TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES – MANILA

1338 Arlegui St. Quiapo,  Manila

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Civil Engineering

  

A Capstone Design (CE 435 – CE Design Project 1)

Presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

 

Developing Seismic Fragility Curves of Sto. Niño Catholic School in the City
of Taguig

Christine Angela A. Agoncillo

Vernielyn M. Campano

Johannes Ignac E. Tubil

Rovic C. Viloria

December 2022
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are multiple volcanoes in the ring of fire, and the Pacific region experiences tectonic
activity. Tectonic plate motions within the ring of fire, which includes the Philippines, are the
primary cause of earthquakes there (Clemente et al., 2020). The "Big One," also known as an
earthquake with a magnitude of about 7.2, is predicted to strike the Philippines, according to
reports by the Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (DOST-Phivolcs). This earthquake may impact several homes, commercial
buildings, and national roads within the boundaries of the west valley fault line.

Natural catastrophes like earthquakes frequently occur in the Philippines (Prasetyo, Y. T.,
2020). The Marikina/Valley Fault, the Central Philippine Fault, the South of Mindanao Fault,
and the Western Philippine Fault ring the area. According to the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), which has documented an average of 20
earthquakes per day, approximately 100-150 earthquakes are felt annually. Due to its
geographical location, the Philippines are susceptible to several threats, such as regular
typhoons, earthquakes, and 53 active volcanoes, whose eruptions rank among the deadliest and
most expensive anywhere in the world (Doroteo, 2015). Seismic Vulnerability Assessment can
reduce the risk of an earthquake where the hazards caused by an earthquake prompt the
management of risk reduction schemes (Baylon et al., 2021).

Gilani, Miyamoto, and Nifuku (2018) pointed out that previous earthquakes in developing
countries caused significant structural damage, with school buildings suffering the most harm
and being rated as having the weakest performance in contrast to other infrastructures. As of
2013 mapping, the West Valley Fault is along the Sto. Niño Catholic School in Taguig City
based on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Web App,
HazardHunterPh. (See Figure 1.1) Based on this report, the ground shaking is susceptible to
damages due to a PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale of VIII.
 Figure 1.1 The distance of Sto. Niño Catholic School Building to the nearest West Valley
Fault (PHIVOLCS – HazardHusterPh, 2022)

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Earthquakes are among the most unpredictable and destructive natural disasters, that can
strike at any time and in any location. Most structures are affected as a result of shoddy
construction and the structure’s age, which causes damage based on the strength and magnitude
of the earthquake and, if ignored, can endanger the structure. When an earthquake hits a
structure, inertia forces are generated that can be extremely damaging, causing deformations and
horizontal and vertical shaking. That is why, the structure that is located in the areas affected by
the earthquake must be evaluated in order to maintain its strength and avoid failures and
collapses.

The Sto. Niño Catholic School building was built in 1997 and is now 25 years old. It is
located in Taguig City (14.5115375,121.0539178,13.75z) and according to PHIVOLCS
faultfinder, it is along the West Valley Fault system (Figure 1.2). There were earthquakes with
different magnitudes felt in Taguig City. With this, the structure must be assessed in order to
determine the risk posed by the previous earthquake. The researchers will assess the building by
developing seismic fragility curves to raise awareness from the past seismic issue. Furthermore,
to determine the level of damage when the strong earthquake “The Big One” will occur in Sto.
Niño Catholic School.

Figure 1.2 Distance of fault line from Sto. Niño Catholic School in Taguig using PHIVOLCS Fault
Finder

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this research is to assess the structural seismic integrity and
determine the intensity that Sto. Niño Catholic School building can withstand earthquakes by
developing seismic fragility curves using the two methods of structural analyses: Nonlinear
Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis) and Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (Time History Analysis).
Furthermore, to perform the two analyses, this study will use SAP2000 software to simulate the
school building structural model. Specifically, this research has three objectives: 
 To develop the pushover curve and capacity curve, and determine the performance points
using Capacity Spectrum method.
 To determine the structural model parameters such as damage ranks and damage ratio
based on the two analyses. 
 To collect all the data needed for proper evaluation and interpretation of this study.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will determine the structural condition of the school building by assessing risk
and vulnerability to provide awareness and security. This study will collect data and use various
methods to evaluate the performance of the school building and the potential damage. The result
will provide knowledge, information, and recommendations that will benefit the individual as
follows:

To school, students, and employees - the study will serve as an awareness for the people who
attend Sto. Niño Catholic School building to be aware of possible damage that may occur once a
major earthquake hits Metro Manila. This study will be a helpful tool in maintaining the school
building for the people working attending the establishment.

