BAI 1 TRANGS Vidy: Cho n? la sé chin, Ching minh n li sé ein Gui Gia str n fa sé 1, Vay tn tai sé ty nhién k sao cho n = 2k + 1. Vay n? = 4k? + 4k + 11a sé 1 (mau ‘thuin gia thiét), Vay theo phan ching, n la s6 chin, BAI 2 TRANG 5 ©) Dé chimg minh vx X: P(x) ding: Liy x € X. Ta chimg minh P(x) ding. Vi du: Chimg minh ring x? +x +1>0,vxER GIAL BAI3 TRANG 5 d) Dé ching minh 3xq € X: P(xo) ding: ta chi ra sur ton tai clia Xo. Vi du: Ching minh ring:3x € R, Vy € R:x + y? > 0. BAI 4 TRANG 8 Scanned with CamScannerMénh dé: Cho 3 (1) ANB=0eACX\B (Q)ACBeeX\BEX\A tap hop bit ki va A. B la cdc tap con etia X, Ta c6 ‘Ching minh (1) Chiéu (=): Gia str ANB = 0. Ta s8CM A € X\B. TGSEMA Ta phai CM x € X\B. Néu x € B thix € ANB. Vay AB + 0 (mit thuin). Do d6.x € B, NSEREIRNB! Do 40 A & X\B. (2) Chiéu (=): Gia sir A c B. LAREN, Néu x € A thi do Ac B tac x € B (miu thud), EVA Do dsX\BCX\A Chiéu (<): Gia sit X\ BC X\A. BAI5 TRANG 9 Bo dé: Cho ho tip hop (Aq)aer eae tip con eta X. Ta e6 quy tie doi ngau De Morgan X Wact Ea =Maer (X\ Ea) X\Mact Ea =Uner (X\ Ea), Ching minh, © Lay x EX \Ugct By © X EUnet Ea X € Fey VO E 1x € (K\ Eq), VEEL XE BAI 6 TRANG 10 Scanned with CamScannerBo de: Cho cae tip hop X, Y, A. B li ede tp con ca X vi (Ag)aet li ho cae tip con eta X. Cho sinh xa £X>Y. Taco (1) ACB FA) £8) (2) fWaer Aa) =Vaer fAa) Ching minh (1) Gia sir A ¢ B, Ta chimg minh f(A) ¢ f(B) Q Lay y € f(Uger Aq) © 3X EUger Aa y = FX) = 3aE Lx E Agiy = f(x) (*) X € Ag nén f(x) € f(Ag). Do doy € F(Aq) Vay (+) 9 3a € I sao choy € f(Aq) y EUnct f(a) Scanned with CamScanner4.4 CAC ANH XA DAC BIET Vi dy: Cho anh xa f:X > Y la don anh, A, B la cae tap con ca X. Khi dé ANB #0 = f(A) Nf(B) #0 CHUNG MINI. (=): Gia stra 66 AB # 0. Ta cin CM f(A) 9 f(B) = 0. Vi ANB #0 nén 3x ANB. Vay XE A vi XE B. Ta 06 f(x) € f(A) vi f(x) € f(B). Vay FO) € F(A) A\f(B). Vay f(A) (8) # 0. (=)Gia sir ta 6 F(A) 9 (8) # 0. Ta cin CM ANB # 0. Vi f(A) nf(B) # © nén ay € f(A) nf(B). Vay yE f(A) vi y€f(B). Vay 3x €Ax EB By (41) = fG2).Vi f dom anh nén x, = xp. Vay xy = x2 € ANB. Vay ANB # 0. © Todin énh néu £0) = Y, tte ka Wy €Y,3K € X:y = f(%) Vidu: £58 + 10,06), (8) = x2. Lay y € [0 00), ta sét phuomg trinh y = f(x) © y =x? @9 x = £9. Viy fa toain anh , Vid: Cho aah a EX Y li dom aah, A. Bi cde tip con ota N. Khi d6 ANBe Oe f(A)nt(B) #0 CHUNG MINH (=): Gia sir ta 66 AB + 0. Ta cin CM H(A) (8) # ©. Vi ANB 0 nén 3x € ANB. Vay x€A vi xB. Ta o6 f(x) € (A) va f(x) € f(B). Vay f(x) € f(A) 1 f(B). Vay f(A) 1 (8) # 0. (=)Gia sirta 06 f(A) 0108) # 0. Ta cin CMAN B # 0. Vi f(A) n f(B) # © nén ay € f(A) M1(B). Vay y f(A) va y E(B). Vay 3x, € Ax, €B dé y= f(x) = £(x).Vi Pon anh nén x, = Xp. Vay x; = Xz € ANB. Vay ANB # 0. BAI 1. KHONG GIAN TO PO Vidy 1. (2) Voi moi tap X, ho 2* tit ca ede tip con cia X LA mot tops twén X, goi Ii tops r0i rae. Tap X cling voi tp roi rae (2) Voi moi tap X, ho ty = {0,X} li mot top@ trén X, go! li tOp6 thd, Tp X eng voi topo tho To goi la khong gian tim thuong (3) Tren X ta ed cae topo t = {0,X,A}:t, = {0.X.A,B,A 1B, AUB} Scanned with CamScannerBO DE 1.2: Cho tli ho céc tap con U cua R thoa man cac tinh chat sau vx €U,ar>0,(x-nx+r) cU (1) Khi d6 7 la 1 topo trén R. Ta goi T la topo thong thong trén R. (2) Tap (a,b), (c, +00), (—09, d) la mo, tap [a,b], [a, 00), (—0o, b] la dong CHUNG MINE, o i) Phat biéu chi quan tam néu 66 x € @ thi suy ra tin tai r > 0, (x 1.x 1) © O con néu khong 66 x €@ thi theo ménh dé => gi thiét sai thi ménh dé => luén ding. Vay 0 théa man digu kign. Tite lt 0 € Hin nhign R € r. (i) Lay Vg Et. VOeL Liy x €Uge1 Vee Khi do Bay € hx €Vg,. Vi Vey Et nén tin tai 7 > 0: (¢— 1.x +7) © Vg CUget Ve: VAY User Va €T. (lll) Lay Vp.V, €. Lay x€V, Vp. Vay x EV, va x € Vy. ViVi Vy.) € rnin tim tal 7%) > O:(0= rox +) C Vise — Max + 72) © Va. Chom r = ming. re) Tad (x 1x +7) © (x — Hx +7), Vi = L2Vy (x — 1.x +17) CVE = 12, Viy @ = 1x +1) EV, 0Vy Dodo V, AV, Er Vay ra 1 topo trén R. (2) Lay 2 € (a,b), 3r = min(z— a;b ~ 2) d8 (2— 152+) € (ab), Vay (a,b) mo. Chime minh tong ty ta 66 (6,429), (—29,d) la ma Ta 06 (09,4), (b, 9) la mo nén (—00,a) U (b, 00) ma. Vay [a,b] = R\ ((-»,a) U (b,»)) dong, Chimg minh tong tir ta c6 [a, 0), (c0, b] la dong. 4.2 KHONG GIAN T2 MENH BE 1.3. Su hoi tu cua day trong khong gian T, néu ¢6 la duy nhat. ig minh Cho X la Ty. Gia sit nguoe lai: xq + X.