x + cos x + 1 = 2 ç cos x + ÷ +
è 4 ø 8
(D) y = 4 sin 2 q + 4 sin q cos q + cos 2 q = (2 sin q + cos q) 2
2
æ1 ö
4. (A) cos 2 x = ç - sin x ÷
è5 ø
Þ (5 sin x - 4) (5 sin x + 3) = 0
4 3
Þ sin x = or -
5 5
q
(B) cot = 1 + cot q
2
q
Þ 2 cos 2 = cos q + sin q
2
3p p
Þ sin q = 1 Þ q=- ,
2 2
(C) f( x) = - sin 4 x + 8 sin 2 x + 2
Þ f( x) Î [2 , 9]
(2 x 2 + 5 x + 27) æ 1ö
(D) log 2 ³0 çx> ÷
2 2
(2 x - 1) è ø
Þ 2 x 2 - 9 x - 26 £ 0
13
Þ -2 £ x £
2
5. (A) f( x) = -2 sin 2 x + sin x - 6
y min = -9 at sin x = -1
47 1
y max = - at sin x =
8 4
(B) f( x) = 2 cos 2 x + 6
y min = 6; y max = 8
1
(C) f( x) = [4 sin 2 x - 1 + cos 2 x + 3 (1 + cos 2 x)]
2
1
= [2 + 4 sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x]
2
= 1 + 2 (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
y max = 1 + 2 2 ; y min = 1 - 2 2
æp ö
(D) f( x) = 2 sin ç + sin x ÷
è4 ø
sin 80° sin 65° sin 35° sin 80° sin 65° sin 80° sin 65° 1
1. = = =
2 sin 35° cos 15°+2 sin 35° cos 35° 2(cos 15°+ cos 35° ) 4 cos 25° cos 10° 4
2. If A + B = 45°
(1 - cot A) (1 - cot B ) = 2
Þ (1 - cot 23° ) (1 - cot 22° ) = 2
3. 4x2 - 7x + 1 = 0
7
tan A + tan B =
4
1
tan A × tan B =
4
tan A + tan B 7
tan( A + B ) = =
1 - tan A + tan B 3
4 sin 2 ( A + B ) - 7 sin( A + B ) cos( A + B ) + cos 2 ( A + B )
4 tan 2 ( A + B ) - 7 tan( A + B ) + 1
= =1
1 + tan 2 ( A + B )
Compound Angles 315
(18 - 2) ´ 180° (n - 2) ´ 180°

4. + + 60° = 360° Þ n = 9
18 n
5. 10 (1 - cos 2a ) 2 + 15 (1 + cos 2a ) 2 = 24
1 3
Þ (5 cos 2a + 1) 2 = 0 Þ cos 2a = - Þ tan 2 a =
5 2
æ 3p p ö æ 3p pö æ 5p 3 p ö æ 5p 3p ö
6. tan ç - ÷ ç tan - tan ÷ + tan ç - ÷ ç tan - tan ÷
è 8 8øè 8 8ø è 8 8 øè 8 8 ø
æ 7 p 5p ö æ 7p 3p ö æ 9p 7p ö æ 9p 7p ö 9p p
+ tan ç - ÷ ç tan - tan ÷ + tan ç - ÷ ç tan - tan ÷ = tan - tan = 0
è 8 8 øè 8 8 ø è 8 8 øè 8 8 ø 8 8
2p p 4 æ cos 2 p + 2 cos 2 p ö sin p 4 æ 1 + 2 cos 2 p ö sin p
cos + 2 cos 2 ç ÷ ç ÷
7 7 = è 7 7ø 7 è 7 ø 7
7. =
p 2p 4p 3p
cos cos sin sin
7 7 7 7
æ 2p ö p
4 ç 1 + 2 cos ÷ sin
è 7 ø 7
= =4
pæ pö
sin ç 3 - 4 sin 2 ÷
7è 7ø
8. a 2 sec 2 200° = c 2 tan 2 200° + d 2 + 2 cd tan 200°
b 2 sec 2 200° = c 2 + d 2 tan 2 200° - 2 cd tan 200°
Þ a 2 + b2 = c 2 + d 2
( a sec 200° - c tan 200° ) 2 = d 2
( b sec 200° + d tan 200° ) 2 = c 2
Þ ( c 2 + d 2 ) (sec 2 200° + tan 2 200° ) + (2 bd - 2 ac) sec 200° tan 200° = c 2 + d 2
Þ ( c 2 + d 2 ) (2 tan 2 200° ) = (2 ac - 2 bd) sec 200° tan 200°
2( c 2 + d 2 ) 2 sec 200° 2 -2
Þ = = =
ac - bd tan 200° sin 200° sin 20°
p 9p 7p 9p 10 p 8p 7p 9p
9. 2 cos cos + cos + cos = cos + cos + cos + cos =0
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
cos q - cos 3q + cos 3q - cos 9q + cos 9q - cos 17q cos q - cos 17q
10. = = tan 9q
sin 3q - sin q + sin 9q - sin 3q + sin 17q - sin 9q sin 17q - sin q
11. 8 abc = 8 sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° = 1
a + b sin 10°+ sin 50° 2 sin 30° cos 20°
= = =1
c sin 70° sin 70°
1 1 1 1 1 1 sin 50° sin 70°+ sin 10° sin 70°- sin 10° sin 50°
+ - = + - = =6
a b c sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° sin 10° sin 50° sin 70°
1é æ 2p ö 3æ 4p öù
12. ê 4 sin 3 q + 4 sin 3 ç q + ÷ + 4 sin ç q + ÷
4ë è 3 ø è 3 ø úû
1é ìæ 2p ö æ 4p ö üù
= ê3 sin q - sin 3q + 3 sin íç q + ÷ - sin(3q + 2 p) + 3 sin ç q + ÷ - sin(3q + 4 p)ýú
4ë îè 3 ø è 3 ø þû
1é ì æ 2p ö æ 4p öü ù 3
= ê3 ísin q + sin ç q + ÷ + sin ç q + ÷ ý - 3 sin 3q ú = - sin 3q
4ë î è 3 ø è 3 øþ û 4
n n
sin(2 r - 2 r -1 )
13. å cos 2 r cos 2 r -1 = å(tan 2 r - tan 2 r -1 ) = tan 2 n - tan 1
r =1 r =1
14. x = sec q - tan q, y = cosec q + cot q

1 + cos q 1 - sin q (1 - sin q)(1 + cos q)
y - x - xy = - - =1
sin q cos q sin q × cos q
15. cos 18° - cos 72° = 2 sin 45° sin 27°
= 2 sin 27°
16. 3(sin 1 - cos 1) + 6(sin 1 + cos 1) 2 + 4(sin 6 1 + cos 6 1)
4
= 3(1 - 2 sin 1cos 1) 2 + 6(1 + 2 sin 1cos 1) + 4(1 - 3 sin 2 1cos 2 1)

= 3(1 + 4 sin 2 1cos 2 1 - 4 sin 1cos 1) + 10 + 12 sin 1cos 1 - 12 sin 2 1cos 2 1
= 13
2 33
17. 3 sin 2 x + 2 cos x
+ 2
= 28
3 sin 2 x + 2 cos x
2
Let 3 sin 2 x + 2 cos x
= t, t 2 - 28t + 27 = 0 Þ t = 1, 27
If t = 1 Þ sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x = 0
p 3p 7p
2 cos x(sin x + cos x) = 0 Þ x= , ,
2 4 4
If t = 27
Þ sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x = 3 (Not possible)
p 3p 7p
(sin 2a - cos 2a ) 2 + 8 sin 4a = 1 + 7 sin 4a = 1 (at a = , , )
2 4 4
18. (sin q + cosec q) 2 + (cos q + sec q) 2
= 5 + cosec 2 q + sec 2 q
= 7 + tan 2 q + cot 2 q
³9
19. tan 20° + tan 40° + tan 80° - tan 60°
sin 20° cos 80° + sin 80° cos 20° sin 40° cos 60° – sin 60° cos 40°
= +
cos 20° cos 80° cos 40° cos 60°
Compound Angles 317
sin 100° sin 20°

= -
cos 20° cos 80° cos 40° cos 60°
sin 80° 2 sin 20°
= -
cos 20° cos 80° cos 40°
sin 80° cos 40° - sin 40° cos 80° sin 40°
= =
cos 20° cos 40° cos 80° cos 20° cos 40° cos 80°
8 sin 40° sin 20°
= = 8 sin 40°
sin(8 ´ 20° )
20. 1 + cos 10 x cos 6 x = 2 cos 2 8 x + sin 2 8 x
2 + cos 16 x + cos 4 x = 2(1 + cos 16 x) + 1 - cos 16 x
Þ cos 4 x = 1
np
x= (n = 0 , ± 1, ± 2 , ± 3 .......)
2
If 360° < k < 540°
Þ k = 450° (n = 5)
21. cos 20°+2 sin 2 55° = 1 + 2 sin k°
= cos 20° + 1 - cos 110°
= 1 + cos 20° + sin 20°
= 1 + 2 sin( 45°+20° )
Þ k = 65
cos 96°+ cos 6° 2 cos 51° cos 45°
23. tan 19 x = =- = - cot 51° = tan 141°
cos 96°- cos 6° 2 sin 51° sin 45°
Þ 19 x = 180° n + 141
2 sin 40° + sin 20° 2 sin(60° - 20° ) + sin 20°
24. =
cos 20° cos 30° cos 20° cos 30°
3p
sin
2p 4p 6p 7 × cos 4 p - 1 = -3
25. cos + cos + cos -1=
7 7 7 p 7 2
sin
7
k 11
26. (cos 2 A - cos 3 A) =
2 8
k 11
[2 cos 2 A - 1 - 4 cos 3 A + 3 cos A] =
2 8
Þ k=4
27. 3 sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x = 3 + cos 2 x
28. tan a + tan b = 12
tan a × tan b = -3
tan a + tan b
tan(a + b) = =3
1 - tan a tan b
cos 24° cos 33° æ sin 18° cos 9° ö
29. +ç - cos 18° ÷
2 sin 9°
2 sin 33° sin 57° è ø
cos 24° cos 33° sin 9°
+ =2
sin 57° cos 24° sin 9°
æ 1 + cos 2q ö æ 1 + cos 4q ö æ 1 + cos 8q ö
30. tan q ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷
è cos 2q ø è cos 4q ø è cos 8q ø
sin q æç 2 cos 2 q ö÷ æç 2 cos 2 2q ö÷ æç 2 cos 2 4q ö÷ 8 sin q cos q cos 2q cos 4q sin 8q
= = = tan 8q
cos q çè cos 2q ÷ø çè cos 4q ÷ø çè cos 8q ÷ø cos 8q cos 8q
31. y = sin 2 x + cos 2 x + tan 2 x + cot 2 x + cosec 2 x + sec 2 x + 6

