uel 262 (2020) 116500 Contents lists available at ScienceDisect IFUEE Fuel Journal homepage: www.clsevier.com/locate/fuel Full Length Article Pine oil-soapnut oil methyl ester blends: A hybrid biofuel approach to completely eliminate the use of diesel in a twin cylinder off-road tractor 8. diesel engine Y. Venkatesan”, N. Nallusamy” * GRU Cale of Engrg a Teco, Now Permit, Chea ni SM Calige of ngimerg,HalantAan, anche In GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT "actor engine performance using hybrid biofuel Saspaut oll methyl eter and pine ol Blends) eywert ‘otzoad vehicles used for construction ad agricultural activities are one amoag the major source of exhaust Hybrid be “emision In order rece the envionment mpc ese by these vices, es encouraged owe biofiels Poe a which are renewable and lal available thoughout the yea. the present work, ight bof pine ol was ‘Scop met eters Induced to blend with @ methyl ester derived from soapnut oi This paper details the experimental in ffs veces vestigation ofthe performance, eorbustion and enission characteristics ofan aprcultural tractor engine wn ‘donna acer engine is e ngine wing eee the combination of biofuels a. complete replacement of conventional diesel fel. The meshyl esters of apt ‘il was blended with pine cil itferent proportion. The blends PIOOSNBO, P75SNB25, PSOSNBSO, P25SNB75 ‘and POSNIO0 were prepared on volume isis and complied with ASTM D-6751 specifications. The experiments were conducted i a Sampson S217, Twin elinde tractor diesel engine to study the performance, combustion ‘nd emission characteris ofthe prepared biofuel. The result showed thatthe speci fuel eaneumption of PTOOSNBO in bine! bends decrease up 4% with the ereased engine ld. The brake ther een of the blend P5OSNBSO and F7SSNBIS were increased by 8% and 10% respectively at fl load condition compared ‘ith ise. The biofuel blend outperformed conventional Petro-iesel in tems of smoke, unburnthyrocarbon (GC) and carbo monoxide (CO) with alight penalty or NO, emissions. Up to 50% pine ol blended biodlesl {© 735NBS, PSOSNSO) fuel can be used in diesel engines without affecting its performance, emision and ‘combustion characteristic "Corresponding author. ‘mal are: venktso2¥t gail om (V.Venkatsa). hnup://d.og/10.10167.fe.2019.116500 Received 21 August 2019 Received in revised form 12 October 2019; Accept 23 Oxtober 2019 ‘Ailable online 08 November 2019 (0016-2361/ © 2019 Fever Ld. Alright reserved1. Introduction In the future, our traditional hydrocarbon fuels which ae typically non-renewable would be depleted. Also, the amount of CO, released by burning petroleum diesel is trapped in the earth, increasing the tem perature of eatth’s atmosphere resulting in global warming, whereas the CO, released by biodiesel mostly consumed by plants forts growth, ne ty to roc te mount of COs produced om ea om (2c) engines isto increase the use of renewable biofuels. Is the time to explore alternative and renewable sources of fuel for the future ‘The alternative fuel must be technically feasible, economically com> petitive and easily available. In this regard, biodiesel is considered as the only alternative for the esol engines that can be used dicectly without any modifications. The low emission level of biodiesel make it an ideal fuel for use in auto: ‘motive engines, stationary engines, generator engines and off road ve hcl engines. Biodiesel are generally prepared from vegetable ol seeds, plants, animal fat and used cooking oil ete., Among these, biodiesel Prepared from oilseeds has gained considerable importance, which in tum reduces the dependence on crude oll and petroleum impor. Ultimately, this can generates agricultural revenue and creates rural jobs. Te is found that the commonly used oilseeds for the biofuel pro: ductions ace soya bean, rapeseed, sunflower seed, palm seeds ote, Fuel prepared from the abave edible oll seeds are ealled as fist generat biofuels [1]. Though these fuels altemate the petroleum based fuels ‘effectively, there are some downsides in the usage of these edible cil feedstock. Biodiesel production using these edible oil Teads to th ‘crease in price of cooking oil, which in turn increases the cost of the biodiesel. Moreover, for plantation i requires massive lan, ultimately affects our agriculture and also food production 2). The second gen ‘eration biofuels are usually derived from the non-edibe seed erops like jatropha, karanja, waste cooking oil and animal fats, et., Even though these