%q > ¥ Vax # y. Vi X la Ty nén tn tai U mo chira x va Vi me chita y sao cho UNV = 0 ° Vix, + xv U la mo chit xnén tn tin, € N sao cho x, € U,¥n > my. Vig = y'va Vi mo chia ynén tn tain € MN sao cho xq € V, Vn > Dat ny = max{n,n2} ta thiy xq € UAV, vn > ny. Vay UY + O (miu thuln vi (*)) Scanned with CamScannerBALTAP Cau 4. Cho (a) act li: mot ho cic topo trén X. CMR Meet Ta cling Li mot topo trén X. GIAL Dit 6 =Mey Te TA Cb 0,X € Te, WOE L. Vay O,X € 6. Lay V,,V2 € 6. Vay V;,V2 € Ta, Wa € |. Vay V, NVe € Te, Wa EI. Do dé Vy NV; Eo. Liy (Vp) pep © 9: Vy Vp € 0,VB € D. Vay Vp € te, ¥et€ L,VB ED. Vay Upep Vp € Ta VA € I. Do dd Upep Vp € 0. Cau 8. Cho khong gian topo X, A CX. (1) Gia stv 3(X,)n © ALX_ > X-CMRx € A. (2) Cho A Ia tap con dog cia khong gian topo X. CMR V(Xa)n CAXy 7X XEA cit (1) Git str 30g) y © AXq > X. Lay V mir chtta, tin tai my EN dé xq €V,¥A 2 Np, Vay X_ EAN V,¥n = np. Viy VA# 0. Dodox EA] (2) ViA dong nén A = A. Viy V(q)y © A.%q > X theo (1) taco.x € A= A. Scanned with CamScannerCAU 8 TRANG 6 YG a SAR RSNA GIAL (1) Gia sit Aq) qn © A.Xp > X. Lay V mer chita x, tOn tai ny € N dé xq €V,Wn > My. Vay Xn EAA V,Vi > np. Vay VA 0. Dodo x ER. (2) ViA dong nén A = A. Lay (%y)q A.Xy ~ X theo (1) tacbx € A= A. CAU 9 TRANG 6 GIAL (= (2): Liy x € A. Goi ( ja phuong chinh quy tai x. Do x € A vi U,, més chita x nén U, OA # 0,¥n EN. Vay thn tai Xq € Uy MA, EN. ViXq € Uy, Vm EN nn xq > x. Hom ita (Xq)y © A. (2) (1): Xem bai tip 8 CAU 10 TRANG 6 WAdéng 2) YO a SAK SKS REA GIAL (= (2): Gia sir A dong. Ta phai chimg minh (2). Nghia la iy SSA Scanned with CamScanner(2) (2): Gia sit A dong. Ta phai chimg minh (2). Nghia la lay (%q)y © A.Xy =X (°) ‘Ta phai chimg minh x € A. Theo bii 9, do (*) ta eb x € A. Mi A déng nén A= A. Vayx eA. Q) = (1): Gia sie V(X_)n SAX >X—>XEA. Ta phai chimg minh A dong. Ta ching A.Ta di e6 ACA.Ta chi cin phi ehimg minh ACA Liy x A. Ta chimg minh XA. Ma theo bai 9 vax € A ta 66 3(Xq)q CAXy > X. VayxE A (Apem). chit DE chia nk HAGE REE Mah gS AS Be Ta Kin Sa Gia SGA Ta eh ‘min 66.8. CAU 11 TRANG 6 ) Acrimit x. Q)WNEX A )g CAR, AK GIAL (2)= (2): Gia sir A tra mat X. Ta phai ching minh (2), Nghia la ly x © X. Ta phai xay dung urge (Xq)y © Aq X VIA trit mat X nén X = A, Vay x € A, Theo eit 9 3(q)y © A.Xy > X 2) (A): Gia sit Vx E X,3%q)n © AX, +X. Ta chimg minh A tra mit X Tue 1a CM A= X. Ma A©X, Ta chimg minh X € A, Liy x € X. Theo gia thiét 3(,)_ © A,X, X. Theo bai 9, ta co CAU 27 TRANG 10 GIAL (1) Lay V mé trén Y . Ta 66 F-4(V) © X nén f-¥(V) € 2%, Vay f74(V) mo trén X. Do dé fLién tue. (2) Lay V mo trén Y, Vi trén Y xét topo tho To nén V = @ hoae V = Scanned with CamScannerCAU 28 TRANG 11 Cfiu 28. cho X.¥,7 1a cée khong gian topo va f:X + Y,g°Y = Z sao cho ge lién tue. CMR) (GQ) Néu g don anh, m6 thi ign tue I (2) Néu Ft inh, mo thie Hign tye CHUNG MIN (1) Véix € X, ta chime minh flién tue tai x Lay W mé trong Z.chira g(y) Do f:X + Y ton anh nén Y = f(X). May € ¥ nén ton tai x € X sao cho y = f(x). ‘Vay W mo trong Z chita g(f(8)). Vi ge XZ lién tye tai x nén tn tai U- mo trén X chia s dé (ge H(U) EW, tie 1a alf(uy] FO) CAU 33 TRANG II li khong gian topo. Cho énh Xt EX” Y Ta chi ein chimg minh (2) = (1). Gi sir Fin tue tax Vay W ma chia f(3), 30 mo hia x 48: 1(U) € V. Gia sir F RRR ign tue ta x Vay AV meh fe) oO S]vdi moi tip ms U chita , ta 66: ((U) eV. T ‘Ta ch ein ching minh (2) = (1). Gia si RGA Len We fois. Viy BVIRRTEETANNG sao cho FRAG tip md U elias, ta e6: f(U) € V. o Do X Ki DDI nga ti tn ti ew sb dia phvong ehinh quy (U,)q tix ‘Voi moi n € N, Up Li ms era x nn do (*) ta duge: (Uy) & V. Vay vi moi n € N, (bn tix, € Up 0 cho £05) €V. ‘Vi (Un)q Hi ev 86 dia phuong chinh quy tai x nén xq ~ x] i “Theo (2) ta 66 fq) ~ £6). Mi VOTE) nn phi tb toi ng € N,) € V, vm 2 no. (thin vai") 1[Page Scanned with CamScannerDo X la DDI nan tai tin ti co si dia phurong chinh quy (Uy)q ti, Voi moi n € N, Up Hi me chi sxmén do (*)ta drge: (Ug) € V. Vay wi mim € W, (bn tix, € Up a0 cho (5) €V. Vi (Un)a Hi co sé dia phurong chinh quy tai x nén xq -» x, Yn Vif WW ane chia Theo (2) 6 fq) — (8). Mi VRTEHTRTIG nen phi tn ti ng € HfGxq) € V.