y = 9 + 2(tan 2 x + cot 2 x) ³ 13
❑❑❑
Trigonometric Equations 319
23
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
5a
1. tan 2 x - sec 2 y = - 3 = -2 - a 2 Þ 6 a 2 + 5a - 6 = 0
6
2. [tan( x + y) - cot( x + y)]2 + ( x + 1) 2 = 0
Þ x = -1 and tan 2 ( x + y) = 1
p
x + y = np ±
4
3. sin x + cos x = 1
æ pö 1
sin ç x + ÷ =
è 4ø 2
p p
x = np + ( -1) n -
4 4
4. sin 2 (sin x) - 3 sin(sin x) + 2 = 0
{sin(sin x) - 2}{sin(sin x) - 1} = 0
Equation has no solution.
5. tan 2 x = tan 6 x Þ sin 4 x = 0
4 x = p , 2 p , 3 p , ¼¼ , 11p
p 2p 3p 11p
x= , , , ¼¼ ,
4 4 4 4
p 3 p 5p 7 p 9 p 11p
But , , , , , are rejected. So number of solutions = 5.
4 4 4 4 4 4
6. 3 sin 2 x - 6 sin x - sin x + 2 = 0
(3 sin x - 1)(sin x - 2) = 0
sin x ¹ 2 , then
1
sin x =
3
1
sin x = has 6 solutions for x Î[0 , 5p]
3
7. cos q + cos 2q = -1
Þ 2 cos 2 q + cos q = 0
1
Þ cos q = 0 or cos q = -
2
p 2p 4p 3p
Þ q= , , ,
2 3 3 2
1
1/2
8. p 2p
x
0 p/2 3p/2
1
in [0 , 2p) max. (sin x , cos x) = has two solutions.
2
9. (cot 2 x + 2 3 cot x + 3) + (cot 2 x + 1) + ( 4cosec x + 4) = 0
(cot x + 3 ) 2 + (cosec x + 2) 2 = 0
Þ cot x = - 3 and cosec x = -2
2 2
10. sin x = sin 3 x
Þ 3 x = np ± x
np np np
x= , x= , hence general solution is .
4 2 4
11. sin x > 0
Þ 8 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 1
Þ 2 sin 2 2 x = 1
Þ cos 4 x = 0
p
x = (2n + 1) (n Î I )
8
12. cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3 x + cos 4 x + cos 5 x = 5
Þ cos x = 1 Ç cos 2 x = 1 Ç cos 3 x = 1 Ç cos 4 x = 1 Ç cos 5 x = 1
2np 2np 2np
x = 2np Ç x = np Ç x = Çx= Çx=
3 4 5
Þ x = 2np
13. (2 sin x - cosec x) 2 + (tan x - cot x) 2 = 0
1 p
Þ sin 2 x = Ç tan 2 x = 1 Þ x = np ±
2 4
14. cos 3 3 x + cos 3 5 x = (2 cos 4 x cos x) 3

cos 3 3 x + cos 3 5 x = (cos 5 x + cos 3 x) 3
Þ 3 cos 5 x cos 3 x(cos 5 x + cos 3 x) = 0
Þ cos 5 x cos 3 x × cos 4 x cos x = 0
15. sin 100 x = 1 + cos 100 x Þ sin 100 x = 1 and cos 300 x = 0
p
16. sin q £ 1 and sec 2 4q ³ 1 Þ sin q = sec 4q = 1; q =
2
17. ( 4 sin 2 x + cosec 2 x) + (tan 2 x + cot 2 x) = 6
(2 sin x - cosec x) 2 + (tan x - cot x) 2 = 0
Þ 2 sin x = cosec x and tan x = cot x
4 2
18. sin q - 2 sin q + 1 = 2
(sin 2 q - 1) 2 = 2 = cos 4 q (not possible)
19. cos( P sin x) = sin( P cos x)
æp ö
cos( P sin x) = cos ç - P cos x ÷
è 2 ø
p
P sin x + P cos x = 2np +
2
p
P sin x - P cos x = 2np -
2
20. | x| + | y| = 2 –2 £ x £ 2
æ px 2 ö –2 £ y £ 2
sin ç ÷ =1
ç 3 ÷
è ø
px 2 p
=
3 2
3
x =±
2
æ p ö
21. x Î ç - , p ÷
è 2 ø
cos 2 x > |sin x|
sin x ³ 0 sin x < 0
2
1 - 2 sin x - sin x > 0
2
2 sin x + 2 sin x - sin x - 1 < 0 2 sin 2 x - 2 sin x + sin x - 1 < 0
(2 sin x - 1)(sin x + 1) < 0 (2 sin x + 1)(sin x - 1) < 0
–1 0 1/2 –1/2 0 1
1 1
- < sin x £
2 2
æ p p ö æ 5p ö
ç- , ÷ Èç , p÷
è 6 6ø è 6 ø
22. sin 4 x + cos 4 x = sin x cos x
1 - 2 sin 2 x cos 1 x = sin x cos x
2y2 + y -1=0
(2 y - 1)( y + 1) = 0
1
y= y = -1
2
2 sin x cos x = 1 sin x cos x ¹ -1
sin 2 x = 1
p 5p
2x = ,
2 2
p 5p
x= ,
4 4
5x x
23. sin = 1 Ç sin = -1
2 2
1 1
24. cos 2q = sin 2 q Þ sin 2 q = Þ sin q = ±
3 3
25. b sin q = -c - a cos q
b 2 (1 - cos 2q) = c 2 + a 2 cos 2q - 2 ac cos q
Þ ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos 2q - 2 ac cos q + ( c 2 - b 2 ) = 0
c 2 - b2
cos a × cos b = …(1)
a 2 + b2
a 2 (1 - sin 2q) = c 2 + b 2 sin 2q - 2 bc sin q
( a 2 + b 2 ) sin 2q - 2 bc sin q + ( c 2 - a 2 ) = 0
c2 - a2
sin a × sin b = …(2)
a 2 + b2
a 2 - b2
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b =
a 2 + b2
1. 2 cos 2 q + 2 2 cos q - 3 = 0
1 -3
( 2 cos q + 1) 2 = 4 Þ cos q = or (Not possible)
2 2
3. 4 sin 3 x + 5 ³ 4 cos 2 x + 5 sin x
Þ (sin x - 1)( 4 sin x + 1) 2 £ 0 " x Î R
4. 4 cos x (2 - 3 sin 2 x) + cos 2 x + 1 = 0
cos x (3 cos x + 2)(2 cos x - 1) = 0
p
Least difference =
6
5. cos x cos 6 x = - 1
Case-1 : cos x = 1 and cos 6 x = - 1
Not possible
Case-2 : cos 6 x = 1 and cos x = -1
Þ x = (2n - 1) p , (n Î I )
7. 2 k = sin 2 2 x - 2 sin 2 x - 2
Let sin 2 x = t t Î [-1, 1]
é 3 1ù
2 k = t 2 - 2t - 2 Þ k Î ê- , ú
ë 2 2û
æ pöæ 3p ö æ 5p ö æ 7p ö 4 2 1
8. f(q) = ç cos q - cos ÷ ç cos q - cos ÷ ç cos q - cos ÷ ç cos q - cos ÷ = cos q - cos q +
è 8 øè 8 øè 8 øè 8 ø 8
4 sin 2 x cos 2 x + 4 sin 4 x - 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
9. = tan 4 x =
2 2 2 9
4 cos x - 4 sin x cos x
1
Þ tan x = ±
3
1
10. tan q(1 - sin 2 q) + cot q(1 - cos 2 q) + 1 + sin 2q = 0 Þ sin 2q = -
2
æ1 3 ö
11. 2 çç sin q + cos q ÷÷ = - ( x - 3) 2 - 2
è2 2 ø

2 2
1. h( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = 2 + 2 sin 4 x
Þ 8 cos 4 x ³ 0
Þ cos 4 x ³ 0
p
Longest interval =
4
2. 2 + 2 sin 4 x = 4
Þ sin 4 x = 1
p
Þ x = ( 4n + 1)
8
3. sin 3 x + cos x = cos 3 x + sin x
Þ sin 3 x - sin x = cos 3 x - cos x
Þ 2 sin x cos 2 x = -2 sin 2 x sin x
Þ sin x = 0 or tan 2 x = -1
3p 7p
Þ x = 0, p or x= ,
8 8

2
2 æ1 ö
1. (A) cos x = ç - sin x ÷
è5 ø
Þ (5 sin x - 4)(5 sin x + 3) = 0
4 3
Þ sin x = or -
5 5
q
(B) cot = 1 + cot q
2
q
Þ 2 cos 2 = cos q + sin q
2
3p p
Þ sin q = 1 Þ q = - ,
2 2
(C) f( x) = - sin 4 x + 8 sin 2 x + 2
Þ f( x) Î [2 , 9]
(2 x 2 + 5 x + 27) æ 1ö
(D) log 2 ³0 çx> ÷
2 2ø
(2 x - 1) è
Þ 2 x 2 - 9 x - 26 £ 0
13
Þ -2 £ x £
2
2. (A) sin x = 1, cos y = 1 or sin x = -1, cos y = -1
(B) f ¢( x) = cos x + sin x - K
Þ k³ 2
(C) | x - 1| £ 1 and |2 x 2 - 5| £ 1
2
Þ x2 =2
(D) sin x + sin y = sin( x + y)
æ x + yö æ x - yö æ x + yö æ x + yö
Þ 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ = 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ x + yö æ x - yö æ x + yö
Þ sin ç ÷ = 0 or cos ç ÷ = cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
np np
Þ x + y = 2np or x= , y=
2 2
if x = 0, y = ± 1
1 1
if x = , y =-
2 2
1 1
if x =- , y =
2 2
if y = 0, x = ± 1
1. Let sin x - 1 = a , cos x - 1 = b, sin x = c

Þ a + b 3 + c 3 = ( a + b + c) 3
3
Þ a + b = 0 or b + c = 0 or c + a = 0
1
sin x + cos x = 2 or sin x + cos x = 1 or sin x =
2
Þ Total solution = 5
2. sin y - 2014 cos y = 1
p
Þ y=
2
2 sin 6 x
3. <0
sin x - 1
Þ sin 6 x > 0
æ pö æp pö
Þ x Î ç 0, ÷ È ç , ÷
è 6ø è3 2ø
1 + tan 2 x - 2 2 tan x £ 0
é p 3p ù é p p ö æ p 3p ù
Þ xÎê , ú Þ xÎê , ÷ Èç ,
ë8 8 û ë 8 6 ø è 8 8 úû
4. sin 4 x - 4 sin 2 x + (2 + k) = 0
Let sin 2 x = t t Î[0 , 1]
t 2 - 4t + (2 + k) = 0
f(0) f(1) £ 0
( k + 2)( k - 1) £ 0 Þ - 2 £ k £ 1
5.
1
–p/2 –p/6 p/6

–p/3 O p/3 p/2
–1
6. 2 sin 2 x + sin 2 2 x = 2
2 sin 4 x - 3 sin 2 x + 1 = 0 Þ (2 sin 2 x - 1)(sin 2 x - 1) = 0
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = tan x
2 tan x + 1 - tan 2 x = tan x(1 + tan 2 x)
Þ tan 3 x + tan 2 x - tan x - 1 = 0 Þ (1 + tan x)(tan 2 x - 1) = 0
2 cos 2 x + sin x £ 2
2 sin 2 x - sin x ³ 0
sin x (2 sin x - 1) ³ 0
7. (3 cot q + 1)(cot q + 3) = 0
1
cot q = - and cot q = -3
3
p p
q = a, p + a q = - a, p + - a
2 2
8. (8 cos 4q - 3)(cot q - tan q) 2 = 12
æ 4 cos 2 2q ö
8 (2 cos 2 2q - 1) - 3 ç ÷ = 12
ç sin 2 2q ÷
è ø
16 cos 4 2q - 8 cos 2 2q - 3 = 0
Þ ( 4 cos 2 2q - 3)( 4 cos 2 2q + 1) = 0
3
Þ cos 2q = ±
2
9. 2 sin 2 x + 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 2