kind of plants do not compete with food production, only few producing erops are economical on a large scale Biofuel has certain disadvantages like high viscesity, clogging of Injector nozzles, carbon deposition on cylinder walls, gum formation in the presence of oxygen and thickening of lubriating oil. Over the decades, researchers have made rigorous efforts to resolve the major issues associated with biofuels, ‘The problem of gum formation and clogging of nozzle ean be alle: Viated by trans esterification of biofuel [3]. The high viseosity of the biofuels causes poor atomization leading to incomplete combustion. viscosity of biofuel can be reduced effectively by blending it with some proportion of diel by volume. Another approach sto combine the low Viscosity fuels suchas alcohols, plant based biofuels lke eucalyptus oi ‘and turpentine with standard diesel or highly viseous biodiesel like “Jatropha, Karanja, Soapnut, Waste cooking ol, Cashew Nut Shell ‘ete, (0 attain viscosity closer to dies! (4). Recent researches on advanced cultivation methods, extraction and processing techniques have made It possible to produce biodiesel at ‘economical costs and quantities from plant based cil. The blends of biodiesel with fossil diesel has many benefits like reduction in emis sions, higher cetane rating, lower engine wear and reduction in oil ‘consumption etc, Some biofuels offer better engine performance and ‘emission characteristics compared with diesel and conventional bio- ‘dese (5). The utilization of these plant based biofuels wll have a great Impact on Indian economy. “The on road vehicles lke cars, buses and trucks are recognized as, important source of air pollution, less attention has been paid in eo- trolling emissions from off road engines. The exhaust gas emission ‘especially NO, and particulate matter of agricultural engines are very high compared to on road vehicle engines [6]. But the efforts taken to ‘cut down emissions from these offroad engines are sil very less. On such effort is the hybrid biofuel approach which eliminates the use of diesel completely using the blends of a low viscous fuel with a high Ft 22 (2020115500, viscous non-edible ol 1.1, Hybrid biofuel approach for dese engines Past biofuel researches targeted the blending of biofuels with low viscous diesel up to a certain percentage. In recent years, studies have bbcen carried out to explore the potential of hybrid biofuels which completely eliminates the usage of conventional diesel in compression ‘ignition (CD engines. Studies revealed that there is a considerable i provement in engine performance and reduced emission levels by using less viscous fuel such as alcohol, eucalyptus oil and pine oil blended with high viscous biodiesel fuels. A study conducted using 100% pine oil in diesel engines reduced carbon monoxide (CO) emission by 65%, hydrocarbon (HO) emission by 30%, smoke emission by 70%, inreased brake thermal efficiency and maximum heat release rate by 5% and 27% respectively at full load condition (7). Ina research using methyl tester derived from paradise oll and eucalyptus ol in 50: 50 ratio blend volume for the complete replacement of diesel fuel resulted in 49% rediiction in smoke, 24.5% reduction in HC emissions and 37% re duction in OO emissions. Increase in brake thermal efficiency of 2.4% with 2.7% increase in NO, emission a ull load is also reported [8 For B50 blend of paralse of! methylester and diesel, 33% redaction in ‘smoke, 22% reduction in HC emission and 5% inerese in NO, emission wore noticed. The brake thermal efficiencies of all the blends are slightly lower thaa that of standard diesel (2). “The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of bio- fuels from ceiba pentandra methylester (CPME) - pine ol blends were studied and the results were compared with diesel. The high viscosity CCPME is blended with low viscosity pine oil and diredly used in a naturally aspirated compression ignition engine, The increase in the percentage of pine oil exhibited increase in brake thermal efficiency, Increase in ignition delay due tothe low cetane number and increase in cylinder pressure due 10 higher calorific value and low viscosity. The experimental fuels up to BS0 (50:50% of pine oil and CPME) blends are known potential energy sources forthe diesel engines (10) ‘The performance and emission characteristics of Pine oil blended ‘with Kapok Methyl Ester in different proportions were tested ina single cylinder diesel engine to exclude the use