Strategies to grow a proud attitude towards Indonesian

cultural diversity
As an example of the language aspect, Martin (2017), mentions that Indonesia
is pluralistic, rich in languages, social and economic stratification, and
diverse religion.

Martin, N. (2017).Bahasa gado-gado in Indonesian popular texts: Expanding

indonesian identities through code-switching with English. The University of
Wisconsin-Madison

This is like the research conducted by Wijaya (2019),which describes how

Indonesian food culture is formed, developed, and held as a value that is
embedded in society and has been passed down from one generation to the next.

Wijaya, S. (2019). Indonesian food culture mapping: a starter contribution to

promote Indonesian culinary tourism.Journal of Ethnic Foods,6(1), 1-10.Yudhistira,
B., & Fatmawati, A. (2020). Diversity of Indonesian soto.Journal of Ethnic
Foods,7(1), 1-9.

Koentjaraningrat (2015),that the forces that drive the socio-cultural

development of the Indonesian people are the forces from within the
community itself (internal factors) such as generational changes and local
modifications.

Koentjaraningrat. (2015). Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi, Sejarah Teori

Antropologi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Yudhistira& Fatmawati(2020),explained that in addition to local culture, Indonesian

culture is also influenced by the diversity of foreign cultures and food in its
development.

Yudhistira, B., & Fatmawati, A. (2020). Diversity of Indonesian soto.Journal of

Ethnic Foods,7(1), 1-9.

Education, Aspiration, and Everyday Diplomacy: An

Ethnographic Study of Female Malaysian Muslim Students
in the UK
Koh (2017) argues that the culture of migration among Malaysian students
abroad is the result of the legacy of British colonial-era racialisation, something that
has been inherited and exacerbated by the postcolonial Malaysian state.

Koh, S. Y. (2017). Race, education and citizenship: Mobile Malaysians, British

colonial legacies, and a culture of migration.Palgrave Macmillan.

In this context, high achievement in education for many Malays is when their
children succeed in winning scholarships for a university education abroad (Ibnu,
2019).

Ibnu, I. N.(2019).Female Malaysian Muslim students’ experiences in the United

Kingdom: Piety and everyday life in Manchester and Cardiff.Doctoral thesis (PhD),
University of Sussex.

Besides, participation in piety movements and commensality among students Malay

students community abroad is said to help relieve stress and overcome loneliness in
these sponsored students’ life adjustments (Ibnu, 2022; Ibnu & Azman, 2021).

Ibnu, I., & Azman, N. (2021). The role of Islamic Piety Movements in the lives of
Malaysian female Muslim students in the United Kingdom.Journal of Studies in
International Education.

However, in Singapore, study by Senin & Ng (2012) reveals that there is a lower
educational aspiration among Malay youths compared to other ethnicities in
education although the Malays belong to the lower socioeconomic status
backgrounds

Senin, N., & Ng, I. (2012). Educational aspirations of Malay youths from low-income
families in Singapore.Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development,22(4),
253–265.

III. develop

THE REPERCUSSIONS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE WELLBEING OF

OLDER PEOPLE IN MALAYSIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
(people)
COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a new challenge to healthcare sectors in Malaysia in terms of the
practices in managing the patients especially older patients and therefore, continuous search for
effective practices in this field are required (Tay et al. 2020).
Tay, K., Kamarul, T., Lok, W.Y., Mansor, M., Li, X., Wong, J. & Saw, A. (2020). COVID-19 in Singapore and
Malaysia: Rising to the Challenges of Orthopaedic Practice in an Evolving Pandemic. Malaysian
Orthopaedic Journal, 14(2), 1-10.

As highlighted in other studies, COVID-19 is not a common challenge that is faced by the humankind
(Elengoe, 2020) as its impacts on economic, socio-economic, health, mental wellbeing and other aspects
have exceeded other pandemics that occurred in the past (Gilbert, 2020).

Elengoe, A. COVID-19 Outbreak in Malaysia. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 11(3), 93-
100. Gilbert, G.L. (2020). SARS, MERS and Covid-19 – New Threats; Old Lessons. International Journal of
Epidemiology, 49(3), 1- 3.

As the number of detected cases in Malaysia increased, the Malaysian government has implemented a
Movement Control Order (MCO) or otherwise known as the partial lockdown on 18th March 2020 to
control the rate of increase in COVID-19 cases in Malaysia (Ho & Tang, 2020; Shah et al. 2020).

Ho, K. & Tang, D. (2020). Movement Control as An Effective Measure Against COVID-19 Spread in
Malaysia: An Overview. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, 1-4.

Strategies to improve the vaccine distribution and community

awareness of taking COVID-19 vaccine in rural areas in Indonesia
Nurse

The vaccination campaign has been widely implemented throughout Indonesia’s various regions (Pronyk
et al. 2019; WHO 2021b).

Furthermore, the government of Indonesia has developed several strategies against the pandemic,
including using masks, tracing positive case contacts, education and self-quarantine preparation,
hospital isolation, and vaccination programs (Roziqin et al. 2021; Wulandari et al. 2021).

Roziqin A, Mas’udi SYF, Sihidi IT (2021) An analysis of Indonesian government policies against COVID-19.
Public Administration and Policy 24: 92–107.