2 sin 4 x - 3 sin 2 x + 1 = 0 Þ (sin 2 x - 1)(2 sin 2 x - 1) = 0
1
sin x = ± ,±1
2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = tan x
2 tan x 1 - tan 2 x
+ = tan x
1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
Þ tan 3 x + tan 2 x - tan x - 1 = 0
(tan x + 1) 2 (tan x - 1) = 0
2 cos 2 x + sin x £ 2
2 sin 2 x - sin x ³ 0
sin x(2 sin x - 1) ³ 0
❑❑❑
24
cot A + cot B cos A sin B + cos B sin A sin 2 C c2

1. = = =
cot C
(sin A sin B )
cos C (sin A sin B ) cos C a 2 + b2 - c 2
ab ×
sin C 2 ab
2c 2 18
= =
æ 17 ö 2 8
ç - 1÷ c
è 9 ø
p æp - Aö
2. ÐBIC = +ç ÷ A
2 è 2 ø
p æB +Cö
= +ç ÷
2 è 2 ø H
I
B C
1
3. [(2 R cos A) 2 + a 2 ][(2 R cos B ) 2 + b 2 ][(2 R cos C ) 2 + c 2 ]
64
1
[(2 R cos A) 2 + (2 R sin A) 2 ][(2 R cos B ) 2 + (2 R sin B ) 2 ][(2 R cos C ) 2 + (2 R sin C ) 2 ]
64
=R6
4. B = 60°
1
2 sin 2 B = 3 sin 2 C Þ sin C = Þ C = 45°
2
A C 1
5. tan tan =
2 2 3
s-b 1 2 a+c
= Þ b= sÞ = bÞ b³ 2 (A.M. ³ G.M.)
s 3 3 2
a
6. cos A cos B cos C å
cos A
= 2 R cos A cos B cos C å
tan A = 2 R cos A × cos B × cos C × Õ(tan A)
Solution of Triangles 329
sin A sin B sin C

= 2 R cos A × cos B × cos C × = 2 R sin A sin B sin C
cos A cos B cos C
BD AD
8. In DBAD, =
sin q sin 60°
CD AD
In DCAD, = A
sin(75°-q) sin 45°
BD CD sin 45° q
Þ sin 60° = 75°–q
sin q sin(75°- q)
sin q BD sin 60° 1
Þ = = 60° 60°+q 45°
sin(75°-q) CD sin 45° 6 B C
1 D 3
2 bc A
9. Length of angle bisector AD = cos
b+ c 2
2 ac B
Length of angle bisector BE = cos
a+c 2
2 ab C
Length of angle bisector CF = cos
a+b 2
3 3
H. M. = =
b+ c a+ c a+ b 1 1 1
+ + + +
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab a b c
10. 2b = a + c
2 sin B = sin A + sin C
æ B Bö æ A+Cö æ A -C ö B 1
2 ç 2 sin cos ÷ = 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ Þ sin =
è 2 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø 2 2 2
æ B - C ö b + c sin B + sin C
11. 2 cos ç ÷= =
è 2 ø a sin A
A 1
Þ sin = Þ Ð A = 60°
2 2
4 + c2 - 1 1 æ 3ö 3
12. cos A = = çc + ÷³
4c 4è cø 2
A
I3 I2
60° 60°
60°
F F
60° 60°
60°
60° 60°
B D C
13.
60°
I1
If DABC is an equilateral triangle then DDEF and D I 1 I 2 I 3 are also equilateral triangle
3
Side of DDEF = 1 unit Þ Ar( DDEF ) =
4
1
2x ×
14. AD = x cos p = 1 A
1 3 1
x+ x+ 120°
x x X 1/X
1
AD max =
2 B C
3a 3a 3a
15. r = ,R = , r1 = Þ r , R , r1 are in A.P.
6 3 2
16. sin( B + C ) sin( B - C ) = sin( A + B ) sin( A - B )
sin 2 B - sin 2 C = sin 2 A - sin 2 B
Þ 2 sin 2 B = sin 2 A + sin 2 C
Þ 2b2 = a 2 + c 2 (Using sine rule)
tan A + tan B
17. tan( A + B ) = = tan( p - C )
1 - tan A tan B
7 7
Þ tan C = Þ sin C =
4 65
Using sine rule
c 65
R= =
2 sin C 14
cos A cos B cos C
18. + +
a b c
b 2 + c 2 - a 2 a 2 + c 2 - b 2 a 2 + b 2 - c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c) 2 - 2( ab + bc + ac)
+ + = =
2 abc 2 abc 2 abc 2 abc 2 abc
a + c b + c a 2 + b 2 + ac + bc c 2 ( a + b + c) c 2 (2 s) 2 R c
19. + = = = = =
b a ab abc 4 RD r r
20. a 2 (sin B - 1) = b 2 + c 2 - a 2 = 2 bc cos A Þ cos A < 0
a a
21. 2 R ¢ = = = 2R C
sin( p - A) sin A
Þ R¢ = R
O
A B
22. a = d1 d 2
d1 d
= a cos q , 2 = a sin q
2 2
1 = 4 sin q cos q
1
Þ sin 2q = Þ 2q = 30° q
2 a
23. Q (m + n) cot q = m cot a - n cot b

\ (2 + 1) cot q = 2 cot a - cot b A
1 æp ö a b
Put cot q = ,cot b = cot ç - a ÷ = tan a
3 è 2 ø
2
We have 1 = - tan a Þ tan 2 a + tan a - 2 = 0
tan a q
C
B
\ tan a = 1 \ a = 45° D
2:1
l l
24. Circumradius of equilateral D , R = =
2 sin 60° 3
l 2 2l 2
Diagonal of square = 2 R Þ a 2 = 2 R \ a = R 2 = \ Area of square =
3 3
2 2 2
2 + ( 6 ) - ( 3 + 1) 3 -1
25. cos q = =
4 6 2 2
26. If a , b, c are in A.P.
B 1
Þ 2 sin B = sin A + sin C Þ sin =
2 4
B
6 cos
s 2
= = 3 15
r B
1 - 2 sin
2
æ A-Bö
1 - tan 2 ç ÷
27. cos( A - B ) = è 2 ø = 31 Þ tan æ A - B ö = 1
ç ÷
æ A - B ö 32 è 2 ø 3 7
1 + tan 2 ç ÷
è 2 ø
æ A-Bö a-b C 1
tan ç ÷= cot Þ cos C =
è 2 ø a+b 2 8
a 2 + b2 - c 2 1
cos C = = Þ c =6
2 ab 8
28. ( b + c) cos( B + C ) + ( c + a) cos(C + A) + ( a + b) cos( A + B )
= -[( b cos A + a cos B ) + ( c cos A + a cos C ) + ( c cos B + b cos C )] = -[a + b + c] = -30
p 2p 4p
30. Ð A = ,Ð B = ,ÐC =
7 7 7
æ b 2 ö÷ æç c 2 ö÷ æç a 2 ö÷
( a 2 - b 2 )( b 2 - c 2 )( c 2 - a 2 ) = a 2 b 2 c 2 ç 1 - 1- 1-
ç a 2 ÷ø çè b 2 ÷ø çè c 2 ÷ø
è
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ p ö
ç sin 2 ÷ç sin 2 ÷ç sin 2 ÷
2 2 2ç
= a b c 1- 7 ÷ç1 - 7 ÷ç1 - 7 ÷ = a 2 b2 c 2
ç p ÷ç 2 p ÷ç 4 p ÷
è 7 øè 7 øè 7 ø
a
36. h =
2 3
Ar( DABC ) = Ar ( DAPB ) + Ar( DBPC ) + Ar( DAPC )
3 2 1 a
a = a( h + h1 + h2 ) Þ h1 + h2 =
4 2 3
2 2 2
6 +7 -x
37. cos 60° = Þ x = 43
2 ´6 ´7
2 ab p
39. CD = cos B
a+b 3
ab D
= a
a+b
p/3
42. a + b + c = 48 p/3
A
C b
a = 20
b + c = 28
Þ a + b > c, a + c > b
Þ 20 + b > 28 - b, 20 + c > 28 - c
Þ b> 4 ,c > 4
43. In an equilateral triangle
a=b=c
( a + b + c)( b + c - a)( c + a - b)( a + b - c)
44.
4b2 c 2
2 s(2 s - 2 a)(2 s - 2 b)(2 s - 2 c) æ 2( s - a) ö æ ( s - b)( s - c) ö 2 A A
= = 4ç ÷ç ÷ = 4 sin cos 2 = sin 2 A
2 2 bc bc 2 2
4b c è øè ø
45. R = 4 r A
æ A B Cö q
R = 4 ç 4 R sin sin sin ÷
è 2 2 2ø
q
1 = 16 sin 2 × cos q = 8 (1 - cos q) cos q B
q p-2q
C
2
46. DDMN ~
= DAMN Þ DM = AM
C
N
A B
a b c
47. b c a = - ( a 3 + b 2 + c 3 - 3 abc)
c a b
= - ( a + b + c)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ac)
p 2p 4p
48. A = ,B = ,C =
7 7 7
æ 2 öæ 2 öæ 2 ö
ç1 - b ÷ç1 - c ÷ç1 - a ÷ = l
ç a 2 ÷ø çè b 2 ÷ø çè c 2 ÷ø
è
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ p ö
ç1 - 7 ÷ ç1 - 7 ÷ ç1 - 7 ÷ =l
ç p ÷ç 2p ÷ ç 4p ÷
æ 2 p 2p ö æ 2 2p 4p ö æ 2 4p pö
ç sin - sin 2 ÷ ç sin - sin 2 ÷ ç sin - sin 2 ÷
ç 7 7 ÷ç 7 7 ÷ç 7 7 ÷ =l
ç 2 p ÷ ç 2 2p ÷ ç 2 4p ÷
ç sin ÷ç sin ÷ç sin ÷
Þ l = 1(sin 2 A - sin 2 B = sin( A - B ) × sin( A + B ))
D D D
49. r1 = , r2 = , r3 =
s-a s-b s-c
r1 r2 r3 s3
=
r3 ( s - a)( s - b)( s - c)
s-a s-b s-c
+ +
s s s ³ æ s - a öæ s - böæ s - c ö
ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷
3 è s øè s øè s ø
3
50. sin A = B
5
4
sin B = 3
5
5
sin C = 1 90°
C A
4
A B C A B C
4 R sin cos cos + 4 R cos sin cos
r + r2 2 2 2 2 2 2
51. 1 =
1 + cos C C
2 cos 2
2
æ A B A Bö
2 R ç sin cos + cos sin ÷
è 2 2 2 2ø
= = 2R
C
cos
2
sin 2 a + cos 2 a - (1 + sin a cos a ) 1
53. cos q = =
2 sin a cos a 2
55. Since we need to compute the radius of an escribed circle, we would be needing the length of
all the sides of the given triangle ABC.
From the question, we already know AB = AC = 5.
For finding the length of side BC , let us draw a line AD which is the bisector of angle BAC , as
shown in the figure below.
ÐBAD = ÐDAC = 15° y
BD BD 3 -1 C
Therefore, sin 15° = = and sin 15° =
AB 5 2 2
B
5 ( 3 - 1)
Therefore, BD = 5 sin 15° =
2 2
x
We also know that BC = 2 BD A N
5 ( 3 - 1)
Therefore, BC =
2
Now, we know that the required radius
æ A ö æ AB + BC + CA ö æ Aö
r1 = s tan ç ÷ = ç ÷ tan ç ÷
2
è ø è 2 ø è2ø
æ 5 ( 3 - 1) ö
ç5+ + 5÷
ç 2 ÷ æ 10 2 + 5 3 - 5 ö
=ç ÷ (tan 15° ) = çç ÷ (2 - 3 )
2 2 2 ÷
çç ÷÷ è ø
è ø
a
56. ED = BE - BD = - C cos B A
2
a æ a 2 + c 2 - b2 ö
= -Cç ÷
2 ç 2 ac ÷
è ø
b2 - c 2 C B
= E D
2a
57. 2R(sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C )
= 2R(sin( A + B ) cos C + cos A cos B sin C )
abc D rs
= R(2 sin A sin B sin C ) = = =
4R 2 R R
b cos A
58. In DAFE , = 2R 1 A
sin B
Þ R 1 = R cos A
F E
Similarly, R 2 = R cos B
and R 3 = R cos C
3 B C
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = R (cos A + cos B + cos C ) £ R D
2
59. Ar ( DABC ) = Ar ( DOAB ) + Ar ( DOBC ) + Ar ( DOAC )
1
8 = R 2 (sin a + sin b + sin g)
2
4p æ 2 20 ö
Þ sin a + sin b + sin g = çQ R = ÷
5 è p ø
1. x 2 - r( r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r1 r3 ) x + ( r1 r2 r3 - 1) = 0
x 2 - ( r1 r2 r3 ) x + ( r1 r2 r3 - 1) = 0
Þ Roots are 1 and r1 r2 r3 - 1
A
60°
2. c b
90° 30°
a C
B=H
s
3. R = 2 r , r = ( s - a) tan 30° = tan 30° Þ s is irrational Þ D is irrational
3
r1 = s tan 30° = 3 r (rational)
p
4. D + E + F =
2
5. a = 4 , b = 8 , Ð C = 60°
1 a 2 + b2 - c 2
cos C = = Þ c=4 3
2 2 ab
r r2 s-a s-c
6. If = Þ =
r1 r3 s s-b
Þ a 2 + b2 = c 2
Þ Ð C = 90°
7. Ð BOC = 2 Ð A
Ð BIC = p 2 + A 2
Ð BHC = p - A
8. 3x2 - 4x + 3 < 0
1
Þ ( 3 x - 1)( x - 3 ) < 0 Þ < x< 3
3
30° < A , B < 60° Þ 60° < C < 120°
2
9. cos 2q = 2 cos q - 1
1 p
= 2 cos 2 -1
2 8
p 1
2 cos 2 = 1 +
8 2
p 2 +1
cos 2 =
8 2 2
a 2 + b2 - c 2
cos C = then solve it
2 ab
11. (3 sin A + 4 cos B ) 2 + ( 4 sin B + 3 cos A) 2 = 37 ; 9 + 16 + 24 sin( A + B ) = 37
b+ c 2
12. =
a 1
A
2 b+c
1 a
B C
13. Ð A , ÐB , ÐC A.P. Þ ÐB = 60° B
2 2 2
a + 10 - 9 60°
cos 60° = 10
20 a
60°+q 60°–q A
C
9
1
14. D = ab sin C
2
a+b sin A + sin B
³ ab Þ ³ sin A ´ sin B
2 2
15. 3 cos A = cos( B - C ) - cos( B + C ) Þ 2 cos A = cos B - C ) = - cos( A + 2C )