To engineers – this study can be used in engineering for this information to refine future plans
for buildings to make them more resilient to natural disasters.

To community - this research will benefit people who live closely to Sto. Niño Catholic School
building whenever a natural disaster might occur and to prepare minimize the potential damage.

To PHIVOLCS – this study will benefit from this research by having better future projects that
can utilize the study's data. They will have an idea about detailed seismic evaluation from the
school, which will help them develop efficient earthquake response plans.

To local government - this study will assist in developing a disaster risk reduction strategy that
reduces the local area's seismic impact. Knowing the potential results and making plans to reduce
the possible harm will be much easier with the aid of the study.

To public’s safety - the findings of this study may be used as additional data to determine
whether the structure needs to be improved, specifically whether it can sustain a 0.4g peak
ground acceleration as specified by the Philippine National Structural Code.

To future researchers - this study will be a helpful resource and a point of reference for other
researchers doing research or planning to study a related topic in the future.
1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research was to create seismic fragility curves for Sto. Niño Catholic
School in Taguig City to evaluate structural seismic integrity. This study will investigate the
building's ability to endure shear failures and develop the fragility curve by employing two
seismic assessment methods: Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis) and Nonlinear
Dynamic Analysis (Time History Analysis). This study will use SAP2000 software to create
digitized structural model of the school building and to analyze the two methods. The structure
will be subjected to various magnitudes, with a minimum magnitude of 6.0 and a total of 50
Ground Motion Data (GMD) from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)
database. The Philippines' earthquake magnitudes are shown in Table 1.1, and the earthquakes
that occurred in foreign countries are shown in Table 1.2. The data will be limited to the years
1995 to the present and will primarily come from the Philippines and neighboring countries, i.e.,
Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, China. Furthermore, this study will not include soil conditions, wind
loading, potential damage costs, or appropriate school building retrofitting. 

Table 1.2. Earthquake magnitudes in foreign countries

FOREIGN EARTHQUAKES
Yea Dat
Month Magnitude Location
r e
1995 October 6 6.7 Indonesia
1996 January 1 7.8 Minahassa Peninsula, Sulawesi
1999 September 20 7.7 Taiwan
2000 October 6 6.7 Western Honshu, Pajan
2001 December 18 6.8 Taiwan Region
2002 March 31 7.1 Taiwan Region
2003 May 26 6.9 Halmahera, Indonesia
2004 December 26 9 West Coast Of Northern Sumatra
2005 March 20 6.6 Kyushu, Japan
2006 June 11 6.4 Kyushu, Japan
2007 July 16 6.8 Sea of Japan
2008 May 12 7.9 Sichuan, China
2009 August 10 7.5 Andaman Islands, India Region
2010 March 4 6.3 Taiwan
2011 March 11 9.1 Near East Coast Of Honshu, Japan
2012 August 18 6.3 Sulawesi, Indonesia
2013 June 2 6.3 Taiwan
 2014 November 22 6.2 Eastern Honshu, Japan
2015 May 12 6.8 Near East Coast Of Honshu, Japan
2016 May 31 6.4 Taiwan Region
2017 May 29 6.6 Sulawesi, Indonesia
2018 September 28 7.5 Minahassa Peninsula, Sulawesi
2019 June 18 6.4 Near West Coast Of Honshu, Japan
2020 December 10 6.1 Taiwan Region
2021 October 24 6.2 Taiwan
2022 September 5 6.6 Sichuan, China

1.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework that this research will follow is illustrated in (Figure 1.4).  The
researchers will conduct extensive research on the topic from various authors, and the Sto. Niño
Catholic School provided the as-built structural and architectural plan, which will be studied to
understand its specifications. From IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology), the
ground motion data will be obtained. With the use of engineering software, such as SAP2000,
the building’s structural model will be created utilizing the software finite element analysis
capability. Pushover Analysis is a nonlinear static analysis method for calculating structure
strength to determine the structure's yield displacement and ultimate displacement, whereas from
Time History Analysis the ductility factors will be obtained. Capacity Spectrum Method is used
to determine the performance points based on the derived response spectra of the ground motion
data and the capacity curve. In general, those procedures will determine the structural condition
and the results of the analysis will lead to a conclusion and recommendation. 
 