offosil diesel completely. In which, forthe blend B2SP75 the brake thermal efficiency of the engine was increased by 89% in comparison with diesel The reduetion in HC, (CO and smoke emission is 14.9%, 43.2% and 33.4% respectively in comparison with the blend BSOP5O wehere the values are 12.5%, 8.1% and 18.9% for similar studies, In dual biofuel strategy using low viscous oils, BSO could be regarded as the optimum blend ratio which is feasible for long term usage in diesel engines with some additives (11) Experimental studies on combustion, performance and emission characteristics were carried out on a single cylinder, naturally aspirated tnd variable compression ratio diesel engine using conventional diesel fue! and diferent blends like B100T0, BOOTLO, 870730 and BSOTSO of Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil. The tested blends were found to bea greatest substitute to diesel fe! in all aspeets suchas emission and performance (12). Further the blend B50TS0 at a compression ratio of 20:1, results in 2.17% increase in brake thermal efficiency and 12.04%, 17.5%, 4.21% and 30.8% decrease in CO, HC, NO, and smoke opacity respectively while CO» was observed to increase by 11.04%, ‘The effect of Metaleuea Cajuputi Oil (MCO) and Refined Palm Oil, (RPO) in a four stroke, ingle cylinder diesel engine was investigated and the regression analysis was carried ont to identify the optimum blend ratio. For the optimum hybrid biofuel blend RPOS2MCO6S, in- cylinder peak pressure, NO, and the smoke opacity were dropped by 10.7%, 17.3% and 64.5% respectively at maximum engine speed [13] Neat Rubber seed Oil (RSO) and Babassu Oil (BSO) blend was used to study the performance and emission characteristics ofa twin cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Rubber seed oil and babassu oil were blended in various proportions of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 and tested at constant speed of 1200 rpm. With the optimum blend RSOB50, 20%by volume of an oxygenated additive Diglyme (DGE), which has a higher cetane number and latent heat of vaporization was added (14) ‘The addition of 20% diglyme with R5OB50 blend improved combustion ‘and increased BTE by 6% at fll load condition, The addition of dglyme 10 reduced harmful emissions like HC, CO and smoke opacity with a Slight inerease in NO, emission. "Most ofthe research based on biodiesel has been conducted in la boratories using the heavy duty highway and stationary engines, but line attention was given to off-road engines. The idling speed of of road engines are relatively low, only a small amount of fuel is supplied jin order to maintain the engine crankshaft revolution and the com- bustion effcieney drops significantly which results in higher hydro: carbon emissions (15). ‘The literature survey reveals that the usage of cual biofuel (100% biofuel) in the automotive diesel engines is very limited. Detailed ex perimental studies are still needed to counter the shortcomings of in- ‘reased NO, emission with the usage of biodiesel. This paper sum: marizes the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of soapmut oil methyl esters and its blends with pine oil (hybrid biofuels) ina tractor diesel engine (off-road vehicles) 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Puel preparaion Soap nuts are wellknown worldwide in diferent names such as soapbery, washing nuts, soap nut shell, wash shells, Ritha, Chinese soapberry and many more. There are several varetes of soapnuts found in India Indonesia, Pakistan, China, many parts of Europe, US and few ‘countries in the eastern hemisphere. Sapindus Mukoross and Sapindus ‘rifoiatus are the two major species found in southern India. The soapnut is considered as the third most productive vegetable ol pro ‘ducing erop in the world, after algae and oil palm, having significant Potential for biodiesel proguction (16). The soapmuts for this research were purchased in open markets in their dried form and de-shelled to ‘obtain the oil containing seed. The sceds were dehulled to clean and separate the oll containing kernel ‘A cold pressed oil expeller was used t0 crush the Kemels and squeeze the il using friction and continuous pressure. The extracted ci was cleaned and processed to remove impurities such as dirt and plant matters, Soap nut oil biodiesel was produced by base catalyzed trans ‘esterification reaction as itis the most economical process, requiring ‘only low temperatures and producing 98% conversion yield