¥m 2 ny (nx thin ‘voi (**)) + Bho EW: Jy € VWI > Mo a Do X la DDI naa tai t8n tai co s6 dia phuong chinh quy (Uy), ta. Véi moi n € N, Uy li ms chita x nén do (*) ta duge: f(U,) € V. Vay vi moi m € Ni, tin taix, € Uy sa0 cho fx,) € V- ey Vi (Up) bi co siti phone chinh guy ‘Theo (2) ta c6 f(q) > f(x). Ma VIRTETET®) nén phaigtin tai ny EN, (xq) € V, vn 2 ng. (mau thndin voi (**)) WN NEN Xy >. o (Chi: Tinh chit DDI trong din I én Ka quan tong CAU 34 TRANG 11 Cfiu 34. tren tip x khang dém durge wet topo bit dém duge. Lay Xp € X va dh xa EX +R ssi din boi 0, néux # x 0 ={t jaune I cor (1) Vq)a ©X:%y Ko = Ha) > f080) (2) Fh Hien te ta (1) VOg)n E Xy Xo = fn) £9) (2) Rhone en eta % CHUNG MINE Xét dy (xq) © X Vay No, Ta net pA = (Kp y M Xo, € N}. Khi do U:= XA ld mo ehita x, Vay tn ting € Nae in € U,V > Ny. Nel lax, €AVn > ny Nala li xp = xp,¥n 2 np. Vy (Xn) = fp) Vi = mp. Do fy) — fC) 1 Gi si itn te ta xp. VaV = (2,2) li md cht fxg) = 1 nn tin ta U md chita xy sa0 cho (U) € 2) o CAU 36 TRANG 12 Scanned with CamScannerCAu 36. cm Anhsa B= -1.1) wi (8) = 725; php ding phi Ri GIAL ‘That vay. voi moi x,2 € BR, f(x) = f(z) = aed = ae eox(14 [2)) = 21 + Isl) x= 2 a Vay fli don anh. ivy € (-1: Df) = yes aay ex =ytylel =yC tls) GIAL (1) Liy x9 € A® va V mo chita «p(%q) = M9). Do Flign tue tai Xp nén t8n tai U me chia xy sto cho AU) EVO) ‘Ta thiy tip W = U0 A® Ka me ehita x9 va fd con eua A nen p(W) = (CW) Do W € U vido) ta 66 QW) & F(W) € f(U) €V. Vay @ lign tue tai xe € A°. Vay op lign tue trén A®. Ta Kip Iai qu tri ehimg minh nur tn vi A thay bo XA a thay boi gta due lin tue tren (X\A)® 7 2) Tacd (Xo) = f(¥0) = sXe). Ly V mo chia p(%o) Do fg lign tue tai xp nén t6n tai Us, Uz mo chita Xo sao cho f(U,) € V, g(Uz) € V- Wine) o f va @p cing lién 1Xo nén tin tai mo chira Xp sao cho HU) Mi Do Fv ng nt ax nn tnt Ut mca ocho (7 YE os “ fu) cv, Dat U = Uy Us Hama x Tao {09 EVE Vixo €0A=AAKVA nénUA sO. Khi di: @(U A) = (UMA) # 0 vicing Ii tp con eva Vy 8 Vp, Vay @(UAA) € Vy Vp, Doda Vy AV, # O, ani thn vai (*) nen 9) = eC%o). Li ludn twong ty vi Chay boi g vi A thay Boi XA ta doe 0%) = 9C%) Litwin twong tr voi boi g A thay boi X\ A ta duve g(x) = pC%o) 3|Page Scanned with CamScannerLy (Va)aer © To: Khi dd f-¥(V,) € 1.¥a€ | Viy £°4(Uger Va) Uger f° 1(Vg) € €. Do db Uger Va € To Liy Vp.Vp € To. Ta 66 F-¥(V,) € 1. f-4(Va) € t. Do dd FAY AVE) = FF) EH) Et Vay Vy Vp € to. Dodo To la topo trén Y. Liy V € to, Ta 66 f-4(V) € &. Vay Flign te. I dy V € f taco F-*(V) € ¥, Theo dinh nghia to ta co V € tp. Vay [Néu co topo B trén ¥ a Bor. ign tue thi CAU 39 TRANG 12 CAiu 39. cho (%1),(¥t2) Hi 2 khong gian va tap hop Z. Cho hai nh xa EX Z vi ‘ge + Z, CMR tin tai trén Z mt topo lon nt défi g li tue, Hy sie dinh topo do. GIAL Goi 81 topo Kin nb én Z dn tue. Goi By i topo Kin mht én Z dg én tye. Vy topo in nt twin Z d8 va g dé lién tue phai hi con tia B, ¥ Bp. Ki dd By M Bp a topo em nit d Eva g dé ign tve CAU 40 TRANG 12 Cau 40. gian topo va :X + Y.CMR (1) £8 anh xa mer (0%) © (1A)? (2) £14 anh xa déng néu va chi néu VA ¢ X: FA) ¢ f(A), GIAL (1) Gia aT GVEA AH TCAYY E HAY. Do (HAY) HOD) Vi A® mo trong X ni (AP) mo trong Y. Vay (4°)? = (4°), Vay F(A) © (f4))” Gi sit WA & X: f(A) & (f(A))°. Ta CM £ 1a anh xa mo. Lay A mo trong X. ‘Tacd A= AY nén f(A) = f(A) © (£A))"- Ma (F(AD)” F(A), Vay (£CA))” = CA) Do do f(A) me. x Oe Vi dong nén (A) dong. Vi A cA nén f(A) ¢ f(A). Do do AA) ¢ RD = d (2) Ta co f(A) dém durge cita Y. Lay V # © mo trong Y. Vi ftoan anh nén f-"(V) # ©. Vi flign te nén F-(V) mo trong X. Vay do A tra mit trong X nén f-1(V) MA # 0. Vay 3X9 € £°1(V) M.A. Do dé f(%9) € V vay € A. Vay fl) EV F(A). Do dé V A f(A) # 0. Vay f(A) tri mat trong Y. Scanned with CamScannerCAU 42 TRANG 12 8 pO X.Y, Zvi ede dnh xa EX YegeY > Z. Gia si fod ‘nh sa mo (hay dong) thi gla nh sa mo (hay dong) GIAL CAU 43 TRANG 14 @ HE THONG BAI TAP. ASVALGTRATEORNEY Do Ft Khong gian con cin D nén tdn tyi tip mir U trong D sao cho UAE. Ma D lai fi khong gian con cia X nén (OREGTSIGHONOREIN dé U = GND. Viy GADME MaE cD nénDNE=E. ‘Viy V= GE. Do dé E la khong gian con cia X. DINH LY 4.2 TRANG 17 DINH Li 4.2. Cho £X— ¥ la anh xa lign tue vai A la tip Lon compact eta X. Khi d6 f(A) la tip con ‘compact cia Y CHUNG MINH Ta ti ho cic tap mi (Va)ae tong ¥ sao cho f(A) CU set Vb a phi chi ra tn fA) © User, Va ip con hitb Tp = {4430439} cli Tsao cho Nes Vay CHUNG MINH Ta liy ho ca tap mo {Va}uer trong ¥ sao cho (A) CUger Va- (1) ‘Vi Vg mo trong Y, Wet € I vi flién tue nén f-4(Vq) ki mo trong X, Wat € I. Ta