 Input Process Output

 Collecting related
studies relevant to
the topic and doing
an extensive study
on the important  Create structural model of
the school building using  Yield displacement
sources and
SAP2000 and ultimate
information.
displacement

 Acquiring the as-  Performance points

 Nonlinear Static Analysis
built structural plan  Damage Ranks and
of Sto. Niño (Pushover Analysis)
Damage Indices
Catholic School and
understand its  Probability of
 Capacity Spectrum Method
specifications. occurrences

 Ground motion data  Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

 Seismic Fragility
from Incorporated (Time History Analysis) Curves
Research Institutions
for Seismology
(IRIS)

Figure 1.4. Conceptual Framework of this current research study

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Capacity curve- is the non-linear behavior of the structures.  

Fault line- refers to the cracks or fractures in the ground which is the result of shifting and
moving of tectonic plates. 
Fragility Curves- is established to predict the possible fractures that may occur during
earthquake. 
Ground Motion- is a movement of the earth’s surface as the earthquake waves arrive. 
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) – refers as universities research
consortium that collects and distributes seismographic data. 
Intensity- describes as the level of earthquake and how it strongly impacted Earth’s Surface. 
Magnitude- refers to the size of seismic waves produced by an earth. 
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)- is a largest increase in velocity being recorded in a certain
place during ground shaking. 
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS)- is the one who is
responsible for volcano, seismic activities and tsunami alerts in the Philippines. 
PRISM - is a free program for seismic response analysis that features calculation of response
time histories of various hysteresis model, generation of elastic and inelastic response spectra
and modification of earthquake records. 
Probability of Exceedance- can be used to predict strong earthquakes. It is defined as the
probability of exceeded certain value in a predefined future time period.  
Push-Over Analysis (POA)- refers to the analysis that uses non-linear techniques to estimate
seismic structural deformation. 
Rapid Visual Assessment- refers to the investigation of the building that needs simplified
vulnerability assessment procedure. 
Response Spectrum- is used to give provision with regard to descriptive representation of the
impacts of earthquake on a structure. 
SAP2000 - is the application that is being used to model structure. 
Seismic Vulnerability- describes as a level of loss to a building in the occurrence of the ground
shaking events. 
Sto. Niño Catholic School – located in Sampaloc St., North Signal Village, Taguig City and
within the West Valley fault. 
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Sto. Niño Catholic School (SNCS)

The Sto. Niño Catholic School, Inc was built on 1997 and is the only Catholic school in
Sampaloc St., North Signal Village, Taguig City that serves students from Nursery to Senior
High School.

Figure 2.1 Location of Sto. Niño Catholic School using Google Earth

2.2 Ground Motion (Earthquakes)

The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics defines ground motion is a natural

occurrence that is connected to the movement of a fault rupture. It is a typical shaking for an
earthquake source's close vicinity. According to (Atendido et al., 2022), the most important step
in performance-based seismic design and risk assessment is ground motion selection. It
demonstrates the greatest amount of uncertainty that needs to be conveyed during the calculation.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and Incorporate Research
Institute for Seismology (IRIS) databases were used to obtain the ground motion data.

2.3 Capacity Spectrum Method

The Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) is a performance-based seismic design method

that is defined as the ratio of spectral acceleration in the y-axis and spectral displacement in the
x-axis. It is a graphical procedure that compares structure capacity (in the form of pushover
curve) with structure demand (in the form of response spectra) and determines the relationship
between building performance and earthquake ground motions. (Reddy & Vasugi, 2017)
According to the study of (Baylon et al., 2021), this method is derived from a non-linear
pushover by converting the base shears and roof displacements from a non-linear to equivalent
spectral accelerations and displacements and superimposing an earthquake demand curve.