Esteifcaton was caried out using 0.50% KOH w/w of ol, 6:1 Mt ratio ‘of methanol to oil at a reaction temperature of 60°C for a duration of ah, Pine oil is an adorous, colorless, flammable biofuel obtained from the pine needles by steam distillation process. The viscosity, boiling point and flash point ofthe pine oi are lower, when compared to that of diesel and the calorific value is comparable to diesel. Hence it can be ‘rectly used in diesel engines without tansesterificaion. Inthe present work, the readily available pine oil was purchased from chemical ‘dealers, the fatty acid composition of the neat pine ol was examined by using, GC-MS at Sophisticated Analytical Instruments Faeility, ITM, ‘Chennai, India, The results revealed thatthe major component present inthe pine ofl is e-terpineol (C,sH40) and cepinene (CoH) with ‘simple molecular structure and lower molecsar weight than diese. The hybrid biofuel blends with different combination of pine oil and ‘soapnut biodiesel namely PLOOSNBO (100:0%), P7SSNB25 (75%:25%), PSOSNBSO (5O%:50%), _P2SSNB75 (25%:75%) and POSNB1O0 (0:100%6) wete prepared on volume basis 22, Fuel properties ‘The physical and chemical properties of the biofuel blends were ‘determined as per ASTM standard and tabulated in Tobie 1. The pine oil Ft 22 (2020115500, has lower viscosity, lower boiling point, lower cetane number, higher calorific value and high latent heat of vaporization than diesel. How- ever, the higher selignition temperature of pine ofl hampers its direct tse in diesel engines. Hence itis decided to blend the pine oi with the ‘methyl esters of soapnn oil at different proportions to balance most of the properties and to bring it eloser to petro diese. Recently, re- searchers turned ther attention to use lower viscosity and lower eetane vd fuels Ike eucalyptus ol, pine ofl and camphor of in Compression Ignition (C1) engines [17]. BY using such fuels, the atomization, ev Poration and air/fuel mixing process can be improved. Moreover, it creates sufficient delay time and the fuel to air equivalence ratio is reduced to decrease the soot emission without compromising Experiments were conducted on CI engine using diesel, palm ofl biodiesel blends with rerpentine oi at 10, 20, 30 and 40 percentages by volume [18], The fuel characterization study revealed that the Tow viscosity of turpentine oil makes combustion process of biodiesel easier With no unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, Si- rilarly low flash point makes fuel to catch fire rapidly with no ignition delay and the higher calorific value is useful in giving more poner ‘output. With this scope, this experimental work was carried out to blend the low viseosty, low eotane indexed pine oil with the high viscosity, high cetane indexed soapnut il methyl ester. Addition of Ssoapnut oil methylester with pine il inereases the fash point of pine oil blend. Hence it i safer to store the blends as compared to pine ofl alone 23, Experimental setup ‘The engine used for this experimental work is Simpson's $217 rin cylinder CL engine used in agricultural tractor. The engine develops a ‘maximum power of I5kW at 1500 rpm. The engine is coupled with an eddy current dynamometer of Accurate make for loading. The com pression ratio of the engine is 18.5:1 and a hemispherical-type com. bustin chamber is used to create the necessary svirl. The detailed specifications ofthe engine are listed in Table 2. A mechanical-type fuel injection system with a multi hole nozzle injector is used. The fuel in jection timing is fixed at 25°bTDC and the constant injection pressure is ‘maintained at 200 bar throughout the test. The time taken for 20. of fue! consumption was noted manually using @ burette and stopwatch for calculating total fuel consumption. The ar flow rate was measured using an oifce meter fitted with a U-tube manometer in the intake aie supply system, Fi. 1 shows the schematie diagram of the experimental setup. Incylinder combustion pressure and its cyelic varations were ob- tained using Kistler 701A pressure transducer mounted over the cy linder head and the corresponding crank angle was measured through crank angle encoder placed in the crankshaft. The combustion pare ‘eters such as heat release rate and ignition delay were measured using the software Engine Performance Analyzer EPA 1.0.1, In the present study, exhaust emissions such as CO (Carbon monoxide), CO (Carbon dioxide), and O, (Exhaust oxygen) are measured in tems of pereentage volume. The HG (Unburnt hydrocarbon) and NO (Oxides of nitrogen) fre measured in terms of parts pee milion (ppm) using AVI. 444 di gos analyzer based on Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) principle. The smoke opacity was measured using AVL 432C smoke meter. 