HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

INTRODUCTION TO THE EMERGING TRENDS IN

EVS
 More EVs on the road
• EV companies like Tesla, Ola, and a few other PV Manufacturers like Tata have
proven that electric vehicles can replace traditional fossil fuel vehicles in the
coming decades. Other factors like rising fuel prices, reducing battery prices,
narrowing the gap between the upfront cost of EVs and ICE vehicles, tightening
emission norms, low cost of ownership for zero-emission vehicles compared to
their ICE counterparts, growing general awareness regarding environmental
issues are aiding the sales growth of electric vehicles.

• Besides the dedicated electric vehicle startups, all the legacy players are also
launching their EV offensive with a wide range of e-cars. Electric vehicles are
likely to outcompete the traditional ICE vehicles by 2030. Considering that,
expect more new electric cars to be launched in 2023, taking the EV share in the
global auto industry higher than 2022.
 Autonomous cars to see growth
• If electric cars are to see a significant surge in 2022, the autonomous vehicle
segment would have to witness significant changes in the industry. Self-driving
technology is finding growing importance and footprint in the auto industry.
Several legacy auto manufacturers, mobility startups, and tech companies are
working on self-driving technology. Expect massive improvements in this space
and several autonomous vehicles to come into the market in 2022.

• This would bring the auto manufacturers and technology companies much closer
as both sides would like to work together to develop futuristic technologies,
more software features, and upgrade operating systems. With the growing
demand for self-driving vehicles, the latest technologies must be offered in the
new generation of vehicles to appeal to the younger demographic.
 Increased Bets on Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Vehicles
• Hydrogen fuel cells have low prospects in cars due to high cost, expensive hydrogen refueling
infrastructure which has ‘not manifested itself,’ high hydrogen fuel prices, and questionable
emissions reductions if green hydrogen is not used. This was reflected as Honda crashed out of the
fuel cell car market in 2021.

• However, the range and refueling advantage for fuel cell electric vehicles means that heavy-duty
applications, such as long-haul trucking or high mileage bus operations, have long offered a potential
use for the technology, and progress was built in 2021.

• Hyundai is currently conducting commercial trials in Switzerland with a fleet of 46 FCEV trucks, with
plans to increase this to 1,600 trucks by 2025. They have also announced FCEV truck projects in the
US and orders for 4,000 FCEV trucks in China.

• Furthermore, there is also uptake for FCEVs in the bus market, with more than 150 fuel cell buses
operating in Europe, 65 in the US, and more than 3000 in China. A growing order book for FCEV buses
suggests demand is increasing, at least to a pilot-scale level of testing.
 Smart charging
• The idea behind smart charging is simple: unlike conventional (or
‘unintelligent’) chargers, smart chargers can communicate with
each other, your car, and the grid to provide better costs and
energy consumption.

• Smart charging also promotes better use of energy. Electric vehicles

are designed to be charged over time and don’t always have to be
charged instantly or rapidly because drivers don’t always need a full
battery. Depending on how much energy the car needs, charges
can be scheduled to go up to only 80% once a week, which also
helps prolong the life of the battery.
 Advancement in Technology
• With the rapid technological advancements, we’re seeing a development that has never
been charted before. Companies are now providing real-time data mapping, and
automotive giants aim to include this feature in their vehicles themselves.

• From battery health to mapping nearby charging stations, engine selfchecks- the new
technology is unprecedented and unique in a way that attracts consumers. We’ve already
seen improvements in the range EVs can travel between battery charges, yet continued
advancements in battery technology are critical to overcoming range anxiety.

• Make in India, which seemed like a farfetched dream, is a reality today for the mobility
industry in India. While India depends on imports from other nations, the country is slowly
moving towards making in India.
 Thermal Management in Cell-toPack Designs
• A critical trend that could impact material suppliers is the adoption of cellto-pack technology. BYD has its Blade
battery on the road, and we have now seen announcements from many automakers, including Tesla, VW, and
Stellantis, with plans to adopt cell-topack technology in the coming years. Cell-to-pack removes the modules
and stacks all cells together into one large pack. This improves energy density, manufacturing complexity, and
costs. However, it creates challenges around fire protection and transforms the thermal material requirements
compared to a traditional modular battery pack. In a typical modular battery pack, the cells sit in a module with
a thermal interface material (TIM), generally in the form of a dispensable gap filler. Another TIM is then used to
contact the module and the cooling plate. In cellto-pack, the cells can be directly connected to the cold plate.
This reduces the number of thermal interfaces, and hence a lower thermal conductivity TIM can be used.
However, there is now a need for increased adhesion strength. The transition from modular batteries to cell-to-
pack is also from thermal gap fillers to thermally conductive adhesives.

