Biographical criticism

Biographical criticism is a form of literary criticism which analyzes a

writer's biography to show the relationship between the author's life
and their works of literature.[2] Biographical criticism is often
associated with historical-biographical criticism,[3] a critical method
that "sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection of
its author's life and times".[4]

This longstanding critical method dates back at least to the

Renaissance period,[5] and was employed extensively by Samuel
Johnson in his Lives of the Poets (1779–81).[6]

Like any critical methodology, biographical criticism can be used with

discretion and insight or employed as a superficial shortcut to
understanding the literary work on its own terms through such
strategies as Formalism. Hence 19th century biographical criticism
came under disapproval by the so-called New Critics of the 1920s, Samuel Johnson's Lives of the
Poets (1779–81) was possibly the
who coined the term "biographical fallacy"[7][8] to describe criticism
first thorough-going exercise in
that neglected the imaginative genesis of literature.
biographical criticism.[1]
Notwithstanding this critique, biographical criticism remained a
significant mode of literary inquiry throughout the 20th century,
particularly in studies of Charles Dickens and F. Scott Fitzgerald, among others. The method continues to
be employed in the study of such authors as John Steinbeck,[2] Walt Whitman[3] and William
Shakespeare.[9]

Contents
Peripatetic biographical criticism
Recognition of otherness
Connections to other modes of criticism
Assessments of biographical criticism and literary biography
See also
References
External links

Peripatetic biographical criticism

In The Cambridge history of literary criticism: Classical criticism, in a chapter titled "Peripatetic
Biographical Criticism", George Alexander Kennedy notes that in the Hellenistic age, "The works of
authors were read as sources of information about their lives, personalities and interests. Some of this
material was then used by other commentators and critics to explain passages in their works. The process
became a circular one in that, though Peripatetic biographers utilized external evidence where available,
they had little to go on and quarried the texts for hints".[10]

Recognition of otherness
Jackson J. Benson describes the form as a "'recognition of 'otherness'—that there is an author who is
different in personality and background from the reader—appears to be a simple-minded proposition. Yet as
a basic prerequisite to the understanding and evaluation of a literary text it is often ignored even by the most
sophisticated literary critics. The exploration of otherness is what literary biography and biographical
criticism can do best, discovering an author as a unique individual, a discovery that puts a burden on us to
reach out to recognize that uniqueness before we can fully comprehend an author's writings.'"[2]

Connections to other modes of criticism

Biographical criticism shares in common with New Historicism an interest in the fact that all literary works
are situated in specific historical and biographical contexts from which they are generated. Biographical
Criticism, like New Historicism, rejects the concept that literary studies should be limited to the internal or
formal characteristics of a literary work, and insists that it properly includes a knowledge of the contexts in
which the work was created. Biographical criticism stands in ambiguous relationship to Romanticism. It has
often been argued that it is a development from Romanticism, but it also stands in opposition to the
Romantic tendency to view literature as manifesting a "universal" transcendence of the particular conditions
of its genesis.

Assessments of biographical criticism and literary biography

In The Art of Literary Biography (1995), John Worthen writes:

'The fact that we want an emergent sense of the inevitable development

suggests the enormously soothing quality which biographies have come to
have in our age. Not only do biographies suggest that things as difficult as
human lives can – for all their obvious complexity – be summed up, known,
comprehended: they reassure us that, while we are reading, a world will be
created in which there are few or no unclear motives, muddled decisions, or
(indeed) loose ends.'[11]

See also
Biography in literature

References
1. "Criticism" (http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/criticism).
2. Benson, Jackson J. (1989). "Steinbeck: A Defense of Biographical Criticism". College
Literature. 16 (2): 107–116. JSTOR 25111810 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111810).
 3. Knoper, Randall K. (2003). "Walt Whitman and New Biographical Criticism" (https://doi.org/1
0.1353%2Flit.2003.0010). College Literature. 30 (1): 161–168. doi:10.1353/lit.2003.0010 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1353%2Flit.2003.0010). Project MUSE 39025 (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/39
025).
4. Wilfred L. Guerin, A handbook of critical approaches to literature, Edition 5, 2005, page 51,
57-61; Oxford University Press, University of Michigan
5. Stuart, Duane Reed (1922). "Biographical Criticism of Vergil since the Renaissance".
Studies in Philology. 19 (1): 1–30. JSTOR 4171815 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171815).
6. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/criticism "Samuel Johnson's Lives of the Poets
(1779–81) was the first thorough-going exercise in biographical criticism, the attempt to
relate a writer's background and life to his works."
7. Lees, Francis Noel (1967) "The Keys Are at the Palace: A Note on Criticism and Biography"
pp. 135-149 In Damon, Philip (editor) (1967) Literary Criticism and Historical Understanding:
Selected Papers from the English Institute Columbia University Press, New York,
OCLC 390148 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390148)
8. Discussed extensively in Frye, Herman Northrop (1947) Fearful Symmetry: A Study of
William Blake Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, page 326 and following,
OCLC 560970612 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/560970612)
9. Schiffer, James (ed), Shakespeare's Sonnets: Critical Essays (1999),pp. 19-27, 40-43, 45,
47, 395
10. George Alexander Kennedy, The Cambridge history of literary criticism: Classical criticism,
page 205, Cambridge University Press, 1989
11. John Worthen, 'The Necessary Ignorance of a Biographer,' in John Batchelor (ed.) The Art of
Literary Biography, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995 pp.227-244, p.231

External links
SEGRILLO, Angelo. Confessions of a Biographer: Reflections upon the Theory of Biography
(http://lea.vitis.uspnet.usp.br/arquivos/leaworkingpapersconfessionsofabiographer.pdf). LEA
Working Paper Series, no. 5, March 2019

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