24, Experimental procedure and uncertainty analysis Before starting the experiment, the engine was allowed to run at 11400 rpm without load for 20 min so as to attain the steady state con- ditions. At the steady state conditions, the base test was carried out using diesel as fuel at different loads, The engine was loaded at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% progressively in steps by controlling the current applied to the eddy current dynamometer. When changing engine load, the rack position of fuel pump is adjusted to regulate the fuel supply so that a constant speed of 1400.pm is. maintained.Ft 22 (2020115500, ‘able 1 Propet of pine ol nd capt bade bens compared with sl Deny a Cm) = “7 a 7 we Tra ie Veco at 50"C om) me 2 ie i a x0 smo Ma pat (2 = = is @ a ‘stupas Loealatierake Aq) am alan aan ‘ate moms am perry ‘atte uncertainty ofthe various equpments used fr this experimental sty Tentengine mecnctions, as thown in Table 3 Nose Spe 37 ar om Ine dea neon acl engin tay mint 3, Results and discussion tena Sat t27 0m 231. Brake specif fuel consmpion Cubic capacity . 1670.6 ‘The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC or SFC) of the engine is Tate over 1S 150m intuenced by the properties of fel, engine design and operating con: a pn sich i an divons. The Fg. 2 shows the variation of BSPC with respect to Toad for camo ay creat diesel, pine oil and pine cilsonpnt methyl eter blends. Thee reste pik up Whenever, the fuel is changed the engine was allowed to run for about 15min to attain steady state condition with the new fuel before mes ‘surements were taken. The experiments were repeated for all the test, fuels, Uhree trials were conducted for each loading and finally the average values were taken for calculations. Calculations were made to find out the Specific fuel consumption, Brake power, and Brake thermal ‘ffcieney for all the fuel samples (Diese, PLOOSNBO, P7SSNB25, P50SNBSO, P25SNB75 and POSNBIOO) andl the engine emissions were also noted. To ensure the legitimacy of the measured values, un certainty analysis [19] was carried out based on the percentage signiflant reduction in BSFC of pine oil than diesel beyond 50% loa. “This is due to its higher calorific value and lower viscosity of pine oil than diesel fuel and other biofuel blends. Based on the volume of Soapnut biodiesel in the blend, the calorific value deereases con: siderably and thereby increasing the brake specific fuel consumption. rom the experimental results, it was inferred that all the biofuel bends (PIOOSNBO, P75SNB25, PSOSNB5O, P25SNB75 and POSNB1OO) pro- duce optimum results at full lads. A reduetion of 18% of BSPC was observed in the blend P7SSNB25 and PSOSNUSO at full oad condition than diesel ig. 1. Schematic of experimental setup.Ft 22 (2020115500, ‘Table 3 Uncertain of the measuring instruments/equipmets a ‘Crank angle encoder Magnetic pickup eype v 02 2 Ld indies Siri gouge tp ond ell akg toa 4 ry a4 dig DIR in| bos Soa 5 te INL AM die ‘ov peice 2059 oa é oo, AML 44 aie ‘oi pice aa Pais 7 xo. AVL 8 die DIR pine 1079 : 4 Ske meter a Hated smoke meter we 1 Diesel }P100SNBO [MMBP7ssne2s }PS0SNB5O }P25SNB75 IE PosNa100 SFC (kekW-hn) ° eee Load (99) 100 ig. 2. The variation of specific fel consumption with load 3.2, Broke thermal efficiency ‘The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine is inversely pros portional tothe brake specific fuel consumption and depends upon the properties of fuel and combustion parameters. Due to high volatility ‘and low viseosity of pine ol, atomiation and vaporization are im proved. Fig. 2 shows the variation of brake thermal efficiency with respect to engine load for diesel, pure pine oil and pine oil-soapnut biodiesel blends at different loads. From the Fig. 2 itis infered thatthe Increase inthe percentage of pine oil inthe blends, inereases the brake BIE (%) thermal efficiency. For the blends PSOSNB5O, P7SSNB25 and P10OSNBO, the brake thermal efficiency was increased by 89%, 10% and 13% respectively at full load condition compared with diesel 3.3 Cylinder pressure an heat release rate Variation of eylinder pressure with respect to crank angle for the diferent biofuel blends and diesel at fll load is presented in Fig, 