Wulandari EW, Hastuti EB, Setiawaty V, Sitohang V, Ronoatmodjo S (2021) The First Intra-Action Review
of Indonesia’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, August 2020. Health Security 19: 521–531.

However, the advancement of distribution technology increased vaccine stock for effective vaccination
programs to reach the targeted number (Ministry of Health of Indonesia 2020; Nugraha et al. 2021).

Nugraha RR, Miranda AV, Ahmadi A, Lucero-Prisno DE (2021) Accelerating Indonesian COVID-19
vaccination rollout: a critical task amid the second wave. Tropical Medicine and Health 49: e76.

Several factors contribute to Indonesians’ reluctance to participate in the vaccination program. These
include distrust of the virus, a lack of vaccine information, held beliefs and values, and the influence of
the environment (Dubé et al. 2013; Fadda et al. 2020).
Dubé E, Laberge C, Guay M, Bramadat P, Roy R, Bettinger J (2013) Vaccine hesitancy: An overview.
Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 9: 1763–1773.

Fadda M, Albanese E, Suggs LS (2020) When a COVID-19 vaccine is ready, will we all be ready for it?
International Journal of Public Health 65: 711–712.

The Dilemma of Good Governance Implementation in

Indonesia during the Pandemic of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-
19)
People

The Indonesian government then implemented a policy known as the new

normal adaptation (Saputra, 2020).

Saputra, H. P. (2020, July 15). PerubahanSosial di Era Pandemi. Retrieved

March 23, 2021, from Lombok Post:
https://lombokpost.jawapos.com/opini/15/07/2020/perubahan-sosial-di-era-pandemi/

In governing a state, Indonesia guarantees the existence of derogable rights

or human rights conducted by the state, including the right to obtain
information (Wibawa, 2020).

Wibawa, K. C. (2020).
PerananKomisiInformasiDalamMengawalKeterbukaanInformasiPublik Di Masa
Kedaruratan Kesehatan (Pandemi) Covid-19. Administrative Law & Governance
Journal, 3(3), 485.

After the COVID-19 outbreak, the activities which involved many people were
no longer being held due to suspicion, loss of trust, tolerance, and fear of
crowds. (Lubis, 2020).

Lubis, M. S. (2020, August 15). Pengaruh Covid-19

TerhadapPerubahanKehidupanSosial
Masyarakat.RetrievedMarch23,2021,fromKompasiana:
https://www.kompasiana.com/mutiaralubisss/5f378f91097f36783f721172/pengaruh-
covid-19-terhadap-perubahan-kehidupan-sosial-masyarakat?page=all#sectionall
THE REPERCUSSIONS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE WELLBEING OF OLDER
PEOPLE IN MALAYSIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
The growing urban population growth and high food demand have exposed the lack of traditional/rural
farming methods to adequately supply urban center food needs (Argañaraz & Gleiser,2017).

Argañaraz, C. I., & Gleiser, R. M. (2017). Does urbanization have positive or negative effects on crab
spider (Araneae: Thomisidae)diversity? Zoologia, 34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e19978

This can have detrimental effects on the entire Malaysian economy which include the reduction of
business cost, the potential risk of bankruptcy, and the pressure of the financial system caused by non-
performing loans (Cheng, C. 2020).

Cheng C. (2020). COVID-19 in Malaysia: economic impacts & fiscal responses. Institute of Strategic and
International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia; 2020 Retrieved from https://www.isis.org.my/2020/03/26/covid-
19-in-malaysia-economic- impacts-fiscalresponses/.

As for consumers who live in cities, the movement restrictions involved staying at home to limit the
frequency of eating out and shopping in order to avoid the infectious contraction (Mohd Saudi et al.,
2021).

Mohd Saudi, N.S., Sinaga. O., and Mohd Saudi, M.H. (2021). Feeding The Cities Through The
Development Of Urban Farming--Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(10), 4033-
4044. ISSN 1567-214x.

IV. DEVELOP

Resilience may be defined as the capability of a system or process to absorb

disturbance (Folke et al. 2010).

Folke, C., S. R. Carpenter, B. Walker, M. Scheffer, T. Chapin,
and J. Rockström. 2010. “Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience,
Adaptability and Transformability.” Ecology and Society 15 (4). online.
Accessed 8 April 2018. 

I define cultural resilience as the capability of a cultural system (consisting of cultural

processes in relevant communities) to absorb adversity, deal with change and
continue to develop. Cultural resilience thus implies both continuity and change:
disturbances that can be absorbed are not an enemy to be avoided but a partner in
the dance of cultural sustainability (adapted from Thiele [2016Thiele, L.
P. 2016. Sustainability. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity. [Google Scholar], 36]).

Thiele, L. P. 2016. Sustainability. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity.
Hidayati, N. A., Waluyo, H. J., Winarni, R., Suyitno, S. (2020). Exploring the implementation of local
wisdom-based character education among Indonesian higher education students. International Journal
of Instruction, 13(2), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13213a

Akbal, M. (2017, October). Citizenship Education in the development of the nation's character. In
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Himpunan Sarjana Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, l(2), 485-493.

Educational Analysis to Develop Character in Malaysia and Indonesia