2 = (tan A sin 2C - cos 2C )
Paragraph for Question Nos. 2

æp Aö æp Bö æp Cö
2. r ¢ = 4 r sin ç - ÷ sin ç - ÷ sin ç - ÷ A
è 4 4 ø è 4 4 ø è4 4ø
r¢ æp Aö æp Bö æp Cö
= 4 sin ç - ÷ sin ç - ÷ sin ç - ÷
r è4 4ø è4 4ø è4 4ø
F E
A B C p–C p–B
= sin + sin + sin - 1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
p–A
æp Aö æp Bö æp Cö 2 2
r1¢ = 4 r sin ç - ÷ cos ç - ÷ cos ç - ÷
è 4 4 ø è 4 4 ø è4 4ø
B D C
r1¢ æp Aö æp Bö æp Cö
= 4 sin ç - ÷ cos ç - ÷ cos ç - ÷
r è4 4ø è4 4ø è4 4ø
A B C
= 1 - sin + sin + sin
2 2 2

3. Ar ( DDEF ) A
æp Aö æp Bö æp Cö
= 2 R 2 sin ç - ÷ sin ç - ÷ sin ç - ÷ F E
è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ø è2 2ø
I
A B C
= 2 R 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2 B/2 C/2
Ar( DABC ) 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C A B C B C

B/2
C/2
4. = = 8 sin sin sin £ 1

Ar( DDEF ) A B C 2 2 2
2 R 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2 D

Sol. c 2 = R Þ c = 82
2r = a + b - c
Þ a + b = 98 ...(1)
2 2 2 2
a + b = c = (82) ...(2)
Þ a = 18 , b = 80

p A
Sol. Ð A1 = -
2 2
p 1 p 1æ p Aö
Ð A2 = - ( Ð A1 ) = - ç - ÷ A
2 2 2 2è2 2 ø
p A
= + C1 B1
4 4
p 1
Ð A3 = - (Ð A2 )
2 2 B
A1
C
3p A
= -
8 8
n
pæ 1 1 1 ö ( -1) A
Ð An = ç 1 - + - + ........ ÷ +
2è 2 4 8 ø 2n

1
´ BD ´ h1
D1 2 h h
Sol. = = (1 - x) 1 ´ 3 = (1 - x) yz A
D 1 h2 h3
´ AB ´ h2
2 h3 E
h1
1 F
´ EC ´ h4 D
D2 2
= = x(1 - y)(1 - z )
D 1
´ AC ´ h5 h2
2
B C

æ cö
Sol. log ç 1 + ÷ + log a - log b = log 2
è a ø
Þ a + c = 2b
( c - a) x 2 + 2 bx + ( a + c) = 0 has equal roots, then
a 2 + b2 = c 2

BE ED EC ED
Sol. = , =
sin C A sin B A
sin sin
2 2
ED
Þ BE + EC = a = (sin B + sin C )
A
sin
2
A
a sin ´ 2R
Þ ED = 2
b+ c
2 bc A
la = cos A
b+ c 2
æ A ö A/
ç 2 bc a sin ´ 2 R ÷ A/2 2
A 2
ç cos + ÷
çb+ c 2 b+ c ÷
ç ÷
è ø
2 sin B sin C sin B sin C E
B C
Þ la = = A/2 A/2
A æ Aö
2 sin B sin C + 2 sin 2 sin 2 ç B + ÷
2 è 2 ø C B
D
2. (A) 3 0 {2 0 + 2 -1 + 2 -2 ¼¼¼¥} = 1{2}

1
3 -1 {2 0 + 2 -1 + 2 -2 ¼¼¼¥} = {2}
3
1
3 -2 {2 0 + 2 -1 + 2 -2 ¼¼¼¥} = {2}
3
M M
M M
¥
2 ´1
Hence, =3
1
1-
3
(B) b 2 + c 2 - a 2 = 2 bc cos A = 54
bc cos A = 27 = a 3 Þ a = 3
b 2 + c 2 63
= =7
9 9
(C) Circumcentre of DABC is ( -1, 0).
Point A lie on the circle ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 = 4 Þ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 3 = 0
(D) (cos q sin q + 6) = 6 (sin q - cos q) Þ 36 + sin 2 q cos 2 q + 12 sin q cos q = 36(1 - 2 sin q cos q)
Let sin q cos q = t
t 2 + 84t = 0 Þ t = 0
If sin q = 0 Þ cos q = -1 Þ q = p
p
If cos q = 0 Þ sin q = 1 Þ q =
2
3. r1 r2 + r3 r2 + r1 r3 = S 2 Þ S = 42
1 1 1 1
+ + = Þ r =8
r1 r2 r3 r
D
r=
Þ D = 336
S
D D D D
4. Use r = , r1 = , r2 = , r3 =
s s-a s-b s-a
A B C
(C) r = 4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2
and similarly r1 , r2 , r3
2. Ð O 1 EO 2 = 90° , E is the orthocentre of D O 1 EO 2 A