chimg minh A CUger -2(Va). Ta liy x € A. Do dé f(8) € f(A). Do (1) ta 66 f(3) €Uger Ve Vay tn tai ty € I: 1(8) € Vag. Ta 05 X € £°1(Ve,) CUget F*(Ve). Vay A CUgeyf°"(Vg)-Do A compact nin ni tp om hit han Ip = AC Usetgf-*(Va) = Ufer f*(Vay). (2) ‘Ta s@ chimg minh f(A) © Ufa, Vey: Lay y € f(A). Tin tai x € A dé y = F(X). Do 2) ta o6 x\in 5|Page Scanned with CamScanner(CHUNG MINH Ta ly ho cic tip m6 {Ve}aer trong ¥ sao cho ((A) CUger Va (1) ‘Vi Ve mo trong Y, Vor € I va fligm te nén f-¥(Vg) Li mo trong X, Ve € L Ta chimg minh A CUgey f7"(Vq). Ta kiy x € A. Do dé f(3) € f(A). Do (1) tae6 £08) €Uget Va Vay tin ti ty € (8) € Vay TAGS E F>(Ve,) User MMe) Vay A CUgeif°*(Vq)-Do A compet nén tin ti tp con ht han fp = (44349; 44} e890 eho AE Uneig'(Va) = Ua f'(Va)- 2) To s& chimg minh f(A) © UR Vey Liy ¥ € f(A). Tin ti x EA dB y= f(2). Do Q2) ta NTE far l?(Va Jee a ‘Ta chimg minh A CUge f¥(Va). Ta liy x € A. Do dé f(¥) € f(A). Do (1) ta f(%) €Uge1 Va Vay tha tg € Ef) € Vag. Ta 05x € F-#(Vy,) CU get (Ve) Vay A CUgei f7*(Vq)-Do A compaet nén tin tai tip com hw hast fp = {0344 44} cia sa0 eho AC Ucar.) 2) Ta 38 chimg minh ((A) © Use, Ua, 1). Ts ta i 4 Fay no cae Lap Mo {Vgdaet WORE Y SO ENO TA) CUgel Vac (1) Vi Vg mi trong Y, Wer € I vi ign tue nén f-4(V,) ki me trong X, Var € L ih Uggs HCV). Ta yx € A. Do dF) € (8). Do (1) 168 (8) €Uge Vs Vay tin tig € 1:f03) € Vay. Ta 06 x € £°(Vg,) CUger f4(Va) Vay A CUgetf1(Vq)- Do A compact nén tin tai tip eon hit ha by = foty2eg5«4q} eta Tsa0 cho AE User, "Va)-2) Ta s@ chimg minh f(A) © User, Ya: Lay y € f(A). Ton tai x€A dé y = f(x). Do (2) ta co xe Uactgf!(Va). Ti tai i € fy: € £7¥(Va,)- Nala lif) € Ve, Do doy € Vay © Uzet, Va: Do ds Y € User, Va: Do dé f(A) © Use, Ve 6|Page Scanned with CamScanner“Tay ho cic tip ms (Valaer tong Y sao cho f(A) CUge Ve (1) ‘Vi Vq mo trong Y, ec € I vi flign tue nén F*(V,.) ki mo trong X, Va € 1. ‘Tachitng minh A CUge, f7"(Vq). Ta liy x € A. Do dé f(x) € f(A). Do (1) ta 68 £08) €Uset Va i tai cg € I:f(8) € Vay- Ta 08 x € f°¥(Va,) CUget F°'(Ve). Viy A CUger f!(Ve): Do A compact nén tn ti tip con hu han I AC Usetg f1(Ve): 2) I Ta sé ching minh f(A) © Uset, Va. Lay y € f(A). Ton tai x €A dé y = f(x). Do (2) a 06 x Uses, f7Va). Tam ti to € fo: € F71(Vay). Nabila Bi (2) € Vag. Do d8 ¥ € Vay © Unety Va: Do di Y € Usety Ve Dod (A) © Use Va ‘Vi Vg ma trong Y, Ver € Iva Flin tye nén F#(Vq) Hi mi trong X, Vac € | ‘Ta ching minh A CUgef>¥(Vq). Ta liy x € A. Do d8 f(x) € F(A). Do (1) ta 68 £08) €Uget Va Viy ton ti ay € (8) € Vag: Ta 06x € 7¥(Vg) CUger F1(Va), Vay A CUset F-#(Va): Do A compact nén minh A Ugg F1(Vy)- Ta ky x € A. Dod 9) € (A). Do (1) 68 (8) €Uee Ve ‘ai tip.con hou ham Io = 45423. i¢q} eli I sa0 cho AC Unaigl (Ve) 2) Vay tin tai cg € 1: f08) € Vag. Ta 08 x € f°(Va,) CUser f™"(Va). Vay A CUgerf"1(Ve). Do A compact nén tn tai tip com hu han fo = (iq) eta I s30 cho AC User, f#(Va)- 2) ‘Ta s& ching minh f(A) © Uset, Va. Liy y € f(A). Tan wi x EA diy Users f-*(Va)- Vay tin tai eg € fo: € f¥(Vay). Neh Y € Users Vac Vay 1008 (A) © Use, Va (3). Do Q) ta 66 x€ (4) € Vay: Bod8 y € Vay © Use, Ve: Do ds Voi moi ho cée tip mé (Vgect trong Y s00 cho f(A) CUger Va. tn tai Kip con haw han Tg = 44:63. 34g} eta I s00 cho f(A) © Use, Ve Vay F(A) bi tip compact eta Y. HE THONG BAI TAP-BAI 3 KHONG GIAN TOPO CON 7|Page Scanned with CamScanner[SNR Do 11 King gin con cia D nén tn 3 RAED sho NE. Ma D lai la Khéng gian con cia X nén SAIEESIGHOROHES 48 U = GND. Vay DAE. MAE C DnénDOE=E. Vay V= GME. Dodd ta king gian con et X, GIAL Wy Xy € D,x # y. ViD CX nin x,y EX. ViX la Ty nén tin tat Vy, Vern trong X Kin Int chia ©, Ta dat Uy = Vy 0 D,Up = V2 D. Vay Us, Uz ka mé trong D, Han huot wo V8 yy 800 cho Vy Ve chiea x va y Taco U, AU, =, AD AY, AD = (V1. AV,) ND = OND =. ViyDE T @) Goi A 18 5p con dém duge HTREEGIEIN. Ta dye B= A 1 D. Khi ds, BIA tap con dém duge eva D. Ta chimg minh B ta mit tong D. LAGN@RNRSOTEAED. Vi D mc trong X nén V ta ma Khe © trong X. Do A trit mit trong X nén A NV #0. Véy VAB=VnAnD. MiVc Dain Va = V. Véy STEAM! Bera mae trong D. Datg=f|,. Tacog:A>Y SIMO RNTARON Vi ac a? cA GA Vlién tye tgianén n tue a, (a) = f(a). Vly V mi trén Y, ehea g(a). Ma Um trong A nén ton tai SURIOUEEOHEIN sao cho U = W 0A. Ta datG = WA? CW na =U. Tacha € Uc W. Hon naa a € A° nén SECRERCGHAGROREN (do A° vi