4. No significant differences in peak eylinder pressure were nated within biodiesel blends. The exhaust gas temperature and heat release rate of all the fuel blends were higher than diesel due tothe better combustion of fuel. The eylinder peak pressure for diesel, P1OOSNBO, P75SNB25, PSOSNBSO, P25SNH7S and POSNBLOD were recorded as 88.57 bar, 91.22bar, 87.54 bar, 85.28 bar, 85.09bar and 84.62 har respectively ‘he cylinder peak pressure of PLOOSNBO was 48% higher than the biodiese! blends and 39 higher than diesel. This could be due to the lower viseosity of pine oil that is a favorable property asa fuel for combustion through better vaporization and atomization. The increase jn the soapnut biodiesel blend ratio decreases the peak pressure as compared to diesel and pine oil. This is due to the higher viscosity ofthe blends and lower heating value. Fg. 5, shows the heat release rate of ‘methyl esters of soapnut oil and its blends of pine oll. The PLOOSNBO shouts higher heat release than diesel and other blends due to its higher calorific value. 34, Exhaust gos temperature Diesel engine operates at higher compression ratio than the gasoline engines, which increases the temperature in the combustion chamber that results in higher exhaust gas temperature. The formation of NO, Fig. 9 The variation of brake thermal efficeney with lad 109 Desa ‘ ~ pres bel = PSOSNBSO| i = rosnbo 2 0 é 5 4 & x a eo) Crank angle (dee) ig. 4 The variation of einer resure with crank angle.Ft 22 (2020115500, Diesel 5 500. P100SNBO| 3 ~ P7SSNB25 . P5OSNB5O 2 = P2ssNB75 : —— Posns100 E s000 = 00 Z ° DCO Crank angle (deg) ig. 5. The variation of engine heat release rate with crank angle Disa Prssne2s Psosneso [i >os18100 Exhaust gas temperature (°C) Load (8) Fig 6. The variation of exhaust gas temperature with lad ‘emission depends mainly on the temperature of the combustion. At higher cylinder temperatures, the emissions of NO, is higher because more energy promotes the chemical reaction. Lower the temperatures, lower the NO,, The exhaust gas temperature rises as the load on the ‘engine inereases. The variation of exhaust gas temperature with respect to engine load is presented in Fig. 6. The diesel has the east exhaust gas temperature than all other biofuel lends at full load operation. The ‘exhaust gas temperature of P1OOSNBO is slightly lower than diesel at higher londs. nereasing biodiesel percentage inthe blends increases the ‘exhaust gas temperature by 5%-20% due to excess oxygen present in the soapaut biodiesel. 35, Smoke density Smoke emission increases with the increase in engine load due to ‘overall richer fuel-air ratios. Hence, engine power is normally specified based on the maximum tolerable smoke density to curtail the black smoke emissions from engine. The smoke opacity indicates the soot ‘content on exhaust gas, it is also component of particulate matte. The ‘aration of smoke emission with respect to engine load is presented in Fig. 7. The smoke opacity ofall the tested fuels are lower than that of diesel at all the load, Hence it can be concluded that the blends P7SSNB25 and PSOSNBSO would be better blend from the view point of smoke level : re Be = 2 ° 0 2 50 75 100 Load (%) Fig, 7. The voration of smoke emission with lod. 3.6. Unburnt hydrocarbon emission ete combustion of fuel leads to unburnt hydrocasbon (HO) emissions resulting from lean combustion and improper mixing of air and fuel inside the combustion chamber. The viscosity of fel, ignition quality, spray characteristics and engine operating conditions play a Vital role inthe formation of HC emission. The variation of HC emission for the tested fuel at diferent engine loads are presented in the Fis. 8. HC emissions of Soapout biodiesel blends are lower than that of pure pine oil owing to post lame oxidation. Due to the excess axygen present in the plant based oils and higher the cetane number, the complete combustion is ensured. From the experimental results, it was observed that the reduction of 40-60% of Unburnt hydrocarbon emission at fall load for the blends P75SNB25 and PSOSNBSO than diesel. 