x 3
= ;x =1
sin 30° sin 120° D E
x
30° 30°
B C
1 Ö3
3. r ( AD + AE ) = 5
2
1 A
r( BF + BD) = 10
2
B B D E
r cot
+ r cot
BF + BD 2 2 =2
Þ =2 Þ
AD + AE A A I
r cot + r cot
2 2
C B C
cos F
Applying C and D, 2 =3
A-B
sin
2
2
D 1D 2D 3 ( r1 r2 r3 ) 2 æ s s s ö
4. = =ç ´ ´ ÷
3 6 s - a s - b s - cø
D r è
( s - a) + ( s - b) + ( s - c)
³ [( s - a)( s - b)( s - c)]1 3
3
s3
Þ ³ 27
( s - a)( s - b)( s - c)
Minimum value = 1
AB AM A
5. In DABM , =
sin 150° sin 7° 83°
°
23
AC AM
In DACM , =
sin(97°-q) sin q M
Þ sin q = 2 sin 7° sin(97°- q)
Þ sin q = sin q - cos(104°- q) 7° q
30°
Þ cos(104°- q) = 0
B C
Þ q = 14°
AH BH CH R R2
6. + + = ( a cos A + b cos B + c cos C ) = (sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C )
AD BE CF D D
4R 2 bc sin A
= sin A sin B sin C = =2
D D
c AA1
7. = A
sin C æ Aö
sin ç B + ÷
è 2ø
A
AA1 cos = sin B + sin C (Q R = 1) B A/2 C
2
A B C c
AA1 cos + BB 1 cos + CC 1 cos
Þ 2 2 2 =2 A1
sin A + sin B + sin C
8. ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots, then
b 2 = 4 ac …(1)
2 2 2
sin A sin C a c a + c b + 2 ac cos B
+ = + = =
sin C sin A c a ac ac
= 4 + 2 cos B
A B C
9. cot , cot , cot is AP
2 2 2
In DABC ,
A B C A B C
cot + cot + cot = cot × cot × cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A C
Þ cot × cot = 3
2 2
AM ³ GM
A C
cot + cot
2 2 ³ cot A × cot C Þ cot
B
³ 3
2 2 2 2
10. ( R 2 - 4 Rr + 4 r 2 ) + ( 4 r 2 - 12 r + 9) = 0
( R - 2 r) 2 + (2 r - 3) 2 = 0
3
Þ r = ; R = 2r
2
DABC is an equilateral triangle.
11. In DBCP , A
3 PC 3 3
=
sin 60° sin q B
60° 3
C
q a
PC = 2 3 sin q
60°
2 ab cos C + 2 3 ab sin C ( a 2 + b 2 - c 2 ) + 12
12. b + c = =
2b 2b
13. R = 3, D = 6
PDDEF = DE + EF + DF = R(sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C )
= 4R sin A sin B sin C
æ b c ö 1
= 4Rç sin A ÷ = (2 D ) = 4
è 2R 2R ø R
❑❑❑
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 343
25
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
æp ö p æp ö
2. (cot -1 x) ç - cot -1 x ÷ + 2 cot -1 x - cot -1 x + 3 ç - tan -1 x ÷ - 6 > 0
è 2 ø 2 è 2 ø
- (cot -1 x) 2 + 5 cot -1 x - 6 > 0
(cot -1 x) 2 - 5 (cot -1 x) + 6 < 0
(cot -1 x - 3)(cot -1 x - 2) < 0
2 < cot -1 x < 3
cot 3 < x < cot 2 (Q cot -1 x is decreasing)
3. 1 + tan 2 (tan -1 2) + 1 + cot 2 (cot -1 3) = 1 + 2 2 + 1 + 3 2 = 15
a æ (n + 1) 2 + (n + 1) - ((n + 1) 2 - (n + 1)) ö
4. å tan -1 çç 1 + ( n + 1) 4
- ( n + 1) 2
÷
÷
n =1 è ø
5. cot -1 ( cos a ) - tan -1 ( cos a ) = x
p
- 2 tan -1 cos a = x
2
p x
- = tan -1 cos a
4 2
x
1 - tan
cos a = 2
x
1 + tan
2
x 1 - cos a a
Þ tan = Þ sin x = tan 2
2 1 + cos a 2
æ æ 1ö æ 1ö ö
ç çn + ÷ - çn - ÷ ÷
æ 4 ö æ 1 ö 2ø è 2ø ÷
6. T n = tan -1 çç ÷÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç è
2
è 4n + 3 ø ç 2 ÷ ç æ 1 ö æ 1ö ÷
è n + ( 3 4) ø ç 1 + çn + ÷çn - ÷ ÷
è è 2 øè 2øø
æ 1ö æ 1ö
T n = tan -1 ç n + ÷ - tan -1 ç n - ÷
è 2ø è 2ø
æ 1ö æ 1ö p æ 1ö
S n = tan -1 ç n + ÷ - tan -1 ç ÷ Þ S ¥ = - tan -1 ç ÷
è 2 ø 2
è ø 2 è2ø
np
7. cos -1 (1 - x) + m cos -1 x =
2
Domain x Î[0 , 1]
cos -1 (1 - x) + m cos -1 x > 0 (Qm > 0)
There is no solution. p
8. 2 tan -1 (2 x - 1) = cos -1 x
2x - 1³ 0 1³ x > 0
O
1 –1 +1
x³
2
–p
Only one solution
9. Put x = 2 sin q , y = 3 cos q
x y sin q cos q
+ -2 = + - 2 Î [-3 , - 1]
2 2 3 2 2 2
sin q cos q
\ + - 2 = -1 only
2 2
10. (cos -1 x) 2 - (sin -1 x) 2 > 0 Þ (cos -1 x + sin -1 x)(cos -1 x - sin -1 x) > 0
Þ cos -1 x - sin -1 x > 0
p p p 1
Þ - 2 sin -1 x > 0 Þ - £ sin -1 x < Þ -1 £ x <
2 2 4 2
2
11. f( x) = x + 7 x + k( k - 3) = 0
f(0) < 0 (Q k Î (0 , 3))
Þ a and b are of opposite sign.
æ 1ö æ 1ö
tan -1 a + tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 b + tan -1 çç ÷÷ = 0
èaø èb ø
12. f( x) = a + 2 b cos -1 x
D f : [-1, 1]
f( x) is decreasing function.
Þ f( -1) = 1 Þ a + 2 bp = 1
and f(1) = -1 Þ a = -1
2
æp ö 5p 2
13. Let tan -1 x = t Þ t2 + ç -t÷ =
è2 ø 8
3p -p -p
Þ t= or Þ tan -1 x = Þ x = -1
4 4 4
y
14. –2p
x
–5p/2 –3p/2 –p/2 O p/2 3p/2 2p 5p/2
p
15. 1 £ sin -1 (cos -1 (sin -1 (tan -1 x))) £
2
sin 1 £ cos -1 (sin -1 (tan -1 x)) £ 1
cos(sin 1) ³ sin -1 (tan -1 x) ³ cos 1
sin(cos(sin 1)) ³ tan -1 x ³ sin(cos 1)
tan(sin(cos(sin 1))) ³ x ³ tan(sin(cos 1))
1
16. x + = -2 sin(cos -1 y) Þ x = -1 and y = 0
x
17. tan -1 1 + tan -1 2 + tan -1 3
æ 5 ö
tan -1 1 + p + tan -1 ç ÷=p
è1-6ø
æ -p p ö
18. Let tan -1 x = q , q Î ç , ÷
è 2 2ø
2q + cos -1 cos 2q Þ 2q £ 0
q £ 0 Þ tan -1 x £ 0 Þ x £ 0
y
p/2
5p/2 x
p/2 p 3p/2 2p
19. 0
–p/2
16 ( x 2 + y 2 ) - 48 px + 16 py + 31p 2 = 0
31p 2
x 2 + y 2 - 3 px + py + =0
16
2 2
æ 3p ö æ pö 9p 2
çx- ÷ +çy + ÷ =
è 2 ø è 2ø 16
22. sin -1 (sin 8) = 3 p - 8 = t
tan -1 (tan 8) = 8 - 3p = - t
f (t ) + f ( - t ) = l
2 =l
23. Graphs of y = 3 sin -1 x and y = p(1 - x) are
3p
2
1
–1
1
y = p(1–x)
– 3p
2
Clearly one point of intersection

24. D f : [-1, 1]
p
f( x) max = + 6 at x = 1
2
p
f( x) min = - - 2 at x = -1
2
¥
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
27. tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ +¼ = tan -1 ç
å ÷
2
è3ø è7ø è 13 ø r =1 è r + r + 1ø
¥
= å(tan -1 ( r + 1) - tan -1 ( r))
r =1
é 1ù
1-
1 -1 -1 (1 4) + (2 9) -1 æ 1 ö 1 -1 æ 1 ö 1 -1 ê 4ú
28. cos x = tan = tan ç ÷ = ´ 2 tan ç ÷ = cos ê ú
2 1 - ( 1 4) ´ ( 2 9) è2ø 2 è2ø 2 ê1 + 1ú
êë 4 úû
æ æ 2 ö ö
ç using 2 tan -1 x = cos -1 ç 1 - x ÷ for x ³ 0 ÷ = 1 cos -1 3 .
ç ç1+ x2 ÷ ÷ 2 5
è è ø ø
p p p p
29. tan 2 (sin -1 x) > 1 Þ - < sin -1 x < - or < sin -1 x <
2 4 4 2
æ1+ 2 ´ 4ö -1 æ 1 + 4 ´ 8 ö -1 æ 1 + 8 ´ 16 ö
30. cot -1 ç ÷ + cot ç ÷ + cot ç ÷ +¼
è 4 - 2 ø è 8 - 4 ø è 16 - 8 ø
= cot -1 (2) - cot -1 ( 4) + cot -1 ( 4) - cot -1 (8) + cot -1 (8) - cot -1 (16) +¼
= cot -1 (2)
p
32. sin -1 (1 + x) is defined for x < 0 and sin -1 x = - cos -1 x " - 1 £ x £ 1.
2
The given equation is sin -1 x + sin -1 (1 + x) = cos -1 x
which can be written as
p p
- cos -1 x + - cos -1 (1 + x) = cos -1 x
2 2
Þ p - cos -1 (1 + x) = 2 cos -1 x
Þ cos -1 ( -1 - x) = 2 p - cos -1 (2 x 2 - 1)
Þ cos -1 ( -1 - x) + cos -1 (2 x 2 - 1) = 2 p
Þ cos -1 ( -1 - x) = cos -1 (2 x 2 - 1) = p
Þ -1 - x = 2 x 2 - 1 = -1
Þ x =0
which implies that the total number of solutions sin -1 x + sin -1 (1 + x) = cos -1 x is only one.
p3
33. (sin -1 x) 3 - (cos -1 x) 3 + (sin -1 x)(cos -1 x)(sin -1 x - cos -1 x) =
16
p3
(sin -1 x - cos -1 x){(sin -1 x) 2 + (cos -1 x) 2 + (2 cos -1 x sin -1 x)} =
16
p3
(sin -1 x - cos -1 x)(sin -1 x + cos -1 x) 2 =
16
p2 p3
(sin -1 x - cos -1 x) =
4 16
p p
2 sin -1 x - =
2 4
3p
2 sin -1 x =
4
3 p
sin -1 x =
8
3x x
x = sin or cos
8 8
æ 1 + x 2 - 1ö
35. f( x) = tan -1 ç ÷
ç x ÷
è ø
1+ x2 -1
=y
x
1 2x
x - ( 1 + x 2 - 1)
2 1+ x2
y¢ =
x2
1+ x2 -1
= > 0 always
x 2( 1 + x 2 )
x®¥ y®1
x ® -¥ y ® -1
-1
tan ( -1 ® 1)
æ p pö
ç - , ÷ - {0}
è 4 4ø
40. cos -1 x + cot -1 x = l " x Î [-1, 1]
é p 7p ù
lÎê ,
ë 4 4 úû
41. x 3 + bx 2 + cx + 1 = 0
f( -1) = b - c < 0
f(0) = 1 > 0
Þ -1 < a < 0
a = -B
B Î(0 , 1)
æ 2 sin B ö
y = -2 tan -1 (cosec B ) - tan -1 ç ÷
è cos 2 B ø
æ 2 cos B ö 2 sin B
= - ç p + tan -1 ÷ - tan -1 = -p
2
è 1 - cosec B ø cos 2 B
p
42. f( x) = + cot -1 {- x}
2
p p
< cot -1 {- x} £
4 2
43. sin -1 (sin 3) + tan -1 (tan 3) + sec -1 (sec 3)
( p - 3) + ( 3 - p ) + 3 = 3
44. (2np , 0) n Î I
45. f( x) = sin -1 ([ x] - 1) + 2 cos -1 ([ x] - 2)
-1 £ [ x] - 1 £ 1 Þ 0 £ [ x] £ 2
-1 £ [ x] - 2 £ 1 Þ 1 £ [ x] £ 3 Þ [ x] = 1 or 2
2. cos -1 x = tan -1 x Þ x Î[0 , 1]

æ 1- x2 ö
tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 x
ç x ÷
è ø
Þ x2 = 1- x2 Þ x4 + x2 -1=0
5 -1
x2 =
2
æ 4 2ö æ æ 17 ö ö
3. tan ç cos -1 + tan -1 ÷ = tan ç tan -1 ç ÷ ÷
è 5 3ø è è 6 øø
a = 17 , b = 6
æ 17 ö
5. sin -1 ç x 2 - 6 x + -1
÷ = sin k
è 2 ø
1
where -1 £ k £ 1
17 x
0
y = x2 - 6x + 1
3
2 –
2
p3
6. (sin -1 x - cos -1 x)((sin -1 x) 2 + (cos -1 x) 2 + 2 sin -1 x cos -1 x) =
16
p p p
Þ sin -1 x - cos -1 x = Þ cos -1 x = Þ x = cos
4 8 8

1. a = 2p
b = -3
2. a = 0
b=3
n
3. (A) 33n = [2 + (n - 1) 2 ] Þ n = 9
2
é p 7p ù
(B) x Î [-1, 1] Þ cos -1 x + cot -1 x Î ê ,
ë 4 4 úû
(C) cos q =|1 + sin q| Þ cos q ³ 0
Sq. both sides,
Þ cos 2 q = 1 + sin 2 q + 2 sin q
sin q = 0 or sin q = -1
Number of solution = 3
(D) a = x( x - 1)
Possible values of a are 6, 12, 20, 30.
4. (A) tan -1 (3) + tan -1 ( -3) = 0 y
(B) 1 + sin x = 2 cos 2 x