• When it comes to fire protection, the modules can be insulated and protected in a modular system. It becomes
more challenging to limit thermal runaway propagation across the battery with cell-to-pack. This presents more
opportunities for propagation prevention materials between cells and greater protection levels for the pack
enclosure, inside and out. With little enforced regulation specific to thermal runaway, there remains a variety of
suitable solutions such as powder coatings, intumescent coatings, ceramic materials, and aerogels.
 Integration of renewables and battery storage with
EV charging infrastructure advances
• Sources of clean and renewable energy from solar and wind are increasingly being integrated into the grid by
utilities around the world. Utilities are also allocating green energy to eMobility service providers to charge
electric vehicles, further reducing the impact of hydrocarbon-based energy sources on the world.

• As the rate of EV adoption increases, public charging networks, fleet operators and campuses will need to meet
demands for energy without incurring high demand charges or putting undue demands on the power grid.
Smart energy management that balances the allocation of power between chargers is one alternative.

• Integrating onsite renewable energy generation, typically from solar panels, into the charge point’s power
supply can supplement the energy drawn from the grid. Another approach is integrating battery storage systems
into charging stations. EVgo, the largest fast charging network in the US, is an early adopter of using batteries
and smart energy management to provide a stable EV charging service. Power is fed into the batteries from the
grid during low demand/low cost times or from onsite renewables, then released to charge EVs during peak
times. It’s the same principle as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging, where batteries – in this case, in the EVs
themselves – store power during off times and feed it to the grid during peak demand.
 Non-Lithium-Ion Battery-Powered Vehicles
• A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology
that uses lithium ions as the basic and main component.
Keeping pace with the rapidly evolving EV industry, the battery
chemistry is also advancing.

• Many battery technology startups have already developed

batteries that are compatible with InstaCharge stations.
Several companies are also developing graphite battery-run
electric scooters.
 Artificial Intelligence & Internet Of Things
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the major technology trends that dominate the current
market. In fact, according to McKinsey, AI-generated speech will be behind more than 50%
of people’s interactions with computers by 2024. However, many EV companies and
manufacturers are still looking for ways to use AI effectively. The report further goes on to
say that less than one-quarter of respondents report a significant bottom-line impact of AI
adoption.

• Additionally, in the coming years, there is a high chance that we might witness the EV
segment warming up to the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT integrations will not be just limited
to the premium segment but will also occur at the services level.

• Both AI and IoT can help the industry understand and monitor a rider’s daily commute and
suggest charging cycles.
ELECTRIC VEHICLE SUPPLY EQUIPMENTS
 Vehicle

100% Battery
Petrol Hybrid Plugin Hybrid
(EV, GEV,
(ICE) (HEV) (PHEV)
BEV)
Range: 440 miles 440 miles 440 miles 100 miles
Refuel <1h 4– 8h
5min 5min
Time: Level 2 Charge Level 2 Charge
1st car 1st car 1st car 2nd car
Usage:
Familiy car Family car Family car City car
Energy
Efficiency Not Efficient Efficient More Efficient Most Efficient
:
Customer
Benchmark + Electric motor + Charging + 100% Battery
Mind:
PHEV: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
REEV:Range Extended Electric Vehicle
BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle
EV: Electric Vehicle
 Overview
EVSE electric vehicle supply equipment EV electric vehicle

Power
Pilot Inverter
AC charging plug
On board charger
AC charging cable

Protections

AC Power Supply Motor

Battery
Charging Options – Why use Level 2?