W mi trong X). DoGc °c Anén KS RGIEROIE. BAI 4- KHONG GIAN TOPO COMPACT Scanned with CamScannerCHUNG MINH Ta gid sir A vi B compact trong X. Ta chirng minh A U B compact Lay (Va)gen li phi mé ea AUB. Viy AUB CUgep Ve Ma Ac AUB vaB C AUB nén A CUgep Va Vi B CUsen Va Do A. B compact nén ton tai Do, D, la ede tp con hitu han eta D sao cho A CUcep, Va vt B CUnep, Va. Vay AUB © (Ugep, Va) U (Unep, Ya) =Unepauo, Va Chi ¥ ring Do U D, a tap con hau han eta D. Vay AU B compact Cu 49. Moi tip con cia khéng gian topo bit how han déu La tip compact Co A tp cn a King an oo BAO anv Yi A Tah ln x TH Baty € 1 so cho Vg, # 0. Ta c6 X\\ Va, ki tip hit han. Vi A\ Va, CX'\ Va, 6 A\\ Va, hw han. Vi A\ Vag compact. Do A\ Vag © A nén (Va)act ng BL phd me ca A Vag. Vy tn ti tip con du han AN Vag CUfas Vay aed AC (Ya, U(A\ Vag) CURe Ya Vay A compact compact, GIAL Ta thiy X la Ty nn A. B ding. Viy A.B ding tn X nén ding trén A. Mi A compact nén A 0B compact Ching minh Ly A li tip con ding cia X. Do X compact nén A compact. Do fli Y la Ty nén f(A) li dong. Vay f i inh xa ding, Do 46 fla déng phi BAI S- KHONG GIAN METRIC tue nén f(A) compact trong Y. Do 9|Page Scanned with CamScannerMENH DE 5.1. Cho khong gian metric (X, d). Ta 6 () |d(x y) — d(x,z)| = d(y,z) (2) |d(x, y) — d(a,b)| < d(x, a) + dy, b) CHUNG MINE (1) Ta c6 d(x, y) < d(x,z) + d(z,y) = d(x,z) + d(y,z) Vay d(x, y) — d(x,z) < d(y,z) (I) Ta c6: d(x,z) < d(x,y) + d(y,z) = |d(x,z) — d(x, y) < d(y,z) 2) Ti (1) va (2) ta c6: |d(x, y) — d(x,z)| < d(y,z) @ Tacé (x,y) 5 d(x,a) + d(a,b) + d(b, y). Vay d(x, y) ~ dab) < d(x, a) + dy, b) Ta c6: d(a,b) < d(a,x) + d(x,y) + d(y,b) = d(a,b) — d(x,y) < d(x,a) + d(y,b) 2) Tit (1) va (2) ta c6:/d(x, y) ~ d(a,b)| < d(x, a) + dy, b) MENH DE 5.3. Chimg minh Gia sir day (%,,),, h6i tu vé hai gidi han a va b trén (Xd). Vay tim d(q,a) = 0; lim d(%q,b) = 0 ‘Theo bat ding thire tam gide ta e6 0 < dab) < d(@,xy) + d(%,,b), vn EN. Cho n> co ta duge 0 < d(a,b) $ 0 = d(a,b) =0>a=b MENH DE 5.4. Néu xq > a; Yq > b tren (Xd) thi lim, Up Yn) = dab) Ching minh Vi xq > a:Yq > b tren (Xd) nén dX ya) + 0; d(Yqb) O khin — oo. Ta c6 [(Xq-¥n) — (a, b)] S dq, a) + d(yq,b), ¥n EN Cho n+ 0 ta 06: Lim, .cold(Xp-¥n) — d(@, b)] = 0. Vay lim, soo d(%pYn) = dab) BAL TAP t0|Page Scanned with CamScannerCHUNG MINH Ta kiém tra d 1a metric trén X. Lay x,y,z € X. Hién nhién d(x, y) > O,Wxy €X © dQxy) = 0 <> maxeerani Ix — y(O)] = 0%) Tach: 0 < x(O) — YO] < marerany}x(©) — y(O)| = OMe € [a,b] COS ICO — COL = OM € fa, 5] <= x(0) = yO ARAN = x = y © dQwy) = Max ejan1KCO) = YO] = MAX efapil¥(O — XO] = d(y.x), Nhic lai: Ja + b| < Jal + 1b] © ve fab}, Ix) — 200] = |(x() — yO) + (vO) — 2(0)| s Ix) — COI + Ly) — 2001 S MAX ee(an) XO) — VCO] + MaXtejanjl¥(O) = 2001 = dy) + dG, 2). Vay Vee [a,b], [x(t) — ADI Ay) + A(y,2). Vay d(%,2) = max eraIXO 200] < doy) + dy,2). ‘Takiém tra p 1a metric tén X. Liy x,y,z € X. CHUNG MINH © Vix) -y(0] 0; ¥e € [a b) nén oxy) = f st ~yeolat= 0 # plxy) = 0-2 fx) —y(Hldt = 0 x(t) -y(H] = 0, vee [a,b] MERON) = x(t) =y(), vt [ab] ae x=y # pOsy) = fx ~ yOOlae = fly —xCOIdt = p(y.» Vivte fab}: Ix) 2001 < IK = YOO + 1 = 200 Nén p(x.2) = fx(t) ~ 200 lat = f'x(®) — y(Ola + fy) — 20 |de = pCxy) + p(y.2). U|Page Scanned with CamScannerCfiu 58. Cho X 1a mét tap hop bat ki. Ta xét ham so d:X x X > R dinh boi CHUNG MINH Hien nhién d(x, y) € Rva d(x, y) = 0,¥x,y € X. Do dinh nghia cia d(x,y) ta c6 d(%y) =0 x =y Hien nhién d(x, y) = d(y,x), ¥xy € X. Ta chimg minh: d(x,z) < d(x, y) + d(y,2), Vx y.2 EX THI.x=z Do dinh nghia cia d ta c6 d(x,z) = 0 nén dz) < d@wy) + d(y,z) TH2.x#z Ta thay y phai khie x hoje y khae z. Vay d(x y) + d(y,z) 2 1 = d(x,z) 12|Page Scanned with CamScannerCHUNG MINH () Liyxy,2€X. Vid, y) 2 Onén p(xy) 2 0. p(xy) = 0 Jdixy) =0 Sd(xy) =0ex=y bow = Vagx (p(%.2))" = d(x,2) < d(x y) + d(y,2) = (Oy)? + (0.2) < PY) + U.P Yau y) = poy) Vay p02) < pQuy) + ply.2) 2 (= )Lay day Cy) © (KA), limy gid (%ye 3) =O. Khi 6 lity gus SX) = lity gus VAD = 0. (ePbiy dy (65) © OP) my. 4% X) = 0. Khi diy. 99) = li .0(706999)° = 4. ‘Chimg mink : m » 05 6x2) = fix 20014 f AGxy2) Kt = d6xy2) f at= (>~adG%y2) Vi diy (%,)y hOi tu v8z theo metric d nén lim sy U(%y- 2) = O nea Lit dy (y.2) = 0. Vay diy (a) hGi tu v8 2 theo metic dy (Chit Sw hii tu theo metre d chinh la sy hoi ty déu eta iy him ign tue. Do dd