Þ 2 sin 2 x + sin x - 1 = 0
(2 sin x - 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
p x
p p 0 p 3p 2p
(C) tan x = - 2 2
4 2
(D) f( x) = x 3 + x 2 + 4 x + 2 sin x
f ¢( x) = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 4 + 2 cos x > 0
and f(0) = 0
1. 5 - 2 p > x 2 - 4 x
x 2 - 4 x + (2 p - 5) < 0
2 - 9 - 2p < x < 2 + 9 - 2p Þ l = 9
B r
2. sin = A
2 IB
A C I
IB = 4 R sin sin r
2 2 B B/2 C
90°–C/2
æ Bö r A C 90°–B/2
sin ç 90° - ÷ = 1 Þ BI 1 = 4 R sin cos r1
è 2 ø BI 1 2 2
A
( II 1 ) 2 = ( BI ) 2 + ( BI 1 ) 2 = 16 R 2 sin 2 …(1)
2 I1
æ Aö
I 2 I 3 cos ç 90° - ÷ = a (by using pedal triangle)
è 2 ø
A
I 2 I 3 = 4 R cos
2
A
( I 2 I 3 ) 2 = 16 R 2 cos 2 …(2)
2
From (1) & (2) we get l = 16
æ 1ö æ3ö
3. 2 tan -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷
5
è ø è 5ø
æ 5 ö æ3ö
tan -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷
è 12 ø è 5ø
æ 5 ö æ3ö æ æ3ö æ 5 öö
tan -1 ç ÷ - tan -1 ç ÷ = - ç tan -1 ç ÷ - tan -1 ç ÷ ÷
è 12 ø è4ø è è4ø è 12 ø ø
æ 16 ö æ 63 ö
= - tan -1 ç ÷ = - cos -1 ç ÷
è 63 ø è 65 ø
Þ l = 65
æ 1 ö
¥ ¥ ç ÷
-1 æ 2 ö -1 ç 2 ÷
5. å 2 tan çç
è n 2
+ n + 4
÷÷ =
ø
å
2 tan
ç n2 n ÷
n =0 n =0
ç + + 1÷
è 4 4 ø
æ æ n 1ö n ö
¥ ç ç + ÷- ÷
-1 ç è 2 2ø 2 ÷
= å 2 tan
ç n æ n 1ö ÷
n =0
ç ç + ÷ + 1÷
è 2è2 2ø ø
¥
æ n 1 n ö
= å 2 çè tan -1 æçè 2 + 2 ö÷ø - tan -1 æçè 2 ö÷ø ÷ø
n =0
6. cos -1 (|3 log 26 (cos x) - 7|) = cos -1 (|log 26 (cos x) - 1|)

|3 log 26 (cos x) - 7| =|log 26 (cos x) - 1|
Let log 26 (cos x) = t
|3t - 7| =|t - 1|
Þ t = 3 and t = 2
3 2
Þ cos x = 6 - and 6 -
❑❑❑
26
VECTOR & 3DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
1. Perpendicular distance from origin

p
d=
a 2 + b2 + c 2
p2
\ d2 =
a 2 + b2 + c 2
1 ® ®
2. Area of triangle = | a ´ b| = 3
2
® ® p ® ® 12
Þ | a|| b|sin = 6 Þ | a|| b| =
3 3
® ® ® ® p
a × b =| a|| b|cos =2 3
3
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
4. | c - a|2 = 8 Þ | c|2 - 2 c × a + | a|2 = 8 Þ | c|2 - 2| c| + 1 = 0 Þ | c|2 = 1
® ® ® ®
Also, a ´ b = 2i$ + 2 j$ + k$ Þ | a ´ b| = 3
® ® ® ® ® ® p 1 3
\ |( a ´ b ) ´ c| =| a ´ b|| c|sin = 3 ×1× =
6 2 2
4
5. cos q 1 =
5
4
cos q 2 =
5
Þ cos 2 q 1 + sin 2 q 2 = 1
® ® ® ® p
æ ö
7. l( a ´ b ) × ( a ´ b ) = 4 3 ç abcos = 1÷ Þ b=1
è 3 ø
® ®
l( a 2 b 2 - ( a × b ) 2 ) = 4 3
Vector & 3Dimensional Geometry 353
l( 4 ´ 1 - (1) 2 ) = 4 3
4 3
l=
3
8. x(3i$ + 2 j$ + 4 k) + y(2i$ + 2 k$) + z( 4i$ + 2 j$ + 3 k$) = a( xi$ + yj$ + zk$)
$
Þ (3 - a ) x + 2 y + 4 z = 0
2 x - ay + 2 z = 0
4 x + 2 y + (3 - a )z = 0
For non-trivial solution
3 -a 2 4
2 -a 2 =0
4 2 3 -a
® ® ® ® ® ®
a×a a× b a× c
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
9. b×a b× b b × c =[a b c ]2
® ® ® ® ® ®
c×a c×b c×c
® ® ® ® ®
10. | c|2 = 4( a ´ b ) 2 + 9 b 2 = 4( a 2 b 2 - ( a × b ) 2 ) + 9 b 2 = 192
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
c + 3 b = 2 a ´ b Þ c 2 + 9 b 2 + 6 b × c = 4( a 2 b 2 - ( a × b ) 2 )
- 3
Þ 6 × 4 × 192 cos q = -288 Þ cos q =
2
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
11. | a - 2 b|2 + | b - 2 c|2 + | c - 2 a|2 = 5a 2 + 5b 2 + 5c 2 - 4( a × b + b × c + c × a )
® ® ® ® ® ® æ -3 ö
= 15 - 4( a × b + b × c + c × a ) £ 15 - 4 ç ÷ = 21
è 2 ø
® ® ® ® ® ® -3
Q a× b+ b× c + c ×a ³
2
® ® p ® ® ® ®
12. 16| a|| b|sin = 3| a|2 + 3| b|2 + 6| a|| b|
2
Þ 3 a 2 - 10 ab + 3 b 2 = 0 Þ (3 a - b)( a - 3 b) = 0
—® —® ® ® ® ® —® —®
Now OC × AB = ( a + b ) × ( b - a ) =| OC || AB|cos q
b2 - a 2 9a 2 - a 2
Þ = cos q = (using b = 3 a)
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 9a 2 + a 2
4
\ cos q =
5
4
1-
q 1 - cos q 5 =1
\ tan = =
2 1 + cos q 4 3
1+
5
—® 1 —® —® A
13. AM = ( AB + AC )
2
2 l 3 B C
M
2
14. 3 3 5 =0 Þ l - 3l + 2 = 0
l 2 2
® ® ® ê ® ® ® ® ® ® ú
15. ( a + b - c ) × ê( b + c - a ) ´ ( c + a - b )ú
ë û
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
( a + b - c ) × ( b ´ c + b ´ a + c ´ a - c ´ b - a ´ c + a ´ b ) = 2( a + b - c ) × ( b ´ c + c ´ a )
®®® ®®® ®®®
= 2 ([ a b c ] + [ b c a ]) = 4 [ a b c ]
16. ( a$ ´ b) ´ ( a$ + b) = ( a$ × ( a$ + b)) b - ( b × ( a$ + b)) a$ = (1 + a$ × b)( b$ - a$ )
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
® ® ® —® —® ® —® —®
17. Angle between planes is angle between n 1 and n 2 , where n 1 = AB ´ AC and n 2 = AD ´ AC
® ®
n 1 = -2i$ + 4 j$ - 3 k$, n 1 = 6i$ + 3 j$ - 6 k$
® ® ®
18. a1 = x 1 i$ + y 1 j$ + z 1 k$ , a 2 = x 2 i$ + y 2 j$ + z 2 k$ and a 3 = x 3 i$ + y 3 j$ + z 3 k$ are mutually
perpendicular unit vectors, then
x1 y1 z1
® ® ®
[ a1 a2 a3 ] = x 2 y2 z2 = ±1
x3 y3 z3
22. On solving, Ax = C and Bx = D Q
é 1ù é3 ù ® Ù Ù Ù ,3
)
ê ú ,2
x= 2 x = ê 1ú n=i+j+k (1
ê ú ê ú P
êë3 úû êë2 úû
Plane
P = (1, 2 , 3), Q = (3 , 1, 2)
x -1 y -2 z -3 x+y+z=9
PP ¢ : = = =l
1 1 1
(l + 1, l + 2, l + 3) lies on plane P¢
3l + 6 = 9 Þ l = 1
\ P ¢ = (3 , 4 , 5)
Q¢
Similarly Q ¢ = ( 5, 3 , 4)
Now check the options.

—®
23. AM = (a - 1) i$ + j$
—®
BM = (a - 1) i$
a -1 1 0
—®
$ $ $
CM = (a - 3) i + 2 j + 2 k are coplanar, then a - 2 0 0 = 0
a -3 2 2
—®
24. Normal vector is parallel to PQ P(1,–2,3)
x1 - 1 y1 + 2 z 1 - 3
= = =l
1 -1 1
Þ x 1 = l + 1, y 1 = -2 - l, z 1 = 3 + l
Mid point of PQ is lie on the plane Q(x1, y1, z1)
2
Þ l=
3
æ 5 - 8 11 ö
Qç , , ÷
è3 3 3 ø
25. |a$ - b$| = 1
1
Þ cos q =
2
3
Volume of parallelopiped = [a$ b$ a$ ´ b$] = sin 2 q =
4
26. Equation of line PQ
x -3 y -7 z -1
= = =l
1 2 -6
Point Q(3 + l , 7 + 2l , 1 - 6l)
If it lies on plane 3 x + 2 y + 11z = 9 , then
25
l=
59
® ® ®
27. V 1 = [ a b c]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
V2 =[ a + b - 2 c 3 a -2 b + c a - 4 b + 2 c ] = 15[ a b c]
28. Line represented by x + ay - b = 0, cy + z - d = 0 is parallel to
(i$ + aj$) ´ ( cj$ + k$) = ai$ - j$ + ck$
Line represented by - x + a ¢y + b¢ = 0, c ¢y - z + d ¢ = 0 is parallel to
(i$ - a ¢ j$) ´ ( c ¢ j$ - k$) = a ¢ i$ + j$ + c ¢ k$
If these two lines are perpendicular, then

aa ¢ + cc ¢ = 1
29. Equation of line PQ
®
r = (2i$ - 2 j$ + 3 k$) + m (i$ + 5 j$ + k$)
Þ Co-ordinate of Q(2 + m , 5 m - 2 , 3 + m)
If point Q lies on plane, then
10
m=
27
—® 10 $ 50 $ 10 $
PQ = m i$ + 5 m j$ + m k$ = i + j+ k
27 27 27
® ® ® ® ® ®
30. ( a ´ b) ´ c = a ´ ( b ´ c )
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
( a × c ) b - ( b × c ) a = ( a × c ) b - ( a × b) c
® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ ( a × b) c = ( b × c ) a y
® (0,1)
31. Let r = xi$ + yj$ (– 7, 0) ( 7, 0)
x
® ® O
r × ( r + 6i$) = 7
Þ x 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 16
Area of quadrilateral = 8 7 (0,–7)
® ® ® ®
1 |( p - q ) ´ ( r - q )|
33. =4 ®
P(p)
2 1 ® ®
| q ´ r|
2
® ® ®
O
Also, p + k1 q + k 2 r = 0
®
® ® ® Q(q) ®
Þ p = -k1 q - k 2 r = 0 R(r)
Þ k1 + k 2 + 1 = 4
Þ k1 + k 2 = 3
34. Let length, breadth and height of rectangular box be a , b, c respectively.
®
P = ai$ + ck$ Z
(0,0,c)
® R(0,b,c)
R = bj$ + ck$ P
(a,0,c) (0,0,0) (0,b,0)
a ® b c
O = i$ + j$ + k$ Q
2 2 2 x (a,0,0)
—® —®
æa b c ö æa b c ö
| OQ|| OR |cos q = ç i$ + j$ + k$ ÷ × ç i$ - j$ - k$ ÷
è2 2 2 ø è2 2 2 ø
1
Þ cos q = -
3
1
Similarly, cos f = -
3
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
36. r = a (m ´ n ) + b( n ´ l ) + c ( l ´ m )
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
where [ l m n ] = 4, r × l = 4a, r × m = 4b, r × n = 4c
which imply that
a+ b+ c 1
=
® ® ® ® 4
r ×( l + m + n )
1 ®®® ®®®
37. The volume tetrahedron is given by k = [ a b c ] Þ [ a b c ] = 6 k
6
The volume of parallelepiped is given by
® ® ® ® ® ® ®® ® ® ® ®® ® ® ®
[ a - b b + 2 c 3 a - c ] = [ a b + 2 c 3 a - c ] + [- b b + 2 c 3 a - c ]
®® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®® ® ® ® ® ® ®
= [ a b 3 a - c ] + [ a 2 c 3 a - c ] + [- b b 3 a - c ] + [- b 2 c 3 a - c ]
®® ® ® ® ® ®®® ®®®
= [ a b - c ] + [- b 2 c 3 a ] = - [ a b c ] - 6 [ a b c ]
®®®
= -7[ a b c ]
Volume is 42 k.
38. We know that the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of planes
p1 = 0 and p 2 = 0 is
p1 + lp 2 = 0
That is,
( x + 2 y + z - 10) + l (3 x + y - z - 5) = 0 …(1)
Since, this plane passes through the origin (0 , 0 , 0) satisfies this equation. This implies that
( -10) + l( -5) = 0
Þ l = -2
Substituting the value of l in Eq. (1), we get
( x + 2 y + z - 10) - 2 (3 x + y - z - 5) = 0
That is, -5 x + 3 z = 0
Þ 5x - 3z = 0
39. Let the point P( x p , y p , z p ) be the required point.
The distance of the point from x-axis is y 2p + z 2p .
The distance from the point (1, - 1, 2) is