Level 1 Charging Level 2 Charging

Power Source 110 VAC, 15 A (16A peak), 208 – 240 VAC, 30 A, Dual Pole
Household Wall Outlet Dedicated Circuit
Max Charging
Up to 1.65 KW Up to 7.2 KW (240V @ 30A)
Power Output
Speed 12 – 18 hours 4 – 8 hours

Installation Plug-in wall outlet connector Electrician Installation Needed

Safety Household Circuit Breaker, UL, Household Circuit Breaker, UL,

Ground Fault, Cable only Ground Fault, Cable only energized
energized when charging when charging
Accesibility Accessible everywhere Dedicated equipment and cable

Procurement Typically included w/car After-Market Purchase

Charging Station
• POS Interface (Credit Card Swipe)
• Smart Metering
• Flex Charging
• Wireless Communications

Watt Station Residential

• Home Use
• Low Cost
• Lightweight Plastic

Watt Station
• Touch Screen Monitor
• Ergonomic Design
• Curb Appeal
• Retractable Cord Management
EV Charging Station presents a highly modular design that can be
upgraded as new technology arrives and customer needs evolve

LED Bar Charger Status

VFD Screen

RFID (optional)

Plug Holder

Power Cord Holder

Access Panel (right side)

Various Form Factors -

Single/Double Pedestal, Wall, Pole
GE EV Charging Station
Specification
• Supply Needs: 208-240VAC @ 30A with 40A
overload (2 pole)
• GF Protection with Ground Monitor (UL 2231)
• Charger & Vehicle Communication (NEC 625)
- Connection Interlock
- Personnel Protection
- Automatic De-Energizing Device
- Ventilation Interlock
• Connection for SAE J1772 Plug & Cord
• LED Lights & Display
• RFID User Authorization Option
• Indoor & Outdoor Enclosure (NEMA 3R)
RFID Reader Option
Optional Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) to control user access

Details:
•Wave card in front of reader to initiate charging
•Monitor/Control of Driver Access/Usage
•Ethernet network to support RFID
authorization service
•Straightforward In Field Installation

Administration – Programming Cards

•USB connected RFID programmer
•Lightweight and Portable
•Determines class authorization, user control
 WattStation Home
Exterior
Weatherized Case
Molded Lightweight Plastic
Keylock security
Power Button Nema 3R / IP54
OFF/standby button
Plug-In Option
SKU with plug option for
easy install / removal
LED interface and Ring
Visualization of station status

Charging Cable
Socket with interlock
SAE J1772
 WattStation Home
Features

• Level II – 208-240 VAC, 30 A

• Indoor / Outdoor (NEMA-3R)
• Flush Mounting System
• Safety Protections
• Ground Fault
• Overload
• Vehicle Communications
• SAE J1772 Connector
• UL Certified
• Power Off / Standby Switch
• LED Status Indicators
• Wrap Around Cord Management
 WattStation
An easy-to-use charger designed by renowned industrial designer Yves
Behar

GE WattStation
 GE WattStation provides a modular design to integrate new technology

Interactive Display Panel

LED Ring Charger Status

Card Swipe (optional)

Protected Plug Holder

Access Panel (on rear)

Retractable Power Cord Base to accept power

and fasten to concrete
Supply Needs: 16A@230V to 32A@400V
Controller
• EV Communications
• Charger status/messages via LED Ring, Interactive Display Panel, or external
comms
• Manages Intelligent charging (Flex Charging)
• Allows user configurable overload protection
• Performs CCID20 ground fault protection per UL 2231
• Provides single phase metering
• Communications to Building Management Systems (BMS), EV, smart meters
Contactor
• Responsible for energizing and de-energizing of EVSE connector, Operates in
conjunction with controller to meet UL and NEC reqs
Connector
• Compliant with SAE J1772 standard
• UL listed for EVSE applications
Fuses
• Provides overload and short circuit protection

Options:
• Wireless Communications
• Point of Sale (Credit Card)
• RFID, Smart Metering
 Charging Station Communications
Kiosk / LED
Wireless Commercial
• WiFi, GPRS, Zigbee
BackEnd
Ethernet (Database, Web Interests
• TCP/IP Services)

Owner EV

SAE J1772,
Wireless
(future)
Utility Driver
Services
$ • Email
Building (BMS) / • SMS
Home (HEM) • eWallet
• Web
 EVSE
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE):
Also known as Electric Vehicle chargers through which EVs/PHEVs receive
either AC/DC supply from the electric grid to charge the traction
batteries.
Components:
 3-prong wall outlet EV connector
 EV inlet
 Battery charger
 power supply cable
 charge stand or wall mount
 protection components--deliver energy efficiently and safely to the
vehicle.
 Electric Vehicle Connector:
– Physical connection b/w EVSE an PEV
– Three connectors used are
• J1772-US auto standard developments
• CHAdeMO connector- Japanese auto standard developments
• Tesla-Supercharger connector