metric d edn durge go Li metric hoi tu du, 13|Page Scanned with CamScannere Cach 1 a a z z + ne\e 66.0) = f bey(0)—olae= f[x,coae= f (a-nodee (e-7 0 0 hy .» a n 2a” 2n 0. Do 46 limy sas Xy = 0 tren (Xd) Vay lim sa. 1%, 0) = lim © Caich 2: Diing dién come aa oe dy (Xp, 0) = fi ka(t) — Oldt = fx, (Dat = 14|Page Scanned with CamScanner‘Chimg minh Ta diing phan chimg. Gia str (x,)q_hOi tu dén z trén (X, d). Do do: lity soo d(%p»2) = 0.0) Bai 61 = x, > z trén (X,d,). Ma theo Bai 62 ta c6 x, — 0 tren (X,d,) [Do tinh duy nhat ctia gidi han ta c6: 2 = 0. Thay vio (*) ta c6 limy sap d(Xy,0) = 0(**) Ta co: d(Xy, 0) = max,-,y(1 — nt) = 1 (***), Tir (**) va (***) cho ta mau thudn, [Két luan: Khi ta thay d6i metric, sy hoi ty cua mot diy bj thay doi theo. Cfu 63. Trén X = C[0,1] xét hai metric d va p cho boi AG y) = maxtefoa {x — yO: ‘ poy) = i, ik —y(Olat Cho day (%,)q © X dinh boi Xy(t) = n(t” — t"*4), vt € [0,1]. (1) Chimg minh (x,,),, hoi ty trén (X, p) (2) Chimg minh (x,,),, khong hoi tu trén (Xd) 15|Page Scanned with CamScannerCHUNG MINE a) ove Pacem cmenaren( 222) PCy 0) = J n(e ~ t*4)dt = n( > a POH) = TERED — WEP WO) =O (2) Ta ding phan ching, gia str Néu lim, so d(@%q.X) = 0 thi theo bai 61 ta c6 limy su» PCy) = 0. Theo ¥ (1) ta 66 x = Vay litt sus A(X.) Ma d(Xp,0) = max{n(t" ~ t7):t € [0;1]} = GIAI CHI TIET ¥ 2 2) Ta ding phin chim. gi sir CODMGNUNAMNED. Nea ta in ti x € X a my sn Kye) = 0 “Theo bai 61 ta £6 lity ss PCS X) = 0. Theo ¥ (1) ta 68 X= 0. Vy Titty up W(%y 0.) = 0. Ma d(x, 0) = max{n(e” = e*9):t€ [0;1]) Dat f(e) = n(t" = t*4):t € [0; 1]. Taco f"(e) = n(ne™t = (n+ De") = ne (n+ DO) = t=0 9e [=e fol ‘ = o1 r@|o +0 w | 7 NN G54, 0) = maria f(0) = F() =n (2) (1-2) = thuin) BAI 6- TAP MO, DONG, TRU MAT 16|Page Scanned with CamScannerDINH Li 6.4. Cho (X.4) la khong gian metrie vi A © X. Cie m@nh 42 sau ka trong dong, axe Q)¥r > 0,BOxr) 0A +0 8) BG )y CAy FX (CHUNG MINH. ‘Theo li thuyét topo ta e6 (1)=> (2). (2) 3) Gia sirx € A. Vay x la diém dinh cua A nén, Vr > 0,80) 0A # 0. Apdung v6i tach B(x!) naz 0.vnE N= Chon, €8(x2) ALY EN = 3(Xp)q © Ava (XX) <4, Do dO lity en A(%y,X) = 0. Vay Xq > X (3) (2) Gia sir (gy © AXy > X. Lay r > 0, ta chimg minh B(x,r) 1A # 0. ‘That vy, vi xy > Xnén d(Xy,X) +0. Do dé Ve > 0,319 EN, ¥n 2 np: U(Xqx) < € Ap dung v6i € = r= ang € N, Vn 2 ta 06 A(XyX) <0 Nehifa 1a Xp € BO r), Vin > np. Ma (Xy)n © Anen Xq € B(K.1) A.A > Ng Do dé B(x,1) NA # O. Vay x € Xi diém dinh ctia A BAI TAP CHUNG MINH © Ta ching minh X \ B(%,r) la tap dong, Lay (Xa)n © X\ BG 1) va Xp > 2 € X. Ta chimg minh z € X\ B(x, r). Vy A(X) 2 1, Vn EN. Cho n > co ta duge d(z,x) = r = 2 € BCX.) (dpem) © Dé chimg minh qua cau dong B(x, r) la tap dong. Lay (Xp) © BCX. 1),Xy > z Ta chimg minh z € B(x, r). Ta c6: d(Xp,x) Sr, ¥n € N. Cho n > ©, d(z,x) 0: B(x,r) CA CB. Vay x € B®. Vay A° c B® Lay x € A. Tén tai diy (x), nn 7X. VIA Bnén (xq), CB. Vay x EB Vay Ac B DRVA=X\ A? Liy x € KYA © Tin tai day (xp)y © X\A:Xy > X © Wr > 0,3n EN, Vn > no: d(Xp,X) < rnghia li x, € B(,r) © Yr > 0,B(%,r) AX\A # O & Vr > 0, B(x, r) khong chira trong A x € AP 8)(X\A) =X\A Lay x € (X\A)® © Téntair > 0: BOX) C X\A & Téntair > O: BOP) NA=0xEA 9)R= Auda x€ Ae (vr>0,B(,r)NA#0) XEACAUOA xeA = bee a= Ben) MAS + O.Hom nita BH) NA # OF lee aa = XE AVIA Cau 71. CMR:x € B(a,r) = B(%r) ¢ B@,2r) GIAT Gia x € B(a,r). Lay z € B(x,r) = d(x,z) z€ Bia, 2r) Vay B(x,r) © B(a, 2r) (Caw 720 Cho (Xa) ks hong ian metric Wa/A Xi Hai menh de sew 1a trong dhrong ‘DREIACSABIETERAN DIG) SAG) XVAR, SRY SS GIAL GIAL x € Xa diém bign ctia Ae> x € A va x € RA 3(Ky)n CAs VYadn EX \ AIK > VAY > 18|Page Scanned with CamScannerCiiu 83. Trong C[a, b] xét metric d@wy) = maxfIx() — yh: t € [a.b]} Chimg minh (1) tap F = {x € C[a,b]: x(t) < A, Vt € [a, b]} 1a tap dong V A € RL 2) tap G = {x € Cla, b}:A < x(t) < B, Vee [a,b]} la tip mo VA,BE RA B, Vt e [a.b]) ‘Theo cu (1) F, dong, Chimg minh tuong tu F, ciing dng, Vay G° dong. Do 46 G mo. BAI 6 ANH XA LIEN TUC BO DE 6.4. Gia sird va p la so sinh duge. Khi do d va p tuong duong, CHUNG MINH Ta thay anh xa déng nhat I: (X,p) > (X,d). Taco d(I(x),1()) = dQ y) < Bp(xy), Way EX. Vay |: (Xp) + (Xd) 1a anh xa Lipschitz nén lién tue, Ta thay anh xa ding nhit I: (X,d) > (X,p). Ta c6 1 P(IG).10)) = p@y) < ZG, y), Wary EX. Vay I: (Xd) > (Xp) fa anh xa Lipschitz nén lign