( x p - 1) 2 + ( y p + 1) 2 + ( z p - 2) 2
Þ y 2p + z 2p = ( x p - 1) 2 + ( y p + 1) 2 + ( z p - 2) 2
Þ x 2p - 2 x p + 2 y p - 4 z p + 6 = 0
Therefore, the locus of point P is
x 2 - 2 x + 2 y - 4z + 6 = 0
3. Point P on line L1 Ù Ù
i + 7j – 5k
Ù
P(2 + l , 1 + 7l , - 2 - 5l)
(2,1,–2)
Point P on line L 2
P( 4 + r , - 3 + r , - r) Þ l = -1, r = -3 P
(4,–3,0)
Acute angle between L1 and L 2
Ù Ù Ù
13 i+j–k
cos q =
15
Equation of plane containing L1 and L 2 is x + 2 y + 3 z + 2 = 0
4. a$ = b$ + ( b$ ´ c$)
a$ × b$ = 1 and a$ × c$ = b$ × c$
|a$ - b$| =|b$ ´ c$| Þ sin q = 0 (Q q = b$ c$)
|a$ + b$ + c$|2 = 3 + 2( a$ × b$ + b$ × c$ + a$ × c$) = 5 + 4( b$ × c$)
Ù Ù Ù
i – j + mk
5. If these two lines are coplanar, then
Ù Ù Ù
1 -1 m (3i – 2j – 4k)
1 m 2 =0
2 0 5 Ù Ù Ù
Ù Ù Ù
(5i – 2j + k) i + mj + 2k
2
Þ 2m - 5m - 1 = 0
® ® ®
6. i$ ´ [( a - j$) ´ i$] + j$ ´ [( a - k$) ´ j$] + k$ ´ [( a - i$) ´ k$] = 0
®
2 a - (i$ + j$ + k$) = 0 Þ (2 x - 1)i$ + (2 y - 1) j$ + (2 z - 1)k$ = 0
1
Þ x = y =z =
2
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
7. [ a ´ b c´d e ´ f ] = ( a ´ b ) × [( c ´ d ) ´ ( e ´ f )] = ( c ´ d ) × [( e ´ f ) ´ ( a ´ b )]
® ® ® ® ® ®
= ( e ´ f ) × [( a ´ b ) ´ ( c ´ d )]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
= ( a ´ b ) × [( c ´ d ) × f ] e - [( c ´ d × e ) ´ f ]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
=[ c d f ][ a b e] -[ c d e ][ a b f]
Similarly, solve other 2.
® ® ® ® ® ®
8. 3 ( a - b ) + ( b - c ) + 2 ( c - d ) = 0
—® —®
BC + 2 CD —®
= BA
1+ 2
®
10. b = 2 c$ + la$
®
æ 1ö
| b |2 = 4 + l2 + 4l ç ÷ = 16 Þ l = -4 , 3
è4ø
11. L1 : x = y = z
x -1 y + 1 z
L2 : = =
1 -1 -1
1
Shortest distance =
2
Equation of plane containing line L 2 and parallel to L1
y - z + 1=0
1
Distance of origin from this plane =
2
® ® ® ®
12. r ×( a + b + c ) = 0
®®®
Þ [ a b c ](sin x + cos y + 2) = 0
Þ sin x = -1 and cos y = -1
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
13. ( a ´ b ) ´ ( c ´ d ) = [( a ´ b ) × d ] c - ( a ´ b × c ) d = r c + s d
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
where r =[a b c ] and s = - [ a b c ] as c and d are non-collinear.
® ® ® ® ® ®
Similarly, h = -[ b c d ] and k = [ a c d]
® ® ®
14. Here, a = i$ + 2 j$, b = 2i$ + aj$ + 10 k$ and g = 12i$ + 20 j$ + ak$
1 2 0
®®®
\ [a b g ] = 2 a 10 = a 2 - 24 a + 240 > 0 , for all a
12 20 a
® ® ®
\ a , b and g are non-coplanar or linearly independent for all a.
Hence, (a, b, c) is the correct answer.
®
19. Let r = xi$ + y$j + zk$
®
If r ´ i$ = $j + k$ Þ - yk$ + z$j = $j + k$
®
Þ r = xi$ - $j + k$
®
If r ´ $j = i$ + k$ Þ xk$ - zi$ = i$ + k$
®
r = i$ + y$j - k$
20. (A) See dot product
(C) y = ln( e -2 + e x )
e y - e -2 = e x
21. ( -3 - 4l , 6 + 3l , 2l) = ( -2 - 4m , 7 + m , m)

1. AB = BC (2,0,0)
A
p.v. of H = j$ + r (i$ - j$ + k$) (1,0,1)

D
—® —®
Also, AH × BC = 0 H
(0,1,0) (0,0,2)
Þ [( r - 2)i$ + (1 - r) j$ + rk$] × ( - j$ + 2 k$) = 0 B C
1
Þ r - 1 + 2r = 0 Þ r=
3
i$ 2 j$ k$
2. p.v. of H = + +
3 3 3
2 $ j$ 2 k$
p.v. of centroid = i + +
3 3 3
®
3(p. v .) of centroid - p. v . of H
p.v. of S =
2
1
y coordinate of S =
6
3. Let P º ( a , b, c)
Þ ( a - 2) 2 + b 2 + c 2 = a 2 + ( b - 1) 2 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + ( c - 2) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
æ 1 ö
Þ P = ç 1, , 1÷
è 2 ø
3
PA =
2

® ® ®
4. PQ = ( b - a ) cos q (where q angle between AB and plane) B(b)
®
® ® ® A(a)
|( b - a ) ´ n|
=
® ® ®
| n| P Q r×n=d
® ® ®
5. Equation of line AP is r = a + l n A(a)
®
® ® ®
For point P( a + l n ) × n = d
® ® ® ®
P r×n=d
d- a×n
l=
®
| n |2
A¢
æ® ® ®ö æ ® ® ö
ç d- a×n ÷ ® ç d - a × n ®÷
\ P ç a+ ÷ \ A ¢ is a + 2 ç ® n ÷
®
ç | n|2 ÷ ç | n|2 ÷
è ø è ø
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
b×n -d a×n -d ( b - n) × n
6. Distance =|BQ - AP|= - =
® ® ®
| n| | n| | n|

7. B(3 + 2l , - 1 - 3l , 2 - l) L1
d r of L 2 < 2l , - 3l + 3, 1 - l >
®
B
L 2 is parallel to plane r × (2i$ + j$ - k$) = 5 A L2
(3,–4,1)
\ 4l - 3l + 3 - 1 + l = 0
2l = -2 Þ l = -1
\ B(1, 2 , 3)
®
So, equation of L 2 is r = (3i$ - 4 j$ + k$) + l(i$ - 3 j$ - k$)
8. Equation of plane contain L1 & L 2 is
x -3 y + 1 z -2
0 3 1 =0
-1 6 2
i . e. ,
( x - 3)(6 - 6) + ( y + 1)(0 + 1) + ( z - 2)(0 + 3) = 0
y + 3z - 5 = 0
9. Any point of L1 is (3 + 2l , - 1 - 3l , 2 - l)
if on plane p, then
2 (3 + 2l) + 1( -1 - 3l) - 1(2 - l) = 5

2l = 2 Þ l = 1
\ Q(5, - 4 , 1)
if on xy plane, then 2 -l =0 Þ l =2
\ R(7 , - 7 , 0)
3 -4 1
1 —® —® —® 1 7
Volume of tetrahedran = [ OA OQ OR ] = 5 -4 1 =
6 6 3
7 -7 0

Sol. Use crammer rule,
Intersect at a unique point Þ D ¹ 0
Do not have any common point of intersection.
Þ D = 0 and atleast any one of D x , D y , D z is non-zero (condition of no solution)

® ® ®
Sol. | a | =|b | =| c | = r
® ®
C(c) B(b)
æ ® ®ö
® ça +b÷ ® O
a +ç ÷+c
ç 2 ÷
è ø
PV of E : ®
3 A(a)
® ® ®
® 3 a+ b + 2 c
e=
6
® ® ®
®
a+b+c
PV of G : g =
3
æ ® ® ®ö æ ® ® ö
—® —® ç 3 a + b + 2c ÷ ç a + b ® ÷
12. OE × CD = 0 Þ ç ÷ ×ç - c ÷ =0
ç 6 ÷ ç 2 ÷
è ø è ø
® ® ®
Þ a ×( b - c ) = 0
—® —®
\ OA ^ BC
\ DABC must be isosceles with base BC.
—® —®
\ | AC| =| AB|
—® —®
æ ® ® ® ® ® ® ö æ ® ® ®ö
ç 3 a + b + 2c a + b + c ÷ ç a + b ÷
13. GE × CD = 0 Þ ç - ÷ ×ç - c ÷ =0
ç 6 3 ÷ ç 2 ÷
è ø è ø
® ® ® —® —®
Þ ( a - b ) × c = 0 Þ AB ^ OC
\ ABC must be isosceles with base AB.
\ Circumcentre and centroid lie on median through C.
\ Orthocenter also lie on median through C.
—® —® —® —® —® —®
14. [ AB AC AB ´ AC ] = ( AB AC ) 2
® ® ® ® ® ®
(a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a)2
2
—® —® —® —® —® —® ì -1 ® ® ® ® ® ® ü
[ AE AG AE ´ AG ] = ( AE ´ AG ) 2 = í ( a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a )ý
î18 þ
1 —® —® 2
= ( AB ´ AC )
324
15. D(3 , - 1, 2) AB lies along (0 , 1, 2)
CD lies along (3 , - 2 , 0)
Equation of plane containing AB line
x -1 y -1 z -1
0 1 2 = 2 ( x - 1) + 2 ( y - 1) - ( z - 1) = 0
2 -2 0
Containing CD line 2 ( x - 1) + 2 ( y - 1) - ( z - 2) = 0
16. r = (3 , - 1, 2) + d (1, 0 , 0)
Equation of ABC plane is x = 1.
æ ®ö æ ® ®ö y ®
ç2b ÷ ç3b +2a ÷ B(b)
17. R ç ÷ and Q ç ÷
ç 5 ÷ ç 5 ÷ Q
è ø è ø ®
R A(a)
æ ® ®ö æ ®ö P
ç3b +2a ÷ ® ç2b ÷
mç ÷ l a + 1ç ÷ x
ç 5 ÷ ç 5 ÷ O
è ø è ø
=
m+1 l+1
2m l 3m 2 10
Þ = and = Þm=
5 (m + 1) l + 1 5 (m + 1) 5 (l + 1) 9
1 —® —® 1é 2 ® ® ®ù 3 ® ®
18. Ar ( DOPA) = OP ´ OA = ê (3 b + 2 a ) ´ a ú = ( b ´ a)
2 2 ë 19 û 19
éæ ® ®ö ®ù
1 —® —® —® —® 1 êç 3 b + 2 a ÷ ® 2 ® ® 2bú
Ar ( PQBR ) = OQ ´ OB - OP ´ OR = êç ÷´b - (3 b + 2 a ) ´
2 2 ç 5 ÷ 19 5 ú
êëè ø úû
3 ® ®
= (a ´ b)
19
x -1 y + 2 z ®
1. (A) Line = = is along the vector a = -2i$ + 3 j$ - k$ and line
-2 3 -1
® ® ® ®
r = (3i$ - j$ + k$) + t(i$ + j$ + k$) is along the vector b = i$ + j$ + k$. Here a ^ b .
3 - 1 -1 - ( -2) 1 - 0
Also, -2 3 -1 ¹ 0
1 1 1
(B) The direction ratios of the line x - y + 3 z - 4 = 0 = 2 x + y - 3 z + 5 = 0 are
i$ j$ k$
1 -1 2 = i$ + 7 j$ + 3 k$
2 1 3
Hence, the give two lines are parallel.