Electric vehicle Inlet:

Device which provides physical connection b/w EVSE an PEV
 Battery Charger:
 Level 1
 Level 2
 DC fast charging
Level 1
Charging from standard residential 120V AC outlet
Power consumption=Toaster
No additional charging equipment is needed
4miles/hr
Completely depleted battery will take 20hrs to recharge
Level 2
 220V –commercial voltage rating
 Power consumption = dryer
 15miles/hr with 3.3kW on board charger
 30miles/hr with 6.6kW on board charger
 Used to provide accelerated charging
 Completely depleted battery will take 7hrs to recharge
DC Fast Charging
 Commercial grade 480V
 Power consumption = Air Conditioner
 80-100miles with 20-30 min of charging
 Conversion of AC-DC takes place within the EVSE itself --- No battery charger is
needed in the vehicle
 Two standards --- J1772, CHAdeMO
SMART VEHICLES IN SMART GRID
VEHICLE-TO-GRID TECHNOLOGIES
What is V2X?

V2G V2L
Vehicle to Grid Vehicle to Load

Smart Charging?

V2V
V2H
Vehicle to Vehicle Vehicle to Home

36
Main benefits of V2X

Wholesale power market participation Generate revenues

Decrease investment new power plants

Reduce peak Self Consumption

power demand Better integration
of renewable
Help other resources
EVs
Enhance grid
stability, reliability Renewable
and security energy
storage
Provide grid
services
Efficient EV parking
V2G management
V2L Provide power in
V2H remote sites
V2V
Generator when
outages Emergency power
Higher independence

37
 Main V2X detected barriers

- Rules and business

Market and processes must be clear
- Subsidies needed Regulation - Limited coordination
between stakeholders

- Awareness of
V2X capabilities - Battery
is scarce degradation

User’s Technology
engagement developments

- No EV full charge - Non-uniform

availability guarantee communication protocols
- Lack of standardization
38
VEHICLE-TO-GRID TECHNOLOGIES:
UNIDIRECTIONAL AND BIDIRECTIONAL
The components and power flow of a V2G system are represented in Fig. 1. The system consists of six major subsystems:
1) energy resources and an electric utility;
2) an independent system operator and aggregator;
3) charging infrastructure and locations;
4) two-way electrical energy flow and communication between each PEV and ISO or aggregator;
5) on-board and off-board intelligent metering and control; and
6) the PEV itself with its battery charger and management.
Unidirectional Power Flow

Power flow is bidirectional in general, as shown in Fig. 2. Unidirectional V2G, the basic battery charge process, can provide
services based on reactive power and dynamic adjustment of charge rates even without reversal. It requires no hardware
other than an outlet and avoids extra EV battery degradation from cycling. Implementation of this system can be done at
almost no additional cost. Basic control can be managed with time-sensitive energy pricing.

Bidirectional Power Flow

A typical bidirectional charger has two stages: an active grid connected bidirectional ac–dc converter that enforces active
power factor correction, and a bidirectional dc–dc converter
to regulate the battery charge or discharge current. When operating in charge mode, the charger should draw a sinusoidal
current with a defined phase angle to control power and reactive power. In discharge mode, the charger should return
current in a similar sinusoidal form. While most studies have focused on bidirectional power flow for V2G, there are serious
challenges for adoption. These include battery degradation caused by frequent charge and discharge cycling for regulation.
There are extra costs for bidirectional converters, metering issues, and interface concerns. Anti-islanding protection and
other interconnection issues must also be addressed. Bidirectional V2G is not currently available with existing PEVs , but
customers are likely to require an energy guarantee to ensure that vehicle SOC is predictable (and high) when they wish
to drive . A successful bidirectional charger will require extensive safety measures.
CHARGING STATION SELECTION (CSS) SERVER
NEED OF CHARGING STATION SELECTION (CSS)
SERVER
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES: APPLICATIONS AND
BENEFITS
 The smart grid concept
• There are many views of what is In reality, a smart grid is not a single concept but rather a combination
of technologies and methods intended to modernize the existing grid in order to improve flexibility,
availability, energy efficiency, and costs.