3.7. Carbon monoxide emision ‘The carbon monoxide (CO) emission is generally formed when there 's insufficient oxygen for the combustion of fuel. Some other factors affecting the OO emission are Cotane number, earbon-to- hydrogen ratio of the fel used [20]. Diesel engines working with excess air ‘normally emits lower CO. The carbon monoxide emission of all the text fuel increases as the load increases and is shown in Fig. 9. The diesel ° F 20 75 100 Load (%) ig. 8. The variation of hydrocarbon emision with load030) Mmmrosxsroo 02s Vol) 020 cou ° 5 50 75100 Load (8) Fig. 9. The variation of carbon monoxide emission with land Presnas assur PosN 100 Noxon ° 5 20 75 10 Load (%) ig, 10. The variation of NO, emision with load. ‘and P7SSNBQS has almost same value of CO emission up to 60% load and beyond that the CO emission is very lower than diesel, P1OOSNBO ‘and other higher blends. From the experimental results, it ean be con ‘luded that P75SNB25 gives better result in terms of CO reduction at higher load. The obtained CO emission results are similar to the results ‘achieved in a F1145 John Deere Front Mower of-oad engine using waste cooking il biodiesel blends with diesel at idling condition (21) 38, Oxides of nitrogen emission Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, emission depends upon the time needed for the reaction to take place and the ineylinder temperature. The variation of NO, emission with respect to engine load for different fuels are presented in Fig. 10. The NO, emission of P7SSNB2S has shown very slight increase than diesel and low values than other soapaut biodiesel blends as well as pine oil. Increase in the pine oil content in the blend in turn inereases the ignition delay due to the lower cetane number which leads to higher heat release rate. The better combustion fof these blends increases the cylinder temperature and thercby in- ‘creasing the NO, emission a all the loads, From the results, 1 ean be ‘conelld that the blend P75SNBQS has litle inerease in NO, emission ‘of about 39%-5% in part load conditions. Ft 22 (2020115500, 4. Conclusions ‘The current work focusses on the salient features in the usage of hybrid biofuel pine oil-soapnut oil methyl ester blends in a tractor diesel engines thereby swapping the use of conventional diese! fuel completely. The fuel properties of pine oil is unique and superior to conventional diesel whereas for soapaut biodiesel, itis similar to other edible and nonedible biodiesel fuels. The blends also have similar physical and chemical properties as per the ASTM biofuel standard and favorable for diesel engine operation. The concept of blending low viscous neat pine oil with the high viscous soapnut oil methylester reduces the cost of fuel substantially. The lower cotane value of pure pine oil could be balanced by higher cetane value of soapnut oil methyl fester so a8 to achieve better combustion. The following conclusions were made with respect fo engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics, ‘Forte blends PLOOSNBO, P75SNB2S and PSOSNBSO, the increase in brake thermal efficiency of about 1296, 10% and 8% respectively was observed at full load condition compared with diesel the biofuel blends (P1O0SNBO, P75SNB25, PSOSNBSO and P25SNB75) offers enhanced fuel economy beyond 50% load. A re ‘duction of 18% in BSFC was observed fr the blend P50SNBSO at fal, load condition than diesel ‘The eylinder peak pressure for PSOSNBSO was recorded as 85,38 bar which is slightly lesser than diesel. The exhaust gas temperature for the blends P7SSNB25 and PSOSNRSO is similar to that of diesel at igher loads «Tere ie a reduction of 40% in unburnt Hydrocarbon emission with the blends P7SSNB25 and PSUSNESO as compared to diesel at full, load. ‘©The Carbon monoxide emission forthe blend P75SNB2S is lower by 69% than al the test foes at fll load condition. The increase in NO, temission of about 2%-5% was found for the Blend P7SSNB2S at low P25SNB75 have smoke emission les than diesel up 10 75% load and almost same as that of diesel at full load. ‘The experimental results proved that the hybrid biofuel blend P75SNB25 ean be considered as a potentially good substitute for the tractor diesel engine. Overall, the performance, combustion and emis son characteristics ofthe tested fuels shonied better results than can- ventional biodiesel fuels and its blends with diese. The homogeneous composition of two or more biofuels facilitate their use in advanced engine concepts such as HCCI, Lean bur engines and LHR engines. The hybrid biofuel approach is highly compatible withthe long term strive towards advanced and more efficient engines. Declaration of Competing Interest “The authors declare that they have no known competing financial, Interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inl ence the work reported in this paper. 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