Figure 2.2 Capacity Spectrum curve for Identification (Reddy & Vasugi, 2017)
2.4 Nonlinear Static Analysis

2.4.1 Pushover Analysis

Nonlinear static analysis, also known as Pushover Analysis, is popular due to its simple
computer based technique that calculates the peak response of a building or a non-building
structure and its components under earthquake loading. One reason in using this analysis is that
less conservative acceptance criteria can be used with known consequences. (Dey et al., 2015)
According to (Mahesh & Pandit, 2020), it is subjected under vertical and lateral loading
to evaluate the performance of an integrated structural system by means of strength and
deformation demands, and will be compared to the existing capacity of the structure that shows
the relationship between base shear force and roof displacement as shown in (Figure 2.3). The
pushover procedures are capacity curve, demand curve, and performance point and is shown in
(Figure 2.4). Performance point is the intersection between demand and capacity curve. The
demand curve is a plot between spectral acceleration and displacement, whereas the capacity
curve is a plot between roof top displacement and base shear. Furthermore, it provides
information about its weaknesses and early failure, which can be used to make decisions. If the
building is subjected to retrofitting or reconstruction, the members that need to be strengthened
can be easily identified based on the performance levels such as Operational (O), Immediate
Occupancy (IO), Life Safety (LS) and Collapse Prevention (CP) (Figure 2.5).

Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of pushover analysis procedure (Dey et al., 2015)
 Figure 2.4 Pushover procedures
(Mahesh & Pandit, 2020) Figure 2.5 Performance levels
(Mahesh & Pandit, 2020)

2.5 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

2.5.1 Time History Analysis

Time history analysis is a potent tool provided by precision and modelling. It is generally
acknowledged that time-history analysis is the most accurate and reliable method for simulating
the response of structures exposed to high levels of seismic excitation (Pinho, 2007). When the
assessed structural response is nonlinear, it is a crucial technique for structural seismic analysis.
A representative earthquake time history for the structure under consideration is needed to
conduct such an analysis. Time history analysis examines a structure's dynamic response to a
given loading that may change over time step-by-step (Wilkinson and Hiley, 2006 citen in Patil,
2013). The input ground motion records are a crucial factor in getting the NLRHA procedure to
produce results that can be trusted. The main goal of the amplitude-scaling and ground motion
selection procedures is to ensure that the input for NLRHA indicates the level of ground shaking
hazard for a specific site and structure (Moris et. al, 2019).
2.6 Fragility Curves

The fragility curves are calculated using data from the geography infrastructure, and
transport. The dataset includes information on the extent of damage, building material, number
of storeys per structure, and location. This information is crucial for understanding the causes of
building damage since damage analysis can account for changes in structural and construction
site features. Several sets of fragility curves are created using least squares regression to illustrate
the impact of building material, number of storeys, and geography on building damage levels.
These findings are critical for improved future assessment of building damage, land use
management, and disaster preparation (Suppasri, A., Mas, E., Charvet, I. et al., 2012).
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The research design for this study is depicted in Figure 3.1, and it illustrates the step-by-
step procedures and different methods used to assess the Sto. Niño Catholic School in Taguig
City. The As-built Architectural and Structural plan was obtained from the school and is
modelled using SAP2000, a structural analysis software. The modelled structure will be
subjected to the two analyses considering shear as the failure mode. Nonlinear Static Analysis
(Pushover Analysis) to obtain the pushover curve, yield displacement and maximum
displacement, and capacity curve. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (Time History Analysis) to
obtain the maximum displacement. The two analyses is used to determine the parameters such
as, Ductility factors, Damage Index and Damage ranks. This study utilized the Capacity
Spectrum method to determine different parameters to generate sets of fragility curves. To plot
various sets of fragility curves, the data collected were tabulated and used in Microsoft Excel's
lognormal function. The seismic fragility curves plot in damage were obtained to determine the
PGA at a rate of probability of exceedance. The maximum acceleration response of the structure
was then calculated by scaling the GMD to the obtained PGA and applying it to a simulation of
the SNCS model in SAP 2000.
 As-Built Architectural and Structural
Plan

Model of Structure

Nonlinear Static Analysis Shear Failure Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

Ground Motion

Pushover Curve in x and y Normalized Ground Motion Hysteresis Model

Direction

Response Spectra Maximum

Yield Displacement and Displacement
Maximum Displacement

Response Spectra
Capacity Curve Capacity Spectrum
Method

Performance Points Ductility Factors

Probability of
Occurrences Damage ranks Damage Index
Hysteresis Model

Probability of
Damage Ratio Statistical Parameters Exceedance
Occurrences

Fragility Curves
B. Data Gathering Procedures and Instrumentation Used
Figure 3.1 Research Design

I. Architectural and Structural Plan

The as-built architectural and structural plan of the school building was obtained
from Sto. Niño Catholic School in Taguig City.

