HEPADNAVIRIDAE

Group 2
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the main representative of the family Hepadnaviridae. It is
the smallest known human DNA virus.
Dane particle Whole virus

Tubules & Sphere Part of envelope fragments or hepatitis B surface antigens.

Virus family Hepadnaviridae

Genera Parahepadnavirus, Metahepadnavirus, Herpetohepadnavirus,
Avihepadnavirus, and Orthohepadnavirus

Virus example Hepatitis B

Nucleic acid Circular, partially double-stranded DNA

Envelop present Yes

Classification
 Morphology

HBV Hepatitis B virus, 42nm double-stranded DNA virus,

Dane particle (Spherical particle that is the virion of
the virus)

HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen, found on surface of

virus, seen in serum as 22-nm spherical and tubular
particles.

HBcAg Core antigen found in nucleus of infected

hepatocytes.

HBeAg Glycoprotein, used as marker of potential infectivity,

seen only when HBsAg is also present.
Mode of Transmission
- Virus found in blood, saliva, and semen

★ Injection

★ Needlestick

★ Blood transfusion

★ Sexual contact

★ Perinatal route
 Disease associated

1. Scarring of the liver 2. Liver cancer

3. Liver damage
 PATHOGENESIS
Produce an initial infection

Followed by a period of latent infection in which the of the virus is

present in cells, but infectious virus is not recovered.

Viral DNA is maintained as an episome (not integrated), with limited

expression of specific virus genes required for the maintenance of
latency

Reactivation of virus due to complex host-virus interactions may then

result in recurrent infection

Reactivations that may lead to clinically severe disease in

immunocompromised persons.

Reactivation can be precipitated by sun exposure, fever, trauma, stress,

and other factors resulting in immunosuppression.
Treatment
Antiviral Medications ● help fight the virus and slow
entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir (Viread), its ability to damage your
lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera) liver.
and telbivudine (Tyzeka)

Interferon injections ● Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A)

is a man-made version of a
substance produced by the
body to fight infection

Liver Transplant ● removes your damaged liver

and replaces it with a
healthy liver.
Prevention
Vaccination - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Recombinant vaccine recommended for children
and high-risk persons

Hyperimmune globulin (HBIG) - Postexposure treatment with HBIG

temporarily reduces risk
- Combination of HBIG and vaccine
significantly reduces vertical transmission

Avoid Sharing Needles In clinics and hospitals, acupuncture, tattoo, drug

addict

Public Education School, mass media, primary clinics, conferences,

and seminars

Law Enforcement For prostitution, drug addicts, homosexuals

Screening of blood and blood products Avoid transfusion of infected blood

Diagnosis
Diagnosis

Liver
Blood Test Liver Biopsy
Ultrasound
● Transient
elastography
can show
amount of liver
damage
Laboratory Diagnosis in HBV infections

Status Diagnosis infection

Acute Infection
Vaccine Immunity
Recovered, Healed
Chronic, patient infectious
Exclusion of HBV
HBc-IgM, HBs-Ag
HBs-IgG
HBs-IgG, HBc-IgG
HBe and HBs-Ag, PCR
HBc-IgG Negative