• Smart Grid 1.0:

• Intelligent meters

• Smart Grid 2.0 (“Energy Internet”

enabler):
• advanced autonomous controls,
• distributed energy storage,
• distributed generation, and
• flexible power architectures.

• Distributed generation (DG), flexible power architectures, autonomous controls and loads constitute
local low-power grids (micro-grids).
 Smart grids
• Technologies and concepts:
• Distributed energy resources (generation and storage) are fundamental parts. They provide the
necessary active characteristics to an otherwise passive grid.

• Advanced and distributed communications. All the grid components are able to communicate. The
grid operates like a power-Internet (distributed, multiple-redundant, interactive and autonomous).
I.e. a Power-Net.

• Intelligent metering.

• Policies and regulatory actions. Necessary to achieve integration of all the parts. Inadequate pricing
models is a significant barrier to introduce service-based business models (vs. energy-based).

• Grid modernization.
The Power-Net
• DOE view for a smart grid:
- “An electrical grid is a network of technologies
that delivers electricity from power plants to
consumers in their homes and offices.”

• A Power-Net expands this view based on

paradigms from the Internet.

• Some features compared with

conventional power grids: more reliable,
efficient, and flexible.
The Power-Net
• Like the Internet, the Power-Net involves
diverse and redundant path for the power to
flow from distributed generators to users. Its
control resides in autonomous distributed
agents.
• Power is generated in distributed generators,
usually from alternative or renewable energy
sources. Power buffers are included to match
generators and loads dynamics. Energy
buffers are added to make variable sources
dispatchable.
• Contrary to the Internet, the Power-Net
involves a local approach for power
interactions.
 Extending the Internet into Smart grids
• Key aspect: add distributed generation (fuel cells, microturbines, PV modules, small wind, reciprocating
engines) close to the load to make power grids distribution portion an active electric circuit.

• Autonomous and distributed controls can be implemented with DG.

• Power vs. Energy buffers:

Predicted solar radiation on PV module Batteries

(Energy buffer)

W  P.T
Ultracapacitors or
flywheels (power
buffer)
 Control and communication issues
• Coordination is needed in order to integrate variable generation sources (such as PV modules) in the grid.
• Centralized control requires significant communication resources (i.e., large bandwidth spectrum allocation) which
in general is not available.
• The alternative is to provide all active nodes with an autonomous control that allows controlling power
interactions with the grid without dedicated communication links. These more intelligent nodes become agents.

VS.
 Distributed generation (DG)
• Smart grid planning for disaster resiliency must consider disaster impact on lifelines. During disasters
special attention should be paid to dissimilar ways in which disasters affect different DG technologies.

• Renewable sources do not have lifelines but they are not dispatchable, they are expensive, and they
require large footprints.

• Most DG technologies have availabilities lower than that of the grid.

• DG needs diverse power supply in order to achieve high availabilities.

• DG provides a technological solution to the vulnerable availability point existing in air conditioners
power supply.

•DG provides the active component to grid’s distribution portion, essential for advanced self-healing
power architectures.
 Smart grids: PHEV and PEV integration

• Problem: Typical home peak power

consumption is below 5 kW. An electric
vehicle may require 1 kW to be charged in 8
hrs. or up to 8 kW for shorter charging profiles.
Also, PEV and PHEV penetration is not uniform (higher for
neighborhoods with higher economical household income).
Hence, grid’s distribution transformers can be easily overloaded
PEV and PHEV even if charging is done during nighttime.
• DG avoids overloading distribution transformers but economical issues still need to be
addressed
• Combination of DG and energy storage may be a suitable solution.
Benefits of smart grid
SMART METER: PURPOSE AND BENEFITS
India’s energy scenario For generation,
availability of fuel and
India is the 3rd largest renewable energy
producer of electricity in the world infusion has been
addressed. Additional
The world loses $89.3 billion
transmission capacity
annually through power theft
and inter regional
capacity is being
India loses US$ 10- 15 billion
addressed .
annually