II. SAP2000 v23

This software is used to simulate the as-built architectural and structural plans. All
sectional and material properties required were defined based on the plans obtained. The
model created was used for the Pushover Analysis and Time History Analysis that will be
used to plot the fragility curves.

III. PHIVOLCS Fault finder

This is used to determine the distance of the fault line based on the chosen
location, and the steps are as follows:

1. Go to the link https://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

2. Select the “Valley Fault System (VFS)” display on the screen.
3. Select the “Active Fault Based on Location” then choose the location where the
school building of Sto. Niño Catholic School is located.
4. Find the Sto. Niño Catholic School within the highlighted areas on the map based on
the location that was selected.
5. Double click the Sto. Niño Catholic School to see the complete details.

IV. (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology) IRIS Database

IRIS Database is used to obtain the ground motion needed in this study. A total of
50 earthquakes were selected from local and foreign countries. The selected earthquakes
 occurred between 1995 and 2022, with 25 local and 25 foreign earthquakes with 6.0 and
above magnitudes. The steps for obtaining the data are as follows:

1. Go to the website https://ds.iris.edu/wilber3/find_event

2. Select the range of years and magnitudes that you want to acquire.
3. Select the location by dragging and zooming in and out on the map. The earthquakes
that occurred from the specified location are represented by the dotted colors on the
maps.
4. Choose the earthquake and click on the event listed at the lower part of the map.
5. Check the nearest station.
6. Click the “Request Data”.
7. Fill up the request information needed including the “Your name” and “Email
Notification”.
8. Click the “Submit”.
9. Click the “Track request progress”.
10. When the “success” is displayed, click the “Download Data” button.

V. RESPONSE SPECTRA

The data gathered in IRIS will be copied using Microsoft Excel. The structural
model was subjected to 50 ground motion data from the Philippines and neighboring
countries, i.e., Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, and China. Ground Motion Data (GMD) list
ranges from various peak ground accelerations (PGA) between 0.1g to 3g with 0.1
intervals. Import the GMD to PRISM (Processing and Review Interface for Strong-
Motion Data) software to generate the response spectrum in acceleration. Prism is a free
program for analyzing the seismic response of structures envisioned as systems with a
single degree of freedom.

VI. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

The following are the steps in performing the Pushover Analysis.

 1. Create a model of Sto. Niño Catholic School (SNCS), using SAP 2000, defined the
necessary section properties.
2. Define the acceptance criteria and the properties of pushover hinges.
3. Select one or more frame member/s to establish the pushover hinges on the model,
then assign its location and properties.
4. Define the pushover load case for the x and y-direction using non-linear static load
case type
5. Run the basic static analysis and then run the static non-linear pushover analysis for
both directions
6. Display the pushover curve by selecting the show pushover function in the display
bar. Through this, the coordinates of each step of the pushover curve will be viewed
7. Extract the data to get values of yield and maximum displacement using Microsoft
Excel. These values were used to compute the ductility factors.

VII. TIME HISTORY ANAYSIS

The steps for non-linear dynamic analysis by Karim and Yamazaki (2001) were as
follows:

1. Input the ground motion data obtained from 0.1g to 3g. For both the x and y
directions, a total of 50 ground motion data were used.
2. Define the load cases for the Time History Analysis and Non-linear Dynamic
Analysis after importing all the necessary ground motion data.
3. Perform a basic dynamic non-linear analysis using each ground motion data set's
individual dead and modal loads. A different hysteresis graph produced by the
SAP2000 was used to evaluate the maximum displacement.
4. The area of each hysteresis graph can be calculated using MATLAB to obtain the
hysteretic energy for ductility factors.