tue. 1|Page Scanned with CamScannerGiai Lay diy (X,)y © A,X, > x trong (X,d). Vay f(x,) = g(x,), Vn € N (+) Vif, g lign tue nén f(Xy) > £6), 80%) > 800. Cho n = 0° trong (*) ta co f(x) = g(x). Do do: x € A. Vay A dong. GIL URNS To c6 Fisn tue nn f(x) > fC). VA WO) = Aye fC) > (Ko, F60)) = Co) Ci 94. Cho (X.d) l& khong gian metric, Net nh xa déng nit I: (X,d) + (Xd), Ching minh I lién tue déu ‘Ching minh: (G9), 1) = dy), Wy € X = 11a anh xa Lipschitz, Ci 95, CMR. (1G), 1(Y)) = dy), WX € X = La anh xa Lipschitz, (Cau 96. Cho (Xd) li khong gian metric. A. B ka hai tp con ea X. 1) Ching minh G = {x € X:d(%A) < d(x, BY} Li ip mo. 2) Gia st AB = An B = ©. Ching minh rang tén tai U mo chita A va V mé chit B sao cho Unv=0. Giai Anh xa x d(x, A) va x d(x, B) la anh xq Lipschitz nén f(x) = d(x, A) — d(x, B) lign tue. Chit y Ia: f1((-29,0)) = (x € Xid(&.A) < d(x.B)} £-1((0, +00) = (ee K:d(K.A) > dB) 1) Vay G = F-4((—<2,0)) mo. 2) DALU = GV = f-*((0,4e0)). RO ring: UAV = 0. ‘Ta CMA CU. Thit viy:x € A= d(X,A) = 0. Vi ANB = 0 => x ¢ B= d(x.B) > 0 = d(x,A) => xeU Ta chimg minh B & V. Lay x € B= d(x,B) =0.Vi ANB=0=>x€A=d(wA)>0= (xB) = xe V. 2|Page Scanned with CamScannerCau 97. Trén X = C[0,1] sét metric d cho boi AG y) = Maxyefo,y fe" KO — y(OL} vai a > 0 cho trude Cho b € R. Véi méi x € X, dat F(x) € X dinh boi : FQ(t) = b+ f f(s.x(s))ds, Vt € [0;1] 0 CMR F:X + X la anh sa Lipschitz tren (X,d) v6i hé s6 Lipschitz li, GIAL Voi mdi x,y € X,t € [0; 1] ta 06: IFON() — FY)! = [Gtes.xcs) ~ fs y(s))}ds| é Ff § [ t(sx0))-(sy(9)las-< f mists) — yields =_M lo lo #8, e-*5]x(s) — y(s) Ids Mest . 1 M ‘ = maces) f ema =MdQxy)ze"] = Td(xy)(e" — 1) < dy) Vay e1F)() — FOO! < “aC y), Ve € [0:1] = a(FOD, FY) < “deuy) Taco d(x y) = maxyeio, {1X — Y(HI} 0 sinh durge vei o(x.v) = max {)x(P) = vin Ma (X,p) la day du. Vay (Xd) la ity du. Ta chon a > M thi < 1. Vay F la anh xa eo theo metric d BAI 7- KHONG GIAN METRIC DAY DU Gil sir xy a. Ly €> 0,319, n> ng: dtp a) Vay n,m 2 no: d(x.) <$,d(%ma) <= Vay dp ty) < dC a) + dC) 0,3ng € N, n,m 2 ng dt Xn) < £83k EN sa0 cho m= ny va Vk 2 kot (myx) <§ Vay d (xn%n,.) yd (Sng) < $M 2 ty. VEN dna) co ta duce f° }x(t)|dt = 0. Vay x(t) = 0, ¥t € [-1;0](*) Mit khc v6i mdi a € (0;1) ta c6a > = khi m dit kim. Vay Xq(t) = 1, Vt € (a, 1) khi n di én, Do dé iG) = f eal x(0lde> f ‘is —a(olae= ft —xCOIee Bs , Chon + oo ta duge {*|1 ~ x(t)|dt = 0. Vay x(®) = 1,¥t € [a;1] Do a € (0; 1) tay ¥-va x lign tue nén x(t) = 1,¥t € (0; 1](**) Tir (*) va (**) ta gip mau thud o Cig ind gan a eg ide Oa) = Ce) 1a eM ee, +6) Chime mink in a dng nit I (X,€) + Qed) King lien ewe, Ta nhé ring: dy (xy) < d(x.y), Vey € X. Mi I(x) =x, Vx X. Viy dy (1@),I(Y)) = dy (y) < d@xy),Wany EX 1: (Kd) > (Xdy) la nh xa Lipschitz, do dé lién tue déu. ») Ta ding phan chimg. Gi si: (X,d,) — (Xd) lign tue Xét dy him lign tue _nt+ 1, telo | : *n xa(0 = 0 te (en ‘Theo bai tp 61 ta 6: xq > 0 theo metric dy. Do I: (X,d;) + (X,d) lién tuc nén (xq) — 1(0) theo metric d. Vay x, — 0 theo metric d. Nhung theo bai tép 62 ta lai c6: xy * 0 theo metric d (mau thuain). Vay I: (Xd) > (Xd) khéng bién tue, o Cau 100, Chimg minh Q voi metric thong thing la khong day du. Gi Ta thdy tin ai dy (,)y CQ Xy + V2-€ Q. Viy (Xu li dy Cauchy nhumg khong hi tu trong @ 5|Page Scanned with CamScanner: Nhé: % In. +a+b) 0. % Inf +a)savaro % — aM>0,Jal 0,V5 > 0,3x,y € X théa man d(xy) <5 va (F(3),f(9)) = eo, Chon 5 = £, xy, Yq € Xd(Kq. Yu) <4 vit dC F().f(Yn)) 2 €0 > 0. Do X compact nén hai diy (y)ne(Ya)u © X S€ 06 hai diy con (%p,),-(Vig),, Hin lug hoi ey ve xy €X, tite ing = Xl en Yay = Y- im Ta 06 A (Say Vin) < py VEY lime c (Sng Vay) = OVAY d(XY) = lime no d(%my Yo) = 0- Do 46 x Suy ral Xi = lit Yong I Mi fligm te me Tm ofp.) = FG) = lc (Vn) Buy 1m firma (F(sn,)-(m)) = 4,109) = 0. Miu thudn v6i dl (1(¥n,)f(¥ny)) 2 €0 > 0 a T|Page Scanned with CamScanner‘Cu LIL Cho (Xd), (Y,p) la 2 khéng gian metric, Anh xa f:X — Y toan nh, lign tue déu. CMR ‘néu X hoan toan bj chin thi Y ciing hoan toan bi chin. Lay € > 0, vi flign tue déu nén Br > O:Vxy € X,d(xy) p(f@),fy)) <« (*) X hoin toan bi chin nén t6n tai tip con hitu han H iia X sao cho X =Usey BOX,F) Vi fli ton anh nén Y = £(X) = f(Usen BOT) =Uen (BG) (1) Ta chimg minh: f(B(x,r)) € B(F(),€) vx € X. (**) That viy. 2 € £(B(x,r)) Khi dé ay € B(x,r):2 = fly). Ta thay