(C) The given lines are
®
( x = t - 3 , y = 2t + 1, z = -3t - 2) and r = (t + 1) i$ + (2t + 3) j$ + ( -t - 9)k$ ,
x + 3 y -1 z + 2 x -1 y -3 z + 9
or = = and = =
1 -2 -3 1 2 -1
The lines are perpendicular as (1)(1) + ( -2)(2) + ( -3)( -1) = 0
-3 - 1 1 - 3 -2 - ( -9)
Also, 1 -2 -3 =0
1 2 -1
Hence, the lines are intersecting.
® ® 3
(D) The given lines are r = (i$ + 3 j$ - k$) + t(2i$ - j$ - k$) and r = ( -i$ - 2 j$ + 5k$) + s (i$ - 2 j$ + k$).
4
1 - ( -1) 3 - ( -2) -1 - 5
2 -1 -1 = 0
1 -2 3 4
Hence, the lines are coplanar and hence intersecting (as the lines are not parallel).
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
2. (A) If a , b and c are mutually perpendicular, then [ a ´ b b ´ c c ´ a ] = [ a b c ]2
® ® ®
= (| a|| b|| c|) 2 = 16
® ® ® ® p
(B) Given a and b are two unit vectors, i . e. ,| a| =| b| = 1 and angle between them is .
3
® ®
| a ´ b| p ® ® 3 ® ®
sin q = Þ sin =| a ´ b| ; =| a ´ b|
® ® 3 2
| a|| b|
® ® ® ® ® ®®® ®® ®® ®® ®®
Now [ a b+ a ´ b b] = [ a b b] + [ a a ´ b b] = 0 + [ a a ´ b b]
® ® ® ® ® ® 3
= ( a ´ b ) × ( b ´ a ) = -| a ´ b|2 = -
4
® ® ® ®
(C) If b and c are orthogonal, b × c = 0
® ® ®
Also, it is given that b ´ c = a
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Now [ a + b + c a+ b b + c ] =[a a+ b b + c]+[b + c a+ b b + c]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
=[a b c ] = a × ( b ´ c ] = a × a =| a|2 = 1
®
(because a is a unit vector)
® ® ®
(D) [ x y a] = 0
® ® ®
Therefore, x , y and a are coplanar.
® ®®
[ x , y b] = 0
® ® ®
Therefore, x , y and b are coplanar.
®®®
Also, [a b c] =0
® ® ®
Therefore, a , b and c are coplanar.
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
® ® ® ® ®®
x , y and c are coplanar. Therefore, [ x , y c ] = 0
1. Line L is the shortest distance line of given lines.

2. [a$ b$ c$] = [b$ ´ c$ c$ ´ a$ a$ ´ b$] = [a$ b$ c$]2
Þ [a$ b$ c$] = 1
( b$ + c$) × ( a$ ´ b$) [a$ b$ c$]
Projection of b$ + c$ on a$ ´ b$ = =
|a$ ´ b$| |a$ ´ b$|
1
3. Let l = m = n =
2
—® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
4. OC = a 2 ( a + b ) 2 + b 2 ( a ´ b ) 2 + 2ab [ a × ( a ´ b ) + b × ( a ´ b )]
2
2æ 1ö æ 3ö
Þ 1 = a ç 1 + 1 + 2 × 1 × 1 ÷ + b 2 × 1 × 1çç ÷ +0
÷ …(1)
è 2ø è 2 ø
—® —® —® —® p
Also, OB × OC =| OB||
× OC |cos
3
1 1 1
Þ a ×1×1×
+ a ×1 = Þ a= …(2)
2 2 3
8
From (1) and (2), b2 =
9
n +1
® ® æé 0 -1 / 2 ù ö ®
5. v n +1 - v n = çç ê ÷ v0
è ë1 / 2 0 úû ÷ø
® ® é 0 -1 / 2 ù ®
v 2- v 1 = ê v0
ë1 / 2 0 úû
® ® 3 ®
é 0 -1 / 2 ù
v 3- v 2 = ê v0
ë1 / 2 0 úû
® ® n ®
é 0 -1 / 2 ù
v n - v n -1 = ê v0
ë1 / 2 0 úû
Adding all the equations,
® ® ®
v n - v 0 = ( A + A 2 + A 3 +¼¼ A n ) v 0
é 0 -1 / 2 ù ® ®
where A = ê ú Þ v n = ( I + A + A 2 +¼¼ ) v 0
ë1 / 2 0 û
1 2 1 3 1 4
6. Let B=A- A + A - A +¼¼
3 9 27
AB A2 1 3 1 4
=-- + A - A +¼¼
3 3 9 27
æ Aö
çI + ÷B = A
è 3ø
1
B = (3 I + A) -1 A
3
n
æ 1 1 ö 1 1
7. det M n = å çè (2 k + 1)! - (2 k + 2)! ÷ø = 1! - (2n + 2)!
k =0
® ®
8. | a + b| = 3
Þ Squaring both sides
® ® 1
Þ a× b =
2
® ® ® ® ®
c = a + 2 b-3 a ´ b
® ® ® ® 5
Þ a × c =2 & b × c =
2
® ® ® ® ® ®
p =|( a × a ) b - ( b × c ) a|
2
® 5®
p = 2 b- a
2
21
p= Þ [ p] = 2
2
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
9. r = ( a ´ b ) sin x + ( b ´ c ) cos y + 2 ( c ´ a )
® ® ®®®
r × a = [ b c a ]cos y
® ® ®®®
r × b = 2[ c a b ]
® ® ®®®
r × c = sin x [ a b c ]
Þ sin x + cos y + 2 = 0
Þ sin x = -1 and cos y = -1
p
x =- y =p
2
10. New equation of plane : 4 x + 7 y + 4 z + 81 + l(5 x + 3 y + 10 z - 25) = 0

( 4 + 5l) 4 + (7 + 3l) 7 + ( 4 + 10l) 4 = 0
Þ l = -1
Þ Equation of plane : x - 4 y + 6 z - 106 = 0
106
distance = = 212
53
® ® ®
18. w ´ m = n
® ® ® ® ®
n ×( w ´ m ) = n × n = 1
❑❑❑

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Function 1

Exercise-1 : Single Choice Problems

2. For any b Î R e| x -b| is

Since |a + b + c| =|a| + |b| + |c|

Range f( x) = R = codomains Þ onto function

f( x) = 100{ x} Þ f( 2 ) = 100{ 2 } = 100 ´ 0.414 = 41.4

63. f( x) = sin(log 7 (cos(sin x)))

80. We have, [ x]2 - 7 [ x] + 10 < 0

82. f( x) such f(1 - x) + 2 f( x) = 3 x " x Î R

91. ln|ln| x|| ³ 0 Ç | x|2 - 7| x| + 10 £ 0

95. f(2) = 3 f(2) = 4

Exercise-2 : One or More than One Answer is/are Correct

10. f( x) = cos -1 ( - {- x})

Exercise-3 : Comprehension Type Problems

Paragraph for Question Nos. 4 to 6

Paragraph for Question Nos. 7 to 8

Paragraph for Question Nos. 9 to 10

Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 14

Exercise-4 : Matching Type Problems

Exercise-5 : Subjective Type Problems

1. f( x) - 2 x + 1 = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4)( x - 5)(2009 x - a )

there are total 7 solutions.

Exercise-1 : Single Choice Problems

33. Let sin -1 x = q

Substracting equation (1) and (2),

Exercise-2 : One or More than One Answer is/are Correct

Exercise-3 : Comprehension Type Problems

Paragraph for Question Nos. 1 to 2

4. x > 0 x < tan x

Exercise-5 : Subjective Type Problems

Exercise-1 : Single Choice Problems

f( x) is non-differentiable at five points.

d2 y 3 æç f ¢(t 2 )( f ¢(t 3 ) + 3t 3 f ¢¢(t 3 )) - 2t 2 f ¢(t 3 ) × f ¢¢(t 2 ) ö÷ dt

tan x tan x < cot x

32. ln f( x) = 4 ln( x - 1) + 3 ln( x - 2) + 2 ln( x - 3)

Clearly 3 sharp points.

Clearly, 3 non-differentiability points.

76. We gave, y = ( x 2 - 9)( x 2 - 4)( x 2 - 1) x

ì f( x) + 1 = x + 2 , x Î ( -¥, - 1) x = -1, 1non differentiable

Exercise-2 : One or More than One Answer is/are Correct

x(3 e1/ x + 4) æ4ö

lim | f( x)| = lim f( x) = 0

(b) lim [ x(tan -1 ( x + 1) - x tan -1 ( x + 1))] + [5 tan -1 ( x + 1) - tan -1 ( x + 1)]

lim ( - ( -h) 4n ) £ lim f(0 - h) £ lim ( -h) 4n Þ f(0 - h) = 0

14. If f( x) is continuous at x = 2 then 3 p + 10 q = 4

22. \ f and g must be continuous.

f(3 ) = lim ( x 2 - 8 x + 17) = 2

Exercise-3 : Comprehension Type Problems

Paragraph for Question Nos. 1 to 2

Paragraph for Question Nos. 3 to 4

f( x) = x 2 - 3 x g¢¢(2) = 2( -2) + 2(2) = 0

Paragraph for Question Nos. 5 to 6

Paragraph for Question Nos. 7 to 8

Paragraph for Question Nos. 9 to 10

Paragraph for Question Nos. 11 to 13

Paragraph for Question Nos. 14 to 16

Paragraph for Question Nos. 17 to 18

Paragraph for Question Nos. 19 to 21

Paragraph for Question Nos. 22 to 24

Paragraph for Question Nos. 25 to 26

Paragraph for Question Nos. 27 to 28

Paragraph for Question Nos. 29 to 30

Exercise-4 : Matching Type Problems