VIII. CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD

 One method for determining the performance point is the capacity spectrum
method, called the acceleration-displacement response spectrum method (ADRS). The
capacity curve obtained from the pushover analysis in base shear and roof displacement
must convert to the capacity spectrum to use the capacity spectrum method. The
representation of capacity curve in ADRS (Acceleration Deformation Response
Spectrum) format from (Dubal & Shinde, 2013) is shown below:

VT
W (1)
Sa =
α

∆roof
Sd = (2)
PF × φroof

In Equation 1 and Equation 2, the coefficients α and PF are calculated as follows in

Equation 3 and 4

[∑ ( ) ]
N 2

W i φi / g
i=1
α= (3)

[ ∑ ][∑ ( ) ]
N N
2
W i /g W i φi / g
i=1 i=1

[ ]
N

∑ ( W i φi ) /g
i=1
PF= (4)

[∑ ( ]
N
W i φi ) /g
2

i=1

Where,

PF = Modal participation factor for the first natural mode

α = Modal mass coefficient for the first natural mode
Wi/g = Mass assigned to level i
φi = Amplitude of mode 1 at level i
N = Level N, the level which is the uppermost in the main
portion of the structure
IX. CONSTRUCTION OF SEISMIC FRAGILTY CURVES

The parameters needed in this study were obtained by subjecting the school
building to two analyses: nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis. The
data gathered were used to determine the yield displacement and maximum displacement.
The results were then used to calculate ductility factors using the formula shown below.
(Baylon et al., 2018)

δ max( Dynamic)
Displacement Ductility μd =
δ γ (Static )
Where,
δmax(Dynamic) = maximum displacement at the hysteresis model (dynamic)

δy = yield displacement from push-over curve (static)

δ max(Static)
Ultimate Ductility μu =
δ γ (Static )
Where,
δmax(Static) = maximum displacement at the hysteresis model (static)

δy = yield displacement from push-over curve (static)

Eh
Hysteretic Energy Ductility μh=
Ee
Where,
Eh = hysteretic energy (area under the hysteresis model)
 Ee = yield energy (area under the pushover curve (static) but until
yield point)

From pushover analysis, the parameters such as damage index and damage ranks
are used to generate the sets of fragility curves. Damage index is calculated using the
computed values of ductility factors. Then the result of damage index is used to obtain
the number of occurrences of each damage rank. Whereas, Damage rank were used as
frequencies in solving the occurring probability for different PGA values and is shown in
Table 3.1. (Baylon et al., 2021).

μd+ β μh
Damage Index DI =
μu
Where,

μd = Displacement Ductility

μh = Hysteretic Energy Ductility

μu = Ultimate Ductility

β = Cyclic loading factor taken as 0.10 for buildings

Table 3.1 Damage Index and Damage Rank Relationship

(Hazus, 2003 cited in Baylon & Marcos, 2018)
Damage Index (DI) Damage Rank (DR) Definition
0.00 < DI ≤ 0.14 D No damage
0.14 < DI ≤ 0.40 C Slight damage
0.40 < DI ≤ 0.60 B Moderate damage
0.60 < DI ≤ 1.00 A Extensive damage
DI ≥ 1.00 As Complete damage
 According to (Baylon et al., 2021), to construct fragility curves is by plotting
probability of exceedance and peak ground acceleration and to obtained the probability of
exceedance, the two parameters such as the mean and standard deviation were needed. To
determine the two parameters, the damage ratio was plotted against the natural logarithm
(ln) of (PGA). In which the damage ratio is define as the number of occurrences of each
damage rank such as (no, slight, moderate, extensive, and complete) divided by the total
number of records. The formula used for damage ratio, mean, standard deviation, and
probability of exceedance is shown below:

No . of occurrence
Damage Ratio DR=
Total number of records

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Mean λ=
∑x
N
Where,
x = Individual ground motion data obtained
N = The sample size of ground motion data obtained

Standard Deviation ξ=
√ ∑ ( x−λ )2
N−1
Where,

λ = Mean ground motion obtained from Equation 1

x = Individual ground motion data obtained

= The sample of size of ground motion data obtained

N
 Probability of Exceedance PoE=Ф [{ ln ( x )− λ }
ξ ]
Where,

= Standard normal distribution

Ф

X = Peak ground acceleration

λ = Mean

ξ = Standard deviation