d(x,y) < r= p(F(),f(y)) < € (do (*))= 2 = f(y) € BEE), €). Do (1) va (**) ta cd: ¥ CUxey BCC), €). Do 46 ¥ hon toan bi chin Chit ¥: Vay Y =Uyeu B(IG),€) Ciw 112, Cho (X,d) la khéng gian metric, Ta dit metric (xy) = In{1 + d@xy)LVxy €X. ‘Chimg minh: (X, d) li khéng gian compact ¢ (X, p) la khéng gian compact ‘Chimg minh (=) Liy diy (%n)n © X. Vi (Kd) li khéng gian compact nén tin ti diy con (xp), viz € X sao cho Jim dG%y,.2) = 0 Ma Jim sng-2) = fimtn[1 + d(x,,2)] = In(1 + 0) = 0. Vay (Xp) la Khong gia compact. (&) Liy dy (g)q © X. Vi %p) lakhdng gian compact nén thn ti diy con (x,,), viz € Xsao cho Jim o(%n,.2) = 0 Mia jimaq2) = fim [e0%) -1] = 60-1 =0 ‘Vay (X,d) la khong gian compact. a CAU 113 alPage Scanned with CamScannerLay (Va) la pt mo eta A nghia ta (xy:m € N} U (a) CUge1 Var » Vay tin tai dg € 148 a € Va, Do Vg, ménén 3¢ > 0.46 B(a,€) ¢ Vay. (* Do xq anén tin tai mg € N dé d(x,a) < Vn 2 no, Nghia lax, € B(4,0,¥n 2 np Do (*) nn xy € Vo, ¥n 2 my. Vit € (1,2...) . do (* stim tai oj €14bx, € Voy Dodd A = {xn € N) Ufa} CUM, Vo, ‘Ta da xay dmg duge pha con hitu han cia A, Do dé A compact. Gia (1) Li diy ((xq,£0%4))},, © Gr Va (Xp FO%q)) + Oey). hi 45% X:£6%,) + Vif lign tye nn f(%q) = £09). Vay y = £0) = (xy) X09) € Gy (2) Gilt sir 48 thi Gy dong vi Y compact. Gia sittin tai Xo € X sao cho f khing lién tue tai Xo, Vay Beg > 0,¥8 > 0,3x € X, d(H Xo) < 8 vit (F(X), f6%9)) 2 Eo Chon & = 5 Khi 6 3(%q)n © Xd y Xo) <5 va d(FC%q) 11%) 2 eon EN (*) Vay qo: Vi{FG5,) ha © ¥ compact én c6 diy con (f(%q,)}, hi tu ey € Y. Vay lin ( nq) ) = Cor¥o) Vi Gr ing én (Xo, Ye) € Gy = Yo = Fo). Vay f(Sm) o (o). Tir (*) ta 66 d( F(X), F680) 2 fo, Vk € N (mau thuin) Lay diy ((y.%q)}n © A840 cho (Sy Xq) > (%Y)- VEY %y > XVA Xy > YtRENX. Vay’ (%.y) € Do dé A la tap dong trong X x X. 9|Page Scanned with CamScannerVéi moi (x.y) € A x B < W, t8n tai tap mé UY trong X va VY trong Y sao cho (wy) € UY x Voc wa) ‘Voi moi y € B c6 dinh, {U3}, 1a phi mo cia A. Do A compact nén 66 phi con hit han{U,; UZ... UZ, }. Nghia la A CUR, UZ, @) Dat UY =URL, UZ, va VY =A}, Vy, Do (2) ta durge UY La me chira A QB) Hom atta V la mi chita y. Mat khie do (1) ta 06 UY x VY = (UR, UZ) x WY =UR, (UY, x VY) CUR, (UE x Vz) € W Vay: UY x VY CW, vy EB a Vi (V)yen [a phi mé ctia B. Do B compact nén co phi con hitu han (V¥s,V¥2,.., V8}. Nghia la B CUB, V". Bat V =U, V¥. Ta thiy Vl ma chia B. Bat U =n, UY thi do (3) ta thay U ta mer chia A. Do (4) ta e6: UV = Ux (UE, ) UR, (UV) CUR, (UF x VA) < WD ‘SUA THEM MOT SO BAI TAP. Liyxy.2€X © Hidn nhién da (x,y) 2 0. © daxy) = 0 = e-*"{x(t) — yO] = 0,¥tE [a,b] = [x(8) — y(] = 0, VEE [a,b] = x= y © daKy) = maxyefapjle- IC — YCON) = MaXyefan) f(D — X(N} = da (YX) © YtE [a,b] theo bat ding thire tam gide ta 66 Ix) = 2001 s Is ~ yO + Iv — 21 = eM Ix(t) = 2(0)] S EM XC) — VCO] + Ey (8) — 2(0)] < da(y) + day,z), VEE [a,b] Vay da(2) $ de(Xy) + da(¥.2) Do di dla metric trén X. Ta thiy: e*? < e~** < e“, vt € [a,b]. Viv: IX) — VOL S EXC — VOLS e-MIX(H) — Y(OL WEE [a,b] Do di: e-*¥do(x y) < dey) < e“*do(%y). VEY € X. Viy eda (KY) S do(Xy) S eda (X.Y), ¥KY EX, 1|Page Scanned with CamScannera) —- Taco: |x(t) — y(t) d(x y), vt € [-1,1], vx y EX Vay pQvy) = [bx - yl dt < J, d@wy) dt = d@ey) JP, at = 2a y) Vay p(Xp/X) S 2d(Xq,X). Gia str: xq x tren(X, d). Khi d6 limy so U(Xp.X) = 0 Vay lity se P(y.X) = 0. Do do Xy x tren (Xp). Bb Tacox,(t) = 0, vt € [-1; 1] va y =140. Vay xq +0 theo metric p. Néu (2, )y hOi tu theo metric dvé x thi theo ¥ 1) ta thiy 2, cing s& hoi tu vé x theo p. Vay x = 0.Do. 46 dp, 0) + 0.Ma (Xp, 0) = maxyet-1.ail%n(0)] = MAX ef-,4)%n(t) = A +09 (mau thu), Vay (nn khong hoi tu theo metric d. U|Page Scanned with CamScannerXY ZEX, © Vid(x,y) > 0 nén p(x.y) = In(1 + d(x,y)) = Int = 0 © pQoy) =In(1 + diy) = 0 > diy) = 0 ax=y + px) =In(1 + dy,x) =In(1 + dy) = peY) © Vi d(%z) < d(xy) +d(y,z) nén p(X,z) = In(1 + d(x,z)) 0 That vay, (1+a)(1+b)=1+a+b+ab>1+a+b,Vab 20. Vay In(1 +a) + In(1 + b) = In[((1 + a)(1 + b)] = In. +a +b) Vay In(1 + d(xy) + d(y,2)) < In(1 + dGxy)) +In(1 + dty,2)) B) Tir (1).(2).3) ta. ps2) $ py) + pLy.2) (2) Gia sie Limg-ep A(Xq/X) = 0. Ta £6 lim p&p, x) = limIn[1 + d(%,,x)] = In(1 + 0) = 0. |. Ta 66: pny X) = Inf + d(%q,x)] Hid si LIMp se P(Xp, X) = Vay d(q.x) = €°60) — 1. Suy ra limp dq.) = @° — 1 = 0.9 CAU 66 12|Page Scanned with CamScanner