240 million Indians live without The distribution

sector is struggling
access to electricity
 Introduction

• The smart meter is an electrometer that measures electricity

consumption by time repetition.
• The merit of these meters is that they send and receive
(information / commands) to and from the main center
 The Electromechanical Meters
• Cannot detect or record
any tampering attempt.
• Cannot see any obvious
damage save in location
 The Smart Meters
• Time-Based Tariff (Multi-tariff).
• Consumption Statements to Subscriber and
Corporation.
• Net metering.
• Notice of Current Outage/Restoring
• Electricity Current Disconnect/Re-Connect
• Load Determination for Demand Response
(DR)
• Monitoring Electricity Current Quality
• Detection of Tampering/Theft of Electricity
Tampering With Electromechanical Meters
• Changing connection by
opening / closing the lid
without any evidence
• Putting a strong magnet to
stop / tamper with the work
of the meter.
• Inserting a metallic object /
pin in meter to stop
spinning.
Tampering With Electromechanical Meters

• Raising Voltage
Terminal.
• Shortening connections
Current (Transformer
(CT)
• Reversing Connection
of Current Transformer
(CT) single phase /
three-phase
The Smart Meters
• All smart meters are
shut down by the
Corporation
• Any attempt to
change plug in
needs opening the
meter cover.
 Tampering Detection Steps

• Meter sends alert to meter data management

(MDM) system which in turn sends orders / alerts
to the system operator.
• Alert appears on the meter screen
 Detection in the System

Opening Lid

Leakage Phase
 Detection in the System

Reversing Spinning

Electricity Outage
 Detection in Meter Screen
Serial Reverse

Negative Energy Direction (Reversed Contact)

Meter Terminal Removal Detection

 Conclusion
The Consumer Interest
More price and service options and more information to
manage consumption and cost and many other
decisions.
The Corporation Interest
Helps avoid estimated readings, and provides accurate
bills in a timely manner.
SMART CHARGER: PURPOSE AND BENEFITS
 WHAT IS SMART EV CHARGING
• Smart EV charging or intelligent charging refers to a system where an electric vehicle and a
charging device share a data connection, and the charging device shares a data connection
with a charging operator.

• As opposed to traditional (or dumb) charging devices that aren’t connected to the cloud,
smart charging allows the charging station owner to monitor, manage, and restrict the use
of their devices remotely to optimize energy consumption.
• With cloud-based solutions, only sky is the limit (pun intended). Smart EV charging service
can be modified: it is effortless to add and remove features and create a system that suits
your needs. New features can also be added and updated to existing charging stations. This
is why smart EV charging is also future-proof. Changing demands and hopes will be turned
into new features, and added into the smart system as the world keeps changing.

• Electric cars connected to the grid with smart charging create a symbiosis with the power
grid — they support each other. Without smart charging, this connection wouldn't exist and
EVs could become a burden on the grid.
 HOW DO SMART EV CHARGING STATIONS WORK?
• Smart EV charging is powered by an intelligent back-end solution
that brings real-time data from connected charging devices and
charging events to the charging station owner’s fingertips.

• As stations are connected to the cloud, they can be managed based

on various signals: such as fickle energy production, local electricity
consumption, amount of other vehicles being charged or electrical
devices being used on a nearby premise. In order to create a more
sustainable energy system based on renewable energy sources, EV
charging has to be smart.
 What happens during a smart charging event?
• Smart charging requires an electric car driver to identify at the charging station. Identification connects the EV
driver, charging point and the charging event together. The right price will be charged from the right customer,
and money is directed to the right charging station owner. Since it’s smart, everything happens automatically.

• For EV drivers registered to the charging service, identification is effortless: they just log in to the mobile
application and start charging, or show their RFID tag to the charger. Unregistered users can also use the stations
and pay with a credit or debit card.

• The charging event itself happens based on the settings and prices set by the station owner. The station can be
part of a station group and include plenty of smart features occurring on the background, but for the end-user
charging is as easy as it can be: they just identify and plug in.

• The number of smart EV charging service providers is increasing, and all these service providers have their own
charging platforms. This causes no trouble for the EV drivers when cars are charged smartly: thanks to roaming
networks. Most smart charging platforms, like ours, are connected to roaming platforms. Through roaming,
customers can charge at any station with just one customer account. In practice, one customer account is
enough to enable driving around in Europe.
 THE BENEFITS OF INTELLIGENT CHARGING
• Intelligent charging is especially beneficial, even essential, for
the energy market. But good things come in plenty: smartness
is profitable for the electric car drivers, charging station owners
and charging network operators as well.

• Here's how EV drivers, businesses and EV charging networks

can benefit from a smart electric vehicle charging solution.